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How to code in
Python
GCSE, iGCSE, National 4/5 and Higher
Greg Reid
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ISBN: 978 1 5104 6182 6
© Greg Reid 2020
First published in 2020 by
Hodder Education
An Hachette UK Company,
Carmelite House, 50 Victoria Embankment
London EC4Y 0LS
Impression number 5 4 3 2 1
Year 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020
All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced or
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Typeset in India by Aptara Inc.
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A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.
Contents
Chapter 1 – Introduction 1
Section 1 – Input, output and simple calculations 4

Chapter 2 – Examples of input, output and simple
calculations 4
Chapter 3 – Computational thinking puzzles (input
and output) 8
Chapter 4 – Examples of simple calculations 1
Chapter 5 – Computational thinking puzzles 0
(simple calculations) 1
Chapter 6 – Examples of simple string functions 2
(string functions) 1
4
Chapter 8 – Examples of simple mathematical functions 6
(mathematical functions)
2
9
Chapter 10 – Programming challenges for Section 1
1
Section 2 – Selection (if) statements 2

30
Chapter 11 – Examples of selection (if) statements 231
Chapter 12 – Computational thinking puzzles

(if statements) 3
Chapter 13 – Programming challenges for Section 2 6
Section 3 – Repetition (loop) statements 4

43
Chapter 14 – Examples of repetition (loop) statements 0
4
Chapter 15 – Computational thinking puzzles (loops) 4
8
GCSE, iGCSE, National 4/5 and Higher iii
5
Contents
Section 4 – Storing multiple values using lists 63

Chapter 17 – Examples of lists 6
Chapter 18 – Computational thinking puzzles (lists) 6
Section 5 – Predefined functions 2

86
Chapter 20 – Examples of predefined functions 8
86
(predefined functions) 9
Section 6 – Modular programming 9

100
Chapter 23 – Examples of modular programming 6
101
(modular programming) 10
Section 7 – File handling 10

112
Chapter 26 – Examples of file handling 9113

(file handling) 11
Section 8 – Standard algorithms 12

12
Section 9 – Large project tasks 30
13
6
iv How to Code in Python

Chapter 1 – Introduction
What makes a good programmer?
Good programmers are logical thinkers. They have the ability to take a problem, break
it down into its component parts and design a solution. They can then implement their
solution as a sequence of instructions written in a programming language. If all this
sounds like a high-level skill, well it is. Programmers are in high demand all over the
world and often earn good salaries.
Although few people have this natural talent, EVERYBODY can learn to be a better
progr ammer.
The three stages of programming
All programmers work through three stages when coding a solution to a problem.
1 The programmer must understand the problem. For simple problems, understanding
may be almost instantaneous. More complex problems may require time, research and
questioning in order to fully understand what is required.
2 The problem is broken down into smaller and smaller sub-problems in a process
called decomposition. Depending on the complexity and size of the problem,
decomposition may involve creating a formal design or it may simply take place inside
the programmer's head. The purpose of decomposition is to identify the individual
components (or building blocks) of the problem and programming structures that will
be required to build the solution.
3 Each component is coded, tested and combined with others until a completed program
solution is achieved.
1. Problem – Collate statistical

data on the use of individual
electric car charging points
around the UK.
Use the data to predict the
best location for future 2.
installations of additional Repetition
charging points. Store Data
Read File
Decision
Calculation
Read File Key Input Display
Key Input
Repetition
3.
Calculation
Decision
Store Data
Display
Figure 1.1: The three stages of programming
GCSE, iGCSE, National 4/5 and Higher 1

How do you become a good programmer?

Learning to program involves practising and developing several skills simultaneously:
■ Statements
(used to make instructions) are the building blocks of code and the tools you
will require to successfully write working programs. Each section of this book begins by
explaining a few new statements. The first time these are used, they will appear in bold.
The more statements you learn and understand, the more complex the programs you
can code.
■
Good programmers can predict the effect of code even before they type out the actual
instructions. The puzzles in each section of this book offer you the opportunity to
practise this skill. Each puzzle presents you with some code and ask you to successfully
predict what it will do.
■
At the end of each section you will find a selection of programming problems. To
code each problem, you need to identify which instructions are required to program a
solution.
Finally, programming is like any other skill in that lots of practice and time will have a
Installing
marked effect Python
on your ability to code solutions to problems.
This book has been written for Version 3 of the Python programming language. If you are
in school, college or university then you will probably already have access to the software
required to code and execute (run) Python programs.
If you have purchased this book to teach yourself or to use at home, then you will need to
download and install a copy of the Python 3 programming language. Python is
"open source" software meaning that it is created, maintained and improved by an online
community rather than a company. As such, it can be freely downloaded and installed from
numerous websites. The official Python website is https://www.python.org.
Many Python users also download an editor application to write and test their Python
programs. An editor will help your coding as it can provide facilities such as syntax
checking (highlighting coding mistakes as you type). One editor you could use is called
PyScripter but many others are freely available.
For users of tablets and smart phones there are a number of free Python Apps. These are
perfect for learning the basics of Python programming and would be suitable for most of
the problems and puzzles in this book. Make sure that the app you select allows you to
save programs and return to them later.
Saving files
At several points throughout this book you will be challenged to solve problems by writing
Python programs. As you complete each program, make sure you save your code in an
organised, clearly labelled way. Some of the later problems in the book require that you
continue code that you wrote to solve an earlier problem. It is a good idea to create a new
folder for your all programs and give the files meaningful names, problem1 – Three In,
Three Out and so on.
2 How to Code in Python

If an earlier program has not been saved, you may use one of the downloaded solutions as
your starting point (see below).
Python code download

All the Python code in this book can be downloaded from:
w w w.hoddereducation.co.uk /py thonex tr as
The download of over 300 Python files includes:
■
all the example code from each section
■
every computational thinking puzzle
■
solutions to every computational thinking puzzle (with explanations)
■
solutions to every programming challenge (with comments)
■
.txt and .csv files required to complete some of the later tasks in the book.
Try to solve the programming challenges before looking at a solution. You will be a much
About
better the author
programmer if you persevere and solve problems on your own.
Happy Coding!
Greg Reid started teaching Computing Science (and therefore programming) in Scottish
Secondary Schools in 1994. Five years later he was promoted to head of department, a
role in which he developed his love of writing teaching resources, which he has shared all
over the world. Greg left teaching in 2017 to work full time for the Scottish Qualifications
Authority. He is currently:
■
involved with the development of Scottish school qualifications in Computing Science
■
advising computing teachers across Scotland
■
creating and presenting professional development opportunities for computing teachers
in Scotland
■
still finding the time to write the occasional teaching resource.

Section 1 – Input,
output and simple
calculations
Almost all computer programs are written to input, process and output data. For example:
■
A calculator takes numbers and instructions from a keypad
(input), performs the calculation requested (process) and 2.
displays the answer on the calculator's small screen (output).
■
A washing machine senses the weight of clothes (input) and the
selected wash cycle from the machine's control panel (input).
The amount of water required and length of the wash cycle
are calculated (process). Electrical signals are sent to pumps,
heaters and motors to control the wash cycle (output).
While it would be great to write program code that reads data from sensors or controls a
water pump, the first steps in learning to program usually involve writing simple code that
■
allows the user to enter text or numbers using the keyboard (input)
■
changes the text or performs simple mathematical calculations with numbers (process)
■
displays text or numbers on the user's screen (output).
In programming, the user is the person who will use the executing (running) program.
Chapter 2 – Examples of input, output and simple
calculations
Some examples of Python 3 input and output instructions are shown below. Try typing
each of these programs into your Python editor. Execute (run) the code and observe
what happens.
Example 1 – Output using a simple print( ) statement

To display text or numbers on the user's screen we use the print( ) statement.
Notice that displaying text requires quotation marks " " around the words, while
displaying numbers does not.
Program Code Output (as seen on the user's screen)
print("Hello World") Hello

print("I am") World I
print(44) am
print("years old.") 44
years
old.
Each print( ) statement will display its output on a new line.

Chapter 2 – Examples of input, output and simple calculations
Example 2 – Output using a complex print( ) statement

A print( ) statement can be made up of several parts, with each part separated by a
comma.
Note that Python automatically replaces the comma with a space when the output is
displ ayed.
Program Code Output
print("Hello World") Hello World

print("I am",44,"years old.") I am 44 years old.
Example 3 – Keyboard input using a simple input( ) statement

Input statements are used to ask the user to type in text or numbers.
Program Code Input (typed by the user) & output
print("Please enter your Please enter your

name.") userName = name. Greg
input( )
When an input( ) statement is used, the program must store whatever data the user
enter s .
Variables
The second line of the code in Example 3 above creates a variable (or storage location)
called "userName". When the user types the name (enters text) and then presses enter,
the keyboard input "Greg" is stored in the variable.
You might want to imagine variables as boxes that your program Gr
temporarily stores data in while it's running. eg
A variable can be given almost any name made up of letters and
user
numbers. Some exceptions to this are: Nam
e
■
You cannot use two or more separate words as a variable name.
Note that this book uses camel case (using capital letters in the
middle of a word) in place of two words. For example, "userName" instead
of "user name".
■
In Python, variable names should always start with a lower case letter. This is because
capital letters are reserved for something else.
■
A variable cannot be called any of the statement words of the Python language.
For example, "print" or "input" would not be valid variable names.

Section 1 – Input, output and simple calculations
Example 4 – Keyboard input, with a message to the user

An input( ) statement may include a suitable message inside quotation marks " ".
Program Code Input (typed by the user) & output
userName = input("Please enter Please enter your

your name.") name. Greg Hello Greg
print("Hello",userName)
The print( ) statement is used this time to display some text and the variable
"userName". Note that when you print a variable, you display what the variable is
currently storing. In this example that will be whatever the user typed in.
Example 5 – Inputting the correct data type

Simple programs will input and store three different types of data:
■ Strings
– text
■ Integers
– whole numbers with no decimal places
■
Real numbers – numbers with decimal places (sometimes called floating point
numbers
Program or floats).
Code
In programming,
location string, integer and float
= str(input("Where are(or real) are called data types.
you?"))
hour = int(input("What hour is it?"))
temp = float(input("What is the temperature?"))
print("It is", temp, "degrees at", hour, "hours in", location)
Controlled input types and complex output
Where are you? Paris

What hour is it? 18
What is the temperature? 22.5
It is 22.5 degrees at 18 hours in Paris
An input( ) statement can be contained with str( ), int( ) or float( ) statements to ensure
that the correct type of data will be entered by your user. If the user enters the wrong
type of data the program may display an error message and crash.

Chapter 2 – Examples of input, output and simple calculations
Example 6 – Concatenation
In programming, concatenation means to join two strings together.
Program Code
firstName = str(input("What is your first name?"))

surname = str(input("What is your surname?"))
print(firstName,surname)
print(firstName+surname)
Controlled input types and complex output
What is your first name? Evelyn

What is your surname? Phair
Evelyn Phair
EvelynPhair
The second print( ) statement uses the + symbol to concatenate the two variables
"firstName" and "surname". Note the difference between the outputs produced by the
two print lines. When strings are concatenated, they are literally joined together and
displayed without a space.


(input and output)
Any good programmer is able to predict what their code will do. Learning to predict the
effect of code will improve your ability to read code, write code and solve problems. This
skill is known as 'computational thinking'.
The puzzles throughout this book will improve your computational thinking skills. Each
puzzle consists of a short bit of code. You will be asked to predict the output produced
when each short program is executed.
For example, the following code would produce the output shown below.
Program code (question)

street = "Dover Drive"Output from program (answer)
donation1 = 120
The total donations for Dover Drive are: 120 80 60
donation2 = 80
donation3 = 60
print("The total donations for",street,"are:",donation1, donation2, donat
Puzzle set 1 – Input and output
For each of the following puzzles, think through the code and write down the exact output
produced by the code (including any spaces). The puzzles deliberately get harder.
1 Output
productName = "Bicycle
Chain"
print(productName)
2 Output
dogBreed =
"Labradoodle"
3 Output
dogAge = "Two"
print(dogBreed,
dogAge)
4 Output
name = "Scott"
age = 23
5 State the output "aged",
print(name, if the user enters "video".
game = input("Please enter a word")
age) Output
print(game, game + game)
coffee = "Lava Java"
6 var1 = "Going" Output
print(coffee + coffee)
var2 = "Gone"
print(var1, "Going" + var2)
7 print("This,"+" is a plus +","symbol")
Output

Chapter 3 – Computational thinking puzzles (input and output)
8 textOne = "Be kind"Output

textTwo = "possible"
textThree = textOne + " whenever"
print(textThree, textTwo + ".")
9 con1 = "c"Output
vow1 = "e"
con2 = "m"
print("energy(" + vow1 + ") =", con2 + con1, "squared")
10 For this puzzle, state the two inputs that would produce the output shown below.
Output
Love the life you live. Live the life you love.
word1 = input("Please enter the first word")Input

word2 = "the " + word1 + " you"
word3 = input("Please enter the first word")
print("Love", word2, word3 + ". Live the", word1, "you love.")

Chapter 4 – Examples of simple calculations

Simple calculations in programs either involve using values entered directly into the
code or values stored in variables. The results of a calculation may be displayed
immediately or stored in a variable for use later.
Python, like most programming languages, uses slightly different mathematical symbols
for multiplication and division.
■ multiplication
is represented by an asterix (*).
■ division
is represented by a forward slash (/).
Some examples of simple Python 3 calculations are shown below. Type each of these
programs
Example into7your
– APython
simple editor and execute them to see what happens.
addition
Program Code Output of calculation
print(23 + 45) 68
If a calculation is placed directly inside a print( ) statement, the result of the calculation
is displayed.
Example 8 – A simple calculation using variables

Program Code
cats = int(input("Please enter the

number of cats.")) dogs =
int(input("Please enter the number of
dogs.")) total = cats + dogs
print("The total number of animals is",
Input and output of a stored calculation
total)
Please enter the number of
cats. 3 Please enter the
number of dogs. 4 The
total number of animals is
In7 this example two values are inputted by the user and stored in two variables, "cats"
and "dogs". A third variable "total" is then used to store the result of the calculation.
The result of the calculation is then displayed.

Chapter 4 – Examples of simple calculations
Example 9 – Basic maths rules apply in programming too

Basic mathematical rules also apply to programming.
■
Calculations within brackets should be performed first.
■
Division (/) and multiplication (*) are carried out before addition (+) or subtract ion (-).
Mathematical rules can cause errors in programs if not used correctly. For example,
imagine a program written to calculate the average of three numbers: 3, 6 and 9.
Brackets would be required to ensure the addition of the three numbers takes place
before the total is divided by three:
(3 + 6 + 9) / 3
If the brackets are left out, the resulting calculation is interpreted as:
3+6+9/3
Here, 9 is divided by 3 before the other two numbers are added on.
The correct calculation gives an average of 6. Without the brackets, the average is
incorrectly calculated as 12.
Program Code Output of calculations
answer = 4 + 2 * 3 10
answer2 = (10 + 2) / 3 4.
print(answer) 0
print(answer2)
Example 10 – Data types, int( ) and float( )

As stated earlier, numbers may be one of two data types: integers (whole numbers) or
floats (decimal numbers).
Many programming languages are very rigid regarding the use of data types. In these
languages, if you declare a variable as storing an integer, it can only ever store integers.
Python is not as rigid as this and will change from storing integer to float (or float to
integer) depending on a few simple rules.
■
If a calculation involves division then the answer is always stored as a float.
10 / 2 = 5.0 (not 5).

■
If a calculation involves a mixture of integer and float numbers, the result is always
stored as a float.
■
If the built-in function int( ) is used, the number involved is forcibly stored as an
integer. The decimal places are removed by the int( ) function:
int(75.8) = 75
■
If the function float( ) is used, the number is forcibly stored as a decimal number:
number = 5 + 2.5 7.
print(number)
float(45) = 45.0 5
number2 = number/3
Program Code Output of calculations 2.
print(number2) 5
number3 = 8
int(number2) * 4
print(number3)

(simple calculations)
The text and/or numbers stored in a variable are updated when they are assigned a
new value.
Program code
num1 = 5 Output
num1 = 7+2 9
print(num1)
The output is 9 because the original value 5, stored in the variable num1, is replaced by the
result of 7 + 2 in the second line of code.
This is an important concept in programming as many programs involve constantly storing,
updating and outputting text or numbers. This also highlights a potential problem when
writing programs: errors can be created by accidentally replacing text and numbers you
wish to keep.
Puzzle set 2 – Simple calculations
For each of the following puzzles, think through the code and write down the exact output
produced. Pay attention to:
■ whether the answer should be written as an integer or float number
■ when the numbers stored in variables are updated.
As before, the puzzles will get harder.
11 print(12/6)Output
12 p r i n t(1 3 +7-2) Output
13 p r i n t(4*4) Output
14 print(int(6/2) + 3) Output
15 p r i n t((7+3)/2) Output
16 print((12+6+2)/(3+2)) Output

Chapter 5 – Computational thinking puzzles (simple calculations)
17numberOne = 6Output
numberTwo = 13
print(numberOne + numberTwo)
18
numberOne = 5Output
numberTwo = 16
numberThree = numberOne * numberTwo
print(numberThree)
19Output
numberOne = 5
numberTwo = numberOne * 2
numberThree = numberOne + numberTwo + numberTwo
print(numberOne,numberTwo,numberThree)
20numberOne = 20 / 4Output
numberTwo = numberOne + 55
numberThree = numberTwo / 6
print(numberOne,numberTwo,numberThree)
21 State the output if the user enters 7.

numberOne = int(input("Please enter
an integer.")) numberTwo = numberOne
* numberOneOutput
numberThree = numberTwo / numberOne
print(int(numberThree * numberThree))
22
numberOne = 12 + 8Output
numberThree = numberOne * 3
numberTwo = numberThree - 55
numberThree = numberTwo * (numberOne
/ 2)
23 numberOne = numberThree + 17
print(numberOne)
numberOne = int(12 / 4)Output

numberTwo = 6 * 2
numberThree = 4 + 1
numberThree = numberTwo
numberTwo = float(numberOne)
numberThree = numberOne
print(numberOne, numberTwo,
numberThree)

Chapter 6 – Examples of simple string functions

One of the great things about Python is the sheer number of built-in functions contained
within the programming language. Built-in functions are small pieces of pre-written
code that provide additional features for a programmer to use, without having to code the
features themselves.
Let's look at a few built-in functions that can be used in Python to manipulate strings (text).
Example 11 – Using substring to extract part of a string

Substring is when code is used to extract some of the text characters from a string. In
Python, this is achieved using square brackets containing two values (the start and end
point of the substring selection) separated by a colon. For example:
Program Code Output
word = es
"testing"
word2 =
word[1:3]
The numbers in the square brackets refer to a point between each character in the
print(word2)
string. These can be positive numbers (counting each point from left to right) or negative
numbers (counting from right to left) as shown in the example below.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
M o s t E x c e l l e n t
−14 −13 −12 −11 −10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 Figure 6.1: Substring counting
If either value is missed out the substring defaults to the first or last character.
Program Code 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
comment = "Most Excellent"

part1 = comment[0:7] M o s t E x c e l l e n t
print(part1)
print(comment[-5:-2])
print(comment[:3]) M o s t E x c e l l e n t
print(comment[-9:])
−14 −13 −12 −11 −10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
Output
01234 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Most Ex
lle
Mos M o s t E x c e l l e n t
E x c elle nt
M o s t E x c e l l e n t
−14 −13 −12 −11 −10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1

Chapter 6 – Examples of simple string functions
Example 12 – Changing the case of text

The lower( ) and upper( ) functions convert strings to lower or upper case characters.
Note that lower( ) and upper() are used by typing a full stop after the variable name
followed by the function.
Program Code Output
the
quotation = "The answer is Forty Two" answer is
smallQuotation = quotation.lower() forty two THE
print(smallQuotation) ANSWER IS FORTY
print(quotation.upper()) TWO
Example 13 – Calculating the Number of Characters in a String

The length function, len( ), counts the number of characters (including spaces) in a
s tr ing.
Program Code
sentence = "I never could get the hang of Thursdays"

print("There are", len(sentence),"characters in the sentence.")
Output
There are 39 characters in the sentence.
Example 14 – Counting the occurrence of one string in another

The count( ) function returns the number of times one string appears in another string.
The count function is case sensitive so in the example below only two occurrences of "s"
are found. The capital S is not counted.
Program Code Output
2
sentence = "Six rain ridden
summers"
print(sentence.count("s"))
Example 15 – Replacing text within a string

The replace( ) function searches for some given text within a string and replaces it with
alternative text.
Program Code Output
motto = "Work Hard, Study Hard" Work Well, Study Well

newMotto = motto.replace("Hard","Well")
print(newMotto)
The above code replaces the text "Hard" with the text "Well". The rest of the string
remains unchanged.


(string functions)
This set of puzzles are all about manipulating strings using functions. Read each piece
of code carefully, paying particular attention to where functions have been used. The
puzzles start as very simple problems and end with some fairly tricky ones.
Write down the output produced by the code in each of the following puzzles.
Puzzle set 3 – String functions

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
A f l e e t i n g b e a t i n g o f h e a r t s
−28 −27 −26 −25 −24 −23 −22 −21 −20 −19 −18 −17 −16 −15 −14 −13 −12 −11 −10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
24lyric = "A fleeting beating of Output
hearts" print(lyric[0:6])

hearts" print(lyric[:14])

hearts" print(lyric[20:])

hearts" print(lyric[-4:])

hearts" print(lyric[5:-15])

hearts" lyric2 = lyric[2:10]
print(lyric2[4:])

Chapter 7 – Computational thinking puzzles (string functions)
30firstName = "Gillian" Output

surname = "Coltart"
print(firstName[0:1] + surname[:1])
31
filmRelease = "Car Wars Return of Output
the Mini"
tempFilm = filmRelease.lower()
print(tempFilm)
32 Output
filmRelease = "World War Z"
releaseDate = "31st OCT"
tempFilm = filmRelease.upper()
tempDate = releaseDate.lower()
print(tempFilm + " " + tempDate)
33word1 = "central" Output
word2 = "processing"
word3 = "unit"
word4 = word1[0:1].upper()
print(word4 + " = " + word1)
34 Output
password = "beetle man"
passwordLength = len(password)
print(passwordLength)
Output
35password = "Sphinx"
passwordLength = len(password)
print("Your password", password, "is", passwordLength, "characters long"
36quotation = "There are only two kinds Output
of people who are really fascinating:
people who know absolutely everything,
and people who know absolutely nothing. - Oscar Wilde"
print(quotation.count("re"))
37quotation = "Whatever you are, be a bad one. Abraham Lincoln"
quotationNew = quotation.replace ("bad","good")
print(quotationNew)Output

38quotation = "I met an old lady once, Output

almost a hundred years old, and she
told me…"
quotation = quotation.replace("lady","gentleman")
quotation = quotation.replace("she","he")
print(quotation)
39word = "Code & Coding"Output

word = word.replace("Code","Programs")
print(word)
print(len(word))
40password = "02jjkk kkde"Output

password = password.replace("kk","ddd")
password = password.replace("jj","j")
print("Number of characters in password =",len(password))
41sentenceOne = "The to boys learned to new skills"

sentenceTwo = sentenceOne.replace("to","two")
sentenceThree = sentenceTwo.replace("boys","girls")
totalLetterW = sentenceOne.count("w")+sentenceTwo.count("w")+sentenceThr
totalLetterB = sentenceOne.count("b")+sentenceTwo.count("b")+sentenceThr
print(totalLetterW+totalLetterB)Output
42 The following program uses string handling to create and display a simple password.
Work out what the password is.
statement = "When Mr. Bilbo Baggins of Bag

End announced" letter1position =
statement.count("a")Output
letter2position = statement.count("e")
letter3position = statement.count("i")
letter4position = statement.count("o")
letter1 = statement[letter1position-
1:letter1position]
1:letter2position+2]
1:letter3position]
letter4 =
statement[letter4position+1:letter4position+3
]
password = letter2 + letter4 + letter3 +
letter1
print(password)

Chapter 8 – Examples of simple mathematical functions
Chapter 8 – Examples of simple mathematical functions

Python also includes many built-infunctions used to manipulate numbers. A few examples
of mathematical functions are shown below.
Example 16 – Rounding decimal numbers

The round( ) function reduces the number of decimal places in a number rounding up or
down as required.
The round( ) function should contain two values in the brackets, separated by a comma:
■
The first is the number to be rounded. This may be a number or a variable storing a
number.
■
The second is the number of decimal places the
Program Code
number is to be rounded to.
Output
number = 4.7
round(4.6783,1)
print(number)
The correct computing term for these values is parameters. We say that parameters
are passed into the function. The function then returns the result: in this case a rounded
number.
Example 17 – Truncating a decimal number

We've seen the integer function already. The int( ) function truncates (shortens) a
decimal number (float), rounding it down to the nearest integer by removing all the
decimal places.
Program Code Output
number = 4.6783 4
print(int(number))
Example 18 – Always rounding up

The ceiling function math.ceil( ), rounds a real number up to the nearest integer.
Program Code Output
import math 5
number =
math.ceil(4.2045)
print(number)
The first word of this function, "math", is a module library (collection) of extra
mathematical functions that can be added to Python to extend the capabilities of the
programming language.
This function requires "import math" at the top of your program. This line adds lots of
additional maths functions to the standard capabilities of Python.

Example 19 – Modulus, calculating the remainder

The modulus function % calculates the remainder when one number is divided
by another.
Program Code Output
leftOver = 3
13%5
print(leftO
Here
ver)the program shows that 13 divided by 5 is 2 remainder 3.
Example 20 – To the power of

The pow( ) function multiplies one number to the power of another number.
The example shows 42.
Program Code Output
p r i n t(p o w(4,2)) 16
Like round( ), the pow( ) function requires two parameters.

Chapter 9 – Computational thinking puzzles (mathematical functions)

(mathematical functions)
Never underestimate the value of maths when programming. The majority of programs
require some form of calculation to be carried out. If your aim is to be a games
programmer or something similar, then your maths will have to be very good!
Puzzle set 4 – Mathematical functions

43 height = 193.734Output
print(round(height,2))
44 shoeSize = 10.3Output
print(round(shoeSize,0))
45 import math
Output
weight = 78.65
print(math.ceil(weight))
46 offcut = 25%7Output
print(offcut)
47 import math
Output
value = 12.5%3
print(math.ceil(value))
48
import mathOutput
roomLength = 20
plank = 3
woodNeeded = math.ceil(roomLength/plank)
print("The number of whole planks needed =",woodNeeded)
49
import mathOutput
value = 57.884
decimal = value – int(value)
print(round(decimal,2))
50 cat = 5.91Output
dog = int(cat)
p r i n t(p o w(d o g,2))
51 import mathOutput
num1 = 12.7
num2 = 30.3
num3 = (int(num2) - math.ceil(num1))
num4 = pow(3,(num3%5))
p r i n t(n u m 4*(i n t(n u m 2/10)))


Below is a collection of programming challenges. For each challenge you are required to
write Python code to solve the problem. Each of the problems involves using the Python
statements, syntax and functions that you have learned in Section 1.
Statements and Syntax Text Functions
● ●
input( ) str( )
● ●
print( ) int( )
● ●
"" float( )
● ●
, .lower( )
● ●
+ .upper( )
● ●
- len( )
● ●
/ .count( )
● ●
* .replace( )
●
Although the above already looks like a long list,
Maths you have only scratched the surface of
Functions
()
●
Python. No professional programmer memorises● every
round( ) statement and function they use.
If%you are not sure of how to write a particular●statement, you can always refer back to
●
examples. math.ceil( )
[:] ●
● pow( )
Program
variableName Challenges
= for input and output
Program 1 – Three in, three out
Write a program that will allow a user to enter their name (string), their age (integer) and
their favourite TV programme (string). The program will then display the information
entered and some additional text on separate lines.
An example of the input and output from the program is shown below.
Input Output
Please enter your name. Lister

Lister is
What is your age? 39
39 years old and
What is your favourite TV likes Red
programme? Red Dwarf Dwarf
Program 2 – Name swapper

Write a program that requires the user to type in their first name and surname. The
program will then display the two names in reverse order.
Input Output
D avid Tennant David

Tennant

Program 3 – Three in, three out (formatted)

Open and edit program 1 so that the information entered is displayed differently as shown
in the output box below. Note – your output will now have to display variables and text
together.
Input Output
Please enter your name? Lister 39

Lister Likes watching Red Dwarf
What is your age?
39
What is your favourite TV
program? Red Dwarf
Program 4 – Postcode formatter

Your user is required to enter the four separate sections of a UK postcode, which takes the
for m:
letters, number, number, letters
Once entered, the postcode should be displayed with a space in the middle.
Input Output
K KY8 9HL
Y
8
9
H
Program
L 5 – Calculate the area of a rectangle
Ask your user to enter the length and width of a rectangle. Your program should calculate
the area of the rectangle (length × width) and display the result with a suitable message.
Input Output
Please enter the following The area of the

values in cm. Please enter the rectangle is: 72
length of the rectangle. 12 square centimetres
Please enter the width of the
rectangle.
6
Program 6 – Number generator
Write a program that inputs two individual integers between 0 and 9. The program should
then perform a calculation and store a single number in a third variable called "total".
The total should then be displayed on the screen.
Input Output
2 26
6

The following challenges all use substring and the string functions (lower, upper, len, count
and replace) explained in Examples 11–15 and covered by Puzzles 24–42.
Program 7 – Postcode formatter (part 2)

Edit program 4 to ensure that the postcode is always displayed in upper case letters, even
if the user inputs the letters in lower case.
Input Output
K KY8 9HL
Y
8
9
h
Program
l 8 – Name length
Write a program that asks the user to enter their forename and surname. The program
should output the total numbers of letters in their name.
Input Output
Please enter your There are 10 letters in your name.

forename: D avid
Please enter your
surname: St o tt
Program 9 – Counting vowels

Write a program that asks the user to enter a sentence of their choice. The program should
then calculate and display the number of times each vowel appears in the sentence along
with the total number of vowels. Make sure the program counts both upper case and lower
case vowels.
Input Output
Please enter a sentence of Your sentence contained the following:

your choice. Luke, I am your a = 2
father e = 2
i = 1
o = 1
u = 2
This is a total of 8 vowels.

Program 10 – Changing gender

A program is required to change a male student's school report comment into a similar
comment for a female student. The program should change any example of his to her and
he to she.
Input
Please enter the male report.

He should always ensure that his answers contain as much detail as possibl
Output
The female comment is:

She should always ensure that her answers contain as much detail as possib
Program 11 – Stock code generator

A program is required to generate stock codes for a supermarket. Ask the user to enter
the name of a new product along with the year. The program should combine the first and
last two letters of the product to the first and last characters of the year to create the code.
Input Output
Please enter the The stock code for Plaza

product name. Plaza Beans is: Plns26
Beans
Please enter the year.
2016
The following challenges all use the mathematical functions (round, int, ceil, % and pow)
explained in Examples 16–20 and covered by Puzzles 43–51.
Program 12 – Auction fee

A program is required to calculate the fee charged by an auction company when goods are
sold. The program should add up the costs of three items sold and calculate the fee, which
is 10% of the total cost. Fees are rounded to the nearest whole number.
Input Output
Please enter your three The total cost is £54.09

costs. 12.78 The auction companies fee is £5.
6.32
3 4.9 9

Program 13 – Calculate the area of a circle

Area
Ask your user to enter the radius of a circle. Your program should use =
what they have entered to calculate the area of the circle and display 3.14 × r2
the result.
Input Output
Please enter the following value in cm.

The area of the
Please enter the radius of the circle.circle is: 803.84
16 square centimetres
Program 14 – Prize draw cheat

You think you can win your football club's "how many sweets are in the
jar?" prize draw. Assuming that you have already calculated the volumes
of one sweet and the jar, write a program to input these two volumes and
output the number of whole sweets that fit in the jar.
Input Output
Please enter the volume of the 1279 sweets fit into the jar.
jar (cm3): 2712.96
Please enter the volume of one
sweet (cm3): 2.12
Program 15 – Leftover paint

A painter requires a simple program that will calculate and display the number of pots
of paint required to complete a job. The program should also display the area (in metres
squared) that could be painted with the leftover paint.
Input
Enter the area in m2 to be

painted.
178
Enter the area (m2) that a single
pot covers. 25
Output
You will need 10 pots of paint.

You can paint 22 m2 with the leftover paint.

Often the complexity of a program is increased by the complexity of the problem scenario.
A good programmer must be able to examine and understand scenarios they may have
never encountered previously. The last few program challenges have more complex
scenarios. Read each one carefully to understand what is required.
Program 16 – Laying bricks

A bricklayer needs to calculate if they have part of
a brick left over when they build a wall of a certain
length. Write a program that asks for the length of a
brick in centimetres along with the length of the wall
in metres. The program should add 1 cm to the length
of each brick (to allow for concrete between the bricks)
and then calculate the number of bricks required to
build one row of the wall. The program should also
display any centimetres left over once a single row of bricks of one row is laid.
Input
Please enter the length of a

brick in cm: 20
Please enter the length of the
wall in m: 9.89
Output
47 bricks build one row of wall.

This is 2 cm short of the required wall length.
Program 17 – Calculating the atomic weight of hydrocarbons H H

(alkanes)
C C H H
A hydrocarbon is a molecule made up of linked carbon (C) atoms with H H
hydrogen (H) atoms branching off each carbon. Your program will ask the
user to enter the number of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon and use the
number entered to then calculate the number of hydrogen atoms using the formula below.
Both numbers should be stored.
number of H atoms = (number of C atoms × 2) + 2
The atomic weight of the molecule is then calculated by multiplying the number of carbon
atoms by 12 and adding the number of hydrogen atoms. The number of C and H atoms
along with the atomic weight should be displayed as shown in the output below.
Input Output
Enter the number of The atomic mass of C3H8 is 44

carbon atoms. 3

Program 18 – Standard scratch Hole 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 OUT

Adam 5 6 6 5 5 4 6 5 4 46
The "standard scratch score" of a golf course
is calculated by adding together the number Sheida 4 3 5 4 5 4 5 4 4 38
of shots it should take to complete each hole. Par 3 5 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 31
This score is then adjusted depending on the

difficulty of the course.
For example:
2 holes should take 5 shots (par 5)

2 × 5 = 10
10 × 4 = 40
6 × 3 = 18
10 + 40 + 18 = 68 shots in total
Difficulty adjustment = −2 68 shots − 2 = 66
Standard Scratch = 66
Input
How many par 3 holes are there?

6
10
2
What is the difficulty adjustment for
the course? -2
Output
The Standard Scratch score for the

course is: 66

Program 19 – Cycling speed

Many cyclists use a bicycle computer to display their speed and distance. The computer
measures the number of times the bike's front wheel has rotated and multiples this
by circumference of the front tyre to calculate the distance travelled. If the computer
also knows how long the cyclist has been travelling for, the average speed can also be
c alcul ated.
Write a program to simulate a bicycle computer. The user should input the circumference
of the wheel in millimetres, the number of wheel revolutions and the number of minutes
the cyclist has been travelling. The program should calculate the kilometres travelled and
the average speed in km per hour.
speed (kmph) = distance (kilometres) / time (hours)
Input
What is the circumference of your wheel in

millimetres?
1250
How many wheel revolutions have taken place in
your journey? 8920
How many minutes did you cycle for?
30
Output
You covered 11.15 km.

At an average speed of 22.3 kmh.

Section 2 – Selection (if)
statements
Programs may have to respond differently to a
variety of inputs and calculations. The ability to make
decisions and then select which part of a program will totalSales
execute is a vital part of programming. calculate
d
The flow chart below shows a simple program design.
We can see from the design that, depending on the
total price, the program must perform only one of two Is totalSales >
Yes
different calculations. £25.00?
A selection statement examines a condition and then No Add £1.50 postage

makes a decision based on the result. If the condition to totalSales
is found to be true then the program will execute one Add £4.00 postage
or more lines of code. to totalSales
Blocks of code
Selection statements are written as blocks of code. Fig 11.1: Flowchart showing simple
Programming languages use a variety of ways to show program design
whether code is part of statement. Python uses:
■
a colon (:)
■
followed by indented code.
To indent code means to move it to the right compared to the line above, as shown with the
twoticket
print statements
= below.
str(input("Enter another ticket:
child/adult/concession")) if ticket == "child":
print("Remember there are height restrictions on
some rides")
print("Please read all signs carefully before
queuing")
Theticket
block of=code ends when the nextanother
str(input("Enter line of the ticket:
program isn't indented. Thus the final line
above is not part of the selection statement.
child/adult/concession"))
Beware! Incorrect indentation can cause errors in your code. If the second print statement
were not indented, it would be outside the selection block. If it were outside, this would
change how it displays its message – it would always display its message and not just
when ticket == "child".

Chapter 11 – Examples of selection (if) statements

Some examples of Python "if" statements with conditions code are shown below. Try
typing each of these programs into your Python editor and run them to see what happens.
Example 21 – A simple "if" statement

Program Code
ticket = str(input("Do you wish to buy

a ticket?")) if ticket == "Y":
print("Welcome to the ticket
office.")
Output from program (when user enters "Y") Output from program (when user enters "N")
Do you wish to buy a Do you wish to buy a

ticket? Y ticket? N
Welcome to the ticket
office.
The input( ) statement asks the user a question and stores the answer in the variable
"ticket".
The "if" statement then uses the condition (ticket == "Y") to compare the user's
input to Y. Note that Python uses a double equal == symbol when comparing two
values in an if statement.
If the comparison is true, the print line is executed and the message is displayed. If the
comparison is false, the print line is ignored.
Example 22 – An "else" statement

Program Code

office.")
else:
print("We are sorry to hear that.")
print("Please return soon.")
Output from program (when user enters "No Thanks") Output from program (when user enters "y")
Do you wish to buy a Do you wish to buy a

ticket? No Thanks ticket? y
We are sorry to hear We are sorry to hear
that. Please return that. Please return
soon. soon.
If the conditions in the "if" statement are false, the "else" statement can be used to
execute alternative lines of code.
In the above example, the block of code in the "else" statement will be executed if the
user enters anything other than "Y" (the result of the condition would be false). Because
the comparison is case sensitive, a small "y" would also be false.

Section 2 – Selection (if) statements
Example 23 – An "if" statement with mathematical operators

Program Code Output from program (when user enters "1953")
year = int(input("Please enter Please enter a year.

a year.")) if year < 1969: 1953
print("No moon landings No moon landings yet.
yet.")
if year >= 1969: Output from program (when user enters "1992")
print("Man has walked on the
moon!") Please enter a year.
When numbers are used in comparisons, the 1992
following symbols, called operators, may be Man has walked on the moon!
used in the conditions:
> greater than >= greater than or equal to != not equal to
< less than <= less than or equal to
Example 24 – Complex conditions (and, or)

Program Code

office.")
else:
age = int(input("Please enter your
age"))
if age >= 5 and age <= 17:
print("Please purchase a junior
ticket")
if age > 17 and age < 65:
print("Please purchase an adult
Output from program (when user enters "Y") Output from program (when user enters "N")
ticket")
if you
Do age wish
>= 65: to buy a ticket? Do you wish to buy a ticket?
Y print("You are entitled to a senior N
ticket")to the ticket office.
Welcome Please enter your age
Please enter your age 15
23 Please purchase an junior ticket
Please purchase an adult ticket
A complex condition is built from two or more comparisons.

The comparisons are combined as follows:
and
both conditions must be true age > 17 and age < 65
or
only one of the conditions must be true age < 17 or age >= 65

Did you spot the logic error in Example 24?

If the user does not wish to buy a ticket "N", they are still asked their age. The program
should only ask the user their age after they have decided to buy a ticket.
To change this in the program, the highlighted code would have to be moved from the
bottom of the program to inside the first "if" statement, as shown below. Note that the
code now has two levels of indentation.
Program Code

office.")
age"))
ticket")
if age > 17 and age < 65:
ticket")
if age >= 65:
print("You are entitled to a senior
ticket") else:
The highlighted code is now only executed when the user enters "Y" at the beginning of
the program. One "if" statement inside another like this is said to be nested.
When programming, the order and position of code can be as important as the actual lines
of code you write.

Example 25 – Else if (elif)

In the following code, "elif" is used instead of multiple "if" statements.
The advantage of this format is that as soon as one of the comparisons is true, none
of the remaining code in the block is executed. This is more efficient than separate "if"
statements where each "if" statement would be executed even after one comparison is
found to be true.
Program Code

age"))
if age >= 0 and age < 5:
print("Sorry, You are too young to
attend") elif age >= 5 and age < 18:
ticket")
elif age >= 18 and age < 65:
ticket")
elif age >= 65:
print("You are entitled to a senior
Output from program (when user enters "18") Output from program (when user enters "-6")
ticket") else:
Please enter your
print("Invalid age
age") Please enter
18 your age -6
Please purchase an adult ticket Invalid age
Example 26 – The "not" operator

Program Code
score = int(input("Please enter

your score.")) if not(score == 76
or score == 58):
print("You did not hit the target
scores.") else:
print("Well done, target score
Output from program (when user enters "58")
achieved.")
Please enter your score.
58
Well done, target achieved.
A not() operator reverses the condition so rather than checking if the score entered is
76 or 58, the addition of the not means that the condition is only true if the score is not
equal to 76 or 58.

This example can be used to highlight another fact about programming: often there are
several ways to achieve the same outcome. By changing the highlighted code below,
the program below will produce exactly the same results as example 26.
score = int(input("Please enter
your score.")) if score == 76 or
score == 58:
print("Well done, target score
achieved.") else:
print("You did not hit the target
scores.")
Example 27 – Building more complex "if" statements
The complexity of the "if" statements you build is only limited by your own ability to
work out the logic of the conditions. A more complex example is shown below:
Program Code
score = int(input("Please enter your score."))

score2 = int(input("Please enter your score."))
score3 = int(input("Please enter your score."))
if ((score >= 23 and score <=33) or (score2 >= 45 and score2
<= 55)) and score3!= 0: print("Well done. That's the correct
combination of scores.")
else:
print("You did not achieve the correct combination of
scores.")
Output from program Output from program
Please enter your Please enter your score.

score. 27
24 Please enter your score.
Please enter your 50
score. Please enter your score.
47 0
Please enter your You did not achieve the
score. correct combination of
5 scores.
Well done. That's the
correct combination of
scores.

Chapter 12 – Computational thinking puzzles (if statements)

A good ability to predict the output from "if" commands will significantly improve your
ability to design "if" statements and conditions of your own.
In the following questions you will be asked to predict the output from each small
program using a variety of different inputs.
Example puzzle
number = int(input("Please enter an integer"))
if number < 10:
print("Low")
if number >= 10 and number <= Remember:
20: indented lines are only
executed if the conditions are true.
print("Middle")
if number > 20:
print("High")
a User input Output

3 Low
b User input Output

12 Middle
c User input Output

20 Middle
d User input Output

27 High
Puzzle set 5 – "If", "else" and "elif" statements

52 number = int(input("Enter a number to test
the puzzle")) if number <= 50:
print("Low")
if number > 50 and number < 100:
print("Middle")
if number >= 100:
print("High")
a User input Output
23
b User input Output
67
c User input Output

100

d User input Output

236
e User input
Output
50
temp = int(input("Please enter a temperature"))
53 if temp >= -273 and temp <= 42:
print("Solid")
elif temp >43 and temp < 87:
print("Liquid")
else:
print("Gas")
a User input
60 Output
b User input
-50
Output
c User input
43
d User input Output
2999
Output
e Which of the above inputs (a, b, c or d) highlights an error in the logic of the
program? Describe how you would correct the error in program.
54 age = int(input("Please enter

an age")) if age < 0 or age >
120:
print("Age not valid")
else:
print("Valid age")
print("School age")
if age >= 16:
print("Working age")
if age >= 60:
print("Retirement age")
if age >= 67:
print("Pension age")

a User input Output from program

14
b User input Output from program

-2
c User input Output from program
47
d State an input that would output "Valid age", "School age" and "Working age".
value = float(input("Please enter the value of your item"))
55 weight = float(input("Please enter the weight of your item in kilograms"
if value <= 0:
print("Invalid value")
postage = 0.0
if weight >= 0 and weight < 2:
if value > 0 and value < 50:
postage = 1.5
if value >= 50 and value < 150:
postage = 2.75
if value >= 150:
postage = 5.5
elif weight >= 2 and weight < 10:
postage = 2.5
postage = 4.4
if value >= 150:
postage = 8.35
elif weight >= 10 and weight < 25:
postage = 7.55
postage = 12.3
if value >= 150:
postage = 15.0
else:
postage = 25.0
print(postage)
a User input Value of postage displayed
value
62
weight
b User
1.5input Value of postage displayed
value 0
weight 2.2

c User input Value of postage displayed
value
172
weight
d User
19 input Value of postage displayed
value
250
weight
e User
32.5 input Value of postage displayed
value
34
weight
f User
2.5input Value of postage displayed
value
50
weight
56 The following
10 program uses some of the string functions learned in Section 1.
Beware, this is a difficult puzzle!
word = str(input("Please enter a
word"))
number = int(input("Please enter
an number")) if len(word[number:])
>= 3:
word = word + word
else:
word = word[0:2] + word[0:2]
if word.count("e") >= 3:
word = word.replace("e","a")
else:
word = word.replace("e","c")
print(word) Value of "word" displayed
a User input enter a word bee

Please
Please enter a number n 3
b User input Value of "word" displayed
Please enter a word c

Please enter a number
offe
e 2
c User input Value of "word" displayed
Please enter a word bee

Please enter a number
n 1


Below is the next collection of programming challenges. For each challenge you are
required to write Python code that includes selection (if) statements to solve the problem.
Each of the problems involves using the Python statements, syntax and operators that you
have learned in Section 2:
Statements and Syntax Mathematical Operators Logical Operators
● ●= ●
if AND
● ●>
= ●
elif OR
● < ●
else ● >= NOT
<=
● !=
It's important that you don't forget what you learned earlier so each set of new
●
challenges may also require you to use skills and knowledge from previous sections.
● easy but will get progressively harder.
The challenges start off nice and
Program challenges for selection statements

Program 20 – Advice please
Write a program that asks the user if they would like some advice. If they enter "Y", provide
them with an amusing message.
Input Output
Would you like some Always know where your towel is.
advice? Y
Program 21 – Go winner
Go is a 4000-year-old board game played by two players using
black and white stones. At the end of the game each player
counts their score then white adds on an extra 6.5 points to make
up for the fact they play second at the beginning of the game. The
player with the highest score is the winner.
Write a program that asks black and white to enter their scores,
adds on 6.5 points and displays the winner.
Input Output
What is Black's After 6.5 is added the

score? 88 score is: Black - 88
What is White's White - 90.5
score? 84 White is the winner.
Program 22 – Charity collection

Three friends have been collecting money for charity. A local company has offered to
double the amount of money they collect if they raise over £1000. Write a program that
allows the friends to enter their individual amounts. The program should then add the

three amounts and store the total. If the total is greater or equal to 1000 the total should
be doubled. Finally, the total should be displayed.
Input Output
Please enter the first amount A total of £1069 was raised.

raised. 398 This will be doubled to £2138.
Please enter the second
amount raised. 193
Please enter the third amount
raised. 478
Program 23 – Calculate the area of a rectangle (part 2)

Program 5 asked you to calculate the area of a rectangle. Open this program and edit it to
calculate the area of two rectangles. Once both areas have been calculated your program
should decide which rectangle has the larger area and display a suitable message.
Input Output
Rectangle 1 Rectangle 1 has the largest area

Please enter the
length: 12
Please enter the
width:
6
Rectangle 2
Please enter the
length: 7
Please enter the
width:
9
Program 24 – The most vowels
Write a program that asks the user to enter two sentences. The program should
■
count the number of vowels in each sentence
■
(percentage
display = 100 / number
the percentage of letter
of vowels, toin2sentence
decimal *places,
numberinofeach
vowels)
sentence
■ display the number of vowels in each
sentence display which sentence has the
■ most vowels.
Input Output
Enter sentence 1 The percentage of vowels in sentence

You can't handle the 1 is: 25.93 The percentage of vowels
truth! Enter in sentence 2 is: 33.33 Sentence 1
sentence 2 has 7 vowels.
Houston, we have a Sentence 2 has 9 vowels.
problem. Sentence 2 has more vowels.

Program 25 – Advice please (part 2)

Open and edit program 20 to include an alternative message if the user types "N". An error
message should be given to the user if they enter anything other than "Y" or "N".
Input Output
Would you like some Sorry, you were asked to enter Y or N.

advice? D
Program 26 – Car tyre check

As tyres wear out, it takes longer for a car to stop. At a given speed a car should be able to
break and stop within the maximum recommended stopping distances shown.
Miles per hour Recommended stopping distance(m)
30 14
50 38
Write a program to analyse the results of a braking test. The user should be asked to enter
one of two speeds (30 or 50) and the distance it took the car to stop in the test. To allow for
any measurement errors, the distance entered should be rounded up to the nearest whole
number. Finally the user should be given a message stating if their car has:
■
failed the tyre test – the car took longer than the recommended distance for the given
speed to stop
■
passed the test – the cars stopping distance was equal to or less than the recommended
Input Output
distance for the given speed.
Please enter the test speed (mph). Your car failed the
50 braking distance
Please enter the tested stopping test.
distance (m). 39.7
Program 27 – Charity collection (part 2)

The local company from Program 22 have decided that they cannot afford to double any
amount of money raised over £1000. The following new decisions are made:
■
any amount raised that is less than £1000 receives a £100 bonus
(For example, £345 raised will result in £445 total)

■
the company will still double the amount raised between £1000 and £2000
(For example, £1282 raised will result in £2564 total)

■
if the
Inputamount is over £2000, the initial £2000 Output
is doubled but any additional money is not
(ForPlease enter
example, £2054the first
raised amount
will result A total
in 2 * £2000 + £54 of £2454
= £4054 was raised.
total)
raised. 740 With the company bonus, this is £4454.
Open and rewrite Program 22 to account for the above decisions.
Please enter the second
amount raised. 690
Please enter the third amount
raised. 1024

Section 3 – Repetition
(loop) statements
An important aspect of programming is the ability to repeat lines of code. Imagine a design
for a scientific survey program where the user is required to enter 1000 measurements.
Without the ability to repeat code, the same two lines of code (input the measurement, add
the input to a total) would have to be copied and pasted 1000 times by the programmer.
This would result in a very long program to carry out a fairly simple task (Figure 14.1).
Figure 14.2 shows the same design using repetition.
This design shows that when program code is repeated, an additional variable is required.
In this example, the counter stores the number of times the repeated lines of code have
been executed.
Instead of counting the number of repetitions, the user is asked if they wish to enter
another measurement (shown in Figure 14.3).
An additional variable "choice" is required to store the user's input.
Get next
measurement
from user
Add new
measurement
to total
Get next
Set counter to 0 measurement
from user
Get next
measurement
from user
Add new
Get measurement
measurement
from user
to total
Add new Add 1 to counter
measurement
to total
Ask user if they
Add measurement
wish to enter another
to total
measurement
Get next
measurement
from user
No Yes
Is counter > Is choice = Y?
Add new 999?
measurement
to total
× 1000 Yes No
Figure 14.1: Adding Figure 14.2: Adding measurements Figure 14.3: Adding
measurements using repetition measurements where user
without repetition input ends repetition

Section 3 – Repetition (loop) statements
Fixed and conditional loops

There are two types of repetition used in programming. Both are represented in
Figures 14.2 and 14.3.
■ Fixed
loops – code is repeated a known number of times (for example, when we know
that 1000 scientific measurements will be entered). This type of repetition is sometimes
called 'count controlled'.
■ Conditional
loops – code is repeated until certain conditions are met (for example, until
the user does not enter "Y").
The type of loop you use in each program will be determined by one simple question.
Q: Do I know exactly how many times the code needs to be repeated?
A: Yes = fixed loop needed
or
No = conditional loop needed
Chapter 14 – Examples of repetition (loop) statements
Some examples of both types of loop in Python 3 are shown below. Try typing each of
these programs into your Python editor and run them to see what happens.
Example 28 – A simple fixed loop

A fixed loop uses the for and range( ) statements to state the number of times the code
will be repeated. In this example the program loops four times.
Program CodeOutput from program

for counter in range(4): This is a fixed
print("This is a fixed loop.") loop. This is a
fixed loop. This
is a fixed loop.
This is a fixed
Note that loops are programming structures. Like an "if" statement, the "for" statement
loop.
is followed by a colon and the lines below are indented to show that they are "inside"
the loop.
Example 29 – A fixed loop with user input
In this example, the user is asked for input. The variable "times" has replaced the
number in the range statement. The use of a variable allows the same program code to
loop a different number of times. The user can now control the number of repetitions.
Program CodeOutput from program (when user enters "3")
times = int(input("Enter a Enter a number
number")) for counter in 3
range(times): I must try
print("I must try harder. I must
harder.") try harder. I
This is another example of a fixed loop as themust trya set number of times.
code still repeats
harder.
Example 30 – The loop variable

When a fixed loop executes, the program counts the number of times the code has been
repeated. This count is stored in the loop variable, in this case 'money'. By displaying the loop
variable using a print( ) statement we can see that range(5) will count from 0 and end at 4.
Program Code Output from program
for money in 0
range(5): 1
print(money) 2
3
4
Example 31 – More about the range( ) statement

The range( ) statement can be expanded to give two values: a start and end point for the
count. This example also shows how the loop variable can be built into print( ) statements.
Program CodeOutput from program

total = 0 Please enter the 3 test marks
print("Please enter the 3 test marks")
Please enter test 1
for counter in range(1,4): 13
print("Please enter test",counter) Please enter test 2
mark = int(input()) 17
total = total + mark Please enter test 3
print("The total number of marks =",total)
6
The total number of marks = 36
Important note!
If a range of 1,4 is entered, the actual count is from 1 to 3 (one short of the second
number in the range). Think of the second range value as when the loop should stop:
■ 1 – execute the loop
■ 4 – stop looping

Example 32 – Adding a step to the range( ) statement

If the range( ) statement contains only two values, the loop variable increments
(increases) by 1 each time the loop executes.
If a third value is included in the range( ) statements the loop variable increments by this
new value. So range(1,21,4) starts counting from 1 in steps of 4 each loop: 1 5 9 13 17.
Note that the count doesn't include 21 as the loop stops executing before 21.
for oranges in 1
range(1,21,4): 5
print(oranges) 9
1
3
1
A negative step would count down rather than up. In this case, the first number must be
7
larger than the second.
for apples in 3
range(30,1,-6): 0
print(apples) 2
4
1
8
1
2
6

Example 33 – A conditional loop

Python uses the "while" statement to create a loop that will continually repeat when the
conditions in the while command are true.
The complex condition choice! = "Y" and choice!= "N" can be read as:
"keep on looping while:Output from program
■
Make your choice - Y/N.
the 'choice' variable is not equal to Y
J
and Make your choice - Y/N.
■ F
theProgram
'choice' variable is not equal to N".
Code
Make your choice - Y/N.
choice = "" y
while choice!= "Y" and choice!= Make your choice - Y/N.
"N": Y
choice = str(input("Make your Thank you for making your choice.
choice - Y/N.")) print("Thank you
Conditions
for making can often
yourbechoice.")
written more than one way. How you write a condition may
sometimes simply be personal preference based around how you visualise the code.
For example, the above condition could be rewritten as:
not(choice == "Y" or choice == "N")
This allows the programmer to write a condition stating the input you are looking for
from the user (choice == "Y" or choice == "N") and then flip the complex condition using
the not( ) operator. This method may be easier for you to design and code.
Example 34 – Input validation

Good programmers write code that prevent problems from occurring later in their
progr ams .
A conditional (while) loop can be used to make sure that the user enters only valid input.
This is important because invalid values may cause a program to crash (stop executing)
or lead to invalid output (i.e. code not functioning correctly).
Program Code
score = int(input("Please enter your

score."))
while not(score >= 10 and score <= 20):
print("Your score must be between 10 and 20
inclusive.") score = int(input("Please enter
Output from program
your score."))
Please enter your score.
34
Your score must be between 10 and 20
inclusive. Please enter your score.
18
Well-written input validation code should include print( ) statements to produce a
meaningful error message for the user if they enter invalid inputs. This ensures the user
knows why their input was invalid.

Chapter 15 – Computational thinking puzzles (loops)

Visualising loops in your head can be quite tricky. In these puzzles, pay attention to the
values in the range( ) statement and any values stored in variables.
You may wish to sketch out some working for these puzzles before you write down
the output.
Puzzle set 6 – Fixed loops part 1

57for counter in Output
range(3):
print("Graphics")
58for counter in Output
range(1,3):
print("Processor")
59type = "pug" Output
for dogs in
range(5):
print(type)
60for numbers in Output
range(2,20,3):
print(numbers)
61for listNums in Output
range(10,55,10):
print(listNums)
62for countdown in Output
range(35,7,-5):
print(countdown)
63number = 1 Output
for countdown in
range(4): number =
number + 3
print(number)
A good understanding of the range( ) command is extremely helpful when designing and
writing code with unconditional loops.
These puzzles are a bit different. This time you will be given the output and you must
work out what is missing from the range( ) command.
For example:
Output
for count in range
( ): print 0
(count) 4
8
12

To produce the output above, the missing range values:

●
start counting from 0
●
add on a step of 4 each time
●
finish counting somewhere between 13 and 16
(not 17 because that would lead to 16 also being displayed in the output).
Possible answers are therefore: range(0,4,13), range(0,4,14), range(0,4,15) or
range(0,4,16).
Using the same program used in the above example, write down the simplest range( ) that
would produce the output shown.
Remember that a range( ) command can take three forms:
●
r ange(5)
●
r ange(2,7)
●
0
range(1,20,4)
1
64 Range Output from program 2
3
4
5
65 Range Output from program

2
3
4
5
66 Range Output from program

7
6
5
67 Range Output
1 from program
4
7
10
68 Range 45
Output from program
36
27
18
9

Puzzle set 7 – Trace tables

A trace table is a technique used to test the logical flow of programs without executing the
code. The tester 'walks through' the program, manually calculating the values stored in
variables at each stage of the program's execution.
Program code
num1 = 5 Explanation
num2 = 7 Each time the code repeats, num1 stores the
current value of num1 + num2.
for loop in range(4):
num1 = num1 + num2 The value of num2 is then increased by 2.
num2 = num2 + 2 This process is repeated four times "range(4)".
print(num1, num2) The two variables are displayed.
The trace table is used to note the values stored by the two variables after each repetition
of the loop. This helps the programmer to identify mistakes in the logic of the code.
Trace table num1 num2

beginning of program 5 7
after 1st loop 12 9
after 2nd loop 21 11
after 3rd loop 32 13
after last loop 45 15
final values 45 15
displayed
On blank paper, sketch out a trace table to track the changing values of variables as you
walk through the repeating code. Write down the final values of the variables that are
displayed on the last line of each program.
69num1
Output= 3
num2 = 2
for loop in
range(3):
num1 = num1 +
num2 num2 = num2
+ 3
70 print(num1, Output
num2)
num1 = 80
num2 = 40
for loop in
range(2):
num1 = num1 -
num2
num2 = num2 / 2
print(num1,
num2)

71num1 = 2 Output
num2 = 4
num3 = 6
num1 = (num1 + num2 - 8)
* 2 num2 = num2 + num3
print(num1, num2, num3)
72num1 = 1 Output
num2 = 3
num3 = 5
num3 = num1 + 3
num2 = num3 - 2
num1 = num3 + num2
num1 = 5
73 Output
num2 = 5
num3 = 5
num3 = num1 - (num2 + 2)
num2 = (num2 - 2) - num3
num3 = num3 + 7
The loop variable will be used in the next few puzzles. Remember for range (3) the
variable would store 0 then 1 then 2. For range(3,7) the variable would store: 3,4,5,6.
For range(1,10,2) the variable would store 1,3,5,7,9.
74num1
Output= 2
num2 = 4
num1 = num2 + num1
num2 = num1 - loop
print(num1, num2)
75num1 = 4 Output
num2 = 6
num3 = 0
for loop in range(3,7):
num1 = (num1/2 + num2/3) * loop
num3 = num2 + num1
print(int(num1), num2, int(num3))

76 start = 1 Output
for loop in
range(1,6):
start = start *
10
mid = start%loop
end = mid + loop
start = end
77 Remember
print(start,about concatenation
mid, of strings using the + symbol. For example,
end)
"bob"+"cat" = "bobcat".
Follow the concatenation taking place in this puzzle and write down the string
displayed in the final line.
text1 = "a" Output
text2 = "b"
text3 = ""
phrase1 = str(loop)+
text1
phrase2 = text2 +
str(loop) if loop <=
2:
text3 = text3 +
phrase1
else:
78 Nowtext3
for a really=difficult
text3 + combines a lot of what you have learned up to this
one, which
phrase2 print(text3)
point. Well done if you get this puzzle correct.
text1 = "this" Output
text2 = "is"
text3 = "hard"
words = ""
number = 0
for diamond in range(len(text2),len(text3)):
words = words + text1 + text2
number = number + words.count("s")
words = words[2:5] + text3
number = diamond + number + text3.count("h")
print(number)

Puzzle set 8 – Conditional Loops

The next few puzzles will focus on understanding the conditions used in while loops.
Which of the input options (A, B, C or D) would end the conditional loop causing the
"program finished" message to be displayed?
79 Answer
num = 0
while num!= 22:
num = int(input("Please enter a
number")) print("program
finished")
Input required to exit loo
p ABCD 20 22 24 34
80guess = 0 Answer
while not(guess == 34):
guess = int(input("Please enter a
number")) print("program finished")
p ABCD 20 22 24 34
81num = 34 Answer
while num == 34 or num == 22 or
num == 20:
num = int(input("Please enter a
number")) print("program
finished")
p ABCD 20 22 24 34
82temperature= 0 Answer
while temperature<= 45:
temperature= int(input("Please enter a
temperature")) print("program finished")
p ABCD −3 45 76 34

83number = 0 Answer
while number < 5 or number > 17:
number = int(input("Please enter a
number")) print("program finished")
p ABCD 17 45 −5 4
84length = 0 Answer
while not(length >= 22 and length
<=45):
length = int(input("Please enter a
length")) print("program finished")
p ABCD 14 0 52 27
85text = "" Answer

while len(text) < 4:
text = str(input("Please enter a
word")) print("program
finished")
p ABCD say hello bye 3
86word = "" Answer

while word.count("s") < 2:
word = str(input("Please enter a
finished")
Input required to exit loop
ABCD
s loser loss slate
87text = ""
while text.count("a") <=1 or Answer
len(text) < 4:
text = str(input("Please enter a
Input required to exit loop
finished")
ABCD
afar blast aga ta


The next collection of programming challenges involve repeating code using fixed and
conditional loops. For each challenge you are required to write Python code that includes
repetition statements to solve the problem. Each of the problems involves using the Python
statements, syntax and operators that you have learned in Section 3:
Statements and Variations

Syntax for ● ● range(4)
● range( ) ● range(2,6)
● while ● range(1, 50,5)
As always, these new challenges may also require you to use skills and knowledge from
previous sections. The challenges start off nice and easy but will get progressively harder.
Program challenges for repetition (fixed loop) statements

Program 28 – Lines cheat
A naughty student has been given lines to copy as a punishment from their Computing
teacher. They have been asked to type out "Don't behave like a muppet in class." 20 times.
Write a program that asks a student to enter a sentence. The same sentence should then
be displayed 20 times.
Input Output
Which sentence would you Don't behave like a muppet in class.

like copied? Don't behave Don't behave like a muppet in class.
like a muppet in class. Don't behave like a muppet in class.
… displayed 20 times in total

Open and edit Program 27. The final total should be displayed 3 times to emphasise
the amount of money raised.
Input Output
Please enter the first amount A total of £1069 was raised.

raised. 398 This will be doubled to:
Please enter the second £2138!!!
amount raised. 193 £2138!!!
Please enter the third amount £2138!!!
raised. 478

Program 30 – Name switch

An artist has been experimenting with making electronic art from names. Their first
attempt involves creating a pattern out of a first name and surname. Write a program that
asks for two names to be input and then displays the exact pattern shown in the output
using substring, concatenation, upper and lower.
Input Output
Please enter first M R MATT reid

name: Matt MattReid MattReid
Please enter REID matt r m M R
surname: Reid MATT reid
MattReid MattReid
REID matt r m M R
MATT reid
MattReid MattReid
Program 31 – Cricket over REID matt r m
In cricket, a team bowls six balls in an "over". Write a program that allows six scores
to be entered, one for each ball in the over. The total scored in that over should then be
displ ayed.
(If you know cricket, you'll know that an over is not always six balls but for the purposes of
this program we will assume that it is.)
Input Output
Please enter the score for This over's score was: 12

each ball. 0
2
0
0
4
6
Program 32 – Average temperature

A weather experiment is set up to calculate the average temperature on a mountain peak
during the course of a week. The following measurements are taken at 1pm every day.
Mon 12°C Tue 14°C Wed 7°C Thur 6°C Fri 7°C Sat 11°C Sun 11°C

.
A program needs to be created to allow the user to enter the seven temperatures.
The average for the week should be displayed, to two decimal places, as shown below.
Input Output
Please enter the seven This week's

temperatures. 12 average was: 9.71
14 degrees centigrade
7
6
7
11
11
Program 33 – Lines cheat (part 2)

The pupil from Program 28 forgot to hand their lines in and now has more to do. Open and
edit Program 28 to allow the pupil to select how many lines the program displays.
Input Output
Which sentence would you like Mr Reid is the best teacher.

copied? Mr Reid is the best teacher.
Mr Reid is the best teacher. … displayed 54 times in total
How many times would you like
this copied? 54

The following year, the three friends recruit many more charity raisers. Open and edit
Program 29 to ask for the number of people raising money to be entered. The program will
then total up the money raised by the group and display the output as before in Program 29.
Input Output
How many charity raisers A total of £2566 was raised.

were there? 6 This will be increased to:
Enter the total raised by £4566!!!
each: £4566!!!
238 £4566!!!
624
546
333
651
174

Program 35 – Press up challenge

Naebor High School have organised a fitness challenge. Each school records the time
it takes each student to do 50 press ups. Write a program that asks a user to enter the
number of students taking part and the time (in seconds) for each student, as shown below
(note that the students are numbered). The program should then display the average time
for all the students (to 2 decimal places).
Input
Please enter the number of

students:
3
Enter the time in seconds for
each student. Student 1
82
Student 2
67
Student 3
45
Output
The average time for the 3

students was: 64.67 seconds
Program 36 – Number patterns

A math teacher shows her class a list of odd numbers, explaining that the pattern starts
at 1 and then misses out every second number. Write a program to display the list of odd
numbers shown below.
Output
Odd Numbers
List 1
3
5
7
9
11

Program 37 – Number pattern (part 2)

Open and edit Program 36 so that the user can choose the first and last odd numbers
displayed. This problem is slightly harder than it looks.
Input Output
The following program will display Odd Numbers

odd numbers. Enter the first number List 5
in the list 7
5 9
Enter the last number in the list 11
13 13
Program challenges for repetition (conditional loop)

statements
Program 38 – Password
A program is required to continually ask a user to enter a password until it has been
entered correctly. The program should give the user an error message if they enter the
wrong password. A message "Entry gained!" should be displayed when the password in
entered correctly. You may choose the password.
Input Output
Please enter the password. Entry gained!

snool
Sorry, incorrect! Try again.
Please enter the password.
ornery
Program 39 – Number pattern (part 3)

Open Program 37. Add input validation to the program that ensures the second number
entered by the user is more than the first number + 20.
Input Output
The following program will display Odd Numbers

odd numbers. Enter the first number List 5
in the list 7
5 9
Enter the last number in the list 11
17 13
Sorry, the number must be at least 15
5+20 17
Please re-enter the number 19
27 21
23
25

Program 40 – Advice please (part 3)

You have decided that your user definitely requires some advice. Open and edit
program 25 so that it will continue to ask if your user wants advice until they enter "Y".
Include an amusing message if they enter "N" and an error message if they don't enter
"Y" or "N".
Input Output
Would you like some advice? Don't feed the trolls!

H
Please enter Y or N only.
Would you like some advice?
N
Don't be silly. You definitely
need advice! Would you like some
advice?
Y
Program 41 – No more presents
You have £200 to spend on your birthday. Write a program that will ask you to enter the
price of each present on your wish list until your total is over £200. The program should
produce the output shown.
Input Output
Please enter the price of each Limit Exceeded.

present: 35 You can't include the £45 present.
100
50
45
Program 42 – Menu system

An input validation is required for a larger program where users press a key to select an
option. Write the code required to ensure a user can only enter the letters: Q, A, K or L.
The program should accept both upper and lower case versions of each letter. An error
message should be displayed if the user enters an invalid letter. The program should also
display a message when a valid letter is entered.
Input and Output (run 1) Input and Output (run 2)
Enter your menu choice (Q, Enter your menu choice (Q,
A, K or L) a A, K or L) V
A selected V is not valid. Enter Q, A,
K or L
L
L selected

Difficult program challenges for repetition (loop) statements

The following challenges are designed to be difficult. Break each problem down into small
stages. Test each part of the program as you write it. It's easier to find errors in a couple of
new lines than in an entire program. Congratulate yourself if you manage to complete any
of the tasks.
Program 43 – Guess the number

A simple game is required where a user tries repeatedly to guess an unknown number
between 1 and 100. Each time the user guesses, the program should:
●
check that the input is an integer between 1 and 100
●
inform the user if their guess is too high, too low or correct.
The guessing game only finishes when the user's guess matches the unknown number.
An example of the program running (input and output) is shown below.
Input and Output
Guess the hidden number between
1 and 100. Enter your guess.
112
Your guess was not valid. Enter
it again. 67
Your guess is too high. Try
again.
50
Your guess is too low. Try
again.
52
Correct! Well Done.
Program 44 – Average temperature (part 2)
Open and edit Program 32 to ensure each input is between − 40°C and 55°C and that the
program displays the week's average temperature for 4 weeks. The average for each week
should then be displayed as shown below.
Input Output
Week 1 Week 1 average

Please enter the seven was:
temperatures. 9.71 degrees
12 centigrade Week 2
14 average was:
7 11.25 degrees
6 centigrade Week 3
66 average was:
Temperature should be between 10.03 degrees
-40 and 55 7 centigrade Week 4
11 average was:
11 14.28 degrees
Week 2 centigrade
...and so on for all 4 weeks
Program 45 – Pailwater darts tournament

Jack and Jill are competing in the annual Pailwater darts competition. Each competitor
throws three rounds of darts. The entry for each individual round should be validated to
ensure the user has entered a valid darts score (between 0 and 180). The player with the
highest individual round score is the winner.
Input
Please enter the scores for

Player one 34
26
200
Invalid Score
100
Please enter the scores for
Player two 78
80
97
Output
Player one scored the highest

individual score. Player one wins!!

Section 4 – Storing
multiple values using lists
If you look carefully at the examples, puzzles and problems in Sections 1 to 3, you will
find that they all use simple variables to store single strings or numbers. Variables are
appropriate where your program only stores single values, for example, a total or a
person's surname.
1D List
Where multiple values need to be stored (say, 1000 temperature readings taken from a
sensor), we need a larger data structure called an array. An array holds data in indexed
elements. The program uses the array name and index to determine where data should be
stored or where it should be fetched from.
index name
0 Omar
1 Jill
2 Derek
3 Ploy
4 Brad
5 Jessi
e
For example, print(name[3]) would display "Ploy".
Note that while Python can create arrays (you can download and install a module library
called NumPy), for the purposes of learning how to use arrays we will use Python's list
structure. While these are not truly arrays, for beginners, lists behave in a similar way. You
may wish to research the difference between lists and arrays when you have completed
this book.
As shown above, a list can be visualised as a column of indexed (numbered) boxes.
When initialising (creating) a list in a program, the programmer must enter:
■
the name of the list
■
the size of the list (number of elements/boxes)

Section 4 – Storing multiple values using lists
The command for declaring an empty list in Python looks like this:
For a list of 6 numbers: For a list of 10 strings:
teamScores = [0]*6 teamNames = [""]*10
index teamScores index teamNames

0 0 0
1 0
1
2 0
3 0 2
4 0 3
5 0
4
2D list
Programmers sometimes use lists structures with more than one dimension. These are
useful when the data being stored takes the form of a table or rectangular grid. A 2D list
has two indexes which work like coordinates to identify a single element in the list.
artists second index
first index 0 1 2
0 Andy Warhol Pop Art
1 Pablo Picasso Cubism
2 Leonardo da Vinci Renaissance
The string "Cubism" is stored in element 1,2.

Python lists can be used to implement a structure similar to a 2D list by creating sub lists
within a main list.
To create the 2D list shown above, we first create the main list. Each element of the
main list will store all of the information on one artist. Next we create a sublist of three
elements to store the forename, surname and artistic style for one artist. This sublist is
stored inside one element of the main list.

Artists
0 1 2
Figure 15.1: Sublist creation
A new sublist is created for each artist until the final structure looks like this:
Artists
0 1 2
0 1 2
1 Pablo Picasso Cubism
0 1 2
2 Leonardo da Vinci Renaissance
Figure 15.2: Final 2d list structure
A single element of the list of lists structure is accessed using the index of the main list
and the index of the sublist.
print(artists[1][2])
This print statement would display Cubism.

Chapter 17 – Examples of lists

Example 35 – Adding values to a list
The elements of a Python list are numbered from 0 onwards. This index system is used
by the programmer to select which of the list's elements they are going to store a value
in.
To create a list of five integers and then store values in elements 2 and 4, we could write
the code below. index points
points = 0 0
[0]*5 1 0
points[2] 2 23
= 23
3 0
points[4]
4 49
= 49
As the numbering of the elements in a list starts at 0, index 2 would actually be the third
element. Elements will continue to store the original value of 0 until this is changed by a
new value being stored. After the above code is executed, three elements still store 0.
Example 36 – Initialising a list with different values

The elements of a list do not have to be given the value 0 or null ("") when the list is
initialised (created).
If you wish to begin your program with a list of stored data, say ten names and ages, this
could be done as shown below.
Program Code
names =
["Azil","Gillian","Brian","Kuba","Jean","Doreen","Kye","Pa
t","Dennis","Ann"] ages = [13,14,13,15,16,13,14,14,14,13]
Example 37 – Output from a list using loops

To display all the names and ages in the previous example we could add the following
code to the program.
p r i n t(n a m e Azil 13
s[0],a g e s[0]) Gillian 14
p r i n t(n a m e Brian 13
s[1],a g e s[1]) Kuba 15
p r i n t(n a m e Jean 16
s[2],a g e s[2]) Doreen 13
p r i n t(n a m e Kye 14
s[3],a g e s[3]) Pat 14
p r i n t(n a m e Dennis 14
s[4],a g e s[4]) Ann 13
p r i n t(n a m e
s[5],a g e s[5])
p r i n t(n a m e
s[6],a g e s[6])
p r i n t(n a m e
Although the previous code works, it is a poor solution. If our lists held 1000 names and
ages we would need to write 1000 print commands.
As the print command is being repeated, a simpler solution would be to use a loop.
Program Code
names =
t","Dennis","Ann"] ages = [13,14,13,15,16,13,14,14,14,13]
for counter in range(10):
print( names[counter], ages[counter] )
The program now has only one print( ) statement. The loop variable 'counter' is used to
change the index of the list element being displayed. Counter will increment by one each
time the loop repeats. This will produce the same output as before.
Note that by using the len( ) function we don't even need to know how many elements
are in our list. The following code would work for any length of list.
Program Code
names =
t","Dennis","Ann"] ages = [13,14,13,15,16,13,14,14,14,13]
for counter in range(len(names)):
print( names[counter], ages[counter] )
Example 38 – Input into a list using fixed and conditional loops

A fixed or conditional loop may also be used to input multiple values and store them in
different elements of a list.
Fixed loop
Used when we know how many values the user is going to enter.
Program Code
names = [""]*5
ages = [0]*5
for counter in range(5):
names[counter] = str(input("Please enter name " + str(counter+1)))
ages[counter] = int(input("Please enter " + names[counter] + "'s age"))
Input and output from program
Please enter name 1 Azil

Please enter Azil's age 13
Please enter name 2 Gillian
Please enter Gillian's age 14
Please enter name 3 Brian
Please enter Brian's age 13
Please enter name 4 Kuba
Please enter Kuba's age 15
Please enter name 5 Jean
Please enter Jean's age 16

The program uses the counter variable to ensure that each time a name and age are
entered by the user they are stored in different elements of the list.
index name index ag
0 Azil 0 e 1st loop, counter = 0
1 Gillian 1 13 2nd loop, counter =
2 Brian 2 14 1 3rd loop, counter
3 Kuba 3 13 = 2 4th loop,
4 Jean 4 15 counter = 3 5th
16 loop, counter = 4
Note that the second input line uses the name that was just entered by the user. This
provides a clearer message for the user. It is always good practice to make your
program as easy to use as possible.
Conditional loop
Used when we don't know how many values will be entered.
Program Code
names = [""]*0
ages = [0]*0
counter = 0
morePeople = "Y"
while morePeople.lower() == "y":
names.append(str(input("Please enter name " +
str(counter+1))))
ages.append(int(input("Please enter " +
names[counter] + "'s age"))) morePeople =
str(input("Do you wish to enter more? Y/N"))
if morePeople.lower() != "y":
print("Entry complete")
else:
A conditional
counter =loop allows data
counter + 1to be input until the user decides to stop. It requires the
following additions:
■
We start by initialising the lists with no elements because we don't know the size of
the final lists. The append( ) function is used to add a new element to the list making
it grow in size with each new input.
■
We need a way of controlling whether or not the while loop will repeat or finish. We
can use another variable (morePeople) and an input ("Do you wish to enter more?
Y/N") to do this.

Example 39 – Adding null values to a list of lists (2D list structure)

An empty list of lists can be created using the following code.
Program code (null strings)
members = [ [""] * 2 for main in range(3) ]
Program code (integers)
members = [ [0] * 5 for main in range(5) ]
Program code (floats)
members = [ [0.0] * 100 for main in range(100) ]
The above code uses a variation of a fixed loop to create a single sublist and then repeat
this multiple times.
Looking at the example below:
■
The first number (5) is the value being stored in every element of the 2D list.
■
The second number in the code (4) creates the number of elements in the sub list.
■
The last number in the range( ) equals the number of main list elements.
gridPoints = [[5] * 4 for main in range(2)]
gridPoints second index
This would create:
first index 0 12 3
0 5 5 5 5
1 5 5 5 5
Example 40 – Adding data to a list of lists (2D list structure)

A 2D list can be initialised (created) with data already stored in each element.
Program code
artists = [ ["Andy","Warhol","Pop Art"],

["Pablo","Picasso","Cubism"], ["Leonardo","da
Vinci","Renaissance"] ]
Program code
scores = [ [78,72,76,89,77], [90,88,70,73,74] ]

Example 41 – Adding user input to a list of lists (2D list structure)

If the sublist length is relatively small, user input can be stored using one loop and a
small number of input statements.
Program code (small sublist)
members = [[""] * 2 for main in range(3)]

for people in range(3):
members[people][0]=str(input("Please enter the forename of
person, people")) members[people][1]=str(input("Please
enter the surname of person, people")) for people in
range(3):
print(members[people][0],members[people][1])
If the sublist is longer, a nested loop may be required for the second index. This would
be more efficient than repeating the input statements many, many times.
The program below allows the user to input a temperature every hour for a whole week.
Program code (larger sublist)
temperature = [[0.0] * 24 for main in range(7)]

for day in range(7):
for hour in range(24):
temperature[day][hour]=float(input("Enter the next temperature"))
When the nested loop first executes, the two loop variables store day = 0 and hour = 0.
While day remains at 0, the inner loop will count from hour = 0 up to hour = 23. When the
inner loop finishes the outer loop will repeat and day will increment (day = 1). The inner
loop then repeats another 24 times (0 to 23). This process repeats until all 168 (7 outer
loops and 24 inner loops) list elements store a temperature.
The 2D list will be filled with temperatures one row at a time.
Second index (hour)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Temperatures
0 1.2 12.0 7.2
1
2
First index (day)

Example 42 – Outputting a list of lists (2D list structure) in rows

and columns
Program code
temperature = [[0.0] * 24 for main in range(7)]

for day in range(7):
temperature[day][hour]=float(input("Enter the next
temperature")) for day in range(7):
print(temperature[day][hour],"",end=' ')
print()
This example displays the data in example 42 in rows and columns. The end= ' '
statement forces the next print statement to continue to output on the same line (when
normally print statements output onto a new line). For the inner loop (hour), this means
that each of the temperatures will be displayed next to each other. A space character ""
is added to the output to separate the values.
The purpose of the empty print( ) statement is to cancel the effect of the 'end' statement
each time the outer loop (day) increments.
Using this simple technique, the output can be displayed on 7 lines, each with 24
temperatures. Without the additional code all 168 temperatures would display vertically
with each on its own line.

Chapter 18 – Computational thinking puzzles (lists)

The first set of puzzles in this chapter is designed to get you used to thinking of a list as a
set of numbered elements.
In each set of puzzles a list is initialised and then values are assigned to elements of the
list. Your task is to work out what values will be stored in each list element when the
program has finished running.
For example:
numbers = index points Explanation
[2]*5 0 1 There are three lines of code:
numbers[3] 2 1 numbers = [2]*5 All 5 elements are assigned
1
= 4 the value 2
2 2
numbers[0] 2 numbers[3] = 4 Change element 3 to 4
3 4
= 1 3 numbers[0] = 1 Change element 0 to 1
4 2
Puzzle set 9 – Assigning values to lists

The next few puzzles will focus on understanding how values are assigned to different
indexes in a list.
88
numbers =
numbers
[0]*5
numbers[2] 0
= 33
numbers[4] 1
= 22 2
numbers[3]
= 11 3
89 numbers = numbers
[9]*5
numbers[0] 0
= 5
1
numbers[2]
= 9 2
numbers[4]
= 0 3

90 numbers = [0,1,2,3,4]
numbers
numbers[1] = 4
numbers[4] = 1 0
numbers[3] = 2
1
91 numbers = [5]*5 numbers

numbers[2] = 2*4
numbers[4] = 20/2 0
numbers[3] = 6+6 1
numbers[2] = 5
2
92 numbers = [12,2,24,4,36]
numbers
numbers[2] = 3
numbers[4] = numbers[2] 0
numbers[2] = 6
1
numbers[1] = 20 + numbers[3] - numbers[2]
2
93 import math
numbers = [5]*5 numbers
numbers[3] = math.ceil(numbers[1]*3/2)
0 - 3
numbers[0] = pow(numbers[3],2) - 16
numbers[4] = int(numbers[0] / 4) 1

94numbers = [10]*5
numbers
numbers[2] = numbers[1] + 15
numbers[3] = numbers[0] - 5 0
if numbers[2] + numbers[4] >= 35:
numbers[0] = numbers[0] + 10 1
else: 2
numbers[0] = numbers[0] - 10
if numbers[0]%2 == 1: 3
4
else:
95numbers = [0]*5
numbers
for nums in range(5):
numbers[nums] = 3 0
96 numbers = [0]*5
numbers
counter = 0
for loop in 0
range(5):
1
numbers[loop] =
counter counter = 2
counter + 1
3
97 numbers = [0]*5
numbers
numbers[loop] = loop 0

98 numbers = [2]*5
numbers
numbers[loop +1] = numbers[loop] + loop + 1 0
99 wordLength = [0]*5
wordLength
words = ["silly","humorous","funny","side-
splitting","amusing"] for loop in range(5): 0
wordLength[loop] = len(words[loop])
1
Puzzle set 10 – More than one list

As your programs grow in complexity you will naturally become better at understanding
increasingly longer sections of code. Let's put a few concepts together again, this time
using more programs with two lists!
100 What names will be stored in the two lists once the program has been executed?
nameList1 =
["Bob","Derek","Fred","Usman","Abubaka
r"] nameList2 =
nameList1 nameList2
["Mary","Nida","Jill","Tracy","Helen"]
for loop in range(5): 0 0
nameList1[loop] = nameList2[loop]
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
101 townList1 =
["Dover","Maidstone","Ayr","Shepway","Pembro
ke"] townList2 = [""]*5 townList1 townList2
0 0
townList2[loop] = townList1[loop].lower()
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4

102 places =
["Glasgow","Swansea","Lisburn","Thurso","B
olton"] letterCount = [0]*5 places letterCount
0 0
letterCount[loop] =
places[loop].count("o") 1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
103 What is stored in the "elements" list after the program has been executed?
elements =
["Copper","Titanium","Iron","Lead","Silic elements
on"] for loop in range(5): 0
if elements[loop].count("i") > 1:
elements[loop] = elements[4-loop] 1
104 This contains part of a well-known algorithm. Work out what numbers
is stored in the numbers list after the loop has finished executing.
0
numbers = [45,9,35,92,67]
temporary = 0 1
if numbers[loop] > 2
numbers[loop+1]: temporary = 3
numbers[loop]
numbers[loop] = 4
numbers[loop+1]
105 This puzzle uses substring
numbers[loop+1] (nameList1[loop][0:1]) to extract part of the stored strings
= temporary
for a list. If you can't remember how sub strings work, you can look back at Section 1.
What strings will be stored in the two lists once the program has been executed?
nameList1 = ["Bob","Derek","Fred","Usman","Abubakar"]
nameList2 = ["Mary","Nida","Jill","Tracy","Helen"]
temporary = ""
for names in range(5):
if nameList1[names][0:1] < nameList2[names][0:1]:
temporary = nameList1[names ]
nameList1 nameList2
nameList1[names] = nameList2[names]
nameList2[names] = temporary 0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4

106 What values would be stored in the "values" list after this program has executed?
values = [45.78, 12.34, 102.14,
5.26, 1034.99] temp1 = 0
values
for num in range(5):
temp1 = values[num] - 0
int(values[num])
values[num] = int(temp1*10) 1
107 Last one, so let's make it difficult! Follow the logic of the code and work out what will
be stored in the two lists after the program has executed.
import math
firstValue = [7.7, 3.2, 5.2, 6.4, 8.9]
secondValue = [9, 6, 4, 12, 10]
for num in range(5):
if round(firstValue[num]) > firstValue[num]:
secondValue[num] = secondValue[num] *
math.ceil(firstValue[num])
else:
secondValue[num] = secondValue[num] *
math.ceil(firstValue[num]) / 2 if secondValue[num] > secondValue
50:
0 0
firstValue[num] = 99firstValue
else: 1 1
firstValue[num] = 0
2 2
3 3
4 4
Puzzle set 11 – 2D lists

A program is written to store the following data in a list of lists.
words = [ ["Great","lives","significantly","SET","today"],
["Hsin","Watch","onto","the","is"], ["affect","everyone","else","BAR","op
["match","be","ready","high","should"], ["sure","off","The","sunny","Make
["you're","Gillian","eagerly","stepped","outside"] ]
words second index
first index 0 1 2 3 4
0 Great lives significantly SET today
1 Hsin Watch onto the is
2 affect everyone else BAR open
3 match be ready high should
4 sure off The sunny Make
5 you're Gillian eagerly stepped outside

For the following puzzles, state the output if the following code was added to the above
progr am.
Output
108 print(words[1][0],words[5][3],words[5][4])
109 print(words[4][2], words[3][0], Output

words[1][4], words[4][1],
words[0][4])
110 p r i n t(w o r d s[4][4].l o w e r())

Output
111 This puzzle uses substring to extract characters from the words in the 2D list.
print(words[0][3][0:1] + words[0][3][1:].lower()) Output
112 for second in range(1,5): Output

print(words[5][second])
113 for first in range(0,4): Output
print(words[first][3].lower(),"",end='')
114 for first in range(0,4,2): Output

for second in range(3):
print(words[first][second],"",end='')

For the remaining puzzles in this set the following program was written.
grid = [ [5,8,6], [3,4,5], [6,1,0] ]
grid second index
first index 0 1 2
0 5 8 6
1 3 4 5
2 6 1 0
If the code in the following questions was added to the above code state the
output.
for115
first in range(3):
print(grid[first][0]+grid[first][1]+grid[first][2])
Output
116 if (grid[0][1]/grid[1][1]) == 2: Output
print(grid[2][1])
else:
print(grid[2][2])
117 for first in range(len(grid)-1): Output

print(grid[first][second],end='')
print()
118 total = 0
grid[2][2] = 2 Output
grid[0][2] = 3
grid[0][1] = grid[1][2]
for first in range(3):
total = total + grid[first][second]
print(total)
119 This difficult puzzle displays all nine integers but what order are they displayed in?
for second in range(2,-1,-1):
for first in range(2,-1,-1): Output
print(grid[first]
[second],end='') print()


The next collection of programming challenges are all about using Python lists to store
multiple values. When you are writing programs that use values stored in lists you will
nearly always use a loop to retrieve and use the stored information. The syntax covered in
Section 4 was:
Statements and Syntax Examples
● ●
[] text[6].lower( )
Indexing List Elements
●
tex t[3][0:3]
●[0] ●
int(number[5])
● ●
[0,0] round(number[2],2)
or ●
● print(translation[0,0],"=",translation[0,1])
[loop]
●
Program challenges for lists
[outerLoop,innerLoop]
Program 46 – For sale

A program is required to display a list of five items for sale on a monitor. Assign five sale
items to a new list and then display these items as output.
Output
Mountain Bike
Ski Jacket
Electric Guitar
PS3 - 500Gb
Badminton Racquet
Program 47 – For sale (part 2)

Edit the above program to store a second list of five prices, one for each of the sale items.
Display both the name and price of each sale item on the same line.
Output
Mountain Bike - £200

Ski Jacket - £67
Electric Guitar - £330
PS3 - 500Gb - £120
Badminton Racquet - £15

Program 48 – Cricket over (part 2)

Open and edit Program 31. Each time the user enters the score for one of the six balls it
should be stored in a list. Display the messages shown in the output below along with the
six scores entered by the user.
Input Output
Please enter the score for This over's score

each ball. 0 was: 12 With each
2 ball scoring:
0 0
0 2
4 0
6 0
4
6
Program 49 – Dance group

Write a program to store the names and ages of four competitors in a dance competition.
The program should display the competitor's name along with their competition level.
Junior competitors are less than 12 years old, Senior competitors are at least 18 years old.
Teen competitors are aged 12–17.
Input Output
Please enter a name: Names and Competition

Jean Gray List: Jean Gray -
Please enter Jean Gray's Teen
age: Max Eisenhardt -
13 Senior James Howlett
Please enter a name: - Teen
Max Eisenhardt Aleksy Nowak - Junior
Please enter Max
Eisenhardt's age: 24
Please enter a name:
James Howlett
Please enter James
Howlett's age: 15
Please enter a name:
Aleksy Nowak
Please enter Aleksy
Nowak's age:
9

Program 50 – Horse hands

A computer program stores the names, ages and heights of ten horses in a riding school.
(Note that the height of horses is measured in "hands" – usually a number between 6
and 18.) The user of the program will be asked to select a horse by entering a maximum
age and height of the horse they wish to ride. All the horses with an age and height less
than or equal to the user's input should be displayed as shown in the output.
Input Output
Please enter details of Suitable horses are:

your horse. Maximum height: Black Beauty, 14 years, 15 hands
16 Francine, 8 years, 14 hands
Maximum age: Langrish, 15 years, 14 hands
15
Program 51 – House size

The size of a house is calculated by adding together the floor area of each room. Write a
program that asks the user how many rooms are in a house. The program should ask for
the name, length and width of each room in turn before storing the name and area (to 1
decimal place) of each room. The program should then display the information below for
the house.
Input Output
House floor area calculator. House details:

Please enter the number of rooms: Room - Lounge
3 16.7 metres squared
Please enter the name of room 1: Lounge
Room - Kitchen
Please enter the length (m) of room 1:8.3
3.56
metres squared
Please enter the width (m) of room 1: Room
4.7 - Bedroom
Please enter the name of room 2: Kitchen
21.2 metres squared
Please enter the length (m) of room 2:The
2.26 total area is
Please enter the width (m) of room 2: calculated
3.69 as: 46.2
Please enter the name of room 3: Bedroom
metres squared
Please enter the length (m) of room 3: 4.5
Please enter the width (m) of room 3: 4.7

Program 52 – Who's going to the party?

Kate is having a birthday party. She sends invites to ten of her friends (Melissa, Evelyn,
Emmy, Karen, Norma, Dorek, Agnes, Billy, Gaweł and Arthur).
Write a program that asks the user if each guest is attending. The program should store
true or false for each person. The output from the program should be a list of names of
everyone who is going to the party.
Input Output
Who's going? Party Attendance

Melissa? List: Melissa
Y Evelyn
Em my? Nor m a
N Dorek
× 10 guests in total Billy
Gaweł
Program 53 – Bowling club day trip Seat numbers

0123
Dunmore Bowling Club are organising a day out. Members are
0
asked to choose a seat on the bus. The bus has five rows of seats
with four seats on each row. 1
Row numbers
Write a program that first asks the user the enter the number
2
of members that have requested to go on the trip. This should
be limited to 20 members. The user should then enter each 3
member's name and the row/seat number they have requested.
4
The program should assume that each member has asked for a
different seat.
Input Output
How many members have requested Bus seats have been booked
a seat? as follows: 0. Empty Empty
5 Empty Empty
Please enter your name. 1. Denzell Empty Hubub
Hubab Empty
Which row would you like to sit 2. Jessica Empty Empty
in? Empty
2 3. Empty Empty Talisha
Which seat number would you Empty
like to sit in? 3 4. Empty Empty Empty Andrew
Thank you, your name has been
added. Please enter your name.
Je ssic a
× 5 members in total

Program 54 – Counting weeds

A program is required to store the number of weeds 1 2 3 4 5
found within a quadrat (5 by 5 grid of squares) that has 1
been placed on a lawn.2
The user should be asked to enter the number of 3 weeds 3,4 Each square in the
quadrat has a unique
found at each coordinate (row and column), one 4 coordinate.
at
5
a time. When all the values have been entered the
program should display the results as shown in the
output below. The total number of weeds found, inside
the quadrat area, should then be calculated and displayed.
Input
Please enter the number of weeds counted at 1,1: 3

× 25 coordinates in total
Output
The results are shown below:

3 0 2 2 0
0 0 0 3 2
0 10 6 5 0
1 1 2 2 7
0 0 5 3 2
The total number of weeds found was - 56

Program 55 – Cricket over (part 3)

Southern District schools are organising a Speed Cricket tournament. Open and edit
Program 48. The program needs to be edited to store 6 overs – 3 for each team – in a 2D
list. It should calculate the score for each team and display the winner of the match. The
program should then ask the user if they wish to calculate the result of another match. If
the user selects "Y" the program should run again.
Input
Please enter over 1 for Team 1

2
1
0
0
6
6
0
× 3 overs in total for team 1
0
0
4
4
1
2
× 3 overs in total for team 2
Do you wish to calculate the result of another game?
Y
2
0
program repeats all inputs
Output
Score for Team 1's three overs:

27
Score for Team 2's three overs:
25
Team 1 won the match.
Do you wish to calculate the result of
another game? N

Section 5 – Predefined
functions
All modern programming languages have predefined (built-in) functions that can be used
by programmers to accomplish small tasks. These functions are pre-written bits of code
that are "called" by your own programs when they are needed. The more functions you
can learn, the greater the range of problems you can code and the easier it will be to code
them.
In Section 1 you learned some simple functions to use with strings (len, count, upper, lower
and replace) and some simple mathematical functions (round, int, modulus %, ceil and
pow). One of the reasons that Python is such a fun programming language to learn is the
large numbers of available functions built into the language. In this section we will learn
and practise using some more complex predefined functions.
Chapter 20 – Examples of predefined functions

Example 43 – max( ) and min( )
The max( ) and min( ) functions allow the user to find the smallest or largest value in
a list.
The two functions are passed a list within their brackets. This is called parameter
passing.
Both functions return a value when they are used. If you wish to store the value for use
later in your program you should store it in a variable. Alternatively, the returned value
can just be displayed.
numbers = [12,4,67,55,29,2,89,23,99,6]The largest value

largest = max(numbers) is 99 The
print ("The largest value is",largest)smallest value is
print ("The smallest value is",min(numbers))
2
While the max( ) and min( ) functions would normally be used with numerical values
(both integers and floats), they will also work with lists of strings. The minimum and
maximum values will be the first and last alphabetically.
names = ["Bob","Aaliyah","Janet","Dave","Zac"]
The largest value is Zac
print ("The largest value is",max(names))
The smallest value is Aaliyah
print ("The smallest value is",min(names))

Example 44 – sum( )
The sum( ) function adds up numbers in a list and returns that value. It does not work
for strings.
numbers = The list total is 386

[12,4,67,55,29,2,89,23,99,
6] total = sum(numbers)
print ("The list total
is",total)
Example 45 – split( )
New lists can be created by splitting a string. The split( ) function searches for a given
character or string and splits the original string each time the search finds a match.
By searching for a space character " " a sentence can be split into its individual words
with each word being stored separately in a new list. Note that, when found, the search
character is removed from the string during the split.
sentence = "Demonstrate the split Demonstr

function." words = [""] ate the
words = sentence.split(" ") s pl it
for loop in range(len(words)): function
print(words[loop]) .
Any character or string can be used in the search. Note that the search string is still
found if it is part of another word.
sentence = "Even if you're on the right

Even if
track, you'll get run over if you just're
sit on the right
there." track, 'll get
words = [""] run over if
words = sentence.split("you") just sit there.
for loop in range(len(words)):
print(words[loop])

Section 5 – Predefined functions
Example 46 – index( )
The index( ) function finds the first position of a string or character within another string
or list.
sentence = "Those who believe in telekinetics, 6

raise my hand." count = 0
count = sentence.index("w")
print(count)
The above program outputs the value 6 because the first character is index 0. If you
remember back to the substring explanation near the beginning of the book each
character's position can be defined as shown below.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
T h o s e w h o
The index( ) function could be used with substring to split a string.
Program Code
sentence = "It's time for the human race to enter

the solar system." firstHalf = ""
secondHalf = ""
firstHalf = sentence[ :sentence.index("to")]
secondHalf = sentence[sentence.index("to"): ]
print(firstHalf)
print(secondHalf)
Output from program
It's time for the

human race to enter
the solar system.
The index( ) function also works with numeric values and lists.
19.6 is stored at index 1

temperatures = [12.3,19.6,17.0,12.3,19.6]
idealTemp = 0
idealTemp = temperatures.index(19.6)
print("19.6 is stored at index",idealTemp)

Example 47 – Combining predefined functions

By combining two or more functions, programs can perform increasingly complicated,
new tasks. The example below finds the position of the first occurrence of the maximum
value in a list. Next it calculates the average of the values in a list using sum( ) and
len( ). The code then uses these calculations to produce some meaningful information
for the user.
milesCycled = [5,8,9,2,4,3,7,4,7,5,9,0]
9 miles
bestDay = 0 were cycled on day 3
average = 0 This was 3.75
bestDay = milesCycled.index(max(milesCycled))
better than the average of 5.25
average = sum(milesCycled)/len(milesCycled)
print (max(milesCycled),"miles")
print ("were first cycled on day",bestDay+1)
print ("This was",max(milesCycled)-average)
print ("better than the average of",average)
Example 48 – append( )
The append( ) function can only be used to add a single item to a list.
compUnits = byte
["byte","Kilobyte","Megabyte"] Kilobyte
compUnits.append("Gigabyte") Megabyte
for each in compUnits: Gigabyte
print(each)
Note that a different style of fixed loop is used in this example. This line would read as:
"for each item in the list compUnits". Each time the loop is executed the next item in the
list is assigned to the loop variable 'each'.
append( ) is useful when creating a list of an unknown length. The programmer can
initialise (create) a single element list and then each new value will simply be appended
(added) onto the end of the list.

Example 49 – extend( )
To add more than one item to a list the extend( ) function should be used.
This effectively joins two lists together.
compUnits = ["byte","Kilobyte","Megabyte"]
byte
compUnits.extend(["Gigabyte","Terabyte"])
Kilobyte
for each in compUnits: Megabyte
print(each) Gigabyte
Terabyte
Example 50 – insert( )
The insert( ) function is used to add new items at a specified index point in a list.
compUnits = byte
["byte","Megabyte","Gigabyte"] Kilobyte
compUnits.insert(1,"Kilobyte") Megabyte
for each in compUnits: Gigabyte
print(each)
In Example 50, “Kilobyte” replaces the item stored at index 1 in the list, which was until
now “Megabyte”.
0 1 2
Byte Megabyte Gigabyte
Kilobyte
Megabyte and Gigabyte move one place in the list, becoming indexes 2 and 3.
0 1 2 3
Byte Kilobyte Megabyte Gigabyte

Example 51 – pop( )
Items can be removed from a list using pop( ) and remove( ).
The pop( ) function removes an item according to its index value. So pop(0) would
remove the first value from the list.
playingCards = 2
["2H","6D","KD","JC","8S"] H
playingCards.pop(3) 6
for each in playingCards: D
print(each) K
If the pop( ) function is used without an index value, the
D last item of the list is removed.
Program Code 8
Output from program
S
playingCards = 2
["2H","6D","KD","JC","8S"] H
playingCards.pop( ) 6
print(each) K
D
Example 52 – remove( ) J
C
The remove( ) function removes the first example of a named item from a list.
playingCards = 2
["2H","6D","KD","JC","KD"] H
playingCards.remove("KD") 6
print(each) J
C
Example 53 – random.randint( ) K
D
The randint( ), or random integer function, generates a random integer within a stated
r ange.
Output from program
Program Code
import random 4
for count in range(5): 5
num = 1
random.randint(1,10) 9
print(num) 2
The above program uses a fixed loop to generate five random numbers all with a value
between 1 and 10.
Note that the randint( ) function is part of the random module library. Before the
function can be used in a program, the library must be imported, using:
import random
This is usually done at the beginning of the program.


(predefined functions)
These puzzles are all about following the output from each function.
Puzzle set 12 – Predefined functions (max, min, sum, split,

index, append)
The first puzzles will use single functions and should be relatively easy.
120 Output
hoursStudied = [2,4,6,3,4,2,3,4,2,3,1]
print("The most hours studied in")
print("a day was",max(hoursStudied))
121 hoursPlayed = [7,3,4,5,2,3,4,8,2,9,10]Output
print("The least hours played in")
print("a day was",min(hoursPlayed))
122
weight = [12,8,3,7,14,6]Output
totalWeight = sum(weight)
print("The total weight is:",totalWeight)
123
numList = [3,8,30,72,3,7,7,23,41,99,2,1,8,92]Output
limits = [ ]
limits.append(min(numList))
limits.append(max(numList))
manPlusMax = sum(limits)
print("Minimum",limits[0],"+ Maximum",limits[1],"=",manPlusMax)
124
numList = [3,8,30,72,3,7,7,23,41,99,2,1,8,92]Output
limits = [ ]
limits.append(numList[0])
print("Maximum =",max(limits))
print("Minimum =",min(limits))
125
shoppingList = "Peas,Carrots,Milk,Tea Bags,Bread,Marmalade"
shopping = shoppingList.split(",")Output
for each in shopping:
print(each)
126
cricketScores = "2,3,0,0,0,1-0,0,0,2,3,0-1,1,0,0,0,6"Output
overScores = cricketScores.split("-")
for loop in range(len(overScores)):
oneOver = overScores[loop]
print("The first ball =",oneOver[0:1])

Chapter 21 – Computational thinking puzzles (predefined functions)
127 pageLength = "123 949 823 546 1002 398" Output

eachBookLength = pageLength.split(" ")
longestBook = max(eachBookLength)
print("The longest book =",longestBook, "pages. ")
128 pageLength = "123 949 823 546 1002 398" Output
eachBookLength = pageLength.split(" ")
for loop in range(len(eachBookLength)):
eachBookLength[loop] = int(eachBookLength[loop])
longestBook = max(eachBookLength)
print("The longest book =",longestBook,"pages.")
129 allTemperatures = "12,11,10,4,-2,5,8,20,23,24"

Output
temperatures = allTemperatures.split(",")
for loop in range(len(temperatures)):
temperatures[loop] = int(temperatures[loop])
print("The lowest temp =",min(temperatures))
print("The highest temp =",max(temperatures))
130 lyric = "If love's so easy, why's it hard?"

Output
letterPosition = lyric.index("o")
print("The letter is at position",letterPosition)
131 vocals = ["say","speak","dictate","verbalise","shout"]

Output
wordPosition = vocals.index("shout")
print("The word is at position",wordPosition)
132 sentence = "Here's looking at you, kid." Output
words = sentence.split(" ")
wordPosition = words.index("at")
print("The word is at position",wordPosition)
Puzzle set 13 – Predefined functions (pop, insert, remove,
extend and append)
These next puzzles are like the card trick where you are shown three cards, you choose
one and they are then swapped around and you have to guess where your chosen card is.
Keep an eye on how each function changes the list. You may find it useful to make notes
on paper to help you.
For each puzzle, state what will be displayed at the end when the program is executed.
133 Output
light = [2,4,6,8,10]
light.pop(2)
light.append(7)
print(light)
134 light = [1,3,5,7,11] Output
light.pop(3)
light.pop(3)
light.remove(1)
print(light)
135 light = [3,4,5,6] Output

light.insert(0,2)
light.pop(2)
light.append(1)
print(light)
136 light = [44,33,66,44,55,44] Output

light.remove(44)
print(light)
days = [4,6,4,5,8,2,4]
137 Output
nights = []
temp = days.pop(2)
nights.append(temp)
nights.append(temp+1)
nights.append(temp+2)
print(nights)
138 sequence = [1,2,3,4,5] Output

temp = sequence.pop(0)
sequence.append(temp)
print(sequence)
139 days = [4,6,4,5,8,2,4] Output

nights = []
for loop in range(5,0,-1):
temp = days.pop(loop)
nights.append(temp + loop)
print(nights)
light = [5,1,3,1,4]
140 Output
if light[loop] > 1:
light.remove(light[loop])
print(light)
points = [3,4,5,1,3,1,4]
141 Output
above = []
average = sum(points)/len(points)
for loop in range(len(points)):
if points[loop] > average:
above.append(points[loop])
print(above)

Chapter 21 – Computational thinking puzzles (predefined functions)
142 And finally a very difficult one. State what is stored and displayed in list "three".
one = [3,4,5,1,5,1,4,3] Output
two = []
three = []
for loop in
range(len(one)-1,-1,-1):
two.append(one[loop])
for loop in
range(len(one)):
if one[loop]==two[loop]:
three.append(1)
else:
three.append(0)
print(three)


The following program challenges will all involve working with lists and functions.
The syntax covered in Section 5 was:
Predefined Functions Examples
● ●
max( ) max(nameList)
● ●
min( ) min (sp e e dL is t s)
● ●
sum( ) sum(heights)
● ●
split( ) sentence.split("a")
● ●
index( ) phrase.index("as")
● ●
append( ) names.append("George")
● ●
extend( ) members.extend(newMembers)
● this stage the programs you are writing should
By ● be getting longer and more complex.
Using
insert(the
) functions in short pieces of code is names.insert(3,"Yusuf")
relatively easy, so these challenges will focus
●
on more complex scenarios. Decide what
●
functions you will need and how you will use
pop( ) times.pop(3)
● to solve the challenges.
them ●
remove( ) times.remove(12.45)
●
Program challenges for predefined ● functions
random.randint( ) random.randint(20,40)
Program 56 – Guess the number (part 2)
Using the random integer function, open and edit Program 43 to make the program
randomly generate the number (from 1 to 100) that the user is asked to guess. The
program should run as before, so the inputs and outputs should not change.
Program 57 – Comic collector

Anita has given her collection of Super Rat comic books to her friend Liam. Liam currently
owns issues 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 16 of the comic. Write a program that will store the
issues already owned by Liam and then ask the user to enter a single input of the issue
numbers Anita is donating. The program should create a new list from the input. The new
list should then be added to Liam's currently owned comic list. The final combined list
should be displayed.
Input Output
Please enter the donated Liam now owns issues:

comics: 3 4,5 6,1 2,3 [1,2,3,7,8,9,10,16,34,56,12,3]

Program 58 – Dress sizes

A program is required to store information on all the dress sizes currently stocked in a
charity shop. As new dresses are donated, the size of the dress should be stored in a list.
The up-to-date list is then displayed. If a customer buys a dress, one value of that size
should be removed from the list. If the user enters 999 as the size of a donated dress, the
program should display the largest and smallest dress sizes in stock.
Input
Do you wish to add (A) or remove (R) a dress?

A
Please enter a new dress size: 12
Stock = [12]
A
Stock = [12,14]
R
Stock = [14]
Do you wish to add (A) or remove (R) as dress?
A
× several more dress sizes
Output
Stock = [12,10,8,10,12,14,16,20,12,12,8]
The largest dress in stock is size 20
The smallest dress in stock is size 8
Program 59 – Which is bigger?

Write a program that generates two random integers between 1 and 1000. A user is asked
to guess which of the two numbers is the largest. If they guess correctly, they score a point.
The program should repeat this process ten times and then display the player's total points.
Input Output
I have generated two random Number 1 = 459

numbers. Which is the Number 2 = 321
largest, 1 or 2? Correct, number 1 was the largest.
Enter your choice. × 10 pairs of numbers and results
1 Your total was 6 correct guesses out of 10
× 10 pairs of numbers and Your final score was 6 correct.
guesses

Program 60 – Meal vouchers

Members of a small theatre group decide that, after their Saturday show, they will treat
their oldest audience member to vouchers for an Italian meal. As each audience member
arrives for the chosen show, they are asked their age and the seat number they are sitting
in. A program is required to store the audience's ages and seat numbers (between 1
and 56)
as they arrive at the theatre. If the audience member would prefer not to give their age
it should be stored as 0. The code should find and display the seat number of the oldest
audience member. If two audience members are the same age, the vouchers should be
awarded to the one who arrived first.
The manager of the theatre also wishes to know how many of the customers refused to
give their age.
Input
Enter age: 45
Enter seat: 27
Do you wish to enter another: Y
Enter age: 89
Enter seat: 4
Do you wish to enter another: Y
× audience members until N is entered
Enter age: 0
Enter seat: 49
Do you wish to enter another: N
Output
The oldest audience member is

sitting in seat 4 6 audience members
did not give their age.
Program 61 – Diving scores
Diving events are scored by a panel of seven judges, who each score a dive between 0
and 10. Of the seven scores, the top two and the bottom two are discarded. The remaining
three scores are added together and multiplied by the dive's difficulty rating. Write a
program that will accept seven judges' scores, entered as a single string, and the dive's
difficulty. The diver's calculated score should be displayed.
Input Output
Please enter the judges' The three remaining judges'

scores: 7,8,6,9,6,8,4 scores are: 7
Please enter the 6
difficulty rating: 3.4 8
The diver's score is: 71.4

Program 62 – Dice solitaire game

A dice game has the following rules:
■
The player rolls one six-sided dice.
■
If the player rolls a number that isn't written down already, they write it
down on the paper.
■
If the player rolls a number that is already written down, the number
should be crossed out and the player loses that number.
■
The player repeats the above until every number (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) is written down.
Write a program that will play the game and display how many rolls it took to complete the
game. The program should generate a random number between 1 and 6 to simulate each
dice roll. The code will have to check if each random number is already in the list before
adding or removing the dice roll. The program should keep looping until the list is six
Output
elements long.
Dice rolled = 3
After roll 1: [3]
Dice rolled = 2
After roll 2: [3,2]
Dice rolled = 4
After roll 3: [3,2,4]
Dice rolled = 3
After roll 4: [2,4]
× several more dice rolls
Dice rolled = 1
After roll 25: [3,6,4,2,5,1]
Game completed in 25 rolls of the dice.

Section 6 – Modular
programming
When learning to write code, everyone begins by writing sequential programs. Despite
looping occasionally or branching (if), sequential programs essentially run from the first
line to the last. In reality no professional program is written that way.
Professional programmers like to reuse code that they have previously written. This
saves time when developing new programs. If part of their program performs a complex
calculation or task, programmers will separate that code out and write it in a separate
block or module. This is called modular programming. Modules are then called by the
main part of the program when they are required to carry out their calculation or task.
An example of a sequential and modular version of the same program is shown below. The
highlighted code performs the task of displaying "nameList". In the modular version these
lines have been lifted out of the main program and placed inside a module.
Program code (sequential)

nameList = [["Matthew","Reid"]]
numNames = int(input("How many names do you
wish to add?")) for names in range(numNames):
newForename = str(input("Please enter a
forename"))
newSurname = str(input("Please enter a
surname"))
nameList.append([newForename,newSurname])
print("Current list:")
for loop in range(len(nameList)):
print("Forename",nameList[loop][0])
The print("Surname",nameList[loop][1])
highlighted code performs the task of displaying "nameList". In the modular version
these lines have been lifted out of the main program and placed inside a module.
Program code (modular)

def displayNames(nameList):
print(""Current list:")
for loop in range(len(nameList)):
print("Forename",nameList[loop][0])
print("Surname",nameList[loop][1])
nameList = [["Matthew","Reid"]]
numNames = int(input("How many names do you
wish to add?")) for names in range(numNames):
newForename = str(input("Please enter a
forename"))
newSurname = str(input("Please enter a
surname"))
nameList.append([newForename,newSurname])
displayNames(nameList)

Chapter 23 – Examples of modular programming

There are two common types of module used in programming:
■ Procedure
– A block of code that performs a process
■ Function
– A block of code that performs a process (often a calculation) and then
returns the result of that process to the main program.
In Python, both of these types of module use the same def( ) or definition statement.
Example 54 – A procedure with one parameter
A procedure is defined using the following code:
def procedureName(parameters):
and is called using:

procedureName(parameters)
Program code Output from program
def displayScoreData(scores): Average score: 5.4

average = sum(scores)/len(scores) Scores ranged from:
print("Average score:",round(average,1))
2 to 10
print("Scores ranged from:")
print(min(scores),"to", max(scores))
# Main Program
scores =
[4,6,8,5,6,3,5,9,10,2,4,6,
3,5]
When writing procedural programs in Python, the defined modules are usually written
displayScoreData(scores)
at the beginning of the program.
When a procedure is called, for example, "displayScoreData(scores)", any variables or
lists that will be used by the module are passed as parameters. Parameters are placed
within the brackets of the call statement and the brackets of the def( ) statement.

Section 6 – Modular programming
Example 55 – A procedure with multiple parameters

It is common to pass more than one variable or list into a procedure.
def Player 1 has 2

displayWinner(player1,player2): wins. Player 2
player1Wins = 0 has 1 wins.
player2Wins = 0 There were 2
draws = 0 draws.
for loop in
range(len(player1)):
if
player1[loop]>player2[loop]:
player1Wins = player1Wins + 1
if
player2[loop]>player1[loop]:
player2Wins = player2Wins + 1
if
player2[loop]==player1[loop]:
#draws
Main =Program
draws + 1
player1 = [4,6,8,5,6]
print("Player 1
player2 = [2,9,8,5,3]
has",player1Wins,"wins.")
displayWinner(player1,player2)
print("Player 2
has",player2Wins,"wins.")
print("There
were",draws,"draws.")

Example 56 – Writing to reuse code

The following example shows how a procedure can be written in a way that allows its
reuse in different scenarios.
def displayData(dataInput,message): Average score

average = 5.4 Scores
sum(dataInput)/len(dataInput) ranged from: 2
print("Average " + to 10
message.lower(),round(average,1)) Average pH 3.6
print(message + "s ranged from:") pHs ranged
print(min(dataInput),"to", from:
# Main Program
max(dataInput)) 2.7 to 5.0
scores
print()
= [4,6,8,5,6,3,5,9,10,2,4,6,3,5] Average height
title = "Score" 171.1 Heights
displayData(scores,title) ranged from:
154 to 190
phReadings =
[3.4,3.7,3.0,4.2,5.0,2.7,3.2
] text = "pH"
displayData(pHReadings,text)
heights = [154,158,187,172,155,190,182]
word = "Height"
displayData(heights,word)
The parameters in the procedure definition are different from the parameters in the
call from the main program. This is useful when we wish to use a module with different
variables and lists.
■
The parameters in the procedure call are called "actual" parameters.
■
The parameters in the procedure definition are called "formal" parameters.
When a procedure or function is called, the actual parameters are copied into the formal
par ameter s .

Example 57 – A function returning a value

There are two differences between a function and a procedure in Python.
After a defined function carries out its task or calculation, it "returns" the result.
When a function returns this result it must be stored somewhere, so the result is
usually assigned. This means a function call looks slightly different from a procedure
c all:
■
procedure call: calculateArea(length, width)
■
function call: area = calculateArea(length, width).
def Repayment amount = 1331.0

interestCalculator(loan,period,in
terest): total = loan
for years in range(period):
total = total * (1+interest/100)
return total
# Main Program The above output was
amount = int(input("Enter borrowing amount"))
generated by inputting:
years = int(input("Enter length of loan (years)"))
1000
3
interest = float(input("Enter rate of interest"))
10
repayment = interestCalculator(amount,years,interest)
print("Repayment amount =", round(repayment, 2))
It is possible to use the result returned from a function without assigning it. For
example, the last two lines of the example program could be written in one line of code:
print("Repayment amount =", round(interestCalculator(amount,years,intere

Example 58 – Scope
The following program displays the average, calculated in the procedure, in two
different places:
1 within the procedure
2 within the main program.
def displayScoreData(scores): Average score: 5.4

average = Scores ranged from:
sum(scores)/len(scores) 2 to 10
print("Average
score:",round(average,1))
Average score: 0
print("Scores ranged from:")
#print(min(scores),"to",
Main Program
average = 0
max(scores))
scores = [4,6,8,5,6,3,5,9,10,2,4,6,3,5]
displayScoreData(scores)
print()
print("Average score:",round(average,1))
When this program executes, a list, "scores", is passed into the procedure where the
(mean) average of the values in the list is calculated and displayed. At the bottom of
the main program (after the procedure has been called and the average calculated) the
average is displayed again.
While you would expect that the same average (5.4) would be displayed twice, the
average displayed in the main program is 0.
This anomaly occurs because any variable or list that is initialised (created) within a
procedure only exists within that procedure. The scope of the "average" variable within
the procedure is said to be local.
The "average" variable initialised in the main program is said to have global scope as it
can be used anywhere in the main program.
Good coding separates out as many reusable blocks of code as possible. The purpose of
parameter passing is to share the data between modules and the main program. Functions
return values as this allows the results of the calculation or task to exist outside the
f unc tion.


(modular programming)
These puzzles have been created to practise your understanding of modular programming
including:
■
parameter passing
■
procedures
■
f unc tions
■
local
Puzzle
■
set 14 – Modular programming
global
The code in the puzzles below calls the following procedure and functions.
def
module1(first,second,third)
:
volume = first * second *
third print("Volume
=",volume)
def module2(monday):
monday = monday/10
return monday
def module3(blue,red):
total = 0
for counter in
range(blue,red):
total = total + 2
print(total)
return total
def module4(up,down):
middle = up%down
For top
each=ofint(up/down)
the following puzzles write down the output that would be
total = middle + top
displayed.
num1 143
return 2 Output
= total
num2 = 3
num3 = 4
module1(num1,num2,num3)
144num1 = 8 Output
num2 = 3
value = module4(num1,num2)
print(value)
145num1 = 100 Output
num2 = 6
num3 = 9
print(module2(num1) + module3(num2,num3))

Chapter 24 – Computational thinking puzzles (modular programming)
146num1 = 5Output
num2 = 10
temp = int(module2(num2))
value = module3(temp,num1)
print(value)
147num1 = 2Output
num2 = 5
num3 = 8
module1(num1,module3(num1,num2),module2(5*num3))
Puzzles 148 to 155 contain code that calls the following functions. The functions return
different values depending on the parameters passed in.
def textChanger1(word):
wordLength = len(word)
if wordLength <=2:
return word
elif wordLength>2 and
wordLength<=6:
temp1 = word[0:2]
temp2 = word[len(word)-2:]
word = temp2 + word + temp1
return word
else:
temp1 = word[0:3]
temp2 = word[len(word)-3:]
print(temp1,temp2)
word = temp2 + temp1
return word
if word.lower() == word:
return word.upper()
elif word.upper() == word:
return word.lower()
else:
return "mixed"
length = 5 * len(word)
word = str(length-5) + word +
str(length) return word
For each of the following puzzles write down the output that would be
displayed. 148 Output

password = "voted"
password = textChanger1(password)
print("Password is",password)
149password = "LOADED" Output


150password = "Hidden" Output

151password = "Dug" Output
152password = "xu" Output
153password = "gnome" Output

154password = "Bruv" Output

password = "hard"
155 Output
password = textChanger3
(textChanger2(textChanger1(password)))


Statements and Examples
syntax ● def( ) ● def calculateArea(length,width):
● calculateArea(length,width)
While some of these challenges are new, several require that you rewrite challenges from
earlier sections. This restructuring of programs is a useful way of reinforcing how modular
programming works without having to do a great deal of problem solving at the same time.
Once you have developed the skill of modular programming, you should ensure that every
program you write in the future is developed using that style of programming.
Program challenges for modular programming
Program 63 – Dress sizes (part 2)
Open Program 58. Edit the program as follows:
■
After the user has entered 999, tell the user that they can find out how many items of
one dress size are in stock if they enter another dress size.
■
Pass the dress size list and the above user-inputted dress size to a new function.
■
The function should count the number of dresses in the list that match the size given by
the user.
■
The number of matching dresses found should
Input
be returned from the function.
Output
■
The main program should
previous inputsdisplay the result with
as before a suitable
There are message.
4 size 12 dresses in stock
Please enter a new dress size: 999 Stock = [12,10,8,10,12,14,16,20,12,12,8]
Enter a dress size to count: 12 The largest dress in stock is size 20
The smallest dress in stock is size 8

■
The number of charity raisers entered by the user should be passed to a function. The
function should calculate and return the total money raised.
■
A procedure should be created to make the decision about the final amount raised (see
Program 27) and display any appropriate messages.
Note that the inputs and outputs from the program should not change.

Program 65 – Cycling speed (part 2)

■
Rather than asking for the details of one journey (using wheel revolutions and minutes taken),
the program should ask the user to enter the number of journeys they have completed.
■
A loop should be used to ask for the wheel revolutions and minutes for each of these
journeys. The values entered should be stored using two lists.
■
A function then needs to be coded to
• calculate the total distance covered in km
• return the total distance where it can be displayed in the main program.
■
A second function then needs to be written to
• calculate the total number of minutes cycled over all the journeys
• calculate the average speed over all the journeys in km per hour
• return the average speed to the main program where it can be displayed in a message.
To successfully complete this program, you will have to work out what must be passed into
Input
the two is
What functions.
the circumference of your wheel in
millimetres?
1250
How many journeys do you wish to enter?
3
Journey 1
your journey? 8920
30
Journey 2
your journey? 10299
40
Journey 3
your journey? 4920
26
Output
You covered 30.17 km.

At an average speed of 18.9 kmph.

Program 66 – Counting weeds (part 2)

Open Program 54. The program should be edited as follows:
■
After all weeds are entered, pass the 2D list, as a parameter, to a new function.
■
The function should count the total number of weeds stored in the 2D list.
■
The total number of weeds should be returned from the function.
■
The total number of weeds should then be passed to a new procedure.
■
The procedure should display different messages based on the number of weeds:
• < 2: "You have a great, well looked after lawn."
• >= 2 and <= 10: "A bit of light weeding will help your lawn look great."
•Output
>10 and
(using<50: "Your
previous lawn
input should 54)
from program be treated with an environmentally friendly weed killer."
• The
>= 50: "We would
results are advise
shownthatbelow:
your lawn is dug up and re-laid."
3 0 2 2 0
0 0 0 3 2
0 10 6 5 0
1 1 2 2 7
0 0 5 3 2
The total number of weeds found was – 56
We would advise that your lawn is dug up and re-laid.
Program 67 – Password generator

Using puzzles 148 to 155 as a starting point, develop your own modular password
generator program. The program should:
■
contain at least four text scrambling functions (two can be functions used in the puzzles)
■
ask the user to enter a word
■
generate a random number from 1 to 3
■
call different combinations of the text scrambling functions for each possible random
number (1, 2 or 3).
After the text has been scrambled, the program should:
■
Input
ensure Output
that the final password is exactly ten characters long
■
Please enter your Your password
display the password.
word: m u sic is:
The random number mu123sic657
is 3

Section 7 – File handling
You may have noticed that each time you run your programs you have to re-enter every
input. This is, of course, unrealistic. The majority of programs store information while the
code is not running. For example:
■
A console game will store your progress through the game along with game credits,
in-game purchases, results of previous games and even video replays saved by the user.
■
A banking app on a phone will access your account details and call up spending and
deposits in your account.
■
A social media website will store your posts, pictures you've uploaded, your likes and
your replies to other users' posts.
In all of the above scenarios, the data will either be stored in an external file or in a
database. Data will be read from the file/database into the program when it is needed.
When new data is stored we say it will be written to the file/database.
The following section will explain how Python can be used to read from and write to .txt
and .csv files.
Program Write to file
Read to file
TXT
Figure 25.1: Read/write to file.
Note: If you wish to research reading and writing from databases, you will need to install
Python's MySQL Connector library. Instructions on how to set this up and connect to/
communicate with a database file are available online. Later versions of Python may have
SQLite built into the installation so check your version first.

Chapter 26 – Examples of file handling

The open( ) statement is used to connect to an external (saved) file. For example:
with open('test.txt','r') as fileConn
Two parameters are passed by the open statement:
■
'text.txt' – the first parameter is the name of file. For all the examples in this book the
external file should be located in the same folder as the saved Python program.
■
'r' – the second parameter is the type of connection that will be made to the file.
The types of connections that can be made are as follows:
■
'r' when information is only read from the file
■
'w' when information is only written to a file; this overwrites any information that was
already stored in the file
■
'a' to append (write) information to the end of a file, without overwriting what is already
stored
■
'r+' to read and write to the same file.
with open('jan.txt','r')
Each
as connection is assigned to awith
janConn variable, in this case "fileConn". This is so that
connections could be opened to multiple
open('feb.txt','r') as files:
febConn with
Example 59 – Writing to a text
open('mar.txt','w') as file
marConn
Python is able to connect to an existing text file or to create a text file if it does not exist.
Program Code eyes.txt file after program run
eyeColour = blue
["blue","brown","green"] brown
with open('eyes.txt','w') as green
eyeColourFile: for each in
eyeColour:
The above program opens a write only
eyeColourFile.write(each + connection "w" to a text file called "eyes.txt".
A"\n")
loop is then used to write each element of a list to the file using the connection
"eyeColourFile" and the function write( ).
Note that the string "\n" is concatenated onto the end of each line. This is an "end-of-line"
character. When a text file is opened the \n character ensures that the next item of text
appears on a new line.

eyes.txt - Notepad
File Edit Format View Help
blue
brown
with \n green
eyes.txt - Notepad
eyes.txt File Edit Format View Help
without \n bluebrowngreen
If the text file does not exist when a write only connection is attempted, an empty file
will be created.
The connection to the file is closed at the end of the with open( ) statement.
Note that even if this program were executed lots of times, the file would still store the
colours. The "w" connection type means that the previous information is overwritten
each time the program is executed.
Example 60 – Appending a text file

Rather than overwriting the information stored in a file, we may wish to simply add more
to it.
Program Code eyes.txt file after program run
hairColour = blue
["brown","red","white","black","blonde brown
"] with open('eyes.txt','a') as green
hairColourFile: brown
for each in hairColour: red
The above program opens an append connection "a" to
hairColourFile.write(each+"\n") white
the file "eyes.txt" used in Example 60. As before, a loop black
is used to write all the items of a list to the file. This time blonde
the list items are appended to the end of the file.

Example 61 – Reading from a text file into separate lists

Reading from a text file involves a three-stage process:
■
Open a connection (read only or read/write).
■
Read all the lines from the file using the readlines( ) function.
■
Store the information in each line.
The code for each of these bullet points has been highlighted in the example program
below.
While the first two bullets are easy, the last one often requires a bit more thought.
For example, Matthew has a text file which stores the name of the friends he's planning
a holiday with. Each line of the text file is formatted as follows:
Matthew Reid Schmeed/n
To store each friend's forename, surname and nickname in three lists called
"forename", "surname" and "nickname" we would have to:
1 remove the end-of-line characters (/n) using substring – [0:-1]
2 split each line (which is stored as a string) using the split( ) function
3 allocate each element of the list created by theOriginal
Program Code
split( text
) function
file to one of the
three lists.
forename = [] Matthew Reid
surname = [] Schmeed/n Niall
nickname = [] Dowds Jas/n
with open('Friends.txt','r') as pals: Emir Duman
Meter/n Lewis
for each in pals.readlines():
Carter Momo/n
each = each[0:-1] 1 Output
Stevenfrom program
Moyles
temp = each.split(" ") 2 Beve/n
['Matthew','Niall','Emir','L
forename.append(temp[0]) ewis','Steven']
surname.append(temp[1]) 3 ['Reid','Dowds','Duman','Car
nickname.append(temp[2]) ter','Moyles'] ['S c h m e e
d','J a s','M e t e r','M o
print(forename)
m o','B e v e']
print(surname)
print(nickname)
Note that each line has been split using a space character as there is a space between
each word in the file. This can be replaced with a comma where the file information is
comma separated as with .csv files.

Program Code Original text file
forename = [] Matthew,Reid,Schmeed/n
surname = [] Niall,Dowds,Jas/n
nickname = [] Emir,Duman,Meter/n
with Lewis,Carter,Momo/n
open('Friends.csv','r') as Steven,Moyles,Beve/n
pals: for each in
pals.readlines():
Output from program
each = each[0:-1]
temp = each.split(",") ['Matthew','Niall','Emir','L
forename.append(temp[0]) ewis','Steven']
surname.append(temp[1]) ['Reid','Dowds','Duman','Car
nickname.append(temp[2]) ter','Moyles'] ['S c h m e e
print(forename) d','J a s','M e t e r','M o
print(surname) m o','B e v e']
print(nickname)
Example 62 – Reading from a text file into a 2D list

Using the same scenario as the previous example, we can see that reading the same
text file and storing the information in a 2D list is actually easier and requires fewer
lines of code.
Program Code Original text file
names = [] Matthew Reid

with Schmeed Niall
open('Friends.txt','r') as Dowds Jas
pals: for each in Emir Duman
pals.readlines(): Meter Lewis
each = each[0:-1] Carter Momo
temp = each.split(" ") Output
Stevenfrom program
Moyles
names.append(temp) Beve
[['Matthew','Reid','Schmeed'
print(names)
], ['Niall', 'Dowds','Jas'],
['Emir','Duman','Meter'],
['Lewis','Carter','Momo'],
['Steven',
Using the split( ) function on each line creates the sublist of the 2D list so all that
'M o yl e s','B e v e']]
remains to do is create a new element of the main list by appending each sublist.
names second index
first index 0 1 2
0 Matthew Reid Schmeed
1 Niall Dowds Jas
2 Emir Duman Meter
3 Lewis Carter Momo
4 Steven Moyles Beve

Chapter 27 – Computational thinking puzzles (file handling)

The following puzzles are designed to improve your understanding of how files are read
from and written to. Follow the code carefully and see if you can predict the output
produced by either print( ) or write( ).
Puzzle set 15 – File handling

For each puzzle below write down the text that would be stored in the file.
156 bikes =
["Perseid","Lomond","Retford","Timbuktu"]
count = 1Output with
open('bikes.txt','w') as bikeFile:
for each in bikes:
bikeFile.write(str(count) + ". " + each
+ "\n")
157 count = count + 1
sizes = ["12","23","16","08"]
moreSizes = ["10","20",]Output
with open('sizes.txt','w') as sizeFile:
for each in moreSizes:
sizeFile.write(str(each)+"\n")
with open('sizes.txt','a') as sizeFile:
for each in sizes:
158
sizeFile.write(str(each)+"\n")
keys = ["q","w","e","r"]
keysTwo = ["a","s","d","f"]Output
with open('keyboard.txt','w') as
keysFile:
for each in keys:
keysFile.write(each)
159with
The file "elements.txt" is shown below. as
open('keyboard.txt','w')
keysFile:
elements.txt
for each in keysTwo:
keysFile.write(each)
Oxygen
Neon
Mercury
State the output from the following program.

elements = []
with Output
open('elements.txt','r') as
elem: for each in
elem.readlines():
print(each[0:-1])

160 The file "presidents.txt" is shown below.

presidents.txt
George
Washington
John Adams
Thomas
Jefferson
State
James theMadison
output from the following program.
presidents = []
with Output
open('presidents.txt','r') as
pres: for each in
pres.readlines():
each = each[0:-1]
presidents.append(each)
for loop in
161 Using the same presidents.txt file, state the output from the following program.
range(len(presidents)):
print(presidents[loop])
presidents = ["James Monroe","John
Quincy Adams"] with
open('presidents.txt','r') as pres: Output
for each in pres.readlines():
presidents.append(each[0:-1])
for loop in range(len(presidents)):
print(str(loop+1)+".
162 The file 'RCaverages.csv' is shown below.
"+presidents[loop])
RCaverages.txt
K e v i
n,98.2
I n n e
s,97.3
A l e
x,97.7
Ja c k
i
e,92.9
I n n e
s,98.1
IfAthe lusereenters "Alex", state the output from the following program.
scores
x,97.3 = [] Output
name
G r e= str(input("Please enter a name"))
with
g,98.5 open('RCaverages.csv','r') as allScores:
for each in allScores.readlines():
K e v i
each = each[0:-1]
n,96.6
temp = each.split(",")
Aif temp[0]
l e == name:
x,97.8
scores.append(temp[1])
G r e
print("The scores for",name,"were:")
for loop
g,98.5 in range(len(scores)):
print(scores[loop])

163 The file "longJumps.txt" is shown below.State the output from the following progra
S u m m a -7.2 3
-7.3 4 - 8.11-
8.0 8 Petra-6.92-
7.33-7.92-7.55 K
yl i = []Output
names e -7.5 5
jump
-7.4 = 1-7.9
[] 9 -
8.1 3open('longJumps.txt','r') as longJs:
with
for eachPerson in longJs.readlines():
eachPerson = eachPerson[0:-1]
temp = eachPerson.split("-")
names.append(temp[0])
longest = max(float(temp[1]), float(temp[2]),
float(temp[3]), float(temp[4])) jump.append(longest)
for loop in range(len(jump)):
print(names[loop],jump[loop])
164 And finally, a very difficult puzzle. Well done if you get this
one. The files "num1.txt" and "num2.txt" are shown below.
num1.txt num2.txt
10,2 1,2,
0,3 0,4 3,4
0 2 0,3 2,3,
0,4 0,5 4,5
0 3 0,4 3,4,
State the
0,5 0,6 output from the following program.
5,6
temp1List
0 4 0,5 = [] 4,5,
Output
temp2List
0,6 0,7 = [] 6,7
with
0 open('num1.txt','r') as numbers:
for eachNum in numbers.readlines():
eachNum = eachNum[0:-1]
temp = eachNum.split(",")
temp1List.append(temp)
with open('num2.txt','r') as numbers:
eachNum = eachNum[0:-1]
temp = eachNum.split(",")
temp2List.append(temp)
with open('num3.txt','w') as numbersOut:
numbersOut.write(str(temp1List[loop][0])+"\n")
numbersOut.write(str(temp2List[loop][3])+"\n")
total = 0
with open('num3.txt','r') as numbers:
total = total + int(eachNum[0:-1])
print("Total =",total)


Statements and syntax Examples
● ●
with as with open('file.txt','r') as conn
● ●
open( ) data = conn.readlines()
● ●
'filename.txt' conn.write("My names:")
● ●
'w' conn.write(name[0])
●
'r'
●
'a'
●
Section 6 covered modularity (modular programs). Once you have learned to write using
'r+'
●
functions and procedures you should include modularity in every program you write. For
.readlines(
these )
● file handling challenges, ensure that you write your code with a main program which
calls functions
.write( ) and procedures.
As always, the challenges start off nice and easy but will get progressively harder.
Program challenges for file handling

Program 68 – Yearly temperatures
A file called "yearTemperatures.txt" contains 52 rows of average daily temperature
readings in the following format: Week number, Day 1, Day 2, Day 3, Day 4, Day 5, Day 6,
Day 7.
An example of one row of the file is: – 3,12,13,10,10,8,6,7\n
Write a program that asks the user to enter a range of weeks. The program should
calculate the overall average temperature for those days of the year.
Input
Output
Please enter the The average temperature for
starting week 13 weeks 13 to 17 12.72 degrees
Please enter the final
week
17
Program 69 – Garage sale
When people want to get rid of unwanted items in their house, they sometimes have
a garage sale. A program is required to store garage sale items and their prices. The
program should have a main program and two procedures:
1 Each time the program starts, users are asked to enter a description of an item for sale
and the item's price. Each description and price entered should be added to any previous
information stored in a text file. The user should continually be asked to enter more
items until the user enters a "trigger" input that stops the program asking for the
next item.

2 The program should then display a list of every stored items' description and price.
Input Output
Please enter The current stored list of items

description for sale are: Toy Bear (20cm tall)
Lego Car (about 20 £1.00
pieces) Please enter Set of six coffee cups (blue)
the price £2.50
1.50 Children's tricycle £5.75
Please enter Lego Car (about 20 pieces) £1.50
description Adult tennis racquet £3.20
Adult tennis racquet Bedside cabinet (three drawers)
Please enter the price £10.00
3.20
Please enter
description
Bedside cabinet (three
drawers) Please enter
Program 70 – Displaying chess games
the price
A file1contains
0.0 0 information about all the moves made in one chess game. The file stores
information
Pleasein enter
the form of standard chess notation:
move description
number player one's move player two's move
X
Part of the file looks like this:
1 e2-e4, e7-
e5\n
2 d2-d4,
e5xd4\n
3 c2-c3,
d4xc34\n
4 Bf1-c4,
A program is required to read a chess game from the file called "chessGame.txt" and
c3xb2\n
display 5 the standardQd8-
Bc1xb2, chess notation in a more readable way. To do this, some characters in
the fileg5\n
should6 be removed and other characters should be changed to words:
Ng1-f3,
- = toBf8-b4+\n
x = takes + = check
For example:
5. Bc1xb2, Qd8-g5
would become
Move 5 Bc1 takes b2 Qd8 to g5
Output
Move 1 e2 to e4, e7 to e5
Move 2 d2 to d4, e5 takes d4
Move 3 c2 to c3, d4 takes c34
Move 4 Bf1 to c4, c3 takes b2
and so on for the remaining moves

Program 71 – Cinema statistics

A "cinemas.csv" file contains information on cinema screens in the UK. The file includes
the following information:
Company Buildings Screens Percentage of total screens
The first row of the file is:
Cineworld,99,1008,23.6\n
A program is required to read the file data into a 2D list and then display the following
infor mation:
■
The company that has the most cinema screens in the UK.
■
The name of the company that has the highest percentage of total screens.
■
Program 72number
The average – Yearly temperatures
of screens (part has
each company 2) at each building.
■
After asking for a range of weeks, the main program should ask for a day of the week.
■
A procedure should be written to:
• store the temperatures for the selected day (for all 52 weeks) in a list
• calculate the minimum and maximum temperatures in the list
• display the maximum and minimum temperatures.
■
The main program should then ask the user to enter a temperature.
■
A function should be written to:
• calculate the number of times the entered temperature is found in the entire file
of data
Input Output
• return and display the result in the main program with a suitable message.
Please enter the The average temperature for weeks
starting week 13 13 to 17 12.72 degrees
Please enter the final The min and max temperatures in day
week 4 were
17 -3 and 27
Please enter a day of There were 47 occasions that the
the week 4 temperature was 6 degrees.
Please enter a
temperature
6

Section 8 – Standard
algorithms
Standard algorithms are solutions to problems which appear regularly in programs. These
are implemented as common sections of code. Programmers keep saved copies of coded
standard algorithms that can be used in their current program.
Some common standard algorithms are listed below, along with a few variations of some
of the more complex ones. It is worth ensuring you have coded copies of these examples.
Running total
A running total uses a loop to add up a set of values. These may be entered by the user or
read in from an external file.
Version 1 – Simple example with user input

Program Code Input and output from program
total = 0 Enter number of

items = int(input("Enter number of items"))
items 3
for count in range(items): Enter value 1
temp = int(input("Enter value "+str(count+1)))
10
total = total + temp Enter value 2
print("The total =",total) 5
Enter value 3
6
The total = 21
Version 2 – Simple example with data stored in a list

total = 0 The total = 306

items =
[12,3,54,35,23,56,34,3,7
7,9] for count in
range(len(items)):
total = total +
items[count]
print("The total
=",total)

Section 8 – Standard algorithms
Version 3 – Function example where user selects a file to add up

The following example allows the user to type in the name of a file, in this case
"numbers". This filename is passed to the function "runningTotal" which reads in the file,
adds up the values within it and returns the total to the main program.
Program Code
def runningTotal(fileName):
total = 0
fileName = fileName + ".txt"
with open(fileName) as nums:
for each in nums.readlines():
each = each[0:-1]
total = total + int(each)
return total
fileName=str(input("Which file would you
like to add up?")) total =
runningTotal(fileName)
print("The total =",total)
Output from program
Which file would you like to

add up? nu m b ers
The total = 27044
Input validation
Good programming ensures that only valid user inputs are entered into a program. If
incorrect data is entered, the user should be informed of their error before being asked to
input the data again.
Example – Input validation

Program Code
number = int(input("Enter a value

between 0 and 10")) while number < 0 or
number > 10:
print("Your value was not between 0 and
10")
number = int(input("Enter value
Output from program
again"))
print("Number
Enter a value =",number)
between 0 and
10
13
Your value was not between
0 and 10 Enter value again
5
Number = 5

Traversing a list
Traversing simply means accessing each element of a list one at a time. This may be to
display the data or process the stored data in some way.
Example – Traversing a list

values = [12,3,54,35,23,56,34,3,77,9]The following values

are > 50 54
print("The following values are > 50")
for count in range(len(values)): 56
if values[count]>50: 77
print(values[count])
Linear search
A linear search algorithm returns whether or not a value exists in a list, or the position of a
value if it is found.
Version 1 – Function returning whether or not an item is found in a list

as a Boolean (true/false) value
Program Code Output from program (run 1)
def checkNames(target,nameList): Enter a name

found = False B atya
for names in nameList: Name found in list
if names == target:
found = True Output from program (run 2)
return found Enter a name
Caron
names = Name not found
["Najwa","Mary","Shandra","Batya","Ai
sling"] targetName =str(input("Enter
a name"))
result = checkNames(targetName,names)
if result:
print("Name found in list")
else:
A list is traversed looking
print("Name to see if each element matches a target value. If a match is
not found")
found the algorithm returns True.

Version 2 – Function returning the first position of name after

searching in a list
def Enter a name

checkNames(target,nameList) Mary
: Mary found in
index = -1 list at
for names in position: 1
range(len(nameList)): if Output from program (run 2)
nameList[names] == target: Enter a name
index = names
names = Dia n e
["Najwa","Mary","Shandra","Batya","Ai
return index Name not found
sling"] targetName =str(input("Enter
a name"))
position =
checkNames(targetName,names)
if position >= 0:
print(names[position],"found in
list")
Theprint("at
above functions could be edited to read data from a file instead.
position:",position)
else:
Count occurrences
print("Name not found")
A count occurrence algorithm counts the number of times a value appears in a list.
Version 1 – Simple example that returns the number of occurrences in

a list
numbers = State the value to

[12,3,5,4,67,7,5,3,5,7,3,2,4,6,5, count 3
8,5,3, 3 appeared 5 times
2,4,5,7,8,9,0,9,2,3,6,4,6,2,4,5,7
,86,7,4,4]
occurrence = 0
target=int(input("State the value
to count")) for loop in
range(len(numbers)):
Theifcount occurrence algorithm
numbers[loop] first sets a temporary variable to 0. Each time a value
== target:
within the list matches
occurrence the value that
= occurrence + is1being counted, 1 is added onto the value stored
inprint(target,"appeared",occurrenc
the temporary variable. When the entire list has been traversed the temporary
variable stores the number of matches found.
e,"times")

Version 2 – Example, using nested loops, that returns the number of

occurrences in a 2D list
numbers = [[12,3,5,4],[67,7,5,3],[5,7,3,2],[4,6,5,8],
State the value to
[5,3,2,4],[5,7,8,9],[0,9,2,3],[6,4,6,2],[4,5,7,86],[7,4,4,6]]
count 3
occurrence = 0 3 appeared 5 times
target=int(input("State the value to count"))
for outerLoop in range(len(numbers)):
for innerLoop in range(len(numbers[outerLoop])):
if numbers[outerLoop][innerLoop] == target:
occurrence = occurrence + 1
print(target,"appeared",occurrence,"times")
Version 3 – Function example that returns the number of occurrences

of a value in a file
def State the value to

countOccurrence(fileName,targetN count 3
umber): occurrence = 0 3 appeared 9 times
fileName = fileName + ".txt"
with open(fileName) as nums:
for each in nums.readlines():
each = each[0:-1]
if int(each) == targetNumber:
occurrence = occurrence + 1
return occurrence
file = "numbers"
target=int(input("State the value to count"))
total = countOccurrence(file,target)
print(target,"appeared",total,"times")

Find maximum
Python has a predefined function max( ), which returns the maximum value in a list as
shown below:
numbers =
[12,3,5,4,67,7,5,3,5,7,3,2,4,6,5,8,8
6,4,4,9] print("Maximum value
Despite this, the algorithm for finding the maximum value in a list is so common that it's
is:",max(numbers))
worth learning. Once you know the algorithm you can adapt it in ways that you can't with a
predefined function.
Version 1 – Simple example to find the largest value in a list

numbers = Maximum value is: 86

[12,3,5,4,67,7,5,3,5,7,3,2,4,6,5,8,8
6,4,4,9] maximum = numbers[0]
for counter in
range(1,len(numbers)):
if numbers[counter] > maximum:
maximum = numbers[counter]
print("Maximum value is:",maximum)
The find maximum algorithm uses a temporary variable (in the example above this is
"maximum") to store the largest value in the list. This temporary variable is first set to the
value stored in index 0.
The list is then traversed from index 1 to the end of the list. Each time a larger value is
found the temporary variable is set to that value. When the end of the list is reached the
temporary variable will store the largest value in the list.
Version 2 – Function to find and return the largest value in a list

def findMaximum(maxlist): Maximum value is: 67

maximum = maxlist[0]
for counter in
range(1,len(maxlist)): if
maxlist[counter] > maximum:
maximum = maxlist[counter]
return maximum
numbers = [12,3,5,4,67,7,5,3,5,7,1]
print("Maximum value is:",findMaximum(numbers))

Version 3 – Function to find and return the position of the largest

value in a list
def findMaxPosition(maxlist): Oldest person is: Ranneigh

maximum = maxlist[0]
position = 0
for counter in range(1,len(maxlist)):
if maxlist[counter] > maximum:
maximum = maxlist[counter]
position = counter
return position
names = ["Agattha","Elsebe","Ranneigh","Kolka","Magga"]
ages = [22,33,51,49,18]
print("Oldest person is:",names[findMaxPosition(ages)])
Find minimum
The find minimum algorithm requires only one simple change to the condition in the "if"
statement as highlighted above. By changing the greater than symbol (>) to a less than
symbol (<) the smallest value is found instead.
Example – Find minimum

def findMinPosition(minlist): Youngest is: Magga

minimum = minlist[0]
position = 0
for counter in range(1,len(minlist)):
if minlist[counter] < minimum:
minimum = minlist[counter]
position = counter
return position
names =
["Agattha","Elsebe","Ranneigh","Kolka",
"Magga"] ages = [22,33,51,49,18]
print("Youngest
is:",names[findMinPosition (ages)])

Bubble sort
A bubble sort moves through pairs of elements swapping values where the values are in
the wrong order.
Version 1 – Simple function that returns sorted list

def bubbleSort(sortList): [1,3,4,7,1 2,8 6,9 9]

for outerLoop in
range(0,len(numbers)-1):
for innerLoop in
range(0,len(numbers)-1):
if sortList[innerLoop] >
sortList[innerLoop+1]: temp =
sortList[innerLoop]
sortList[innerLoop] =
sortList[innerLoop+1]
sortList[innerLoop+1] = temp
Thereturn
outer and inner loops are used to traverse the list several times. The most
sortList
important part of
numbers = this algorithm is the highlighted "if" statement. As the inner loop
[7,3,1,86,99,12,4]
repeats, the loop variable is used, in the condition of the "if" statement, to compare one
print(bubbleSort(numbers))
element with the one after it.
If the conditions are true (i.e. if the first number is larger than the next), the values in the
two elements are swapped.
0 1 2 3 4 5
7 1 10 26 4 5
×
As the loop variable increments (up to the second last element), pairs of elements are
checked in turn. If the values are in the wrong order they are swapped; if they are in the
correct order they are left where they are.
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 7 10 26 4 5 1 7 10 26 4 5
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 7 10 26 4 5 1 7 10 4 26 5
× ×
When the list has been traversed once, it is still not sorted. The outer loop ensures that
the list is traversed multiple times until all the values are in order.
0 1 2 3 4 5
1 7 10 4 5 26

Version 2 – Efficient function that returns a sorted list

Version 1 contains two inefficiencies – these have been corrected below:
1 After the first pass through the list, the largest number will always be correctly
positioned at the end of the list and doesn't need to be checked again. Each time the inner
loop completes one pass through the elements, it should stop one element earlier. This
can be achieved by using the outer loop value in the inner loop range. The higher the value
of the outer loop variable, the lower the end of the range becomes on the inner loop.
2 It may be the case that the list is sorted before the outer loop has finished repeating.
A Boolean "flag" variable can be used to check if a swap takes place on the inner
loop. If no swaps take place (i.e. if sorted still equals True after the list is traversed),
the function can return the sorted list early, before the outer loop has finished.
def bubbleSort(sortList): [1,3,4,7,1 2,8 6,9 9]

for outerLoop in range(0,len(numbers)-1):
sorted = True
for innerLoop in range(0,len(numbers)-
(1+outerLoop)): if sortList[innerLoop] >
sortList[innerLoop+1]:
temp = sortList[innerLoop]
sortList[innerLoop] =
sortList[innerLoop+1]
sortList[innerLoop+1] = temp
sorted = False
if sorted == True:
return sortList
numbers = [7,3,1,86,99,12,4]
print(bubbleSort(numbers))
Insertion sort
An insertion sort traverses a list from the second element to the last. Each time the list is
traversed, the algorithm determines where the current value should be placed within the
previous elements.
def insertionSort(values): [1,4,5,7,10,26]

for index in range(1,len(values)):
currentScore = values[index]
position = index
while position>0 and values[position-1]>
currentScore:
values[position]=values[position-1]
position = position-1
values[position]=currentScore
return values
numbers = [7,1,10,26,4,5]
print(insertionSort(numbers))

An insertion sort traverses a list from element index 1 to the end of the list. During this
the following algorithm is followed:
1 As the list is traversed, the contents of the next element are temporarily copied into a
variable called "currentScore".
0 1 2 3 4 5
7 5 1 26 4 5
currentScore
0 1 2 3 4 5
2 The temporary value stored in this variable
7512645
is compared to each element before the
original position of the temporary value.
This continues, working backwards 5
through the list, until either of the
following rules is true:
●
the temporary value is greater than the next value
●
or the start of the list is reached.
Each value that is found to be larger than the temporary value is copied into the next
element.
3 When one of the rules is true – for example, when the start of the list is reached – the
temporary value is copied into that element.
0 1 2 3 4 5
7 7 1 26 4 5
Steps 1 to 3 are now repeated for the element at index 2 in the list. In this case both
elements at indexes 0 and 1 are larger than the temporary value, so both are copied into
the next element.
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 7 1 26 4 5 5 5 7 26 4 5
1 1
currentScore

Again, the start of the list is reached and the temporary value is copied into element 0.
0 1 2 3 4 5
5 5 7 26 4 5
Steps 1 to 3 are now repeated for the third element. As 26 is already greater than the
element to the left no change is made to the list.
0 1 2 3 4 5
1 5 7 26 4 5
26
currentScore
Steps 1 to 3 are now repeated for element 4. This time the temporary value is found to
be greater than the element at index 0. This means that the inner loop stops at this point
and the temporary value is copied into the element at index 1.
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 5 7 26 4 5 1 5 5 7 26 5
4 4
currentScore
0 1 2 3 4 5
1 5 5 7 26 5
Note that as the list is traversed the values before the current position are always sorted
in the correct order.
The list will be completely sorted with one final execution of steps 1 to 3.

Binary search
A binary search works by continually halving a list until its finds (or doesn’t find) a target
value. the list must already be sorted for a binary search to work.
Simple binary search function that returns the index of a target

def binarysearch(nameList,target): Enter a name

lower = 0 Dennis
upper = len(nameList)-1 Dennis is 56 years old
while lower<=upper: Output from program (run 2)
mid = int((lower+upper)/2)
if nameList[mid] == target: Enter a name
return mid Edgar
elif nameList[mid] < target: Name not Found
lower = mid + 1
else:
upper = mid - 1
return -1
names = [“Aaron”,”Beth”,”Clive”,”Dennis”,”Egbert”,
”Francis”,”Gillian”,“Hugh”,”Icarus”,”Jeremy”,”Kyle”,”Lachina”]
ages = [33,56,34,56,75,34,24,87,34,44,50,40]
toFind = str(input(“Enter a name”))
position = binarysearch(names,toFind)
if position>=0:
print(names[position],”is”,ages[position],”years old”)
else:
print(“Name not found”)
The above example has a list of 12 names in alphabetical order. In run 1, the user has
entered “Dennis” as the target name to find in the list.
A binary search algorithm uses three values:
■
low – the lowest index of the elements still to be checked
■
high – the highest index of the elements still to be checked
■
mid – the index halfway between the low and high indexes.
When the search begins, the low and high indexes are the first (0) and last (11) elements
of the list. The midpoint is calculated as (0 + 11) / 2 = 5.5. As a list index must be an integer,
the int( ) function is used to convert 5.5 to an integer. The midpoint is therefore 5.
target = Beth mid = int
(low + high)/2
low high
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Aaron Beth Clive Dennis Egbert Francis Gillian Hugh Icarus Jeremy Kyle Lachi

If the name at the midpoint is greater than the target (“Francis” comes after the target
“Dennis” alphabetically) then the target must come before the midpoint in the list
(between indexes 0 to 4). In this case, high is reset to one less than the midpoint and a
new midpoint is calculated.
mid = int
(low + high)/2
low high = mid − 1
0 1 2 3 45 6 7 8 9 10 11
If the value at the midpoint is less than the target (“Clive” comes before the target
“Dennis”) then the target must come after the midpoint in the list (between indexes 3 to 4).
In this case, low is reset to one more than the midpoint and a new midpoint is calculated.
low = mid + 1
high
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
mid = int (low + high)/2
If the value stored at the mid element is equal to the target, the algorithm returns the
index where the target was found (3). This is used to display Dennis’ age, stored in the
list “ages”.
Note that at the beginning of the program position is set to −1. If the target is not found
in the list, low + 1 or high −1 will eventually result in low being greater than high. This
is the condition that stops the while loop. If the while loop exits without the target being
found, −1 is therefore returned as the position. This is used in the main program to
display “Name not found”.

Section 9 – Large project
tasks
For each of the following program specifications, write a fully modular program that will
provide a working solution to the problem.
A d v ice:
1 With larger projects, do not try and code the entire problem at once. Larger projects
should be broken down into sub-problems.
2 A programmer should ensure each sub-problem works as expected before tackling the
next section of code.
3 Before you start coding, think carefully about the types of variables and lists your
program will use to store the required data.
4 Identify any standard algorithms that can be used in your sub-problems.
Project 1 – Speeding
Description of problem
An insurance company is conducting a survey to determine whether
drivers of newer cars are more likely to break the speed limit than
drivers of older cars. An employee of the insurance company will
sit with a tablet beside a speed warning sign. When the warning
sign lights up, the employee will record that the car was breaking
the speed limit. If the warning sign does not light up, the employee
will record that the car was not breaking the speed limit.
The age of the car will also be recorded for all cars. A program is
required to store this information and analyse the results.
Functional requirements
(a list of what the program should do)
The required program should:
■
Read in previously recorded data from a text file when the
program starts. If no previous data exists, the program should
create an empty text file.
■
Ask the user to continually enter each car's age and speeding data until the user enters
999 for the age. The data for each car should be added onto the previously recorded data.
■
Display the percentage of cars that were breaking the speed limit.
■
Display a list of car ages showing how many of each age were caught speeding.
■
Display the age of car that was caught speeding more times than any other age of car.
■
Before the program finishes executing, the up-to-date data should be written back to
the text file, overwriting the previous data.
Section 9 – Large project tasks
Input s
The program should receive the following inputs:
■
Car data from the file will be inputted with the following format:
age,speeding,end-of-line
For example: 10,1/n.

■
A car's age in years
for example, a three-year-old car should be entered as 3.

■
A car's speeding result
Outputs
for example, 1 = speeding, 0 = not speeding.
■
The program
A value should
to stop produceasking
the program the following
for moreoutputs:
car data
■
forWhen
example, 999. the percentage of cars that were breaking the speed limit, the output
displaying
should be formatted as follows:
Speeding – 34%
Not speeding – 66%

■
When displaying the list of car ages, showing how many of each age were caught
speeding, the following output should be produced:
Car age (years), number speeding
1 – 20
2–6
3–0
4 – 65
5 – 28
6 – 12
7 – 89
… and so on.
Additional challenging task
Note that every car, from the youngest to the oldest, should be displayed
Write an additional module that works out if new cars speed more than older cars. You will
■
When
have displaying
to consider thethe age of car
following that was caught speeding the most, the output should be
questions:
formatted
■
as follows:
At what age should the cut-off point be between old and new cars?
7-year-old
■
cars were the worst speeding offenders.
■
How will I account for the fact that there may be many more older cars passing than
When writing the car data back to the text file, the following format should be used:
newer cars, or vice-versa?
age comma speeding end-of-line GCSE, iGCSE, National 4/5 and Higher 137
For example, "10,1/n"
Project 2 – Election analysis

A national newspaper wishes to run a politics story on the results of the 2017 United
Kingdom General Election. The story will include detailed analysis of voting patterns by
supporters of the two main (i.e. with the most Members of Parliament) political parties
(Conservative and Labour). The analysis of the UK's 650 constituencies (voting areas) will
include:
■
A list of "safe" constituencies where the Conservative candidate had 15 000 more votes
than the Labour candidates.
■
A list of "safe" constituencies where the Labour candidate had 15 000 more votes than
the Conservative candidates.
■
A list of close constituencies where there were fewer than 1000 votes between the
Labour and Conservative candidates.
■
A count of the number of constituencies (which had any Conservative and Labour votes)
where more than 200 voters spoiled their ballot paper, meaning their vote was not valid
for any candidate.
The newspaper hasCountry
Constituency obtainedTotal
a comma-separated.csv
possible Votes fileInvalid
which contains voting
Conservativ Labour
information
Aberavon for theWales
2017 election. A sample of the
voters 49892 file is shown
3326 below. e 5901
votes 57 22662
Aberconwy Wales 4 5251 8 78 14337 13702
3215
0
York outer England 75835 57427 146 29356 210 67
A program is required to analyse the file and provide the information required for the
newspaper article.
■
Input data from the file "GE2017.csv" when required.
■
Provide a list of safe constituencies for Conservatives and Labour.
■
Provide a list of close constituencies sorted by closest first.
■
State how many times more than 200 voters spoiled their ballot paper in a constituency.

Input s
The program should receive the following inputs:
■
Voting data from the file will be inputted with the following format:
Constituency, Country, Total Possible Voters, Votes, Invalid Votes, Conservative, Labour
end-of-line
Outputs
For example, "Aberavon,Wales,49892,33268,57,5901,22662/n"
The program should produce the following outputs:

■
A list of safe Conservative constituencies should be displayed as shown below:
Conservative seats safe from Labour
Arundel and South Down England
Ashford England
……
■
A list of safe Labour constituencies should be displayed as shown below:
Labour seats safe from Conservatives
Aberavon Wales
Barking England
……
■
A list of close constituencies should be displayed as shown below:
Kensington 20
Additional
Dudley challenging
North 22 task
Write an additional procedure
Newcastle-under-Lyme 30 that will display a list of constituencies where less than 50%
of voters voted for the two main parties. The output should be grouped by country.
Southampton, Itchen 31
■
Note that in some constituencies, 0 votes were registered for Conservative and Labour.
These constituencies should not be displayed.
■
The number of constituencies with more than 200 invalid votes should be displayed:
24 constituencies had more than 200 spoiled voting papers.

Project 3 – Archery scores

Organisers of an archery tournament are looking to ask the world's top archers to compete
in their new event. They will invite the archers who achieved the 30 best scores across
three continental championships (held in Asia, Europe and the Americas) along with five
random archers who scored over 650.
■
Merge the names and scores from three tournaments (each with different competitors)
into one list sorted by score.
■
Identify the top 30 archers from the merged list.
■
Randomly select another 5 archers who have
●
scored more than 650
●
Input
are not insthe top 30 archers.
■
The program
Display theshould
top 30receive
scorersthe
andfollowing inputs:
five selected archers in alphabetical order of surname.
■
Data from three files "americas.txt", "asia.txt" and "europe.txt". The file data will be
formatted as:
forename surname score

Outputs
For example, Ren Guiying 630
The program should produce the following outputs:
■
A list of 35 archers, in alphabetical order of surname, who will be invited to compete in
the new tournament, displayed as shown below:
Nikki Bunton 675
Tandy Cohee 672

Additional very challenging task
…
The tournament organisers also wish to include results from the USA open
championships. A fourth file of results is supplied and needs to be merged with the
other three. Note that this file contains names of competitors that also competed in the
continental championships. You should ensure that only an archer's highest score is
counted towards the selection process and that no archer is selected twice for the new
tour nament.

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How to Code Python GCSE, iGCSE, National 4/5 and Higher is available as a Whiteboard

eTextbook and Student eTextbook. [Delete as applicable]

Section 1 – Input, output and simple calculations 4

Section 2 – Selection (if) statements 2

Chapter 12 – Computational thinking puzzles

Section 3 – Repetition (loop) statements 4

Section 4 – Storing multiple values using lists 63

Section 5 – Predefined functions 2

Section 6 – Modular programming 9

Section 7 – File handling 10

Chapter 27 – Computational thinking puzzles

Section 8 – Standard algorithms 12

iv How to Code in Python

1. Problem – Collate statistical

Read File Key Input Display

Figure 1.1: The three stages of programming

GCSE, iGCSE, National 4/5 and Higher 1

How do you become a good programmer?

2 How to Code in Python

Python code download

GCSE, iGCSE, National 4/5 and Higher 3

Example 1 – Output using a simple print( ) statement

print("Hello World") Hello

4 How to Code in Python

Example 2 – Output using a complex print( ) statement

print("Hello World") Hello World

Example 3 – Keyboard input using a simple input( ) statement

print("Please enter your Please enter your

GCSE, iGCSE, National 4/5 and Higher 5

Example 4 – Keyboard input, with a message to the user

userName = input("Please enter Please enter your

Example 5 – Inputting the correct data type

Controlled input types and complex output

Where are you? Paris

6 How to Code in Python

firstName = str(input("What is your first name?"))

Controlled input types and complex output

What is your first name? Evelyn

GCSE, iGCSE, National 4/5 and Higher 7

Chapter 3 – Computational thinking puzzles

Program code (question)

8 How to Code in Python

8 textOne = "Be kind"Output

word1 = input("Please enter the first word")Input

GCSE, iGCSE, National 4/5 and Higher 9

Chapter 4 – Examples of simple calculations

Example 8 – A simple calculation using variables

cats = int(input("Please enter the

10 How to Code in Python

Example 9 – Basic maths rules apply in programming too

Example 10 – Data types, int( ) and float( )

10 / 2 = 5.0 (not 5).

Chapter 5 – Computational thinking puzzles

12 p r i n t(1 3 +7-2) Output

12 How to Code in Python

21 State the output if the user enters 7.

numberOne = int(12 / 4)Output

GCSE, iGCSE, National 4/5 and Higher 13

Chapter 6 – Examples of simple string functions