Type equation here .

CHAPTER FOUR : MOTION .

Introduction:
 Motion means movement.
 Stationary or at rest : is when a body does not move with time.
 When a body changes position with respect to its surroundings like houses and trees,
we say the body in motion.

4.1. Types of motion

 Translatory motion : is a motion occuring in one direction.

 Rectilinear motion : motion of a body in a straight line, e.g. car moving
on the road.
 Curvilinear motion : motion of a body along a curved path, e.g. man
running in a 400m race along a curved path.

 Circular motion : motion of a body in a circle around a fixed point in the center.
 Rotatory motion : is a motion when a part of the body occupies a fixed
Position, e.g. rotation of the earth on its axis.
 Revolutionary motion : a whole body in a circle around a central fixed point,
e.g. movement of the earth around the sun.
 Oscillatory motion : is the to and front regular motion of the body,
e.g. the motion of bell attached to a long chain.
 Periodic motion : the bodies occupy a particular motion at regular intervals.
e.g. position of minute hand in a clock once in every 60 minutes.
 Random motion : motion of a body on any direction, e.g. motion of butter flies
and bees.
4.2. Distance travelled and Displacement
 Distance.
 Distance is the actual length of path that the moving body covers.
 The SI unit of distance is meter (m).
 Distance is a scaler quantity, it has only (magnitude).
 The total distance travelled by a body car cannot be zero if the body come back its
original position.
 The distance travelled by a car is measured by instrument called (odometer).

1
  Displacement.
 Displacement is the shortest distance between the initial position and the final position
of the body.
 Displacement is distance + direction.
 The SI unit of displacement is kilometer or meter (m).
 Displacement is vector quantity, it has both (direction and magnitude).

4.3. Speed.

 Speed is the distance travelled per unit time.

 The SI unit speed is kilometer per hour or meter per second (m/s).
 Speed is a scaler quantity, it has only (magnitude).
 The speed of a running car is measured by an instrument called (speedometer).
 Speed has a formula :
Speed = distance travelled .
time taken
where :
v = speed
t = time taken
s = distance travelled v = s/t

Example
A car travels a distance of 100km in 4hours, calculate its speed?
Solution
Given:
S = 100km v = s/t
T = 4h = 100km/4h
V=? = 25km/h.

Uniform speed (constant speed)

A body has a uniform speed if it travels equal distance in equal interval of time.
e.g. a car travels 60km/h, if it travels 30km in every half hour anf 15km in every quarter
hour.

2
4.4. Velocity

 Velocity is speed in specified direction.

 Velocity is speed + direction.
 The SI unit of velocity is kilometer per hour or meter per second (m/s).
 Velocity is a vector quantity, it has both (direction and magnitude).
 Velocity has a formula :
Velocity = displacement
Time taken
where :
v = velocity
t = time taken
s = displacement v = s/t

Uniform velocity (constant velocity)

A body has a uniform velocity if it travels in specified directions in a straight line and
moves over equal distance in equal intervals of time.

Example (1)
A car travelled a distance of 120km from Hargeisa to Borama in 3hours towards west.
Calculate the following:
a) Speed? b) Velocity?
Solution
Given:
S = 120km a) v = distance/time = 120km/3h = 40km/h.
T = 3h
Speed = ?
Velocity = ? b) v = displacement/time = 120km towards west / 3h
= 40km/h towards west.

Example (2)
What is the distance travelled by a body traveling at a constant speed of 54km/h for
8seconds?
Solution
Given:
V = 54km/h = 15m/s s = v × t = 15m/s × 8s = 120m.
T = 8s
S=?

3
 Example (3)
A man fires an arrow from a bow, the arrow flies with a velocity of 20m/s, how long
does the arrow take to fly 60m?
Solution
V = 20m/s t = s/v = 60m / 20m/s = 3s.
S = 60m
T=?

EXERCISE PAGE (66).

4.5. Acceleration

 Acceleration is the rate of change of its velocity with time.

 The SI unit of acceleration is m/s².
 Acceleration is vector quantity, it has both (direction and magnitude).
 Acceleration means “speeding up”.
 Acceleration is positive if the velocity increases and negative if the velocity decreases.
 If the velocity of a body is decreasing called “deceleration” or “retarding’.
 Acceleration has a formula :
Acceleration = change of velocity .
time taken
Where :
a = acceleration
v = final velocity a = v-u
u = initial velocity t
t = time taken for the change in velocity

Example (1)
A car is moving along a straight road increases its speed uniformly from 30m/s to 70m/s
in 5s, what its acceleration?
Solution
Given :
u = 30m/s a = v-u
v = 70m/s t
t = 5s = 70m/s – 30m/s
a=? 5s
= 8m/s².

4
Example (2)
A car is moving with a speed of 35m/s comes to rest with in 7seconds, find its
deceleration?
Solution
Given :
u = 35m/s a = v-u
v = 0m/s t
t = 7s = 0m/s – 35m/s
a=? 7s
= -5m/s².

Example (3)
A car is moving with a speed of 4m/s for 15s, if its acceleration is 9m/s², calculate its
final velocity?
Solution
Given :
u = 4m/s a = v-u
t = 15s t
a = 9m/s² v-u = a.t
v=? v = a.t + u
=(9m/s²)(15s)+4m/s = 139m/s.

Example (4)
If a bus travelling at 20m/s is subject to a steady deceleration of 5m/s², how long will it
take to come to rest?
Solution
Given ;
u = 20m/s a = v-u
v = 0mls t
a = -5m/s² a.t = v-u
t=? a a
t = v-u
a
t = 0-20
-5
t = 4s.

EXERCISE PAGE (68).

5
4.6. Distance-time graph

 Distance-time graph is a graph which represents the motion of the body where the
horizontal axis is (time) and vertical axis is (distance).
 Distance-time graph shows how far something travels over a period of time.
 When a body moves a uniform speed, it will travel equal distance in equal interval of
time.
 For uniform speed, a graph of distance travelled against time will be straight line.
 The slope of a distance-time graph indicates speed of the body.
 Speed = distance travelled .
time taken

Types of distance time graph

1. Stationary or at rest 2. Constant speed

6
3. Both cars have constant speed, but they have different speed. The steeper the graph (car A)
the higher the speed.

Features of the graphs

Example (1)
The distance-time graph below shows the motion of a car

7
Using the above graph, answer the following:

a) Calculate the speed AB ?

b) Calculate the speed of CD ?
c) What shows the part BC ?
d) What parts of AB and CD shows ?
e) Which steeper AB and CD ?
Answers
a) speed of AB = distance travelled / time taken.
= 6km/15m = 0.4km/m.
b) speed of CD = distance travelled / time taken.
= 2km/10m = 0.2km/m.
c) Stationary.
d) Steady speed.
e) AB is steeper than CD.
Example (2)
The distance-time graph shows a journey which a cyclist makes between his home and work

8
9