Name Aarush Vaish

Class XI A2
Subject Physical Education
Roll no. 1
Subject Amit Sinha
Teacher
 BADMINTON
• Nothing can be said accurately about the beginning of badminton. But it
can be said definitely that badminton used to be played in 17th century in
Gloucestershire in England at the place called badminton. Some facts are
also available indicate that badminton was also played in China before
17th century. In India, it was also played in Pune (Maharashtra) in around
1870 A.D. But all the credit to introduce the badminton England, because
the first badminton club in Bath (England) was established in 1873. In
Badminton Association of England was established. The International
Badminton Federation as established in 1934. With the passage of time,
Badminton became popular all over the world. federation framed the rules
for the international level matches in 1934. The Thomas Cup s started in
world championship in 1948. A lot of countries participated in this world
cup. In 1934. Badminton Association of i was formed and first time All
India Championship was organised in Calcutta (Kolkata) in same year.
 BADMINTON RULES
• 1. Court and Equipment
• The court shall be a rectangle marked out with lines 40 mm wide. The
lines marking out the court shall be easily distinguishable and preferably
be coloured white or yellow. All the lines shall form part of the area which
they define. The posts shall be 1.55 metres in height from the surface of
the court and shall remain vertical when the net is strained. The posts or
its supports shall not extend into the court. The posts shall be placed on
the doubles side irrespective of whether singles or doubles is being
played. The net shall be made of fine cord of dark colour and even
thickness with a mesh of not less than 15 mm and not more than 20 mm.
The top of the net shall be edged with a 75 mm white tape doubled over a
cord or cable running through the tape. This tape shall rest upon the cord
or cable. The cord or cable shall be stretched firmly, flush with the top of
the posts. The top of the net from the surface of the court shall be 1.524
metres at the centre of the court and 1.55 metres over the side lines for
doubles. There shall be no gaps between the ends of the ne and the posts.
• 2. Shuttle
• The shuttle shall be made of natural or synthetic materials. The shuttle
shall have 16 feathers fixed in the base. The feathers shall have a uniform
length between 62 mm to 70 mm when measured from the tip to the top
of the base. The tips of the feathers shall lie on a circle with a diameter
from 58 mm to 68 mm. The feathers shall be fastened firmly with thread
or other suitable material. The base shall be 25 mm to 28 mm in diameter
and rounded on the bottom. The shuttle shall weigh from 4.74 to 5.50
grams. The non-feathered shuttle can be used but dimensions will remain
same as that of the feathered shuttle..
• 3. Testing a shuttle for speed
• To test a shuttle, a player shall use a full underhand stroke which makes
contact with the shuttle over the back boundary line. The shuttle shall be
hit at an upward angle and in a direction paralle to the side lines. A shuttle
of correct speed will land not less than 530 mm and not more than 990
mm short of the other back boundary line.
• 4.Racket
• The racket shall be a frame not exceeding 680 mm in overall
length and 230 mm in overall width. The handle is the part of
the racket intended to be gripped by a player. The stringed
area is the part of the racket with which it is intended that a
player hits the shuttle. The head bounds the stringed area.The
shaft connects the handle to the head. The stringed area shall
be flat and consist of a pattern of crossed strings either
alternately interlaced or bonded where they cross. The
stringing patter shall be generally uniform and, in particular
not less dense in the centre than in any other area shall not
exceed 280 mm in overall length and 220 mm in overall width.
• 5.Toss
• Before the start of a game, a toss shall be conducted and the side
winning the toss shall exercise the choice in either to serve or
receive first; to start play at one end of the court or the other. The
side losing the toss shall then exercise the remaining choice.
• 6. Scoring System
• A match consists of the best of 3 games of 21 points. Every time
there is a serve, there is a point scored. The side winning a rally
adds a point to its score. At 20 all, the side which gains a 2 point
lead first, wins that game. At 29 all, the side scoring the 30th point,
wins that game. The side winning a game serves first in the next
game.
• 7. Interval and Change of Ends
• When the leading score reaches 11 points, players have a 60 second
interval. A 2 minute interval between each game is allowed. Players
shall change ends at the end of the first game, at the end of the
second game, if there is to a third game; and in the third game,
when the leading score reaches 11 points the ends will be changed.
If the ends are not changed it shall be done so as soon as the
mistake is discovered and when the shuttle not in play.
8.Service Court Error
(a) A service court error has been made when a player;
(i) has served or received out of turn or
(ii) has served or received from the wrong service court.
(b) If service court error is discovered, the error shall be corrected and the existing
score shall stand.

9. Faults
It shall be a 'fault';
(a) if a service is not correct
(b) if in service, the shuttle:
●is caught on the net and remains suspended on its top:
●after passing over the net, is caught in the net, or
●is hit by the receiver's partner.(c) if in play, the shuttle:
●lands outside the boundaries of the court. (ie, not on or within the
boundary lines).
●passes through or under the net
●touches the ceiling or side walls;
●touches the person or dress of a player:
● touches any other object or person outside the court;
● is hit by a player and the player's partner successively; or
● touches a player's racket and does not travel towards the opponent's
court (d)if, in play, a player:
●touches the net or its supports with racket, person or dress;
●deliberately distracts an opponent by an action such as shouting or
making gestures

10. Lets
(a) Let shall be called by the or by a player (if there is no umpire), to
halt play.
(b) It shall be a 'let', if:
● the server serves before the receiver is ready.
●during service, the receiver and the server are both faulted:
● after the service is returned, the shuttle is
(i) caught on the net and remains suspended on its top, or
 (ii) after passing over the net is caught in the net;
●during play, the shuttle disintegrates and the base completely
separates from the rest of the shuttle.
● during play, the shuttle disintegrates and the base completely
separates from the rest of the shuttle.
●in the opinion of the umpire, play is disrupted or player of the
opposing side is distracted by a coach;

11.Service
(a) In a correct service:
●neither side shall cause undue delay to the delivery of the
service once the server and the receiver are ready for the
service. On completion of the backward movement of server's
racket head, any delay in the start of the service shall be
considered to be an undue delay;
● the server and the receiver shall stand within diagonally opposite service
courts without touching the boundary lines of these service courts;
●some part of both feet of the server and the receiver shall remain in contact
with the surface of the court in a stationary position from the start of the
service until the service is delivered:
● the server's racket shall initially hit the base of the shuttle;
● whole shuttle shall be below the server's waist at the instant of being hit by
the server's racket. The waist shall be considered to be an imaginary line
round the body, level with the lowest part of the server's bottom rib;
●the shaft of the server's racket at the instant of hitting the shuttle shall be
pointing in a downward direction;
●the movement of the serve's racket shall continue forwards from the start of
the service until the service is delivered.
●the flight of the shuttle shall be upwards from the server's racket to pass
over the net so that, if not intercepted, it shall land in the receiver's service
court (ie., on or within the boundary lines)
12. Singles
(a)Serving and receiving courts
●The players shall serve from, and receive in, their respective right
service courts when the server has not scored or has scored an even
number of points in that game.
●The players shall serve from, and receive in, their respective left
service courts when the server has scored an odd number of points in
that game.
(b) Order of play and position on court
●In a rally, the shuttle may be hit by the server and the receiver
alternately, from any position on that player's side of the net, until the
shuttle ceases to be in play.
(c) Scoring and serving
●If the server wins a rally the server shall score a point. The server
shall then serve again from the alternate service court.
●If the receiver wins a rally, the receiver shall score a point. The
receiver shall then become the new server.
13. Doubles
(a) Serving and receiving courts
● A player of the serving side shall serve from the right service court when
the serving side has not scored or has scored an even number of points in
that game.
●A player of the serving side shall serve from the left service court when the
serving side has scored an odd number of points in the game.
●The player of the receiving side who served last shall stay in the same
service court from where he served last. The reverse pattern shall apply to
the receiver's partner.
●The player of the receiving side standing in the diagonally opposite service
court to the server shall be the receiver.
●The players shall not change their respective service courts until they win a
point when their side is serving.
●Service in any turn of serving shall be delivered from the service court
corresponding to the serving side's score.
(b) Order of play and position on court.
After the service is returned, in a rally, the shuttle may be hit by either player
of the serving side and either player of the receiving side alternately, from any
position on the player's side of the net, until the shuttle ceases to be in play.
(c) Scoring and serving
●If the serving side wins a rally, the serving side shall score a point. The server
shall then serve again from the alternate service court.
●If the receiving side wins a rally the receiving side shall score a point. The
receiving side shall then become the new serving side

14. Duties of Officials

(a)Referee
(i) The referee shall be in overall charge of the tournament or event of which
a match forms part.
(ii)He/She shall ensure that the tournament is conducted in accordance with
the laws, the rules and regulations of the Badminton World Federation (BWF).
(iii) He should that the players are given facilities and playing conditions of an
adequate standard and safety, approval of the programme of play and
practice schedule.
(iv) He shall also ensure that there is an adequate panel of technical officials
of requisite ability and appropriate international representation
.
.(b) Umpire
An Umpire shall:
●ensure that any scoring device to be used is working
●see that the posts are on the lines or that tapes are correctly placed;
●check the net for the height and ensure that there are no gaps
between the ends of the net and the net posts;
●ensure that a sufficient quantity of tested shuttles are readily
available for the match in order to avoid delays during play:
●ensure that the toss is fairly carried out and the winning side and the
losing side exercise their choice correctly;
●call points, service faults and other player faults or lets when they
occur. Though he/she relies on the line and service judges to assist
with the calling of faults and points, he/she has the final say and can
overrule the calls made by a judge if the judge's call is incorrect;
●issue the official warnings against the player or team that violate the
rules. Players or teams may be disqualified from the match or from the
entire badminton tournament;
●uphold and enforce the laws of the badminton.
(c) Line Judge

(i) The line judge is responsible for a service, side or baseline during a
particular match and decides whether the shuttle has landed 'in' or
'out' on the line(s) of the court.
(ii) Line judges call the shuttle 'in' or 'out' using the appropriate verbal
call and hand signals. If they are unsighted they signal to this effect
and the umpire shall make the decision or if no decision can be given a
let shall be called.

(d)Service Judge.

Service Judge. The service judge is responsible for judging that the
server delivers a correct serve. If the server does not deliver a correct
serve, the service judge calls 'fault loudly and uses the approved hand
signal to indicate the type of infringement.
 TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO BADMINTON
Court. It is the playing area enclosed between the back boundary
lines and the side lines.
Bird. It is another name for the shuttlecock.
Let. The stopping of a play owing to any outside interference is
called let. The point is replayed. Let is also given if a server serves
before the receiver is ready to receive the service.
Toss or Lob. It is a stroke that sends the shuttle high and deep
towards the baseline of the opponent.
Smash. It is a stroke in which the shuttle is sent downward with
speed to finish a rally.
Rally. An exchange of shots during a match is called rally.
Server. The player, who puts the shuttle into play is called server.
Net strokes. These are the strokes which are executed to return a
shuttle falling close to the net.
Side out. When a player or a pair has finished their right to serve, side
out is called and the shuttle is given to the opponent/opponents to
serve.
Inning. It is time, during which a player or pair holds service.Match
point. The point which, if won by the server, makes him the winner of
the match.
Rotation. Rotation is the system of play in doubles game in which the
players keep on changing their positions during the play.
Alley. The 1 foot and 6 inches wide extension on both sides of the court
used in the doubles.
Backhand. Any stroke made on the side of the body opposite the
racket side.
Carry. An illegal shot where the shuttle does not rebound immediately
off the racket at the point of contact.
Clear. A high shot which falls close to the back line.
Cross court. A shot in which the shuttle crosses the net in a diagonal
direction.
Footfault. Illegal position of the feet by either the server or receiver.
Drop. When a shuttle falls near the net in opponent's court and it is
returned by a player, it is called drop
1.Stroke
There are two types of strokes in badminton.
They are:
(a) Forehand stroke
Forehand stroke is such a stroke that is played for returning a shuttle from
the right side of the body of a player.(
b) Backhand stroke
Backhand stroke. Backhand stroke is such a stroke that is applied to return
a shuttle coming towards the left side of the body of a player.
2.Dropshot
A dropshot is a very gentle stroke in which a shuttle is struck with a
forehand, backhand or round the head action to direct it towards the top
of net, so that after crossing the net, it falls in the opponent's court very
close to the net.
3.Drive
It is a flat stroke in which the shuttle is sent over the net, just clearing it
and parallel to the floor. In this process it should not be sent high towards
the opponent.
4. Shuttlecock Grip
While serving, a shuttlecock may be held or gripped in three ways:
(a) Base Grip. In this grip, the shuttlecock is held with the thumb and
two fingers at the base of the shuttle.
(b) Mid Grip. In this type of grip, the shuttle is held with the thumb and
the fingers around the shuttle at the shafts of its feathers and the cork.
(c) Out of hand Grip. In this grip, the shuttle is held with the tips of the
thumb and index finger.
5. Grip of the racket
In badminton, generally, the following types of grips are used to hold
the racket:
(a) Forehand Grip. For forehand grip, hold the racket by the shaft in
the left hand with the face of the racket perpendicular to the floor
and shake hands with the grip. Slide your hand down so that the
fatty part rest comfortably against the butt of the handle. There
will be a 'V' shape of your thumb and index finger. Grip the handle
lightly, with fingers spread slightly. Your thumb wraps around the
handle on the left side. Your grip should be relaxed when you are
not stroking the shuttle. Tighten your grip when you are ready to
stroke the shuttle.
(b) Backhand Grip. For backhand grip, turn the top edge of the racket
frame over slightly to the right and put the thumb along and parallel
to the wide side of the handle. This grip allows a longer reach, more
power and better accuracy.
6. Block
Generally, block is used as a defensive stroke in response to an opponent's smash. It is used
in case of an emergency situation. But if it is effectively stroked, a block can also change
defensive situation to offensive one. The block shot is best accomplished by trying to get the
racket head out in front of your body and to the shuttle as quickly as possible.There is no
need for backswing to this stroke, only a slight push off the shuttle is enough. The force of
your push depends upon the speed of your opponent's smash.
7. Footwork
Your footwork can bring more success to your game if you learn the basics of moving on the
court and practice them. Your ready position should include standing in the center of the
court if you are playing singles and bending your knees with your body relaxed and waiting
for play. Move your feet by shuffling them or gliding from left to right and stepping or
lunging forward.
8. Forehand Smash
First of all adopt the forehand grip. Then turn your body and stand sideways to the net with
your non-rocket shoulder facing the net. Shift your weight on to your rear foot. Then bend
your elbow and lock your wrist preparing to swing forword. After that raise your non-racket
hand and point at the shuttle to improve timing and balance. Contact the shuttle as high as
possible and in front of your body using a strong throwing action. Then straighten your
elbow as you hit the shuttle. Then snap down your wrist at the point of impact giving the
shuttle extra power and angle towards your opponent's court. Then follow through with
your racket and shift your body weight from your rear foot to your front foot.
 VOLLEYBALL
• The history of volleyball is approximately 108 years old. Volleyball is a
recognised game in various countries. The game of volleyball was invented in
America in 1895 AD. William G. Morgan, who was a physical director in the
Gymnasium of YMCA, invented the game of volleyball. Due to less expenditure
and simplicity, this game became very popular in a very short period. In USA,
YMCA played an important role in developing volleyball. Outside USA, Canada
was the first country where volleyball was started in 1900. Cuba adopted
volleyball in 1905 AD. The YMCA in USA made the rules of this game in the
initial stage for the proper development of volleyball. US Volleyball Association
was formed in 1928. From the same year, USA started the National Volleyball
Championships every year. During the Second World War the game of
Volleyball gained its popularity.
• After the Second World War, International Volleyball Association was
established in 1947 AD. The First Volleyball Championship at world level was
held at Prague (Czechoslovakia) in 1949. In this championship, India got the
gold medal. The volleyball was started in India by YMCA. The Volleyball
Federation of India was formed in 1950. India participated in World Volleyball
Championship which was held at Moscow in 1952 but could not perform well.
The game of volleyball was included in Tokyo Olympics in 1964.
PLAYING AREA
It includes the playing court and the free zone. It is a rectangle measuring 18 x
9 metres. It is surrounded by a free zone which is a minimum of 3m wide on
all sides. The free playing space above the playing area should be free from
any obstructions. The free playing space shall measure a minimum of 7m in
height from the playing surface. The surface must be flat, horizontal and
uniform. It should not be rough and slippery.
1. Lines of the Court
(a) Boundary Lines. All the lines are 5cm wide. There are two sidelines and
two end lines. These are drawn inside the dimensions of the playing court.
These lines are called boundary lines.
(b) Centre Line. The centre line divides the court into two equal courts
measuring 9 x 9 each. This line extends beneath the net from sideline to
sideline.
(c) Attack Line. On each court, an attack line, whose rear edge is drawn 3m
back from the axis of the centre line, marks the front zone.
2. ZONE
(a)Front Zone. On each court the one is limited by the axis of the centre line
and the rear edge of the attack line. The front zone is considered to extend
beyond the side lines to the end of the free zone.
(b) Service Zone. The service zone is a 9m wide area behind each end
line. It is laterally limited by two short lines, each 15cm long, drawn
20cm behind the end line as an extension of the side line. Both short
lines are included in the width of the service zone. In depth, the
service zone extends to the end of the free zone.
(c) Substitution Zone. The substitution zone is limited by the
extension of both attack lines up to the scorer's table.
(d) Libero Replacement Zone. The Libero Replacement zone is part
of the free zone on the side of the team benches, limited by the
extension of the attack line up to the end line.
3.Net and posts
(a) Height of the Net. Placed vertically over the centre line there is a
net whose top is set at the height of 2.43m for men and 2.24m for
women. Its height is measured from the centre of the playing
court. The net height (over the two sidelines) must be exactly the
same and must not exceed the official height by more than 2cm.
(b) Side Bands. Two white bands are fastened vertically to the net
and placed directly above each sideline. They are 5cm wide and Im
long, and are considered as part of the net
. (c) Structure. The net is 1m wide and 9.50 to 10 metres long (with 25 to
50cm on each side of the side bands), made of 10cm square black mesh.At its
top a horizontal band, 7cm wide, made of two-fold white canvas, is sewn
along its full length. Each extreme end of the band has a hole, through which
passes a cord, fastening the band to the posts for keeping its top taut.Within
the band, a flexible cable fastens the net to the posts and keeps its top taut..
(d) Antenna. An antenna is a flexible rod, 1.80m long and 10mm in
diameter, made of fibreglass or similar material. An antenna is fastened at the
outer edge of each side band. The antennae are placed on opposite sides of
the net. The top 80cm of each antenna extends above the net and is marked
with 10cm stripes of contrasting colour, preferably red and white. The
antennae are considered as part of the net and laterally delimit the crossing
space.
(e) Posts. The posts supporting the net are placed at a distance of 0.50-
1.00m outside the sidelines. They are 2.55m high and preferably adjustable.
The posts are rounded and smooth, fixed to the ground without wires. There
shall be no dangerous or obstructing devices.
(f)Ball. The ball shall be spherical, made of a flexible leather or synthetic
leather cases with a bladder inside made of rubber or a similar material. Its
colour may be a uniform light colour, or a combinations of colours. Synthetic
leather material and colour combinations of balls used in International
Official Competitions should comply with FIVB standards.
Team
1. Team composition
A team may consist of up to 12 players, one coach, one assistant
coach, one trainer and one medical doctor. One of the players, other
than the Libero , is the team captain, who shall be indicated on the
score sheet. Only the players recorded on the score sheet may enter
the court and play in the match. Once the coach and the team captain
have signed the score sheet, the recorded players cannot be changed.
2. Location of the Team
The players not in play should either sit on their team bench or be in
their warm-up area. The coach and other team members sit on the
bench, but may temporarily leave it. The benches for the teams are
located beside the scorer's table, outside the free zone. Only the team
members are permitted to sit on the bench during the match and to
participate in the warm-up session. Players not in play may warm-up
without balls as follows:
(a) During play: in the warm-up area.
(b) During time-outs and technical time outs: in the free zone behind
their court.
(c) During set intervals, players may warm-up using balls in the free
zone.
3. Equipment
A player's equipment consists of a jersey, shorts, socks (the uniform) and
sport shoes. The colour and the design for the jerseys, shorts and socks
must be uniform for the team (except for the Libero). The uniforms must
be clean. The shoes must be light and pliable with non-making rubber or
composite soles without heels. Player's jerseys must be numbered from
1 to 18. The team captain must have on his/her jersey a stripe of 8x2 cm
underlining the number on the chest. It is forbidden to wear uniforms of
a colour different from that of the other players (except for the Liberos),
and/or without official numbers. The number must be placed on the
jersey at the centre of the front and of the back. The colour and
brightness of the numbers must contrast with the colour and brightness
of the jerseys.
DUTIES OF THE CAPTAIN
1.Prior to Match
The team captain signs the score sheet and represents his/her team in
the toss.
2.During the Match
During the Match and while on the court, the team captain is the game
captain. When the team captain is not on the court, the coach or the
team captain must assign another player on the court but not the
Libero, to assume the role of game captain. This game captain
maintains his/her responsibilities until he/she is substituted or the
team captain returns to play, or the set ends.When the ball is out of
play, only the game captain is authorized to speak to the referees.If the
game captain does not agree with the explanation of the first referee,
he/she may choose to protest against such decision and immediately
indicates to the first referee that he/she reserve the right to record an
official protest on the score sheet at the end of the match;To ask
authorization:
(a) to change all or part of equipment,
(b) to verify the positions of the teams,
(c) to check the floor, the net, the ball etc ;in the absence of the coach
to request time-outs and substitutions.
3. At the End of Match
At the End of Match the team captain thanks the referees and signs the score
sheet to ratify the outcome; when it has been notified in due time to the first
referee, may confirm and record on the score sheet an official protest
regarding the referee's application or interpretation of the rules.
DUTIES OF THE COACH
Throughout the match, the coach conducts the play of his/her team from
outside the playing court. He/she selects the starting line-ups, their
subsitutes and takes time-out. In these functions his/her contracting official is
the second referee.
1. Prior to the Match
Prior to the Match, the coach records or checks the names and numbers of
his/her players on the score sheet, and then signs it.
2. During the Match
During the Match, the coach prior to each set, gives the second referee or the
scorer the line-up sheets duly filled in and signed; sits on the team bench
nearest to the scorer, but may leave it; requests time-outs and substitutions.
SCORING, WINNING SET MATCH
1.Point
 by successfully grounding the ball on the opponent's court;
 when the opponent team commits a fault;
 when the opponent team receives a penalty.
Fault
 A team commits a fault by making a playing action contrary to the rules (or
by violating them in some other way). The referees judge the faults and
determine the consequences according to the rules:
• If two or more faults are committed successively, only the first one is
counted;
• If two or more faults are committed by opponent simultaneously, a Double
Fault is called and the rally is replayed.
Rally and Completed Rally
A rally is the sequence of playing actions from the moment of the service hit by
the server until the ball is out of play. A completed rally is the sequence of
playing actions which results in the award of a point.
 if the serving team wins a rally, it scores a point and continues to serve;
 if the receiving team wins a rally, it scores a point and it must serve next.2.
2. Winning a Set
A set (except the deciding, 5th set) is won by the team which first scores 25
points with a minimum lead of two points. In the case of a 24-24 tie, play is
continued until a two-point lead is achieved (26-24; 27-25;.....)
3. Winning the Match
The match is won by the team that wins three sets. In the case of 2-2
tie, the deciding set (the 5th) is played to 15 points with a minimum
lead of 2 points.
THE TOSS
Before the match, the first referee carries out a toss to decide upon
the first service and the sides of the court in the first set. If a deciding
set is to be played, a new toss will be carried out. The toss is taken in
the presence of the two teams captains. The winner of the toss
chooses either the right to serve or to receive the service or the side of
the court. The loser takes the remaining choice. In the case of
consecutive warm-ups, the team that has the first service takes the
first turn at the net.
ROTATION
Rotational order is determined by the team's starting line-up and
controlled with the service order and players' positions, throughout
the set. When the receiving team has gained the right to serve, its
players rotate one position clockwise; the players in position 2 rotates
to position 1 to serve, the player in position 1 rotates to position 6, etc.
ROTATIONAL FAULTA
Rotational fault is committed when the SERVICE is not made according
to the rotational order. It leads to the following consequences:
 the team is sanctioned with a point and service to the opponent;
 the players' rotational order is rectified.
Additionally, the scorer should determine the exact moment when the
fault was committed and all points scored subsequently by the team at
fault must be cancelled. The opponent's points remain valid.
If that moment cannot be determined, no point(s) cancellation takes
place, and a point and service to the opponent is the only sanction.
STATUS OF PLAY
1. Ball in Play
The ball is in play from the moment of the hit of the service authorized
by the first referee.
2. Ball Out of Play
The ball is out of play at the moment of the fault which is whistled by
one of the referees; in the absence of a fault, at the moment of the
whistle.
3. Ball 'in‘
The ball is "in" when it touches the floor of the playing court including the
boundary lines.
4. Ball 'out‘
The ball is "out" when
 the part of the ball which contacts the floor is completely outside the
boundary lines.
 it touches an object outside the court, the ceiling or a person out of play;
 it touches the antenna, ropes, posts or the net itself outside the side
bands;
 it crosses the vertical plane of the either partially or totally outside the
crossing space, exceptin the case of Rule 10.1.2;
BALL AT THE NET
1. Ball Crossing the Net
(a) The ball sent to the opponent's court must go over the net within the
crossing space. The crossing space is the part of the vertical plane of the net
limited as follows:
 below, by the top of the net;
 at the sides, by the antennae, and their imaginary extension;
(b) The ball that has crossed the net plane to the opponent's free zone
totally or partly through the external space, may be played back within
the team hits, provided that:
 the opponent's court is not touched by the player;
 the ball, when played back; crosses the net plane again totally or
partly through the external space on the same side of the court;
(c) The opponent team may not prevent such action.
(d) The ball that is heading towards the opponent's court through the
lower space is in play until the moment it has completely crossed the
vertical plane of the net
2. Ball Touching the Net
While crossing the net, the ball may touch it.
3. Ball in the Net
 A ball driven into the net may be recovered within the limits of the
three team hits.
 If the ball rips the mesh of the net or tears it down, the rally is
cancelled and replayed.
PLAYER AT THE NET
1. Reaching Beyond the Net
In blocking, a blocker may touch the ball beyond the net, provided that
he/she does not interfere with the opponent's play before or during the
latter's attack hit. After an attack hit, a player is permitted to pass his/her
hand beyond the net, provided that the contact has been made within his/her
own playing space.
2. Penetration Under the Net
(a) It is permitted to penetrate into the opponent's space under the net;
provided that this does not interfere with the opponent's play.
(b) Penetration into the opponent's court, beyond the centre line:
 to touch the opponent's court with a foot (feet) is permitted, provided
that some part of the penetrating foot (feet) remains either in contact
with or directly above the centre line.
 to touch the opponent's court with any part of the body above the feet is
permitted provided that it does not interfere with the opponent's play.
 A player may enter the opponet's court after the ball goes out of play.
 Players may penetrate into the opponent's free zone provided that they
do not interferewith the opponent's play.
3. Contact with the Net
(a) Contact with the net by a player is not a fault, unless it interferes with the
play.
(b) Players may touch the post, ropes or any other object outside the
antennae, including the net itself, provided that it does not interfere
with play.
(c) When the ball is driven into the net, causing it to touch an
opponent, no fault is committed.
4. Players' Fault at the Net
(a) A player touches the ball or an opponent in the opponent's space
before or during the opponent's attack hit.
(b) A player interferes with the opponent's play while penetrating into
the opponent's space under the net.
(c) A player's foot (feet) penetrates completely into the opponent's
court.
SUBSTITUTION OF PLAYERS
A substitution is an act by which a player, other than the Libero or
his/her replacement player, after being recorded by the scorer, enters
the game to occupy the position of another player, who must leave the
court at that moment. Substitution requires the referee's
authorization.
1. Limitations of Substitutions
Six substitutions is the maximum permitted per team per set. One or more
players may be substituted at the same time. A player of the starting line-up,
may leave the game, but only once in a set, and re-enter, but only once in a set
and only to his/her previous position in the line-up. A substitute player may
enter the game in place of a player of the starting line-up, but only once per set
and he/she can only be substituted by the same starting player.
2. Exceptional Substitution
A player (except the Libero) who cannot continue playing due to injury or illness,
should be substituted legally. If this is not possible, the team is entitled to make
an EXCEPTIONAL substitution.An exceptional substitution means that any player
who is not on the court at the time of the injury, except the Libero or his/her
replacement player, may be substituted into the game for the injured player. The
substituted injured player is not allowed to re-enter the match. An exceptioal
substitution cannot be counted in any case as a regular substitution.
3. Illegal Substitution
A substitution is illegal, if it exceeds the limitations. When a team has made an
illegal substitution and the play has been resumed the following procedure shall
apply:
 the team is penalized with a point and service to the opponent.
 the substitution is rectified.
 the points scored by the team at fault since the fault was committed are
cancelled. The opponent's points remain valid.
INTERVALS AND CHANGE OF COURTS
1. Interval
An interval is the time between sets. All intervals last three minutes. During
this period of time, the change of courts and line-up registrations of the
teams on the score sheet are made. The interval between the second and the
third sets can be extended up to 10 minutes by the competent body at the
request of the organizer.
2. Change of Courts
After each set, the teams change courts, with the exception of the deciding
set. In the deciding set, once the leading team reaches 8 points, the teams
change courts without delay and the player positions remain the same. If the
change is not made once the leading team reaches 8 points, it will take place
as soon as the error is noticed. The score at the time that the change is made
remains the same.
Violations
• The list of violations during a volleyball match is given below:
• Illegal passing of ball, like palming, throwing or carrying the ball.
• Touching any part of the body to the net while passing the ball.
• Blocking the ball when the opponent team has yet to pass the ball thrice
and the opponent team has a player to pass the ball to your side of court.
• Crossing the center line of the court with any part of the body. If the line is
crossed with just a part of the foot then it is not a violation (an entire hand
or leg should cross the line).
 Libero
1. Libero Designation
Each team can designate one specialized player as "Libero". The
Libero must be recorded on the score sheet before the match in
the special line reserved for this. The number must be recorded
on the line-up sheet of the first set (game). The libero cannot be
team captain or game captain.
2. Libero Equipment
The libero must wear a uniform (or jacket for the re-designation
libero) whose jersey must at least contrast in color with the rest
of the team members. The libero uniform may have adifferent
design but must be numbered like the rest of the team
members. If a jacket is worn by the re-designated libero, the
uniform number must still be visible.
3. Actions Involving the Libero
The following are the playing actions of the libero:
 The libero is allowed to replace any player that is in a back row position.
 The libero is restricted to perform as a back row player and isn't allowed
to complete an attack hit from anywhere if at the moment of contact, the
ball is entirely above the top of the net.
 The libero may not block, attempt to block, or serve,
 A player may not complete an attack hit from higher than the top of the
net, if the ball is coming from an overhead finger pass from a libero in the
front zone or its extension.
4. Rules for Libero Replacement of Players
 Replacements involving the libero aren't counted as regular substitutions.
They are unlimited but there must be a rally in between two libero
replacements. The libero can only be replaced by the player whom he/she
replaced.
 Replacements must only take place while the ball is out of play and before
the whistle for service. At the start of a set, the libero can't enter the court
until the second referee has checked the starting line-up.
 A replacement made after the whistle for service but before the service
hit should not be rejected but must be the object of a verbal caution after
the end of the rally subsequent late replacements must be subject to a
delay sanction,
 The libero and replacing player may only enter or leave the court by the
libero replacement zone.
5. Rules for Re-designation of a New Libero
 In the case of an injury to a designated libero and with the previous
approval of first referee, the coach or game captain can re-designate one
of the players not the court at the moment of re-designation as a new
libero.
 The injured libero can't re-enter to play for the remainder of the match.
 The player re-designated as libero must remain libero for the remainder
of the set.
 In case of re-designating a libero, the libero's number must be recorded in
the remarks and box on the score sheet.
DUTIES OF FIRST REFEREE
The first referee will station himself on a platform, at one end of the net, in a
position that gives him a clear view of the entire playing area. He will start
and stop play with a whistle signal. He is the head official and has the power
to overrule the decisions of the other officials. He will rule on:
• When the ball is in play
• When a point is scored.
• When a double foul occurs.
• When other penalties are assessed
• Interpretation of rules
• Requests for time-out
DUTIES OF SECOND REFEREE
The Second Referee will station himself on the court opposite the First
Referee. He will assist the First Referee. He will rule on:
• When the center line is crossed
• When net violations occur
• Time for time-outs and in-between games
• Illegal rotations
DUTIES OF SCORER
The Scorer will station himself on the same side of the court as the Second
referee. He will be seated. He is responsible for the operation and control of
the official scoring device (s).
DUTIES OF LINE JUDGES
The Line Judges will station themselves opposite one another and outside the
corners of the court which are away from the service area. The Line Judges
will signal the first referee when the following occur:
• Ball lands out-of-bounds
• Foot fault occurs by server or other player
• Ball touches or passes over/outside an
• Ball touches an overhead object antenna
INTERRUPTIONS
• Regular game interruptions are time-outs and
substitutions.
• Each team is entitled to request maximum of two
time-outs and six players substitutions per set.
• Regular game interruptions (time-outs and
substitutions) may be requested by the coach or in the
absence of the coach by the game captain.
• The request can be made when the ball is out of play
and before the whistled of the service.
• Substitution before the start of a set is permitted and
should be recorded as a regular substitution in that set.
• A time-out should not last for more than 30 seconds.