LIBERTY Final PDF File

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LIBERTY
 Liberty is modern concept which emerged with the
development of democracy and constitutional government.
 Liberty emerge with liberalism which justify individualism.
Henry Benjamin Constant describe the two varieties of
liberty:-
 (a)Ancient liberty:- Exist in the Greek era where citizens
had right to participate in the political decision making
directly.
 (b) Modern liberty:- It focuses over autonomy and
independence of individuals from the restraint.
RAJESH MISHRA
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 Miller says that there are three traditions of liberty:-

 (a)Republican liberty:- It was recognized by the thinkers
like Machiavelli, Rousseau and Hannah Arendt. Citizens
are entitled to participate in the public decision making. It
is possible in a form of direct democracy.
 (b)Property of individuals:- Liberals said that individual
is owner of his mind and body and therefore nobody is
allowed to interfere in the life of others.
 (c)Self-realisation:- Liberty is not merely a freedom of
choice but it is freedom from our weaknesses, compulsions
and from lower desires. Idealist scholars like Rousseau and
Green emphasize over moral development is the true
meaning of liberty.
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LIBERTY ACCORDING TO LIBERALS

 Hobbes is not liberal but he laid down the philosophical
foundation of liberalism. Hobbes said that silence of law is
liberty.
 John Locke is the father of liberalism who supported idea of
freedom of conscience and freedom of religious faith in his book
‘Latter on Toleration’.
 J.S Mill in his essay on liberty (1859) said that liberty means to
left to oneself and all restraint qua restraint is an evil.
 Neo-liberals like Berlin, Hayek are the staunch supporter of
liberty.
 Karl Popper defined freedom as non-interference. Hayek in his
book ‘Constitution of Liberty’ said that state in which man is
not subject to coercion by arbitrary will of another.

LIBERTY AND LAW Ph : 09899156495
 Hobbes says that liberty is silence of law. It means liberty

is not available in the state of nature. Absence of law
refers absence of state and government.
 Locke categorically said that law is essential for liberty and
law protects and enhance the liberty. The law for Locke is
law made by limited constitutional government.
 Absolute government destroy liberty therefore, Locke
search a middle path which negates absolute government
and lack of government.
 Law made by absolute government may not be conducive
for flourishing liberty.
 Liberty means freedom of speech and expression against
authority and against customs and traditional society
too.
LIBERTY AND DEMOCRACY Ph : 09899156495
 Normally, democracy is considered as a precondition

for flourishing the liberty but opinion of Robert
Acton and Alexis D. Tocqueville said that democracy
may be harmful for liberty.
 Democracy promotes tyranny of majority. Tyranny is
dangerous whether it exercised by one person or
majority. Majority is not always right.
 Acton’s famous statement is that aspiration of
equality destroy liberty.
 JS Mill also agrees with the view point of Tocqueville.
Mill says that liberty is essence of democracy rather
than the rule of majority.

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MARXIST CONCEPT OF
LIBERATION
 Marx said that end of necessity is freedom. Necessity is a
compulsion created by the capitalist economy and class divided
society. Due to capitalism individual is not free to make their
choices. On the contrary they are compelled to engage in work
which they dislike.
 Neo-marxist Herbert Marcuse wrote a book ‘one dimensional
man’ he said that human being is having the multiple
dimensions but they are becoming merely a consumer in the
capitalist world.
 Neo-marxist scholar Eric Fromm wrote that capitalist society
can’t provide freedom and he wrote a book ‘the fear of
freedom’ and ‘escape from freedom’. He said that individuals
becomes like a machine in the age of capitalism. Therefore
Marxist believe in liberation which requires restructuring of
political and economic system.

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FEMINIST CONCEPT OF
LIBERATION
 Radical feminist like Kate Millet Betty Frieden also look
for restructuring society which is dominated by
patriarchy.
 Merely presence of democracy and constitutional
government is not a guarantee of liberty for the women.
 Women don’t have control over their won body too.
Therefore, they don’t receive the right of abortion. They
are not free from domestic violence and sexual
harassment. Carol Patman welfare state is also
patriarchal state which provide social goods for male
only.
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NEGATIVE LIBERTY POSITIVE LIBERTY-FREEDOM
 Civil political liberty.  Moral freedom.

 Neo-liberals believe in  Positive liberals and socialist
negative liberty. believe in positive liberty.
 Absence of restraints.  Moral self-realisation.
 Limited role of state.  Positive role of state which
facilitate social economic
development.
 Community is more
 Individual is more important.
important.
 Liberty from. Thus, restraint

 Liberty to. It means restraint
is external.
is internal.

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NEGATIVE LIBERTY
 IDEA OF HAYEK
 In his book constitution of liberty he defined liberty
as absence of restraints. Liberty implies equality before
law, freedom from arbitrary arrest, freedom of choice,
free movement and free to own property. He said that
liberty is different from the following three concept:
 (a)Political liberty
 (b)Liberty as power
 (c)Inner freedom

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 THOUGHT OF BERLIN
 Berlin wrote an essay ‘two concepts of liberty’ and
later this essay was changed in a book that is four
concepts of liberty.
 Berlin is a new liberal and therefore individualist too
who believe that there is no perfect idea or thought of
good life and good society. He believes in pluralism
which implies that no value like liberty, equality or
welfare is more important than others.
 Each value carry its own importance and therefore
diversity of ideas and thought is essential for
flourishing liberty.

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 Berlin says that monism is oppose to pluralism.

Monoist look for a perfect society an state which
automatically becomes Utopian.
 Marxist and Fascist believe in Monoism therefore
justify a single social order and a perfect society which
eventually suppress liberty.
 Berlin was against the methodological pluralism
too. Which means we can keep different technique and
method for studying and analyzing different subjects.
Therefore Berlin rejected the positivistic and scientific
method of Karl Popper.

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NEGATIVE LIBERTY OF BERLIN

 For Berlin negative liberty is associated with following
features:-
 (1)Freedom from interference or Absence of restraints.
 (2)It is a choice among options.
 (3)It is not linked with democracy or self-government.
 For Berlin negative liberty is intrinsically important. It
is a condition of self creation. It is not means for
attaining autonomy or choice of good. Individual is
free to fly like an eagle or swim like a whale and
free to buy a bread.

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CRTICISM OF POSITIVE LIBERTY

 Berlin says that positive liberty implies the following
features:-
 (1)self-mastery or self realisation
 (2)Obedience of higher will or rational will
 (3)Society or state knows better what individual requires
 (4)True want of individual is quite opposite of what he is
conscious of wanting
 Berlin says that the scholars like Kant, Fichte, Hegel and
Marx support the notion of positive liberty. Positive liberty
becomes a tool in hand of non- democratic government for
suppressing the liberty.

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Ph : 09899156495

 Miller says that there are three traditions of liberty:-

LIBERTY ACCORDING TO LIBERALS

Visit us at : www.saraswatiias.com BY- RAJESH MISHRA

 Hobbes says that liberty is silence of law. It means liberty

 Normally, democracy is considered as a precondition

Visit us at : www.saraswatiias.com BY- RAJESH MISHRA

Visit us at : www.saraswatiias.com BY- RAJESH MISHRA

NEGATIVE LIBERTY POSITIVE LIBERTY-FREEDOM

 Civil political liberty.  Moral freedom.

 Liberty from. Thus, restraint

Visit us at : www.saraswatiias.com BY- RAJESH MISHRA

Visit us at : www.saraswatiias.com BY- RAJESH MISHRA

Visit us at : www.saraswatiias.com BY- RAJESH MISHRA

 Berlin says that monism is oppose to pluralism.

Visit us at : www.saraswatiias.com BY- RAJESH MISHRA

NEGATIVE LIBERTY OF BERLIN

Visit us at : www.saraswatiias.com BY- RAJESH MISHRA

CRTICISM OF POSITIVE LIBERTY

Visit us at : www.saraswatiias.com BY- RAJESH MISHRA

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