Present and Justify a Problem and Solution

Requirements

Introduction
Egypt has struggled in recent years to advance toward becoming a developed
country due to the several challenges obstructing its way. These challenges are
represented in arid areas, climate change, pollution, improving the use of
alternative energy, and many more which will be later discussed. To address these
issues, we have designed a capstone project that will likely help find effective
solutions to most of the mentioned challenges and add suggestions to the
development of Egypt in different aspects. improving the use of alternative energy
is our target challenge to be solved. The engineering design process will be
followed to reach our solution by looking for prior solutions for that issue and
suggesting a new resource of alternative energy according to specific requirements.

Egypt grand’s challenge

Improve technological scientific
environment.
Technological environment refers to the state
of science and technology in the country and
related aspects such as rate of technological
progress, institutional arrangements for
development and application of new
.technology, etc

Technology comprises of both machines (hard technology) and scientific thinking

(soft technology) used to solve problems and promote progress. It consists of not
only knowledge and methods required to carry on and improve production and
distribution of goods and services, but also entrepreneurial expertise and
professional know how. Technology includes inventions and innovations.

main features of technological environment:

 Technological environment is a component of macro or indirect action
environment.
 Technological environment changes very fast.
 Technological environment affects the way the resources of the economy are
converted into output.
 Technological environment is self-reinforcing. An invention in one place
leads to a sequence of inventions in other places.

The impact of technological scientific

environment:
Modern gadgets and rapidly evolving
technology have revolutionized the world in
many ways. Most people can’t live without
smartphones, laptops and other day-to-day
devices that have flooded the markets. While
technology is often seen as an indicator of
economic growth and prosperity, it is
detrimental to the health and well-being of
our planet.

?What is the Environmental Cost of Developing New Technology

The environmental cost of developing new technology is manifold. The number of
resources that are utilized, the volume of waste generated, increased greenhouse
gas emissions, water pollution and land degradation are all results of enthusiastic
endeavors by capitalist firms who are in the rat race with each other for developing
.new technologies

While revolutionary research for developing new technologies is a goal for many
corporations, the environmental impact, efficiency, and utility of those
technologies is hardly thought of. The stakeholders do not take any responsibility
for the harm their research projects and technology cause to the environment.

Technology – a double-edged sword:

Technology has many negative environmental effects but recently people have
started talking about developing and using eco-friendly and ‘clean and green
technologies.’ Hence, we can call technology a double-edged sword.
It has improved the quality of human life and led to the growth of a tech-savvy
world but caused immense harm to the environment.

How has Technology Harmed the Environment?

The consequence of developing new technologies is increased pollution. Air
pollution occurs when harmful gases
such as carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide are released
into the atmosphere during the
manufacture of new devices and
gadgets. It is caused by industries,
factories, power stations, burning of
fossil fuels and so on. It is important to
realize the seriousness of this issue as
air pollution would lead to an increase
.in average global temperature

Air pollution is also a major cause of respiratory diseases, especially in the

.developing world. It causes asthma and other breathing problems
Massive water pollution has become the order of the day. Industrial effluents,
harmful chemicals and toxins, untreated wastewater and industrial sludge is
released into water bodies. It can cause a degradation of marine ecosystems,
mutations in the living organisms, eutrophication etc. It is equally dangerous for
human beings as it could cause mercury or lead poisoning if that water is
.consumed and cancer

:Role of Governments
Change needs to come from within but it also needs to be pushed when we are
standing on the brink of an impending disaster. Governments need to take charge
to make their citizens vigilant about the harmful effects of technology on the
environment. Many nations have taken proactive steps in this regard.

What can we as consumers do about Negative effects of technology

on the environment?
As environmentally conscious consumers we should always remember the negative
effects of technology on our environment. We should purchase second-hand
gadgets rather than always buying new ones. While buying, we could look at more
sustainable options. Instead of buying from mainstream brands we should also do
proper research and find out about companies that manufacture eco-friendly
products.

Also, instead of following trends and changing our phones every year, we should
try to use it as long as possible and send it for recycling when it wears out. All
these individual steps would surely go a long way in making our environment
clean and green.

Developing Environment-Friendly Technologies:

As more and more people are becoming aware of the catastrophic impact of
technology on our environment, there is a
gradual move towards a sustainable and low-carbon world economy. Environment
technology is also referred to as clean and green technology as it focuses on
mitigating the current ecological crisis and prompts the use of technology for the
betterment of the environment rather than harming it.

Technology that is beneficial to the environment includes the use of-

1. Renewable energy

Renewable energy is tapped from

resources like sunlight, wind, rain, tides
and so on. This energy is abundant and
perennial and could be tapped to
produce electricity and heat through
solar panels, wind, and water turbines.
This would be a positive use of
technology as it would not harm nature
and results in economic prosperity.

2. Use of Smart Technology:

The use of smart technology

increases efficiency and saves
energy. This works by linking
sensors and other gadgets to the
Internet of things. Internet of
things is a web of devices
connected with each other and
the internet. These devices make
automatic decisions based on the
information provided. For
example, intelligent lighting
systems only light up areas that need it and a smart thermostat maintains a
certain temperature during the day given the weather, therefore, reducing
wastage. Environment-friendly technology is possible due to the
interconnectivity offered by the internet and globalization. Many researchers
have predicted that in the future, every electrical device including vehicles
would be interconnected leading to the development of smart cities.
Digital technologies have advanced more rapidly than any innovation in our
history – reaching around 50 per
cent of the developing world’s
population in only two decades
and transforming societies. By
enhancing connectivity, financial
inclusion, access to trade and
public services, technology can be
.a great equalizer

In the health sector, for instance, AI-enabled frontier technologies are helping to
save lives, diagnose diseases and extend life
expectancy. In education, virtual learning
environments and distance learning have opened
programmes to students who would otherwise be
excluded. Public services are also becoming more
accessible and accountable through blockchain-
powered systems, and less bureaucratically
burdensome because of AI assistance. Big data can
also support more responsive and accurate policies
and programmes.

Throughout history, technological revolutions have changed the labor force:

creating new forms and patterns of work, making others obsolete, and leading to
wider societal changes. This current wave of change is likely to have profound
impacts. For example, the International Labor Organization estimates that the shift
to a greener economy could create 24 million new jobs globally by 2030 through
the adoption of sustainable practices in the energy sector, the use of electric
vehicles and increasing energy efficiency in existing and future buildings.
There is broad agreement that managing
these trends will require changes in our
approach to education, for instance, by
placing more emphasis on science,
technology, engineering, and math; by
teaching soft skills, and resilience; and by
ensuring that people can re-skill and up-
skill throughout their lifetimes. Unpaid
work, for example childcare and elderly
care in the home, will need to be better
supported, especially as with the shifting age profile of global populations, the
demands on these tasks are likely to increase.

Today, digital technologies such as

data pooling and AI are used to track
and diagnose issues in agriculture,
health, and the environment, or to
perform daily tasks such as navigating
traffic or paying a bill. They can be
used to defend and exercise human
rights – but they can also be used to
violate them, for example, by
monitoring our movements, purchases,
conversations, and behaviors.
Governments and businesses increasingly have the tools to mine and exploit data
for financial and other purposes.

Social media connects almost half of the

entire global population. It enables people
to make their voices heard and to talk to people across the world in real time.
However, it can also reinforce prejudices and sow discord, by giving hate speech
.and misinformation a platform, or by amplifying echo chambers
In this way, social media algorithms can fuel the fragmentation of societies around
the world. And yet they also have the potential to do the opposite.

How to manage these developments is the subject of much discussion – nationally

and internationally – at a time when geopolitical
tensions are on the rise. The UN Secretary-General
has warned of a ‘great fracture’ between world
powers, each with their own internet and AI strategy,
as well as dominant currency, trade and financial rules
and contradictory geopolitical and military views.
Such a divide could establish a digital Berlin Wall.
Increasingly, digital cooperation between states – and
a universal cyberspace that reflects global standards
for peace and security, human rights, and sustainable
development – is seen as crucial to ensuring a united world. A ‘global commitment
for digital cooperation’ is a key recommendation by the Secretary-General’s High-
level Panel on Digital Cooperation.

Recycling garbage
Landfills turn into looming mountains of
trash, fast fashion piles up in deserts, and
plastic pollution collected on beaches
gets dumped back into the ocean — it’s clear
we’re not
managing our waste well at all.The majority
of global waste
ends up getting incinerated or piled up in
landfills, streams,
and eventually our oceans. Besides the
horrifying statistics
of trash in oceans (the amount of which Landfills
outweighs all fish combined, according
to Conservation International), the problem
with garbage is that we fundamentally think of it as “out of sight, out of mind.”
But our waste problem does not only take form in the infamous and highly
publicized Great Pacific Garbage Patch; land-disposed trash is a serious climate
issue that not only drives global warming but also displacement, crime, and
economic burdens.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are the third-largest source of human-
related methane emissions in the United States, Sources of methane emissions
accounting for approximately 14.5 percent of
these emissions in 2020. The methane emissions from MSW landfills in 2020
were approximately equivalent to the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from about
20.3 million passenger vehicles driven for one year or
the CO2 emissions from nearly 11.9 million homes’ energy use for one year. At
the same time, methane emissions from MSW landfills represent a lost opportunity
to capture and use a significant energy resource. Less than
20% of global waste is recycled each year and rich countries often export
recyclables to poorer nations.The EPA announced a landmark strategy on Nov. 15,
National Recycling Day, that aims to get the US to a 50% recycling rate by the end
of the decade. A 2018 estimate puts the US at a recycling rate of 32% with only
8.7% plastic waste being recycled each year. The new strategy aims to reduce the
amount of waste that ends up in landfills or shipped abroad. In 2018, China, a
major waste importer, declared that it would no longer take on the burden of
overseas plastic waste management. Separately, under the Basel Convention, more
than 180 countries agreed to impose stricter rules on plastic exporting to poorer
countries. But early 2021
estimates showed the US actually
increased the amount of plastic it
shipped off, from 45 million tons
the previous year to 48 million
tons. The US, UK, Canada, Ireland,
and Germany have relied
on countries like China, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Kenya, Vietnam, and
Turkey to take on their recycling,
but countries overwhelmed with the massive imports or under equipped to handle
it properly often mismanage or incinerate the recyclables. One-third of recyclables
in the US are shipped abroad. The UK estimates that 46% of its recycling goes to
countries like Turkey, Poland, and Malaysia.
The COVID-19 pandemic has made our waste and recycling problem worse.
Recycling rates fell across Europe, Asia, and the US since the onset of the COVID-
19 pandemic. But the pandemic also produced a surplus amount of new waste in
the forms of PPE and single-use items.
Trash is exported out of London on a barge.
A study from the Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)
showed that the pandemic generated over 8 million tons of plastic waste around the
world and over 25,000 tons of that waste entered the ocean.

Each year around 92 million metric

tons of textile waste is generated
around the world.
An estimated 59,000 metric tons of
clothing is received at the Iquique port
in Northern Chile, where resellers may
buy up stock. Most of it, about 39,000
metric tons, ends up as waste in the
desert.
Covid 19 increased the waste problem.
 Approximately 85% of all textiles in the US ends up in the trash. Every year,
Americans throw out 12.8 million tons of textiles. Globally, the fashion sector
accounts for 10% of greenhouse gas emissions with textile production releasing 1.2
billion metric tons of greenhouse gases each year.
Our trash pile-ups affect animal behavior. The annual
United Nations Climate Change Conference
(COP26) in Glasgow dominated daily headlines with
coverage ranging from climate commitment
announcements to masses of protesters thronging the
streets. But a story from the New York
Times documenting the overwhelming trash problems
the Scottish city experienced due to the talks featured one
Our trash harms animals
small, hairy detail: an increased population of rats who
reportedly attacked and sent four sanitation workers to the hospital over the course
of five months. And while it’s true that “all cities have rats,” as Glasgow city
council leader Susan Aitken said in response to the attacks, it does not diminish the
fact that increased waste attracts more scavengers who may choose to lash out. In
some cases, rodents used to living off an abundance of city food waste, have
exhibited “abnormal behavior” due to the COVID-19 pandemic. With restaurants
shut down and their food supplies cut off, rats in New York City began to
starve. Forbes reported that once outdoor dining started up, customers experienced
a new level of interaction with hungry rats looking for food. New Yorkers are no
strangers to rats — NYC has the third-largest rat population in the US with 2
million inhabitants — but human waste has a history of influencing animal
behavior in general.
A 2016 study from Movement Ecology posited that white storks in Portugal had
changed their migration patterns due to an abundance of food waste in landfills. In
Argentina, waste produced from increased fishery activity may have instigated a
37% growth in gull populations, which has resulted in an escalating rate of gull
attacks on whales. In 30 years, evidence of gull attacks on whales shot up from 2%
in the 1970s to 99% in the 2000s. There’s more than one ocean garbage patch
around the world.The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a horrifying collection of
floating trash spanning an area three times the size of France located between
California and Hawai’i. Over the years, the patch has been highly publicized for its
astonishing enormity and strain on the environment, but it’s not the only garbage
patch floating around our seas. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), there are at least two more areas where ocean gyres have
caused trash to collect: one in the South Pacific Ocean, the other in the North
Atlantic Ocean.

Water pollution due to waste

While technological innovations allow us to enjoy products and services that make
our lives easier, it is also creating a society that rapidly consumes raw materials.
Along with capitalism, we are producing more trash every year. Recycling
statistics predict that if this remains uncontrolled, global waste will increase by up
to 70% in 2050.
Luckily, public and private institutions are beginning to implement programs to
manage the by-products of modern living. Aside from proper waste management,
recycling is an integral part of creating a sustainable way of life.
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change.
Recycling makes a great difference to our environment, our life quality, and our
countries’ future, all of these occur by making products with materials that would
otherwise be filling our landfills. By reusing aluminum, paper, glass, plastics, and
other materials, we can save production and energy costs, and reduce the negative
impacts that the extraction and processing of virgin materials have on the
environment.
Recycling is one of the leading waste management solutions put forth by experts
around the world. However, while new systems and methods are being researched
every day, it is not enough to fully manage the current waste production rate of the
entire planet. Here’s a quick snapshot of the current situation in terms of waste
management and recycling:
More than 2 million tons of waste are produced around the world every year.
The United States produces the most trash in the world at around 1,600 pounds per
person per year.
Up to 50 million metric tons of electronic trash is thrown out every year around the
world.
High-income countries generate 51% of the global dry wastes, which can be
recycled.
More than 33% of waste in high-income
countries end up in open dumpsites.
Dry recyclables such as paper, metal, and
plastic make up about 38% of the global
waste.
Environmental impact of recycling
The environmental benefits of recycling
are that it saves energy, reduces air and
water pollution, reduces greenhouse gases,
and conserves natural resources. greenhouse gases emissions from landfills
By using recycled materials, the results are cleaner air and water, less pollution,
more forested land, and open space, reduced greenhouse gases, and prevention
of pollution that is generated when raw
material is used to make new products.
Recycling various types of materials contribute to energy savings: recycled steel
(60% energy saved), recycled plastics (70% energy saved), recycled newspaper
(40% energy saved), and recycled glass (40% energy saved).
Also, composting and recycling about 21.5 million of food waste is similar to
taking 2 million cars off the road.
Recycling in the manufacturing and mining industries saves up to 95% of the
freshwater used in their processes.
Recycling paper using 100% reused materials reduces about 38% of net
greenhouse gases.
Moreover, a ton of cardboard recycled saves one cubic yard of space in landfills.
Recycling one ton of newspapers saves fifteen trees.
Additionally, recycling one ton of newspaper saves enough energy to power a
television for 31 hours.
Furthermore, if all newspapers printed in the United States per year are recycled, it
can save up to 250 million trees.
Reprocessing one gallon of oil can generate enough energy to power a home for
half a day.
A recycled glass beer bottle only uses 2,700 kJ of energy to produce compared to
3,900 kJ of energy to create a glass beer bottle from raw materials.
If plastics dumped into the ocean are recycled, it can save the lives of up to 1
million sea creatures per year.
Economic Impact of Recycling
Recycling has a great economic benefit. It is a part of using products to their most
potential. When recycled material is used instead of raw material to make a new
product, natural resources and energy are saved. This is because recycled materials
have already been refined and processed once; manufacturing the second time is
much cleaner and less energy-intensive than the first. For example, manufacturing
with recycled aluminum cans uses 95% less energy than creating the same amount
of aluminum with bauxite.
Investments in recycling collection support a strong recycling manufacturing
industry, which brings jobs and high wages to localities. The first and the most
critical link of a chain of economic activity is collecting recyclable materials.
Importantly, many of these recycling manufacturers rely on a steady and consistent
supply of recyclable materials generated from recycling programs.
The international recycling industry is around $200 billion in value.
In the US, every 1,000 tons of recycled materials create 1.57 jobs, which are equal
to $76,000 in annual wages.
Municipalities in low-income countries spend about 20% of their budgets on solid
waste management, which includes recycling.
Advanced waste treatment and recycling systems can cost up to $100 per ton,
depending on the methodology and technology used.
About 15 million people worldwide are informally working in the waste section,
which includes picking wastes for recycling.
Recycling creates about 1.1 million jobs in the United States.
Recycling contributes about $230 billion in gross annual sales in the US.
Jobs created by recycling
in the United States is
equal to $37 billion in
yearly payouts.
The value of the waste
recycling services
market will grow up
to 376 billion by
2024.

Jobs produced by recycling.

Improve the use of alternative energies

Energy is at the heart of the climate challenge, and key to the solution. A large chunk
of the greenhouse gases that blanket the Earth and trap the sun’s heat are generated
through energy production, by burning fossil fuels to generate electricity and heat.
Fossil fuels are by far the largest contributor to global climate change, accounting for
over 75 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions and nearly 90 percent of all carbon
dioxide emissions.

Fossil fuels are made from decomposing

plants and animals. These fuels are
found in the Earth’s crust and contain
carbon and hydrogen, which can be
burned for energy. Coal, oil, and natural
gas are examples of fossil fuels. Coal is a
material usually found in sedimentary

Co2 emissions from fossil fuels in Egypt

rock deposits where rock and dead plant and animal matter are piled up in layers.
More than 50 percent of a piece of coal’s weight must be
from fossilized plants. Oil is originally found as a solid material between layers
of sedimentary rock, like shale. This material is heated in order to produce the
thick oil that can be used to make gasoline. Natural gas is usually found in pockets
above oil deposits. It can also be found in sedimentary rock layers that don’t
contain oil. Natural gas is primarily made up of methane.

According to the National Academies of Sciences, 81 percent of the total energy

used in the United States comes from coal, oil, and natural gas. This is the energy
that is used to heat and provide electricity to homes and businesses and to run cars
and factories. Unfortunately, fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource and waiting
millions of years for new coal, oil, and natural gas deposits to form is not a realistic
solution. Fossil fuels are also responsible for almost three-fourths of the emissions
from human activities in the last 20 years. Now, scientists and engineers have been
looking for ways to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and to make burning
these fuels cleaner and healthier for the environment.

Scientists across the country and around the world are trying to find solutions
to fossil fuel problems so that there is enough fuel and a healthy environment to
sustain human life and activities in the future. The United States Department of
Energy is working on technologies to make commercially available natural-gas-
powered vehicles. They are also trying to make coal burning and oil drilling
cleaner. Researchers at Stanford University in California have been using greener
technologies to figure out a way to burn fossil fuels while lessening their impact on
the environment.

Unfortunately, human society is—for the time being—dependent on nonrenewable

resources as its primary source of energy. Approximately 80 percent of the total
amount of energy used globally each year comes from fossil fuels. We depend on
fossil fuels because they are energy-rich
and relatively cheap to process.
But a major problem with fossil fuels,
aside from their being in limited supply,
is that burning them is harmful for
the environment as it releases carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere.

Fossil fuels consumption in 2021

When coal and oil are burned, they release particles that can pollute the air, water,
and land. Some of these particles are caught and set aside, but many of them are
released into the air. Burning fossil fuels also upsets Earth’s “carbon budget,”
which balances the carbon in the ocean, earth, and air. When fossil
fuels are combusted (heated), they release carbon dioxide into
the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a gas that keeps heat in Earth’s atmosphere, a
process called the “greenhouse effect.” The greenhouse effect is necessary to life
on Earth but relies on a balanced carbon budget. The carbon in fossil fuels has
been sequestered, or stored, underground for millions of years. By removing
this sequestered carbon from the earth and releasing it into the atmosphere,
Earth’s carbon budget is out of balance. This contributes to temperatures rising
faster than organisms can adapt.

Other disadvantages of the fossil fuels are the hard ways to get them, for example,
using coal is very harmful. Mining is one of the most dangerous jobs in the
world. Coal miners are exposed to toxic dust and face the dangers of cave-ins and
explosions at work. When coal is burned, it releases many toxic gases
and pollutants into the atmosphere. Mining for coal can also cause the ground to
cave in and create underground fires that burn for decades at a time.
Coal has to ways of mining to get it: underground mining and surface mining.
Underground mining is used when the coal is located below the surface of the
Earth, sometimes 300 meters (1,000 feet) deep—that’s deeper than most of the
Great Lakes! Miners take an elevator down a mineshaft.
They operate heavy machinery that cuts the coal out of
the Earth and brings it above ground. This can be dangerous
work because cutting coal can release dangerous gases.
The gases can cause explosions or make it hard for miners
to breathe. Surface mining is used when the coal is located
very near the surface of the earth. To get to the coal,
companies must first clear the area. They take away the Mining for coal
trees and soil. The coal can then be cut out of the ground more easily.
Entire habitats are destroyed during this process. About half the electricity in the
United States comes from coal. It gives power to our lights, refrigerators,
dishwashers, and most other things we plug in. When coal is burned, it leaves
“byproducts” that are also valuable. We use the byproducts to make cement,
plastics, roads, and many other things.
 Petroleum is also an example, burning gasoline is harmful
to the environment. It releases hazardous gases and fumes
into the air that we breathe. There is also the possibility of
an oil spill. If there is a problem with the drilling machinery,
the oil can explode out of the well and spill into the ocean or
surrounding land. Oil spills are environmental disasters, especially offshore spills.
Oil floats on water, so it can look like food to fish and ruin birds’ feathers.
Hazardous gases and fumes released
The science is clear: to avoid the worst impacts of climate change, emissions need to
by petroleum.
be reduced by almost half by 2030 and reach net-zero by 2050. To achieve this, we
need to end our reliance on fossil fuels and invest in alternative sources of energy that
are clean, accessible, affordable, sustainable, and reliable.

Renewable energy sources – which are available in abundance all around us, provided
by the sun, wind, water, waste, and heat from the Earth – are replenished by nature and
emit little to no greenhouse gases or pollutants into the air.

Alternative energy is energy that does not come from fossil fuels, and thus
produces little to no greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2). This means that
energy produced from alternative sources does not contribute to the greenhouse
effect that causes climate change.
These energy sources are referred to as “alternative” because they represent the
alternative to coal, oil, and natural gas, which have been the most common sources
of energy since the Industrial Revolution. These fossil fuels emit high levels of
CO2 when burned to produce energy and electricity. Alternative energy, however,
should not be confused with renewable energy, although many renewable
energy sources can also be considered alternative. Solar power, for example, is
both renewable and alternative because it will always be abundant, and
it emits no greenhouse gases. Nuclear power, however, is alternative but not
renewable, since it uses uranium, a finite resource.
This map shows the average percentage of a country’s total energy use that came
from alternative sources between the years 2006-2010. Alternative energy here
includes hydroelectric energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, wind
energy, nuclear energy, and biomass
energy. The data come from the World
Bank. It is important to note that while the
World Bank considers nuclear energy an
alternative energy source, not all energy policy experts agree on how to categorize
nuclear energy.

Alternative energy use

In any discussion about climate change, renewable energy usually tops the list of
changes the world can implement to stave off the worst effects of rising
temperatures. That's because renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind,
don't emit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that contribute to global
warming.

Clean energy has far more to recommend it than just being "green." The growing
sector creates jobs, makes electric grids more resilient, expands energy access in
developing countries, and helps lower energy bills. All of those factors have
contributed to a renewable
energy renaissance in recent years, with
wind and solar setting new records for
electricity generation.
For the past 150 years or so, humans
have relied heavily on coal, oil, and
other fossil fuels to power everything
from light bulbs to cars to factories.
Fossil fuels are embedded in nearly
everything we do, and as a result,
the greenhouse gases released from the
burning of those fuels have reached Global fossil fuel consumption

historically high levels.

As greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere that would otherwise escape into
space, average temperatures on the surface are rising. Global warming is one
symptom of climate change, the term scientists now prefer to describe the complex
shifts affecting our planet’s weather and climate systems. Climate
change encompasses not only rising average temperatures but also extreme
weather events, shifting wildlife populations and habitats, rising seas, and a range
of other impacts.

Types of Renewable Energy Sources

Hydropower: For centuries, people have harnessed the energy

of river currents, using dams to control water flow. Hydropower
is the world's biggest source of renewable energy by far, with
China, Brazil, Canada, the U.S., and Russia being the leading
hydropower producers. While hydropower is theoretically a clean
Hydropower
energy source replenished by rain and snow, it also has several
drawbacks.

Large dams can disrupt river ecosystems and surrounding communities, harming
wildlife, and displacing residents. Hydropower generation is vulnerable to silt
buildup, which can compromise capacity and harm equipment. Drought can also
cause problems. In the western U.S., carbon dioxide emissions over a 15-year
period were 100 megatons higher than they would have been with normal
precipitation levels, according to a 2018 study, as utilities turned to coal and gas to
replace hydropower lost to drought. Even hydropower at full capacity bears its own
emissions problems, as decaying organic material in reservoirs releases methane.

Dams aren't the only way to use water for power: Tidal and wave energy projects
around the world aim to capture the ocean's natural rhythms. Marine energy
projects currently generate an estimated 500 megawatts of power—less than one
percent of all renewables—but the potential is far greater. Programs like Scotland’s
Saltire Prize have encouraged innovation in this area.

Wind: Harnessing the wind as a source of energy started more than 7,000 years
ago. Now, electricity-generating wind turbines are proliferating around the globe,
and China, the U.S., and Germany are the world's leading wind
-energy producers. From 2001 to 2017, cumulative
wind capacity around the world increased to more than

Wind power
539,000 megawatts from 23,900 megawatts—more than
22 fold.

Some people may object to how wind turbines look on the horizon and to how they
sound, but wind energy, whose prices are declining, is proving too valuable a
resource to deny. While most wind power comes from onshore turbines, offshore
projects are appearing too, with the most in the United Kingdom and Germany.
The first U.S. offshore wind farm opened in 2016 in Rhode Island, and other
offshore projects are gaining momentum. Another problem with wind turbines is
that they’re a danger for birds and bats, killing hundreds of thousands annually, not
as many as from glass collisions and other threats like habitat loss and invasive
species, but enough that engineers are
working on solutions to make them
safer for flying wildlife.

Solar: From home rooftops to utility-

scale farms, solar
power is reshaping energy markets
around the world. In
the decade from 2007 and 2017 the
world's total installed
energy capacity from photovoltaic
panels increased a
Wind power generation
whopping 4,300 percent.

In addition to solar panels, which convert the sun's

light to electricity, concentrating solar power (CSP)
plants use mirrors to concentrate the sun's heat,
Solar panels
deriving thermal energy instead. China, Japan, and
the U.S. are leading the solar transformation, but solar still has a long way to go,
accounting for around just two percent of the total electricity generated in the U.S.
in 2017. Solar thermal energy is also being used worldwide for hot water, heating,
and cooling.
Biomass: Biomass energy includes
biofuels, such as ethanol
and biodiesel, wood, wood waste, biogas
from landfills, and
municipal solid waste. Like solar power,
biomass is a flexible
Biomass energy
energy source, able to fuel vehicles, heat
buildings, and
produce electricity. But biomass can raise
thorny issues.
Critics of corn-based ethanol, for example,
say it competes
with the food market for corn and supports Solar power generation

the same harmful agricultural

practices that have led to
toxic algae blooms and other
environmental hazards.
Similarly, debates have
erupted over whether it's a
good idea to ship wood
pellets from U.S. forests over
to Europe so that it can be
burned for electricity.
Meanwhile, scientists and
companies are working on
ways to more efficiently
convert corn stover,
Biofuels energy production
wastewater sludge, and other
biomass sources into energy, aiming to extract value from material
that would otherwise go to waste.

Geothermal: Used for thousands of years in some countries for

cooking and heating, geothermal energy is derived from
Earth’s internal heat. On a large scale, underground reservoirs
of steam and hot water can be tapped through wells that can Geothermal energy
go two kilometers deep or more to generate electricity. On
a smaller scale, some buildings have geothermal heat pumps
that use temperature differences several meters below ground
for heating and cooling. Unlike solar and wind energy, geothermal energy is
always available, but it has side effects that need to be managed, such as the rotten-
egg smell that can accompany released hydrogen sulfide.

Reasons for using renewable energy:

1. Renewable energy sources are all around us

About 80 percent of the global population lives in countries that are net-importers of
fossil fuels -- that’s about 6 billion people who are dependent on fossil fuels from
other countries, which makes them vulnerable to geopolitical shocks and crises.
In contrast, renewable energy sources are available in all countries, and their
potential is yet to be fully harnessed. The International Renewable Energy Agency
(IRENA) estimates that 90 percent of the world’s electricity can and should come from
renewable energy by 2050.
Renewables offer a way out of import dependency, allowing countries to diversify
their economies and protect them from the unpredictable price swings of fossil fuels,
while driving inclusive economic growth, new jobs, and poverty alleviation.

2. Renewable energy is cheaper

Renewable energy actually is the cheapest power option in most parts of the world
today. Prices for renewable energy technologies are dropping rapidly. The cost of
electricity from solar power fell by 85 percent between 2010 and 2020. Costs of
onshore and offshore wind energy fell by 56 percent and 48 percent respectively.
Falling prices make renewable energy more attractive all around – including to low-
and middle-income countries, where most of the additional demand for new
electricity will come from. With falling costs, there is a real opportunity for much of
the new power supply over the coming years to be provided by low-carbon sources.
Cheap electricity from renewable sources could provide 65 percent of the world’s
total electricity supply by 2030. It could decarbonize 90 percent of the power sector
by 2050, massively cutting carbon emissions and helping to mitigate climate change.
Although solar and wind power costs are expected to remain higher in 2022 and 2023
then pre-pandemic levels due to general elevated commodity and freight prices, their
competitiveness actually improves due to much sharper increases in gas and coal
prices, says the International Energy Agency (IEA).

3. Renewable energy is healthier

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 99 percent of people in the
world breathe air that exceeds air quality limits and threatens their health, and more
than 13 million deaths around the world each year are due to avoidable
environmental causes, including air pollution.
The unhealthy levels of fine particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide originate mainly
from the burning of fossil fuels. In 2018, air pollution from fossil fuels caused $2.9
trillion in health and economic costs, about $8 billion a day.
Switching to clean sources of energy, such as wind and solar, thus helps address not
only climate change but also air pollution and health.
4. Renewable energy creates jobs
Every dollar of investment in
renewables creates three
times more jobs than in the
fossil fuel industry. The IEA
estimates that the transition
towards net-zero emissions
will lead to an overall
increase in energy sector jobs:
while about 5 million jobs in
fossil fuel production could
be lost by 2030, an estimated
Jobs created by renewable energy
14 million new jobs would be created in clean energy, resulting in a net gain of 9
million jobs.
In addition, energy-related industries would require a further 16 million workers, for
instance to take on new roles in manufacturing of electric vehicles and hyper-efficient
appliances or in innovative technologies such as hydrogen. This means that a total of
more than 30 million jobs could be created in clean energy, efficiency, and low-
emissions technologies by 2030.
Ensuring a just transition, placing the needs and rights of people at the heart of the
energy transition, will be paramount to make sure no one is left behind.

5. Renewable energy makes economic sense

About $5.9 trillion was spent on subsidizing the fossil fuel industry in 2020, including
through explicit subsidies, tax breaks, and health and environmental damages that
were not priced into the cost of fossil fuels.
In comparison, about $4 trillion a year needs to be invested in renewable energy until
2030 – including investments in technology and infrastructure – to allow us to reach
net-zero emissions by 2050.
The upfront cost can be daunting for many countries with limited resources, and
many will need financial and technical support to make the transition. But
investments in renewable energy will pay off. The reduction of pollution and climate
impacts alone could save the world up to $4.2 trillion per year by 2030.
Moreover, efficient, reliable renewable technologies can create a system less prone
to market shocks and improve resilience and energy security by diversifying power
supply options.
Learn more about how many communities and countries are realizing the economic,
societal, and environmental benefits of renewable energy.
Ways To Boost Renewable Energy

Cities, states, and federal governments around the world are instituting policies
aimed at increasing renewable energy. At least 29 U.S. states have set renewable
portfolio standards—policies that mandate a certain percentage of energy from
renewable sources. More than 100 cities worldwide now boast receiving at least
70 percent of their energy from renewable sources, and still others are making
commitments to reach 100 percent. Other policies that could encourage
renewable energy growth include:
carbon pricing
Putting a price on carbon achieves a couple of things. First, it makes more
polluting fuels, products, and services more expensive. Burning coal
becomes much more expensive than using solar energy. Beef gets more
expensive relative to tofu or meat alternatives. It makes the ‘cleaner’ option less
expensive.
Second, it means it’s those who emit greenhouse gases that pay for it.
There are a few policies through which countries can
put a price on carbon:
Carbon tax: this is a levy that is applied to the
production of greenhouse gas emissions directly
or fuels that emit these gases when they’re burned.
This means goods and services which emit more
greenhouse gases in their production will have
a higher tax. Carbon tax

Emissions trading system: this is sometimes called

a ‘cap and trade’ system. Here, the carbon price
changes over time. A maximum level of pollution
(a ‘cap’) is defined, and manufacturers need licenses
to emit greenhouse gases. How expensive these

Emissions trading system

licenses are is determined by a trading system. The
price of a license increases as emissions approach the cap.

fuel economy standards

Type of vehicle standards in various countries

Nine countries and regions, which together account for 75% of global fuel
consumption by light-duty vehicles, have adopted mandatory or voluntary
standards for increasing fuel economy and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions. The intent and structure of these emissions policies vary widely around
the world. Because fuel economy and GHG emissions policies have large effects
on fuel consumption, vehicle standards are one of the most important
components of future demand for liquid fuels.
One area of difference is the metric specified in the standard, even though these
metrics are related: fuel economy and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are directly
related (improvements in fuel economy directly translate to reductions in CO2
emissions), and CO2 emissions are a subset of GHG emissions. Some standards
specifically focus on reducing GHG or carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, while
others specifically focus on improving fuel economy. Still others focus on some
combination of these objectives.

Emissions reductions.
The European Union (EU), Canada, and India have standards that aim to reduce
emissions. The EU and Indian standards focus on CO2 emissions, while the
Canadian standard includes restrictions on all GHGs.
Fuel economy.
Brazil and Japan have standards that aim to increase fuel economy, requiring
light-duty vehicles to achieve a certain miles-per-gallon rating.

Fuel consumption.
China has a fuel-consumption standard that requires light-duty vehicles to reduce
fuel consumption to achieve a certain number of gallons per mile. The fuel
consumption standard is inversely equivalent to the fuel economy standard.
Instead of increasing fuel economy, light-duty vehicles must decrease the gallons
consumed per mile.
Combination or option.
The United States and Mexico have both fuel economy and GHG standards, and
manufacturers must satisfy both. By contrast, South Korea's light-duty vehicle
manufacturers have the option to choose which standard to meet, either fuel
economy or GHG standard.
The structure of vehicle
standards also differs.
Footprint-based corporate
average.
The United States, Canada,
and Mexico have footprint-
based corporate average
standards. This standard
sets GHG emission and fuel
economy targets (in the United States and Mexico) and GHG emission targets (in
Canada) based on the footprint Structure of vehicle standards in various countries
of the vehicle, which is its wheelbase multiplied by average track width. The
overall target of the manufacturer is determined by averaging the target for each
footprint the manufacturer produces.
Weight-based corporate average.
Brazil, the EU, India, and South Korea have weight-based corporate average
standards. These standards are similar to the footprint-based standard except
they are based on vehicle weight.
Weight-class based per vehicle and corporate average.
China has a weight-class based per vehicle and corporate average standard that is
more stringent than the weight-based corporate average standard alone. Light-
duty vehicle manufacturers in China must meet a fuel consumption standard at
each weight class level and must meet an overall corporate average fuel
consumption standard.
Weight-class based corporate average.
Japan has a corporate average standard based on weight class. Under Japan's
standard, each light-duty vehicle in a weight class must meet the standard for the
weight class rather than an overall manufacture standard.
Fuel economy and emissions standards are typically applied to the vehicles that a
company sells within a country, rather than the vehicles that a particular country
produces. For instance, U.S.-manufactured vehicles have to meet European
standards for vehicles sold in Europe, and Japanese standards for those sold in
Japan.
Even though light-duty vehicle manufacturers have to meet different standards in
different countries, as more countries adopt light-duty vehicle standards, many of
these differences in standards will likely persist because of variations in policy
goals and consumer preferences across countries. However, because of the global
nature of light-duty vehicle manufacturing, fuel economy for all new vehicles will
likely increase, and GHG emissions per vehicle will likely decrease globally under
these standards.
building efficiency standards.
Act on the Improvement of Energy Consumption Performance of Buildings
(Building Energy Efficiency Act) was newly established in July 8, 2015. This Act
provides for 1) regulatory measures for mandatory compliance with energy
efficiency standards for large-scale non-residential buildings, and 2) incentive
measures such as a labeling system displaying compliance with energy efficiency
standards and exception of floor-area ratio regulation for certified building. The
incentive measures are implemented from April 1, 2016, and the regulatory
measures are implemented in April 2017.
When construction clients attempt to undertake new
construction/extensions/renovations on buildings at or over a certain size, they
must acquire certification of conformity with energy efficiency standards or notify
the administrative agency with jurisdiction depending on the use and size, etc. of
the building. After the implementation of the regulatory measures, large-scale
non-residential building (more than 2000m2) that is not compliant with energy
efficiency standards become ineligible for certification of Building Standards Law.
The standards apply in the Building Energy Efficiency Act are three-fold: energy
consumption performance standards (energy efficiency standards), certification
standards, and residential construction client standards. There are 2 verification
methods of these standards: a detailed calculation method and an abbreviated
calculation method.

Arid areas
Improve the uses of arid areas.
Arid area:
Arid regions receive little precipitation—less than 10
inches (25 centimeters) of rain per year. Semi-arid
regions receive 10 to 20 inches (25 to 50 centimeters) of
rain per year.
Arid area in Egypt:
The total area of the country covers approximately one
million square kilometers the Egyptians government has
a policy of land reclamation most Egyptians live either in the Nile delta located in
the north of the country or in the narrow Nile south of Cairo.
The main deserts in Egypt:
 The western desert
 The eastern desert
 The majority of Sinai
Causes:
 Destroying the natural vegetation cover by
using excessive amounts of fuel wood; engaging in agricultural activities in
arid and semi-arid regions
 Population growth
 the effects of the market economy, and poverty are the driving forces behind
these activities.
 Pollution
 the depletion of soil fertility
 water and soil salinity
 soil erosion
 climate change.

How to solve:
 Reclaim the desert and transfer water to this land
 Subsurface irrigation And Drip Irrigation
 Rainwater Harvesting

Toshka Al-Khair:
Toshka Al-Khair project in southern Aswan, which represents one of the most
important projects in the field of agriculture and land reclamation.
gave directives to pay attention to the project within the framework of the
presidential program to cultivate 4 million acres.

Project Goals:

 Overcoming the food gap through increasing the agricultural area by nearly
500 thousand feddans, then reaching one million feddans in the future.
 Maximizing the return on available resources and increasing Egyptian
agricultural exports is the matter which helps narrow the trade balance
deficit.
 Providing job opportunities for young people, especially in the Upper
Egyptian governorates. Encouraging the reconstruction and development of
these areas thus alleviating the human pressure on the Nile Valley and Delta.

The project helps achieve self-sufficiency of wheat so that we only need to import
less than a quarter of our wheat needs
Arid areas and alternative energy:
The most promising area for this development is the desert,
where wind, solar and geothermal power can be utilized.
Importance to improve uses of arid areas:
Converting desert or arid land into a green and
permanent forest has many advantages:
 Carbon sequestration, positive impact on global
warming
 Protection against desertification and sand storms
(“green belt”)
 Improving the living conditions of local
inhabitants
 Improving attractiveness for tourist regions
 Natural disposal of sewage water and coastal protection or coral reef
protection by avoiding spillages of waste water into the sea
  Cooling the surrounding atmosphere and creation of recreational zones
 Generating natural rainfall due to the new green forest zones
 Creation of many new long-term jobs in the forestry sector at local and
national level.
 Reducing wood and timber imports from foreign countries
 Biomass for energy or heat production

https://www.nps.gov/subjects/geology/arid-landforms.htm
https://sciencing.com/places-wind-turbines-produce-electricity-5159049.html
https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/165154/Toshka-Al-Khair-Project?lang=en-us
https://www.deserttimber.com/project-locations/egypt/

Pollution
Pollution is the effect of undesirable changes in our surroundings that harm
plants, animals, and humans. This occurs when only short-term economic gains
are made at the cost of long-term ecological benefits for humanity. No natural
phenomenon has led to greater ecological changes that have been made by
mankind. During the last few decades, we have contaminated our air, water, and

land on which life itself depends with a variety of waste products

-Air pollution: pollution occurs due
to the presence of undesirable solid
or gaseous particles in the air in
quantities that are harmful to
human health and the
environment. Air may get polluted
by natural causes s such as
volcanoes, which release ash,
Air Pollution: Mean Annual Exposure: Micrograms per Cubic Meter in 2016
dust,sulfur, and other gases, or forest
fires that are occasionally naturally caused by lightning. However, unlike
pollutants from human activity, naturally occurring pollutants tend to remain in
the atmosphere for a short time and do not lead to permanent atmospheric
changeThe origin of air pollution on the earth can be traced from the times when
man started using firewood as a means of cooking and heating. . With the
discovery and increasing use of coal, air pollution became more pronounced
especially in urban areas.
Pollutants that are produced in the atmosphere when certain chemical
reactions take place among the primary pollutants are called second-air
pollutants. Eg: sulfuric acid, nitric acid, carbonic acid, etc
 Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless,
and toxic gas produced when incompletely
burnt organic materials such as natural
gas, coal, or wood.
 Sulfur oxides are produced when sulfur-
containing fossil fuels are burnt
 Nitrogen oxides are found in vehicular
exhausts. Nitrogen oxides are significant,
as they are involved in the production of
secondary air pollutants such as ozone. Major causes of air pollution
 hydrocarbons are a group of compounds consisting
of carbon and hydrogen atoms. They either evaporate from fuel supplies or
are remnants of fuel that did not burn completely. Hydrocarbons are
washed out of the air when it rains and run into surface water. They cause
an oily film on the surface and do not as such cause a serious issue until
they react to form secondary pollutants.
 Particulates are small pieces of solid material (for example, smoke particles
from fires, bits of asbestos, dust particles, and ash from industries)
dispersed into the atmosphere. The effects of particulates range from soot
to the carcinogenic (cancer-causing) effects of asbestos, dust particles, and
ash from industrial plants that are dispersed into the atmosphere.
Repeated exposure to particulates can cause them to accumulate in the
lungs and interfere with the ability of the lungs to exchange gases
 Lead is a major air pollutant that remains largely unmonitored and is
emitted by vehicles.

Effects of air pollution on living organisms Our respiratory system has

several mechanisms that help in protecting us from air pollution. The hair in
 our nose filters out large particles. The sticky mucus in the lining of the
upper respiratory tract captures smaller particles and dissolves some
gaseous pollutants. When the upper respiratory system is irritated by
pollutants sneezing and coughing expel contaminated air and mucus.
Prolonged smoking or exposure to air pollutants can overload or break
down these natural defenses causing or contributing to diseases such as
lung cancer, asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Elderly people,
infants, pregnant women, and people with heart disease, asthma, or other
respiratory diseases are especially vulnerable to air pollution.
Water pollution
Point sources of pollution: When a
source of pollution can be readily
identified because it has a definite
source and place where it enters the
water it is said to come from a point
source. Eg. Municipal and Industrial
Discharge Pipes. When a source of
pollution cannot be readily identified,
such as agricultural runoff, acid rain,
etc, they are said to be non-point
sources of pollution.
Causes of water pollution
Water pollution causes in Egypt
There are several classes of common
water pollutants. These are disease-causing agents (pathogens) which include
bacteria, viruses, and parasitic worms that enter the water from domestic sewage
and untreated human and animal wastes. Another category of water pollutants is
oxygen-depleting wastes. These are organic wastes that can be decomposed by
aerobic (oxygen-requiring) bacteria. Large populations of bacteria use up the
oxygen present in water to degrade these wastes. A third class of pollutants is
inorganic plant nutrients. These are water-
soluble nitrates and phosphates that cause
excessive growth of algae and other aquatic
plants. The excessive growth of algae and aquatic plants due to added nutrients is
called eutrophication.
The consequences of pollution on earth
Disposal of sewage wastes in water

Exposure to high levels of air pollution can cause a variety of adverse health
outcomes. It increases the risk of respiratory infections, heart disease and lung
cancer. Both short and long-term exposure to air pollutants has been associated
with health impacts. More severe impacts affect people who are already ill.
Children, the elderly, and poor people are more susceptible. The most health-
harmful pollutants – closely associated with excessive premature mortality – are
fine PM2.5 particles that penetrate deep into lung passageways.
What can countries do to reduce air pollution?

Interventions to reduce air pollution include developing sustainable transport in

cities; implementing solid waste management; providing access to clean
household fuels and cookstoves; developing the market for renewable energies
and energy efficiency, and implementing industrial emissions reductions.

Climate change
Climate change is a change in the usual weather found in a place. This could be a
change in how much rain a place usually gets in a
year. Or it could be a change in a place's usual
temperature for a month or season. Climate change is
also a change in Earth's climate. This could be a
change in Earth's usual temperature. Or it could be a
change in where rain and snow usually fall on Earth.
Weather can change in just a few hours. Climate takes
hundreds or even millions of years to change.
Drought area because of high temperature

People who study Earth see that Earth's climate is getting warmer. Earth's
temperature has gone up about one degree Fahrenheit
in the last 100 years. This may not seem like much.
But small changes in Earth's temperature can have big
effects. Some effects are already happening. The
warming of Earth's climate has caused some snow and

Melting of ice over years

ice to melt. The warming also has caused oceans to rise. And it has changed the
timing of when certain plants grow.

Causes of Climate Change

Since the Industrial Revolution, human activities
have released large amounts of carbon dioxide
and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere,
which has changed the earth’s climate. Natural
processes, such as changes in the sun's energy
and volcanic eruptions, also affect the earth's
climate. However, they do not explain the
warming that we have observed over the last
century. The climate on Earth has been changing
since it formed 4.5 billion years ago. Until recently, natural factors have been the
cause of these changes. Natural influences on the climate include volcanic
eruptions, changes in the orbit of the Earth, and shifts in the Earth's crust (known
as plate tectonics).

Over the past one million years, the Earth

has experienced a series of ice ages,
including cooler periods (glacials) and
warmer periods (interglacials). Glacial
and interglacial periods cycle roughly
every 100,000 years, caused by changes
in Earth's orbit around the sun. For the
past few thousand years, Earth has been in
an interglacial period with a constant
temperature.

However, since the Industrial Revolution in the 1800s, the global temperature has
increased at a much faster rate. By burning fossil fuels and changing how we use
the land, human activity has quickly become the leading cause of changes to our
climate.
climate change impacts:
 extreme weather. Rising temperatures cause heat
waves droughts and wildfires. They also warm the
atmosphere, increasing moisture – which means
more rainfall, storms, and flooding. Higher
average global temperatures are also melting ice in
the polar regions and glaciers in mountainous
regions. Exposure to extreme heat can lead to heat
stroke and dehydration, as well. People exposed to
higher levels of ground-level ozone are at greater
risk of dying prematurely or being admitted to the
hospital for respiratory problems.

Egypt's Vision in the Climate Issue

- All state-implemented projects, such as roads,
energy, renewable energy, solid waste, and sewage,
are national projects closely related to adaptation and
dealing with climate change.
- The importance of the role that Egypt plays as
regards the international movements related to
climate issues. Such a role began with the 2015 Paris Summit. Moreover, the Paris
Agreement consolidated several principles, the first of which is diligence to adapt
to climate changes by reducing emissions and lowering the global temperature,
provided that this comes in consistence with collective responsibility.
- All countries should bear responsibility as they bear the burdens, as without that
collective responsibility that Egypt assumes, the Egyptian citizen will be affected
by the impact of the various development paths.
- If all countries do not address the
danger of climate change, everyone
will be affected. At the same time, if
huge commitments are imposed on developing countries, then their development
paths will be affected.

The international climate report issued in October 2018 - and discussed at the -
climate summit that brought together world leaders with technical experts in
Poland in December 2018 - concluded that the world has a short deadline of no
more than 12 years to reduce its carbon emissions by specific rates so that the
.temperature of the universe do not rise more than 1.5 degrees
An increase in the temperature of the universe exceeding 1.5 degrees will lead to
severe damage to our planet, represented by increased droughts and floods, the
sinking of vast areas of the coasts of many countries, an increase in the
.phenomenon of hunger, and a decrease in agricultural production
The report also concluded that the United States, India, and Saudi Arabia will be
the most affected by climate change and that Egypt will be one of the affected
.countries, as it faces many risks in three main areas

:Egypt’s efforts to combat climate change

Egypt took part in the UN Climate Action Summit in New York on Monday; it was
organized by UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres to follow up on progress
.made by states in fulfilling their commitments to limiting global warming
Egypt is co-chairing a joint coalition on climate adaptation and resilience with the
UK, intending to raise funds for implementing resilience and adaptation strategies
.that address the impacts of climate change

This coalition was announced in June by Egyptian Minister of Environment

Yasmine Fouad, its goal is to raise funds for implementing resilience and
.adaptation strategies that address the impacts of climate change
According to the UNDP, Egypt is extremely vulnerable to climate change due to
its large population. Its Mediterranean coast and low-lying Nile Delta are also
.threatened by the rises in sea levels expected to result from climate change
Other predicted effects include a decrease in the country’s water supply, which
could have serious implications given Egypt’s rapid population growth and
existing status as a country already in “water poverty,” according to international
.measurements
The timeline below features some of the major measures Egypt has taken to
combat climate change, whether on its own or under the umbrella of the
.international community

Problem to be solved
What specific problem are you addressing?
One specific challenge is going to be supplied by our suggestions aiming to solve it
with high accuracy. this challenge is to improve alternative resources of energy by
specifically produce renewable and clean energy by converting the movement of
water (kinetic energy) into electricity (electric energy) without suppose the
environment for harmful consequences.
The scramble for alternatives is on. High oil prices, growing concerns over energy
security, and the threat of climate change have all stimulated investment in the
development of alternatives to conventional oil. “Alternative energy” generally
falls into two categories: . Substitutes for existing petroleum liquids (ethanol,
biodiesel, biobutanol, dimethyl ether, coal-to liquids, tar sands, oil shale), both
from biomass and fossil feedstocks. . Alternatives for the generation of electric
power, including power-storage technologies (wind, solar photovoltaics, solar
thermal, tidal, biomass, fuel cells, batteries). The technology pathways to these
alternatives vary widely, from distillation and gasification to bioreactors of algae
and high-tech manufacturing of photon absorbing silicon panels. Many are
considered “green” or “clean,” although some, such as coal-to-liquids and tar
sands, are “dirtier” than the petroleum they are replacing. Others, such as biofuels,
have concomitant environmental impacts that offset potential carbon savings.
Unlike water resources of energy it is sustainable , renewable and clean also water
will be available in large amount also its will be the most efficiency to produce
enough amount of alternative energy.
Generating Electricity
An electric generator is a device that changes kinetic energy to electrical
energy through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction is the
process of generating electric current with a magnetic field. It occurs when a
magnetic field and an electric conductor, such as a coil of wire, move relative to
one another.
A simple diagram of an electric generator is shown
in the Figure below. In any electric generator,
some form of energy is applied to turn a shaft. The
turning shaft causes a coil of wire to rotate between
the opposite poles of a magnet. Because the coil is
rotating in a magnetic field, electric current is
generated in the wire.
Most of U.S. and world electricity generation is from electric power plants that use
a turbine to drive electricity generators. In a turbine generator, a moving fluid—
water, steam, combustion gases, or air—pushes a series of blades mounted on a
rotor shaft. The force of the fluid on the blades spins/rotates the rotor shaft of a
generator. The generator, in turn, converts the mechanical (kinetic) energy of the
rotor to electrical energy. Different types of turbines include steam turbines,
combustion (gas) turbines, hydroelectric turbines, and wind turbines.
Other types of generators
There are many different types of electricity generators that do not use turbines to
generate electricity. The most common in use today are solar photovoltaic (PV) systems
and internal combustion engines.

Solar photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity. They are used to power
devices as small as wrist watches and can be connected together in panels that are
connected together in arrays to power individual homes or form large power plants.
Photovoltaic (PV) power plants are now one of the fastest growing sources of electricity
generation around the world. In the United State, PV power plants were the source of
about 3% of total utility-scale electricity generation in 2021.

Internal combustion engines, such as diesel engines, are used all around the world for
electricity generation including in many remote villages in Alaska. They are also widely
used for mobile power supply at construction sites and for emergency or backup power
supply for buildings and power plants. Diesel-engine generators can use a variety of
fuels including petroleum diesel, biomass-based liquid fuels and biogas, natural gas,
and propane. Small internal combustion engine generators fueled with gasoline, natural
gas, or propane are commonly used by construction crews and tradespeople and for
emergency power supply for homes.

What positive and negative consequences that are related to dealing with
that problem?

Pros:
1-Generating energy that produces no greenhouse gas
emissions from fossil fuels and reduces some types of air
pollution

2-Diversifying energy supply and reducing dependence on

imported fuels
 3-Creating economic development and jobs in manufacturing,
installation, and more

4-improved public health

5-reduce global warning

6- Renewable energy is providing affordable electricity across the country

right now, and can help stabilize energy prices in the future.
Cons:
1- Facilities rely on local hydrology
2- Lack of available reservoirs
3- Expensive up-front
4- Some adverse environmental impact

Other Solutions Already Tried.

-Generating electricity by the kinetic energy of water has
been the interest of many countries, owing to the several
advantages of hydroelectric power. In the following lines,
we will have a quick look at some prior solutions

one is Dams
What is the dam:

A dam is a structure built across a

stream or river to hold water back.
Dams can be used to store water,
control flooding, and generate
electricity.

Dams have long been viewed as a symbol of human ingenuity.

However, ecologists who study rivers and lakes have uncovered some
environmental downsides to dam construction. Dams change the way
rivers function, and in some cases, this can harm local fish
populations.
Dams (nationalgeographic.org)

Dam Types:

 Arch (Concrete with arched shape-

less concrete used)

 Embankment (earthen, rocks)

 Buttress (concrete)

Advantages of Dams:

 Recreation (lake)
 Flood control downstream
 Irrigation potential from water
storage
 Hydroelectric Power generation capability
 Evening out of flow during the year

Disadvantages of Dams:

 Change in ecosystems
 Flooding upstream (buried by water)
 Loss of sediment below stream (delta starvation)
 Silting of lake
 Fish trapped below dam
  Potential dam failure
 Evening out of flow during the year (prevents sediment renewal on floodplain)

Dams_000.doc (live.com)

Examples of Dams across the world :

Picote Dam
The Picote Dam is a hydroelectric installation along the Douro River in Tras Os Montes,
Portugal. To create electricity, water is channeled through tunnels in the dam. The
power of the water causes turbines to turn. The turbines make generators move.
Generators are machines that produce
electricity.

Picote Dam- PORTUGAL

Picote was originally composed of

three Francis turbines with a capacity
of 64 MW each, totalizing a net
installed capacity of 192 MW. In
March 2007, the extension of the
station began. In December 2011,
Picote II hydroelectric power plant
was commissioned, including an additional underground powerhouse equipped
with a new 241 MW turbine. Today the power station has a total net capacity of
433 MW.

The concrete arch dam is 100 meters high and has a crest length of 139 meters.

The reservoir has an effective storage capacity of 13 million cubic meters of water.
https://www.movhera.pt/en/barragem-de-picote
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/hydroelectric-energy-power-running-water/

The Bonneville Dam

The Bonneville Dam, one of many dams on the Columbia River, has
20 turbines and generates more than a million watts of power every year.
Thats enough energy to power hundreds of thousands of homes and
businesses.

The Bonneville Dam- COLUMBIA

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/
resource/hydroelectric-energy-power-running-
water/

Because of the complex geology of the

Columbia River Gorge, engineers found
site selection a difficult process. The
original Warrendale site was rejected in
favor of the Bonneville site at the north
end of Bradford Island, where bedrock
provided a solid foundation for the dam
The impetus for building Bonneville Dam stemmed from the need to
alleviate unemployment during the Great Depression and to provide electric
power for economic development in the Pacific Northwest.
Design and construction of the Bonneville project presented engineering
challenges. The spillway, for example, had to achieve stability on a weak
foundation rock while also being able to pass a large and variable
streamflow. By combining the massive weight of the structure with a
foundation poured in steps or notches, the engineers established a stable
base. They coped with the widely variable streamflow by using
exceptionally large steel gates set in deep slots between reinforced
concrete piers.
Construction of the dam had to overcome numerous problems, including
the depth of water, current velocity, harsh weather conditions, and the
annual summer flood.
https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/bonneville_dam/#.Y_kq9HZBzIU

Three Gorges Dam

The largest hydroelectric power plant in the world is the enormous Three
Gorges Dam, which spans the Yangtze River in China. It is 185 meters
(607 feet) tall and 115 meters (377 feet) thick at its base. It has
26 turbines and will be able to generate more than a billion watts of power.
The Three Gorges Dam is operating, but engineers are still working on the
system. They are adding even more turbines and generators to the project.

THREE GORGES DAM- CHINA

https://
education.nationalgeographic.org/
resource/hydroelectric-energy-
power-running-water/

At the time of its completion

in 2006, it was the largest
dam structure in the world.
The dam and accompanying hydroelectric plant were built in phases and over
the course of many years. It reached its full generating capacity in 2012.
It was also intended to provide protection from floods, but efficacy on this
point is unclear and has been debated.
construction of the dam caused the displacement of at least 1.3 million people
and the destruction of natural features and countless rare architectural and
archaeological sites. The dam’s reservoir is blamed for an increase in the
number of landslides and earthquakes in the region.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Three-Gorges-Dam

Aswan high dam

Built across the Nile River in Aswan, Egypt between 1960 and 1970, the construction
was based on the successes of a lower dam built in the region. The goal was to
maximize the utilization of the river while controlling flooding, improving water
storage, and encouraging hydroelectricity development.
With Egypt’s population growing and technology access improving, the need to
support farmlands, stabilize food cycles, and offer cash crops to the global export
market facilitated the need for this dam.

Designed by the Hydroproject Institute based in Moscow, these are the pros and cons
of the Aswan High Dam to consider.

1. It provides a majority of the energy needs of Egypt.

2. The Nile River is now much easier to navigate.
3. It improves the safety of water-based professions.
4. The dam improved water access for all Egyptians.
5. It allowed Egypt to reclaim lands for use.
As for the cons of that project, they can be summarized as follows
 The project forced over 1 million people to be relocated.
 Access to critical archaeological
sites was limited by the project.
 It changed how sediments flow to
the sea.
 Fertilization issues are now
present in Egypt.
 It encourages coastline erosion
around the delta.

Wave Energy
ASWAN HIGH DAM – Egypt

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/03/wave-energy-ocean-electricity-renewables/

Could the waves in our oceans and seas help tackle the global energy crisis?

In theory, yes. Wave energy globally could meet the world’s annual electricity needs, if it was fully
harnessed, scientists have estimated .

Many countries - including Australia, China, Denmark, Italy, Korea, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom
and the US - are currently developing wave energy.
Waves are formed when wind blows over the surface of water. Devices called wave energy converters
capture the energy from waves and turn it into electricity.

Different approaches are used. Some devices sit beneath the water’s surface while others are
anchored to the ocean floor. Another technique is to push the waves through a narrow channel, where
they power a turbine.

Waves have the highest energy density of renewable energy sources, compared to others like wind,
solar, biomass and geothermal. This means waves have the greatest potential to be an important
contributor to the world’s “energy mix resilience”, say researchers at the University of Plymouth.

The challenge is that wave energy is far behind in its development compared to other renewable
energies.

Can wave energy fix the power crisis?

Fossil fuel shortages are heightening the need for renewable alternatives like wave energy.
Now the conflict in Ukraine is pushing oil prices to new highs over supply disruption fears.

Against this backdrop, the reliability of wave energy is a big attraction. While wind and solar energy are
unpredictable, waves are reliably frequent and harbour more energy than other renewables.

But while the potential is there for wave energy to solve the energy crisis, there are inevitably hurdles
along the way.

Does wave energy have drawbacks?

There are undoubtedly challenges to harnessing this renewable energy. Building and operating wave
energy plants is generally expensive.

Cables, turbines and other infrastructure could potentially harm marine life.

And because the plants rely on coastal locations, they may not be able to support whole populations.

Ocean power is not currently on track to play its part in helping the world reach carbon neutrality by
2050, the International Energy Agency (IEA) says in its Ocean Power tracking report.

To achieve this goal, ocean power generation needs to grow an average of 33% a year between 2020
and 2030.

“Marine technologies hold great potential, but additional policy support for energy research,
development and demonstration is needed,” the IEA says.

An oscillating water column (OWC) is a wave energy converting technology that

can be installed onshore preferably on rocky shores; nearshore in up to 10m of
water; or offshore in 40-80m deep water. The device consists of a large wave
capture chamber, a platform for an air turbine, a lip, wing walls, and an air
chamber. When waves approach the device, they enter under the partially
submerged lip that traps air in a piston type system, forcing the air upwards
through the air turbine. This pressure forces the turbine to spin, which is how the
energy is harnessed by the waves. As the waves retreat, air enters back into the air
chamber from the other side of the turbine.

OWC Wave power station

Picote Dam
The Picote Dam is a hydroelectric installation along the Douro River in Tras Os
Montes, Portugal. To create electricity, water is channeled through tunnels in the
dam. The power of the water causes turbines to turn. The turbines make generators
move. Generators are machines that produce electricity.
Picote Dam (Portuguese: Barragem de Picote) is a concrete arch dam on the
Douro, located in the municipality Miranda do Douro, in Bragança District,
Portugal.
Construction of the dam began in 1953. The dam was completed in 1958. It is
owned by Companhia Portuguesa de Produção de Electricidade (CPPE). Picote
Dam was the first dam constructed by Portugal on the Douro.
Picote Dam is a 100 m tall (height above
foundation) and 139 m long arch dam with a
crest altitude of 480 m. The volume of the dam is
205,000 m³. The spillway is located on its crest
and is controlled by four tainter gates. It has a
maximum discharge of 11,000 m3/s (390,000 cu
ft/s) while one bottom outlet can discharge up to
600 m3/s (21,000 cu ft/s).

Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant:

The Robert Moses Niagara Hydroelectric Power Station is a hydroelectric power
station in Lewiston, New York, near Niagara Falls. Owned and operated by the
New York Power Authority (NYPA), the plant diverts water from the Niagara
River above Niagara Falls and returns the water into the lower portion of the river
near Lake Ontario. It uses 13 generators at an installed capacity of 2,525 MW
(3,386,000 hp).
Named for New York City planner Robert Moses, the plant was built to replace
power production after the Schoellkopf Power Station, a nearby hydroelectric
plant, collapsed in 1956. It stands across the river from Sir Adam Beck
Hydroelectric Power Stations in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada.

Itaipu
Dam:
The Itaipu Dam (Portuguese: Barragem de Itaipu [itɐjˈpu], Spanish: Represa de
Itaipú [itajˈpu]) is a hydroelectric dam on the Paraná River located on the border
between Brazil and Paraguay. It is the third largest hydroelectric dam in the world,
and holds the 45th largest reservoir in the world.

The name "Itaipu" was taken from an isle that existed near the construction site. In
the Guarani language, Itaipu means "the sounding stone".The Itaipu Dam's
hydroelectric power plant produced the second-most electricity of any in the world
as of 2020, only surpassed by the Three Gorges Dam plant in electricity
production.

Completed in 1984, it is a binational undertaking run by Brazil and Paraguay at the

border between the two countries, 15 km (9.3 mi) north of the Friendship Bridge.
The project ranges from Foz do Iguaçu, in Brazil, and Ciudad del Este in Paraguay,
in the south to Guaíra and Salto del Guairá in the north. The installed generation
capacity of the plant is 14 GW, with 20 generating units providing 700 MW each
with a hydraulic design head of 118 metres (387 ft). In 2016, the plant employed
3038 workers.
Of the twenty generator units currently installed, ten generate at 50 Hz for
Paraguay and ten generate at 60 Hz for Brazil. Since the output capacity of the
Paraguayan generators far exceeds the load in Paraguay, most of their production is
exported directly to the Brazilian side, from where two 600 kV HVDC lines, each
approximately 800 kilometres (500 mi) long, carry the majority of the energy to
the São Paulo/Rio de Janeiro region where the terminal equipment converts the
power to 60 Hz.

Three Gorges Dam, China:

A new reservoir is filling in central China. The Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze
River—the world’s largest dam—was completed in 2006, and the river is filling up
its valley behind the dam to form a narrow reservoir extending more than 600
kilometers. This image from April 15, 2009, is one of the first images that
astronauts on the International Space Station have been able to capture of the
flooding behind the dam. The main objective for the dam is to supply water for the
largest hydroelectric plant in the world and to help control the devastating floods
that plague the lowlands downstream from the dam.
Links
1- https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!
&&p=87fd898fbab74d60JmltdHM9MTY3NzQ1NjAwMCZpZ3VpZD0xNmNiMjM0Yy1jNzNjLTY
xODMtM2Q5OC0zMTJmYzYyODYwYzMmaW5zaWQ9NTE0NQ&ptn=3&hsh=3&fclid=16cb234
c-c73c-6183-3d98-
312fc62860c3&psq=prior+solutions+to+form+water+kinetic+energy+to+electricity&u=a1aHR0cHM
6Ly93d3cubmF0aW9uYWxnZW9ncmFwaGljLm9yZy9hcnRpY2xlL2h5ZHJvZWxlY3RyaWMtZW
5lcmd5LXBvd2VyLXJ1bm5pbmctd2F0ZXIv&ntb=1
2- https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!
&&p=e8d2d9338a52fe79JmltdHM9MTY3NzQ1NjAwMCZpZ3VpZD0xNmNiMjM0Yy1jNzNjLTY
xODMtM2Q5OC0zMTJmYzYyODYwYzMmaW5zaWQ9NTE2MA&ptn=3&hsh=3&fclid=16cb234
c-c73c-6183-3d98-
312fc62860c3&psq=what+is+Picote+Dam&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2
kvUGljb3RlX0RhbQ&ntb=1
3- https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!
&&p=12972dbe5454b13dJmltdHM9MTY3NzQ1NjAwMCZpZ3VpZD0xNmNiMjM0Yy1jNzNjLT
YxODMtM2Q5OC0zMTJmYzYyODYwYzMmaW5zaWQ9NTE4MQ&ptn=3&hsh=3&fclid=16cb2
34c-c73c-6183-3d98-
312fc62860c3&psq=The+Robert+Moses+Niagara+Power+Plant&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcG
VkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvUm9iZXJ0X01vc2VzX05pYWdhcmFfUG93ZXJfUGxhbnQ&ntb=1
4- https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!
&&p=090ae441205500fbJmltdHM9MTY3NzQ1NjAwMCZpZ3VpZD0xNmNiMjM0Yy1jNzNjLTY
xODMtM2Q5OC0zMTJmYzYyODYwYzMmaW5zaWQ9NTE4MA&ptn=3&hsh=3&fclid=16cb234
c-c73c-6183-3d98-
312fc62860c3&psq=Itaipu+hydroelectric+plant.&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3
dpa2kvSXRhaXB1X0RhbQ&ntb=1
5- https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!
&&p=f3ce9b2cd2891f9dJmltdHM9MTY3NzQ1NjAwMCZpZ3VpZD0xNmNiMjM0Yy1jNzNjLTY
xODMtM2Q5OC0zMTJmYzYyODYwYzMmaW5zaWQ9NTEyMg&ptn=3&hsh=3&fclid=16cb234
c-c73c-6183-3d98-312fc62860c3&psq=he+Three+Gorges+Dam+(China)+is+the+second-
largest+dam+in+the+world.&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lYXJ0aG9ic2VydmF0b3J5Lm5hc2EuZ292L2ltY
Wdlcy8zODg3OS90aHJlZS1nb3JnZXMtZGFtLWNoaW5h&ntb=1
Generating and Defending a Solution
Solution and Solution Requirements
Solution Requirements
Each solution must have certain requirements to achieve to measure its
efficiency so we put specific targets to measure our solution on
I. Cost: it mustn’t cost a lot at, At the same time it must be in good quality

II. Efficiency: our project was made to save the environment from harmful
gases by producing clean energy (electricity) from the movement of water

III. Workable: the prototype must generate electricity whatever the amount of it

IV. Safety: all the safety precautions will be taken including test our prototype
under supervision of our teachers and the test will be done in the fab
laboratory wearing lab glasses and take our safety avoid making a fire

V. Ecofriendly: our solution maintain the aquatic life and the living organisms
won’t be hearten by our solution also the sea water cleanliness won’t be
affected

In order to promote our world and society with new modified alternative
energy to limit the harmful impacts of the energies plants and uses of energies
resulting from the burning of coal, and in order to improve the uses of renewable
energy after background research we decided build a system uses the force of sea
waves to produce electricity by a building two sides of stings vertically suspended
by a horizontally tube. This tube will moves up and down because of sea wave this
vertically motion will generate electricity by spin the generator that will be
constructed under the tubes so the movement of the tube will force the
generator to work and generate electricity following the strategy of the vortex in
the sea . this design will contribute greatly in solving the alternative energy
problem and the other problems existent as consequences of this problem.
Why we chose this solution.
1. It will be sustainable low cost as this system’s input force is the sea waves
force which is available as normal.
2. It has no harms on the living organisms specially the aquatic organisms
3. This solution is easy to be constructed and it don’t require long time to be
constructed.
4. The rule of the string helps to reduce the input force and provide the
system with high efficiency.
5. This system can move around anywhere as we can construct the body of
the system out side and move it freely without be related to the conditions
of the sea
6. The system constructed material is available and easy to get.
7. It works near the sea surface better than the sea ground.

How this solution met the design requirement.

 The smooth texture of the string will maintain the aquatic life.
 The availability of the material will make its construction costs few
 The system will produce electric volts by the kinetic force of sea waves
which move the string up and down and force the generator constructed
to spin and produce electricity

Selection of solution
The solution to our issue is to use the kinetic energy of water to produce electricity. Scalable renewable
energy sources are in high demand worldwide and continue to rise. There are currently several
hydrokinetic energy solutions available, but they are constrained and cannot fully supply this need.
Water bodies on Earth make up a significant section of the world, and their sluggish, constant motion
represents a tremendous, but untapped, energy source. At the moment, a dam and a hydroelectric
generator work together to extract the majority of energy from water flow. To meet the rising demand
for energy, newer technology that is less harmful to the environment is required. Our solution satisfies
these requirements and is a potential new technology. uses the vibrations caused by vortices in water to
produce energy.
Structures subjected to fluid flow are often built to reduce wear and tear brought on by vibrations
created by vortices. The suggestion to increase vibrations in order to maximize energy extraction from
the fluid was very recently made. A cylinder is fixed horizontally in water using this technology, and is
only allowed to move up and down in a plane perpendicular to the fluid flow. The flow over this cylinder
produces an alternating vortex pattern that pushes the cylinder up and down with alternate lift forces.
Via the use of a power take off device, this motion is then transformed into electricity.

There are various ways in which this technique is better than conventional hydro technology. Surface
oscillation converters only produce high output over a narrow range of wave frequencies, while most
turbine-based converters can only work effectively at currents greater than 2 m/s. In slow moving
waterways, a vortex generated vibration-based generator might be able to operate across a variety of
frequencies. Furthermore, large-scale tidal and dam-type systems require a lot of cash and are
disruptive to the environment. The VIV concept has the potential to generate electricity from water flow
without affecting the local environment, endangering surrounding citizens, altering the landscape in any
discernible way, or hindering water traffic in any slow-moving river.

The technology's scalability and adaptability are two of its main advantages. Modules can be as small as
single-cylinder arrays or as large as power plants that can produce megawatts. Waterbodies and/or
rivers like the Gulf Stream, the Columbia, the Missouri, the Colorado, the Mississippi, the Kansas, and
the Ohio are examples of potential power production areas. The prime production speeds necessary for
this technology—which are far slower than those for other turbine-based hydrokinetic technologies—
are present in segments of flow in all of the water bodies listed.

Professor Michael Bernitsas of the University of Michigan filed a patent for the Vortex Induced Vibration
Aquatic Clean Energy converter design in 2008. The converter uses vortex-induced vibrations to capture
energy from water flow. The VIVACE system consists of a horizontally-fixed cylinder that is free to
oscillate in the opposite direction of the water flow. The ends of the cylinder, where magnetic sliders
move up and down across a rail housing a coil, are where the cylinder is attached to the frame. A DC
current is produced by the movement of the magnet across the coil and can either be stored or
converted to an AC current before being transmitted into the grid.

Selection of prototype
Our project was applied in many countries and by different ways. It is based
on the concept of VIV. To generate electricity from VIV, we decided to
make a VIVACE (vortex induced vibration aquatic clean energy) generator.
In the previous applications, this was made by different ways. The main idea
is the vortex resulted due to the presence and movement of a tube inside a
fluid, which, in our case, is the water.
The applications included systems with vertical tubes, and horizontal
systems, the project could be applied by one tube or more, with different
lengths and diameters according to the required results, and definitely there
was a verity in the materials.
 In our prototype we wanted to use simple, cheap, and recycled materials. We
used spring which were wasted and not used. We also used old iron rods and
iron tube. The iron was selected as the material of the tube because of its
higher density than water which would facilitate our work.
The prototype that will be constructed:

 Design requirements:
- Been created at low cost: it will be construct with recycled materials.
- Produces renewable and clean energy by converting water’s kinetic energy
into electricity.
- Safe as not to cause harm to aquatic animals: the place we will construct at,
how we will construct it, and the materials make it safe.
We will test prototype output by multimeter.
 What is the multimeter and how to use
Digital multimeters combine the testing capabilities of single-task meters—the
voltmeter (for measuring volts), ammeter (amps) and ohmmeter (ohms). Often,
they include several additional specialized features or advanced options.
Technicians with specific needs, therefore, can seek out a model targeted to meet
their needs.
 - Voltmeter: instrument that measures voltages of either direct or
alternating electric current on a scale usually graduated in volts, millivolts
(0.001 volt), or kilovolts (1,000 volts).
- Ammeter: instrument for measuring either direct (DC) or alternating (AC)
electric current, in amperes
- Ohmmeter: instrument for measuring electrical resistance

 The face of a multimeter typically includes four components:

- Display: Where measurement readouts can be viewed.

- Buttons: For selecting various functions; the options vary by model.
- Dial (or rotary switch): For selecting primary measurement values (volts,
amps, ohms).
- Input jacks: Where test leads are inserted.

 Multimeter safety
Each application with a digital multimeter presents potential safety hazards that
must be considered when taking electrical measurements. Before using any
electrical test equipment, people should always first refer to the user's manual for
proper operating procedures, safety precautions, and limits.
https://www.fluke.com/en/learn/blog/electrical/what-is-a-digital-
multimeter#:~:text=A%20digital%20multimeter%20is%20a,in%20the
%20electrical%2Felectronic%20industries.
https://www.britannica.com/science/voltmeter
https://www.britannica.com/technology/ammeter#:~:text=ammeter%2C
%20instrument%20for%20measuring%20either,meter%20carries%20the
%20major%20portion.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/ohmmeter#:~:text=ohmmeter%2C
%20instrument%20for%20measuring%20electrical,more%20current%20as
%20resistance%20increases.
Al -Janadel is rocks that intercede the course of the river in which the current runs
very quickly, without there being a severe decline that helps to form the waterfall
and arises as a result of a difference in the nature of the rocks from which the
bottom of the river stream is composed. Solid rocks resist the sculpting process
while soft rocks are eaten, and then solid rocks remain a prominent boring that
faces water. Likewise, the six guns that face the course of the Nile between
Khartoum and Aswan. The Nile River was carved vertically in the Nubian
sandstone until in some places it reached the old fiery rocks that are located below.
Those fiery rocks resisted the river sculpture, and a prominent of the bottom
appeared in the bottom of a small rock island that divides the course of the Nile
.into more than one course
There are one of them in Egypt, Jandal Aswan, and the five exchanges are located
.in Sudan

The first gendel is known as the Aswan waterfall and immediately after the high -1
.dam until the Aswan tank with a length of 12 km
The second gendel, or what is known as the Wadi Halfa waterfall. -2
The third gendel, the third gendel, was called 'Tombos', located on the Nile River -3
.in the northern state in Sudan
The fourth gandal is known as the waterfall of the Meroe reservoir between -4
.Meroe and the Manasir Desert
The fifth gandal, or what is known as a waterfall north of Marwa '' by "Jarawiya"-5
.in the extension of the Atbara River
The sixth gandal is known as the Salabouqa waterfall, and it is considered one of -6
the most prominent tourist areas in Sudan, and it is the first waterfall after the Blue
.Nile associated with the White Nile

the Aswan waterfall

we choosed the Aswan waterfall as a
location for our system because it has a
huge flow comes from its movement and
.produce a big kinetic energy
Constructing and Testing a Prototype
Materials & Methods

Table of materials
Name photo Price Usage quantity
cork 10 LE Building the body 4
of the prototype

Wood 5 LE Fixing the 2

generator on the
top of the steel.

Compressed 2 LE To make the path 2

sponge that the water will
pass through.

Generator 15 LE To convert the 1

kinetic energy into
electricity.

Steel 5 LE Connect the 1

turbine with the
generator to make
it rotate.

Plastic sheets 8 LE Making the path 5

which the water
will pass through.
Methods
• the first test plan:

Material used:

Foam, generator, plastic sheets, bearing, fan, steel, wood.

Procedures:

By using safety precautions, we used foam to build the model of prototype by cutting
the foam into suitable pieces, and it was formed into a cube shape. We have cut a
circle in the center of the cube to put the fan which is a turbine. After building the
model, we used plastic sheets to make the path of water which will pass through.

We have brought steel to connect the turbine with the generator to make it rotate.
After that, we brought a wood and cut a small circle in it to open a path to allow steel
to pass through. In order to prevent its movement and install it, we brought bearing
to assist steel’s rotation also. Finally, we brought the generator and installed it at the
top of steel to convert the kinetic energy of water to electricity.

Results:

The fan was heavy in motion and the water path was wrong. therefore, the
experiment was a failure(fig.2).

• the second test plan:

Material used:

Foam, wood, compressed sponge, generator, steel, plastic sheets, plastic spoons,
bearing.

Procedure:

By using safety precautions, we have made some adjustments this time. We

have made a fan of plastic spoons to facilitate and speed up the movement.
We have made also a water path in an inclined shape to facilitate the speed
and movement of water.

Results:

After knowing the previous mistakes that we made and working to solve
them, we did the experiment and it succeeded. It was able to convert the
kinetic energy of water to electricity this time(fig.3).
Evaluation, Reflection, Recommendations
Analysis.
To address main Egypt’s grand challenge to improve the use of alternative energy, after doing
background research we found that water current is the most sustainable resource of energy as water
represents 71% of the earth’s surface also it will maintain the environment with low cost, so we decide
to convert the kinetic energy of water into electric energy as a renewable source of energy.

From the results, it was observed that the design we chose met all the design requirements.

With the curved blade at 30°, the turbine has the maximum efficiency. Also after testing both Francis
turbines and Propellers we found that the Francis turbines that simulated by spones turbine we
construct that Francis turbines maintain the speed of the water.

The circular body designed and constructed for the water stream forced the water to move in a circular
path which makes a vortex in the water.

The vortex provides the turbine with forces from different directions which cause the turbine to spin.

The inclined plane we added on the circular path provides the system with centripetal acceleration that
works on vortex formation.

The smaller cross-section at the end of the inclined plane increases the intensity of water concentration
on the turbine which increases the output energy according to the Bernoulli equation.

The Rollman bell maintains the position and reduces the rolling resistance. The generator construct was
easy to construct and has high efficiency in converting kinetic energy into electric energy.

Recommendations
For future scientists and engineers, after trying many solutions and construction methods
(Placeholder1)of the prototype to reach the best results, we have some recommendations for you to
facilitate your work:

- Choose a location with a high flow rate and consistent water supply. This could be a river, a canal, or
ocean current.

- Select a turbine that is suitable for the specific site conditions. There are different types of turbines
available such as Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines. The turbine should be efficient, durable, and able
to withstand the harsh conditions of the water environment.

- Use a light and nonrusting material for the turbine.

-Use a material which is lower density than water for the body of the system.
- Choose a generator that can convert the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy.
The size of the generator should be appropriate for the amount of power that needs to be generated.

- Transmission and Distribution: Plan for the transmission and distribution of the electricity generated.
The power generated needs to be transmitted to the grid or stored in batteries for later use.

- Plan for regular maintenance of the equipment to ensure a reliable and efficient operation.

- Filtration: place a filtration system at the system's entry to clean the water that enters.

-Safety: Install safety precautions to safeguard aquatic life from the turbine's moving parts; for example,
avoid sharpening the turbine's blades.

-Vortex Chamber Design: Create a vortex chamber that can efficiently catch and regulate the flow of
water. It should have sloping walls and a cylindrical or cone shape to allow water to whirl in a vortex. To
boost flow velocity and kinetic energy, the chamber's cross-sectional area should also decrease towards
the center.

-Community Engagement: Engage with the local community to ensure that they are aware of the project
and to address any concerns they may have. This can also help to build support for the project.

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