CHAPTER 4

AC MACHINE
Reviews
AC machines are generators that convert mechanical
energy to AC electrical energy and motors that convert ac
electrical energy to mechanical energy.

Two major classes of AC machines :-

i) synchronous machines ii) induction machines

Synchronous machines - motor and generators whose

magnetic field current is supplied by a separate DC power
source
Induction machines - motor and generators whose
magnetic field current is supplied by magnetic induction
(i.e transformer action) into their field windings.

The field circuit of most synchronous and induction

machines are located on their rotor.

The principle difference between two types is that SM

require a DC field current to be supplied to their rotor,
while IM have the field current induced in their rotors by
transformer action.
Induction Machine
 The machines are called induction machines because
of the rotor voltage which produces the rotor current
and
the rotor magnetic field is induced in the rotor
windings.
 Induction generator has many disadvantages and low
efficiency. Therefore induction machines are usually
referred to as induction motors.
 Induction Machine

 Three-phase induction motors are the most

common and frequently encountered machines in
industry
◦ simple design, rugged, low-price, easy maintenance
◦ wide range of power ratings: fractional horsepower to 10
MW
◦ run essentially as constant speed from no-load to full load
◦ Its speed depends on the frequency of the power source
 not easy to have variable speed control
 requires a variable-frequency power-electronic drive for optimal
speed control
Slip rings

Cutaway in a typical
wound-rotor IM.
Notice the brushes
and the slip rings

Brushes
 An induction motor has two main parts
i) a stationary stator
 consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow,
cylindrical core
 core, constructed from stacked laminations (why?),
 having a number of evenly spaced slots, providing the space
for the stator winding

Stator of IM
ii) a revolving rotor
 composed of punched laminations, stacked to create a
series of rotor slots, providing space for the rotor
winding
 conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated wire
(wound-rotor) » similar to the winding on the stator
 aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends by two
aluminum rings, forming a squirrel-cage shaped circuit
(squirrel-cage)
 Two basic design types depending on the rotor design
◦ squirrel-cage: conducting bars laid into slots and
shorted at both ends by shorting rings.
◦ wound-rotor: complete set of three-phase windings
exactly as the stator. Usually Y-connected, the ends
of the three rotor wires are connected to 3 slip rings
on the rotor shaft. In this way, the rotor circuit is
accessible.
Construction
1. Squirrel cage – the conductors would look like
one of the exercise wheels that squirrel or
hamsters run on.
Construction
2. Wound rotor – have a brushes and slip ring at the
end of rotor

Notice the
slip rings
 Balanced three phase windings, i.e.
mechanically displaced 120 degrees form
each other, fed by balanced three phase
source
 A rotating magnetic field with constant
magnitude is produced, rotating with a
speed
120 f e
nsync  (rpm)
P
Where fe is the supply frequency and
P is the no. of poles and nsync is called
the synchronous speed in rpm
(revolutions per minute)
P 50 Hz 60 Hz
2 3000 3600
4 1500 1800
6 1000 1200
8 750 900
10 600 720
12 500 600
 This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and produces
an induced voltage in the rotor windings
 Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short circuited, for
both squirrel cage and wound-rotor, and induced current flows in
the rotor windings
 The rotor current produces another magnetic field
 A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of those two
magnetic fields
 ind  kBR  Bs

Where ind is the induced torque and BR and BS are the

magnetic flux densities of the rotor and the stator respectively
 At what speed will the IM run?
◦ Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
◦ If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the same
speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the rotor will
appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and the
rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor. So, no induced
current will flow in the rotor and no rotor magnetic flux will
be produced so no torque is generated and the rotor speed
will fall below the synchronous speed
◦ When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will cut
the rotor windings and a torque is produced
 So, the IM will always run at a speed lower
than the synchronous speed
 The difference between the motor speed
and the synchronous speed is called the Slip
(s)
nslip  nsync  nm

Where nslip= slip speed

nsync= speed of the magnetic field
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the motor
 nsync  nm
s
nsync
Where s is the slip
Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed
s=0
if the rotor is stationary
s=1
Slip may be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the
above eq. by 100, notice that the slip is a ratio and doesn’t
have units
 Both IM and transformer works on the principle of
induced voltage
◦ Transformer: voltage applied to the primary windings
produce an induced voltage in the secondary windings
◦ Induction motor: voltage applied to the stator windings
produce an induced voltage in the rotor windings
◦ The difference is that, in the case of the induction motor,
the secondary windings can move
◦ Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary winding of
the IM), the induced voltage in it does not have the same
frequency of the stator (the primary) voltage
 The frequency of the voltage induced in the
rotor is given by
Pn
fr 
120
Where fr = the rotor frequency (Hz)
P = number of stator poles
n = slip speed (rpm)
P  (ns  nm )
fr 
120
P  sns
  sf e
120
 What would be the frequency of the rotor’s
induced voltage at any speed nm?

f r  sf e
 When the rotor is blocked (s=1) , the
frequency of the induced voltage is equal
to the supply frequency
 On the other hand, if the rotor runs at
synchronous speed (s = 0), the frequency
will be zero
 While the input to the induction motor is electrical
power, its output is mechanical power and for that
we should know some terms and quantities related
to mechanical power
 Any mechanical load applied to the motor shaft will
introduce a Torque on the motor shaft. This torque
is related to the motor output power and the rotor
speed
Pout 2nm
 load  ( N .m) m  (rad / s)
m and 60
 Another unit used to measure mechanical power is
the horse power
 It is used to refer to the mechanical output power
of the motor
 Since we, as an electrical engineers, deal with watts
as a unit to measure electrical power, there is a
relation between horse power and watts

1 hp  746 watts
A 208-V, 10hp, four pole, 60 Hz, Y-
connected induction motor has a full-load
slip of 5 percent
1. What is the synchronous speed of this motor?
2. What is the rotor speed of this motor at rated
load?
3. What is the rotor frequency of this motor at
rated load?
4. What is the shaft torque of this motor at rated
load?
1. 120 f e 120(60)
nsync    1800 rpm
P 4
2.
nm  (1  s)ns
3.  (1  0.05) 1800  1710 rpm

f r  sf e  0.05  60  3Hz
4.

Pout Pout
 load  
m 2 nm
60
10 hp  746 watt / hp
  41.7 N .m
1710  2  (1/ 60)
 The induction motor is similar to the transformer with
the exception that its secondary windings are free to
rotate

As we noticed in the transformer, it is easier if we can combine

these two circuits in one circuit but there are some difficulties
 When the rotor is locked (or blocked), i.e. s =1, the
largest voltage and rotor frequency are induced in
the rotor.
 On the other side, if the rotor rotates at
synchronous speed, i.e. s = 0, the induced voltage
and frequency in the rotor will be equal to zero.

ER  sE R 0

Where ER0 is the largest value of the rotor’s induced voltage

obtained at s = 1(locked rotor)
 The same is true for the frequency, i.e.
f r  sf e
 It is known that
X  L  2fL
So, as the frequency of the induced voltage
in the rotor changes, the reactance of the
rotor circuit also changes
Where Xr0 is the rotor reactance X r   r Lr  2f r Lr
at the supply frequency
(at blocked rotor)
 2sf e Lr

 sX r 0
 Then, we can draw the rotor equivalent
circuit as follows

Where ER is the induced voltage in the rotor and RR

is the rotor resistance
 Now we can calculate the rotor current as
ER
IR 
( RR  jX R )
sER 0

( RR  jsX R 0 )
 Dividing both the numerator and denominator by s
so nothing changes we get

ER 0
IR 
RR
(  jXand
Where ER0 is the induced voltage R 0 ) XR0 is the rotor
s
reactance at blocked rotor condition (s = 1)
 Now we can have the rotor equivalent circuit
 Now as we managed to solve the induced voltage
and different frequency problems, we can combine
the stator and rotor circuits in one equivalent
circuit
Where

X 2  aeff
2
X R0
R2  aeff
2
RR
IR
I2 
aeff
E1  aeff ER 0
NS
aeff 
NR
 Copper losses
◦ Copper loss in the stator (PSCL) = I12R1
◦ Copper loss in the rotor (PRCL) = I22R2
 Core loss (Pcore)
 Mechanical power loss due to friction and windage
 How this power flow in the motor?
Pin  3 VL I L cos   3 V ph I ph cos 
PSCL  3 I12 R1

PAG  Pin  ( PSCL  Pcore )

PRCL  3I 22 R2
Pconv  PAG  PRCL
Pconv
Pout  Pconv  ( Pf  w  Pstray )  ind 
m
 We can rearrange the equivalent circuit as
follows

Resistance
Actual rotor equivalent to
resistance mechanical load
Pin  3 VL I L cos   3 V ph I ph cos 
PSCL  3 I12 R1
R2 PRCL
PAG  Pin  ( PSCL  Pcore )  Pconv  PRCL  3I 2
2 
s s
PRCL  3I 22 R2
Pconv  PAG  PRCL  3I 22 R2 (1  s) PRCL (1  s)

s s
Pconv  (1  s ) PAG
Pconv (1  s) PAG
Pout  Pconv  ( Pf  w  Pstray )  ind  
m (1  s)s
 PAG Pconv
1 1-s

PRCL
s
PAG : PRCL : Pconv
1 : s : 1-s
A 480-V, 60 Hz, 50-hp, three phase induction motor is
drawing 60A at 0.85 PF lagging. The stator copper losses
are 2 kW, and the rotor copper losses are 700 W. The
friction and windage losses are 600 W, the core losses are
1800 W, and the stray losses are negligible. Find the
following quantities:
1. The air-gap power PAG.
2. The power converted Pconv.
3. The output power Pout.
4. The efficiency of the motor.
1. Pin  3VL I L cos 
 3  480  60  0.85  42.4 kW
PAG  Pin  PSCL  Pcore
2.  42.4  2  1.8  38.6 kW
Pconv  PAG  PRCL
3. 700
 38.6   37.9 kW
1000
Pout  Pconv  PF &W
600
 37.9   37.3 kW
1000
 37.3
Pout   50 hp
0.746

Pout
4.  100%
Pin
37.3
 100  88%
42.4
A 460-V, 25-hp, 60 Hz, four-pole, Y-connected induction motor
has the
following impedances in ohms per phase referred to the stator
circuit:
R1= 0.641 R2= 0.332
X1= 1.106  X2= 0.464  XM= 26.3 
The total rotational losses are 1100 W and are assumed to be
constant.
The core loss is lumped in with the rotational losses. For a rotor
slip of
2.2 percent at the rated voltage and rated frequency, find the
motor’s
1.
4. PSpeed
conv and Pout
2. Stator current
5. ind and load
3. Power factor
6. Efficiency
1. 120 f e 120  60
nsync    1800 rpm
P 4
nm  (1  s )nsync  (1  0.022) 1800  1760 rpm
2.
R2 0.332
Z2   jX 2   j 0.464
s 0.022
 15.09  j 0.464  15.11.76 
1 1
Zf  
1/ jX M  1/ Z 2  j 0.038  0.0662  1.76
1
  12.9431.1 
0.0773  31.1
 Z tot  Z stat  Z f
 0.641  j1.106  12.9431.1 
 11.72  j 7.79  14.0733.6 
4600
3. I  V  3  18.88  33.6 A
4. Z tot 14.0733.6
1

PF  cos 33.6  0.833 lagging

Pin  3VL I L cos   3  460 18.88  0.833  12530 W
PSCL  3I12 R1  3(18.88) 2  0.641  685 W
PAG  Pin  PSCL  12530  685  11845 W
 Pconv  (1  s) PAG  (1  0.022)(11845)  11585 W

Pout  Pconv  PF &W  11585  1100  10485 W

10485
5. =  14.1 hp
746
PAG 11845
 ind    62.8 N.m
sync 2 1800
60
6. Pout 10485
 load    56.9 N.m
m 2 1760
60
Pout 10485
 100%  100  83.7%
Pin 12530
Induction Motor – Power and Torque
The output power can be found as
Pout = Pconv – PF&W – Pmisc
The induced torque or developed torque:
A two-pole, 50-Hz induction motor supplies 15kW
to a
load at a speed of 2950 rpm.
1. What is the motor’s slip?
2. What is the induced torque in the motor in N.m under
these conditions?
3. What will be the operating speed of the motor if its
torque is doubled?
4. How much power will be supplied by the motor when the
torque is doubled?
1. 120 f e 120  50
nsync    3000 rpm
P 2
nsync  nm 3000  2950
s   0.0167 or 1.67%
nsync 3000
2.
no Pf W given
 assume Pconv  Pload and  ind   load
Pconv 15 103
 ind    48.6 N.m
m 2
2950 
60
3. In the low-slip region, the torque-speed curve
is linear and the induced torque is direct
proportional to slip. So, if the torque is doubled
the new slip will be 3.33% and the motor speed
will be
nm  (1  s)nsync  (1  0.0333)  3000  2900 rpm

Pconv   ind m
4.
2
 (2  48.6)  (2900  )  29.5 kW
60