This document provides definitions and examples of key terms in morphology. It defines morphological terms like morpheme, lexeme, stem, root, affixes. It provides examples of prefixes, suffixes, circumfixes, interfixes. It distinguishes between lexical and functional morphemes. It discusses inflectional vs. derivational morphemes. Examples are given to illustrate conditions for inserting interfixes in Polish words. Bound morphemes in sample words are identified. Inflectional morphemes in expressions are listed. Finally, a sentence is broken down into its morphological elements.
This document provides definitions and examples of key terms in morphology. It defines morphological terms like morpheme, lexeme, stem, root, affixes. It provides examples of prefixes, suffixes, circumfixes, interfixes. It distinguishes between lexical and functional morphemes. It discusses inflectional vs. derivational morphemes. Examples are given to illustrate conditions for inserting interfixes in Polish words. Bound morphemes in sample words are identified. Inflectional morphemes in expressions are listed. Finally, a sentence is broken down into its morphological elements.
This document provides definitions and examples of key terms in morphology. It defines morphological terms like morpheme, lexeme, stem, root, affixes. It provides examples of prefixes, suffixes, circumfixes, interfixes. It distinguishes between lexical and functional morphemes. It discusses inflectional vs. derivational morphemes. Examples are given to illustrate conditions for inserting interfixes in Polish words. Bound morphemes in sample words are identified. Inflectional morphemes in expressions are listed. Finally, a sentence is broken down into its morphological elements.
This document provides definitions and examples of key terms in morphology. It defines morphological terms like morpheme, lexeme, stem, root, affixes. It provides examples of prefixes, suffixes, circumfixes, interfixes. It distinguishes between lexical and functional morphemes. It discusses inflectional vs. derivational morphemes. Examples are given to illustrate conditions for inserting interfixes in Polish words. Bound morphemes in sample words are identified. Inflectional morphemes in expressions are listed. Finally, a sentence is broken down into its morphological elements.
I. Provide the terms for the following definitions:
the minimal distinctive unit of grammar; the smallest (abstract) linguistic unit that has a meaning or grammatical function
the smallest (abstract) distinctive unit in the meaning (semantic) system of a language; the abstract unit underlying sets of grammatical variants, e.g., the forms ‘give’, ‘gives’, ‘given’, lexeme ‘giving’, ‘gave’ all belong to the same lexeme GIVE; lexemes are units conventionally listed in dictionaries as separate entries
the base form to which affixes are attached in the formation of words • simple stem – consisting of a single root morpheme (‘man’), stem • compound stem – two root morphemes (‘postman’), • complex stem – a root and (a) derivational affix(es) (‘manly’, ‘unmanly’, ‘manliness’)
the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity (morphologically simple); that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed
a bound morpheme attached to a stem or root (e.g., suffix, prefix, infix, circumfix, interfix)
one which cannot occur on its own as a separate word
one which can occur as a separate word
one that changes the meaning or lexical category of the word to which it is attached
one that serves a purely grammatical function, never creating a new word but only a different form of the word to which it is attached
free morphemes which carry a semantic content as opposed to performing a grammatical
function; belong to an ‘open’ class of words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs)
free morphemes which provide information about the grammatical relationships between words in a sentence, but have little meaning outside of their grammatical purposes; belong to a ‘closed’ class of words (articles, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs)
a bound morpheme which occurs after a root or stem of a word
an affix which occurs before a root or stem of a word
an affix which is inserted in the middle of a root
an affix which occurs in a word both before and after the root
1 II. Match the terms with examples:
1. Stem a. speed-o-meter, język-o-znawca
2. Root b. child-ish, sheep-ish-ly, wait-er-s
3. Suffix c. ge-mach-t ‘made’ from: machen ‘make’ (German)
4. Infix d. boy-s, boy-ish, un-boy-ish-ness, boy-friend
5. Circumfix e. paint-s, paint-er-s, paint-ing-s, re-paint-s,
6. Prefix f. s-rn-ee ‘a drill’ from: see ‘to drill’ (Kamhmu)
7. Interfix g. un-do, re-wind
III. Match the terms with examples:
1. Lexical morpheme a. tall-er, boy-s, wait-ed
2. Functional morpheme b. quick-ly, boy-s, walk-ed, mother-hood 3. Derivational morpheme c. re-write, boy-ish, un-pleasant-ly, writ-er 4. Inflectional morpheme d. this, but, on, she, the
IV. Formulate the conditions for the insertion of the appropriate interfix, -o-, -i/y- and –u- in Polish, using the following data: [Willim/Mańczak]
a) nerwoból, beczkowóz, kościotrup, ksiegozbiór, winogrona, różnokolorowy, ubiegłoroczny, sześciokąt,
jednorożec, małojadek, szybkowar; b) śpiwór, wodzirej, pucybut, moczymorda, zawalidroga; c) stulecie, dwumasztowiec, dwukropek;
V. List the ‘bound’ morphemes to be found in these words:
misleads previewer shortened unhappier fearlessly
VI. What are the functional morphemes in the following sentence:
When he arrived in the morning, the old man had an umbrella and a large plastic bag full of books.
VII. What are the inflectional morphemes in these expressions?
a) Have you eaten yet?
b) Do you know how long I’ve been waiting? c) She’s younger than me and always dresses in the latest style. d) We looked through my grandmother’s old photo albums.
VIII. Take the following sentence apart and list the ‘elements’ of which it is composed.
The girl’s wildness shocked the teachers.
2 IX. Consider the following examples. In each case decide whether the expression in bold is a lexical or a functional word. Motivate your answer.
a) The cat is out of the bag.
b) The cat is out of the bag. c) John has two cars. d) John has disappeared. e) Mary did a marvelous job yesterday. f) Tom is having his breakfast. g) Tom had his breakfast an hour ago. h) I did enjoy the performance.
X. Consider the following data. On that basis try to decide whether the English morpheme – ed is an inflectional or a derivational morpheme. Motivate your answer.
a) The guy has ruined her life.
b) In the fight his clothes got completely ruined. c) From the top of the mountain, they could see the ruined town at its bottom. d) John was wearing a hooded sweatshirt.
XI. Identify lexemes underlying the following word-forms; group the word-forms under each identified lexeme.
a) nice, nicely, nicest, nicer
b) walk, walking, walked, walks, walker, walkers, walkway, walkways c) fish, fishiest, fishes, fishier, fisheries, fishing, fished, fishy, fishery d) write writing writes writer writings wrote written writers writes e) cook cooks cooked cooker cookies cooking cookers cookie
XII. Analyse the following words into morphemes (indicate roots and stems)
