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    The document discusses speech sounds and their production. It introduces the International Phonetic Alphabet used to represent speech sounds. It describes the organs involved in speech production like the larynx, tongue, lips. It explains vowels in terms of tongue height and backness. Consonants are classified by manner of articulation like plosives, fricatives and place of articulation like bilabial, alveolar. It distinguishes between phones, phonemes and allophones as the basic units of speech sounds.

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    PPT2 Updated

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    The document discusses speech sounds and their production. It introduces the International Phonetic Alphabet used to represent speech sounds. It describes the organs involved in speech production like the larynx, tongue, lips. It explains vowels in terms of tongue height and backness. Consonants are classified by manner of articulation like plosives, fricatives and place of articulation like bilabial, alveolar. It distinguishes between phones, phonemes and allophones as the basic units of speech sounds.

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    The document discusses speech sounds and their production. It introduces the International Phonetic Alphabet used to represent speech sounds. It describes the organs involved in speech production like the larynx, tongue, lips. It explains vowels in terms of tongue height and backness. Consonants are classified by manner of articulation like plosives, fricatives and place of articulation like bilabial, alveolar. It distinguishes between phones, phonemes and allophones as the basic units of speech sounds.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    28 views19 pages

    PPT2 Updated

    Uploaded by

    albertocastillomar
    The document discusses speech sounds and their production. It introduces the International Phonetic Alphabet used to represent speech sounds. It describes the organs involved in speech production like the larynx, tongue, lips. It explains vowels in terms of tongue height and backness. Consonants are classified by manner of articulation like plosives, fricatives and place of articulation like bilabial, alveolar. It distinguishes between phones, phonemes and allophones as the basic units of speech sounds.

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    Unit 2 The production of speech sounds

     Introduction
     Speech
     Standard English

     IPA

     Organs of speech
     Articulators

     Vowels

     Consonants

     Phone, phoneme,
    allophone
    Speech= articulation of a group of sounds produced following a set of
    rules that belong to an established system.

    Linguistic code (vocal sounds)

    Human anatomy
    and phisiology

    Articulatory aspects PHONETICS vs. Phonology


    Sound system of
    languages
    Acoustic factors
    Standard English Received Pronunciation
    (SE) (RP)

    Social dialect (high


    status)

    Educational institutions,
    government, law, church
    and media.

    Official language
    IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet)

    Alphabetic system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet.

    Created by the International Phonetic Association in the nineteenth


    century.

    Standardised representation of the sounds of the spoken language.


    IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet)
    Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
    Plosive (voiceless/ /p/ pale /t/ tale /k/ cat
    voiced) /b/ boat /d/ dog /g/ goal
    Nasal (voiced) /m/ rum /n/ run /ŋ/ ring

    Fricative (voiceless/ /f/ fat /θ/ think /s/ sip /ʃ/ dish /h/ hot
    voiced) /v/ van /ð/ that /z/ zip /Ʒ/ measure
    Affricate (voiceless/ /tʃ/ church
    voiced) /ʤ/ judge
    Lateral (voiced) /l/ like

    Approximant (voiced) /w/ would /r/ road /j/ you


    Organs of speech

     Participate in the production of speech


     Vocal tract

    • Pharynx and mouth cavity


    • Larynx and vocal folds
    • Trachea
    • Lungs and diaphragm

    Glottis
    Articulators  To produce different speech sounds – vowels or consonants.

    Fig. 2 Parts of the tongue

    Fig. 1 Articulators
    English vowels
    High
    • Open articulation Mid
    • Voiced
    • Oral Low

    Which part of the How far the tongue Opening degree of


    tongue is raised is raised oral cavity

    o Front vowels o High vowels o Close vowels


    o Central vowels o Mid vowels o Half close vowels
    o Back vowels o Low vowels o Half open vowels
    o Open vowels
    English vowels

    /i:/ beat /i/ bit


    High
    /u:/ boot /ʊ/ book
    /e/ red /ɜ:/ bird Mid
    /ə/ about /ɔ:/ bought
    /ʌ/ cut /æ/ cat Low
    /ɑ:/ laugh /ɒ/ pot
    English vowels

    Lip position

    o Rounded vowels:/ɒ/ as in got, /ʊ/ as in book

    o Unrounded vowels: /i/ as in pin, /e/ as in pet

    Time of production

    o Long vowels: /i:/ feel, /u:/ boot

    o Short vowels: /i/ fit, /ʊ/ book


    Diphthongs

     Two vowels in the same syllable.

    Closing Centring

    Ending in /i/ Ending in /ʊ/ Ending in /ə/

    /ai/ /ei/ /ɔi/ /aʊ/ /əʊ/ /eə/ /uə/ /iə/


    cry rain boy cow go chair sure fear
    Triphthongs

     Three positions of the tongue  three different sounds.

     A diphthong + a schwa /ə/


    English consonants  Closed articulation

    • Voicing
    • Manner of articulation
    • Place of articulation
    English consonants: voicing  Speech sounds produced by the vocal folds.

    VOICELESS
    VOICED
    /p/ pig
    /b/ boat /m/ mum
    /t/ tea
    /d/ dog /n/ noon
    /k/ coat
    /g/ goat /ŋ/ sing
    /f/ fan
    /v/ van /l/ lip
    /s/ soup
    /z/ zip /r/ round
    /ʃ/ fish
    /Ʒ/ measure
    /θ/ thumb
    /ð/ this
    /tʃ/ teacher
    /ʤ/ juice
    /h/ house
    English consonants: manner of articulation

     The way the airflow is affected as it comes from the lungs and out of the mouth and nose.

    Plosives /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, /g/


     Closing phase (articulators pushed together) Fricatives /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /Ʒ/, /h/
     Holding phase (air trapped, soft palate raised,  Passage partially blocked by articulators
    pressure)  Hissing sound
     Release phase (plosion)

    Affricates /tʃ/, /ʤ/


     Plosive (obstruction of the airstream) + fricative (air released through a constricted space)
    English consonants: manner of articulation

    Lateral /l/ Nasals /m/, /n/, /ŋ/


     Tongue touches the alveolar ridge  Air released through the nose
     Air escapes along the sides of the tongue  Soft palate raised

    Approximant /r/
     Tip of the tongue approaches alveolar area but they do not touch
    /w/, /j/
     Tongue and lips move during its production
     Some similarities with vowels
    English consonants: place of articulation

     Place where consonants are formed  major obstruction


    Dental Glottal: the
    Alveolar: the tongue airway is
    touches the alveolar ridge The teeth touch
    The tongue touches obstructed in
    the bottom lip
    the teeth the glottis
    (labiodental)
    English consonants: place of articulation

    Palatal: the tongue Velar: The rear part of


    Bilabial: formed at the
    touches the hard the tongue touches the
    touching of both lips
    palate soft palate
    Phone, phoneme, allophone

    • Phone: “the smallest perceptible discrete segment of sound in a stream


    of speech” Crystal (2008).

    • Phoneme: the smallest independent unit that can bring about a change
    in meaning. /k/ cat vs. /h/ hat

    • Allophones: phones which belong to the same phoneme and do not


    affect the meaning. [t] vs. [tʰ] tea

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