Pythagoras Surd, Trig

Chapter 10 Pythagoras’ Theorem
10A p.2
10B p.8
10C p.20
10D p.26
10E p.31
Chapter 11 Trigonometric Ratios
11A p.43
11B p.53
11C p.62
11D p.71
11E p.83
11F p.89
11G p.95
11H p.104
11I p.113
Chapter 12 Area and Volume (II)
12A p.117
12B p.128
12C p.139
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1
F2B: Chapter 10A
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Book 2B Lesson Worksheet 10A (Refer to §10.1)
10.1A Introduction to Square Roots
(a) If x2 = n, then x is a square root of n.

e.g. 32 = 9. So, 3 is a square root of 9.
(b) Every positive number n has two square roots n (positive √
‘ ’ is called
square root) and − n (negative square root). the radical sign.
e.g. 3 has two square roots 3 and − 3 .
Example 1 Instant Drill 1

Write down the square roots of each of the Write down the square roots of each of the
following numbers. following numbers.
(a) 5 (a) 7
(b) 16 ( )2 = (b) 64 ( )2 = 64
16
Sol (a) The square roots of 5 are 5 and − 5 . Sol (a) The square roots of 7 are ( ) and
(b) The square roots of 16 are 16 and
( ).
− 16 , i.e. 4 and − 4.
(b) The square roots of 64 are
1. Find the square roots of each of the following numbers.
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 17
(e) 36 (f) 81
(g) 95 (h) 121

→
○ Ex 10A 1−4
2. Without using a calculator, find the value of 3. Without using a calculator, find the value of
3+6. 5 2 − 32 .
3+6 = ( )
=
→
○ Ex 10A 5−10
3
10.1B Finding the Values of Square Roots Using a Calculator
Find the value of 2 , correct to 3 decimal places. Find the value of 11 , correct to 3 decimal places.
Sol Sol
: 2 : 11
2 = 1.414, cor. to 3 d.p. 11 =
Find the value of each of the following numbers, correct to 3 decimal places if necessary.
[Nos. 4–5]
3
4. (a) 256 (b) − 0.25 5. (a) 12.3 (b) −
8
: 3
8
→
○ Ex 10A 11−20
6. Find the value of 400 − 100 .
→
○ Ex 10A 21, 22
Level Up Question
7. The area of the square ABCD as shown in the figure is 49 m2. A D
(a) Find the value of x.
Area of ABCD = ( )2
(b) Find the perimeter of ABCD.
m2
B xm C
4
New Century Mathematics (2nd Edition) 2B
10 Pythagoras’ Theorem
Consolidation Exercise 10A

[In this exercise, unless otherwise stated, give the answers correct to 3 significant figures if necessary.]
Level 1
1. Write down the positive square root of each of the following numbers.
(a) 1 (b) 25 (c) 64
2. Write down the negative square root of each of the following numbers.
(a) 4 (b) 81 (c) 100
3. (a) Find the values of (−13)2 and 132.

(b) Hence, find the square roots of 169.
4. Find the square roots of each of the following numbers.

(a) 9 (b) 16 (c) 36
Without using a calculator, find the values of the following expressions. [Nos. 5−
−10]
5. 4 6. 49 7. 121
200
8. 39 − 14 9. 4 2 + 48 10. −
2
Find the values of the following expressions. [Nos. 11−

−19]
11. 256 12. − 361 13. 520
14. 0.25 15. 14.1 16. − 10
21
17. 2× 3 18. − 19. 324 − 25
13
5
20. Given that the area of a square is 16 m2, find the length of its side.
21. In the figure, if the area of △ ABC is 81 cm2, find the value of x.
22. In the figure, if the area of the parallelogram KLMN is

108 cm2, find the value of a.
Level 2
Find the square roots of each of the following numbers. [Nos. 23−
−24]
23. (a) 0.36 (b) 1.21
25 289
24. (a) (b)
169 144
Find the values of the following expressions. [Nos. 25−

−33]
1 2 2
25. 26. 1 27. 2−
5+ 4 5 9
7 5 −1 6+ 8
28. 6+ 29. 30.
8 2 13
4− 9 6 .1 + 3 .3
31. 32. − 33. − 9 2 + 40 2
16 7
34. The area of a square tile is 1.44 m2. Find the perimeter of the tile.
35. In the figure, the rectangle ABCD is composed of two identical

squares ABNM and MNCD. If the area of ABCD is 21.78 cm2, find its
perimeter.
6
Consolidation Exercise 10A (Answer)
1. (a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 8 23. (a) −0.6, 0.6 (b) −1.1, 1.1
2. (a) −2 (b) −9 (c) −10 5 5 17 17
24. (a) − , (b) − ,
3. (a) 169, 169 (b) −13, 13 13 13 12 12
4. (a) −3, 3 (b) −4, 4 (c) −6, 6 1
25. 26. 1.18
5. 2 6. 7 3
7. 11 8. 5 4
27. 28. 2.62
9. 8 10. −10 3
11. 16 12. −19 29. 0.618 30. 0.406
13. 22.8 14. 0.5 1
31. − 32. −0.612
15. 3.75 16. −3.16 4
17. 2.45 18. −1.27 33. −41 34. 4.8 m
19. 13 20. 4 m 35. 19.8 cm
21. 9 22. 6
7
F2B: Chapter 10B
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Book 2B Lesson Worksheet 10B (Refer to §10.2A−B)
[In this worksheet, unless otherwise stated, give the answers correct to 3 significant figures if necessary.]
10.2A Pythagoras’ Theorem
In △ABC as shown, A
if ∠C = 90°,
c The side (AB)
then a2 + b2 = c2. b which is opposite
to the right angle
[Reference: Pyth. theorem] B a C is called the
hypotenuse.

Find c in the figure. Find x in the figure.
c x
6 8
15
8
Sol 62 + 82 = c2 Pyth. theorem Sol ( )2 + ( )2= ( )2 Pyth. theorem
c2 = 100
=
c = 100 c represents the
= 10 length of a side.
∴c>0
Find the unknown in each of the following figures. [Nos. 1–4]

1. 7 2.
12 10
9 y
a
( )2 + ( )2= ( )2 Pyth. theorem

=
→
○ Ex 10B 1, 2, 5, 7, 8
3. 13 4. 15
5 m
r
11
2 2 2
( ) +( )=( ) Pyth. theorem
=
→
○ Ex 10B 3, 4, 6, 9
10
Find the unknown in each of the following figures. [Nos. 5–6]
(Leave the radical sign ‘ ’ in the answers.)
5. 6. 3
15
x
y 2
3
( )2 + ( )2= ( )2 Pyth. theorem

=
→
○ Ex 10B 16, 17
10.2B Applications of Pythagoras’ Theorem
I. Applications to Other Simple Geometric Figures

The figure shows a rectangle ABCD. Find the The figure shows a square PQRS. Find the length
length of the diagonal BD. of the diagonal PR.
A 21 cm D P S
For a rectangle, For a square,
(i) opposite sides are equal (i) all sides are equal
20 cm 5m (ii) interior angle =
(ii) interior angle = ( )°
( )°
B C Q 5m R
Sol In △BAD, ∠BAD = 90°. Sol In △PQR, ∠PQR = ( )°.

∴ AD2 + AB2 = BD2 Pyth. theorem ∴ ( )2 + ( )2 = PR2 Pyth. theorem
BD = AD 2 + AB 2 PR =
2 2
= 21 + 20 cm
= 29 cm
7. In the figure, EFGH is a rectangle. Find the perimeter of EFGH. E H
10.9 cm
6 cm
F G
Find the
length of FG
first.
→
○ Ex 10B 10, 11, 18, 19
11
In the figure, BCD is a straight line. Find the Refer to the figure. Find the lengths of PR and QR.
lengths of AC and AD. P
A
38 cm
24 cm
15 m
Q S
B 9m C 12 m D R 7 cm
Sol In △ABC, Sol In △PRS,
AC2 + BC2= AB2 Pyth. theorem ( )2 + ( )2= ( )2 Pyth. theorem
2 2 =
AC = AB − BC
2 2
= 15 − 9 m
= 12 m
In △ACD, In △ ,
AC2 + CD2= AD2 Pyth. theorem ( )2 + ( )2= ( )2 Pyth. theorem

=
AD = AC 2 + CD 2
= 12 2 + 12 2 m
= 17.0 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
8. In the figure, BCD is a straight line. 9. In the figure, QRS is a straight line and
AC = 2.5 cm. Find the lengths of CD and AB. PR ⊥ QS. Find the length of QS.
A P
6m 10 m
2 cm 4m
Q S
R
∵ PR ⊥ QS
B 3 cm C D
∴ ∠PRQ =
∠PRS =
→
○ Ex 10B 12−15
12
II. Applications in Real Life
In the figure, a ladder MN leans against a vertical The figure shows an inclined road EF. Find the
wall. Find the length of the ladder MN. length of this road.
M E
10 m
1.6 m D F
50 m
N
O
1.2 m Sol ∵ ∠EDF = ( )°
Sol ∵ ∠NOM = 90°
∴ MO2 + NO2= MN2 Pyth. theorem
2 2
MN = MO + NO
2 2
= 1.6 + 1.2 m
=2m
∴ The length of the ladder MN is 2 m.
10. The figure shows a garden XYZ such that the 11. A man leaves point A and runs 2.3 km due
footpaths XY and YZ are perpendicular to each west to point B, and then runs 1.5 km due
other. Find the length of the footpath XY. south to point C. Find the distance between A
X and C.
74 m 2.3 km
B A N
Y Z 1.5 km
70 m
→
○ Ex 10B 21, 22
13
‘Explain Your Answer’ Question
12. The figure shows a rectangular park ABCD. If a fence will be A 48 m D
built along BD and the cost is $50/m, is $3 000 enough to build
20 m
the fence? Explain you answer.
BC = = m B C
∵ ∠ =( )° Use Pythagoras’ theorem

∴ ( 2
) +( 2
) =( ) 2
Pyth. theorem
to find the length of BD
first.
=
Total cost of building the fence =
∵ $ (> / = / <) $3 000

∴ $3 000 (is / is not) enough to build the fence.
Level Up Questions
13. Refer to the figure. Find x. A
Recall that
(ab)n = anbn. 52
2x
B 3x C
14. It is given that the area of △PQR in the figure is 240 cm .

2
P R
Find QR.
16 cm
14
Consolidation Exercise 10B

Level 1
Find the unknown in each of the following figures. [Nos. 1−9]
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9.
In each of the following, find the length of the diagonal PR. [Nos. 10−11]
10. 11.
15
12. 13.
14. 15.

√
16. 17.
18. Find the perimeter of △ ABC in the figure.
19. In the figure, ∠D = 90°, DF = 77 m and EF = 85 m. Find

(a) the perimeter of △ DEF,
(b) the area of △ DEF.
20. In an orienteering, Paul leaves the starting point X and walks 380
m due south to point A. Then, he walks 430 m due west to point B.
How far is he away from the starting point X finally?
16
Level 2
Find the unknown in each of the following figures. [Nos. 21−
−23]
21. 22. 23.
24. In the figure, ∠B = 90°, AB = 3BC and AC = 25 cm. Find BC.
3
25. In the figure, ∠E = 90° and EF = DF. If DE = 18 cm, find
4
the perimeter of △ DEF.
26. In the figure, ∠L = 90° and LM = 5 m. If the area of △ LMN is 30

m2, find its perimeter.
27. Find the perimeter and the area of the quadrilateral PQRS in
the figure.
28. In the figure, ∠U = 90°. V is a point on UW such that

UV : VW = 1 : 6. Find
(a) UW,
(b) TV.
17
29. In the figure, ABCD is a trapezium. Find the perimeter and the area of
ABCD.
30. It is given that △ PQR is a right-angled isosceles triangle and its hypotenuse is s cm.
(a) Express the area of △ PQR in terms of s.
(b) If the area of △ PQR is 24 cm2, find the perimeter of △ PQR.
31. In the figure, the heights of buildings AB and PQ are 150 m and
194 m respectively. Two buildings are 117 m apart and a straight
wire is hung between the tops of them. Find the length of the
wire.
32. Tom wants to bend a metal wire to form a quadrilateral PQRS as

shown in the figure. Is a metal wire of length 220 cm long enough
to form the quadrilateral PQRS? Explain your answer.
33. In the figure, a ship leaves pier A and sails 3.7 km due north to pier
B, and then sails 6.5 km due west to pier C. Finally, the ship sails
5.1 km due north to pier D. Find the distance between piers A and
D.
18
Consolidation Exercise 10B 22. 4.92 23. 35
1. 17 2. 29 24. 7.91 cm 25. 65.6 cm
3. 8 4. 7 26. 30 m
5. 7.3 6. 8 27. perimeter = 24 cm, area = 27.8 cm2
7. 3.61 8. 13.0 28. (a) 35 cm (b) 13 cm
9. 6.24 10. 9.85 29. perimeter = 46 cm, area = 114 cm2
11. 8.49 12. 37 s2
30. (a) cm2 (b) 23.7 cm
13. 14.8 14. 4.4 4
15. 7.5 16. 3 31. 125 m 32. no
17. 10 18. 46.8 cm 33. 10.9 km
19. (a) 198 m (b) 1 386 m2
20. 574 m 21. 3
t
19
F2B: Chapter 10C
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20
Book 2B Lesson Worksheet 10C (Refer to §10.3)
10.3 Converse of Pythagoras’ Theorem and its Applications
In △ABC as shown, A
if a2 + b2 = c2,
c
then ∠C = 90°. b
[Reference: converse of Pyth. theorem] B a C If a2 + b2 ≠ c2,

then ∠C ≠ 90°.

Determine if each of the following triangles is a Determine if each of the following triangles is a
right-angled triangle. If it is, state which angle is right-angled triangle. If it is, state which angle is
the right angle. the right angle.
(a) P 8 Q
(a) A
Consider a triangle of
15 sides a, b and c, 6
9 where c is the longest. 11
Check if a2 + b2 = c2.
R
B 12 C
(b) D
(b) X 25
14 7
10
F
Z E 24
Y 13
Sol (a) BC2 + AC2 = 122 + 92 Sol (a) PQ2 + QR2 =
= 225
2 2
AB = 15 PR2 =
= 225
∵ BC + AC = AB
2 2 2
∵ PQ2 + QR2 (= / ≠) PR2
∴ △ABC is a right-angled triangle, ∴
where ∠C = 90°. converse of
Pyth. theorem
(b) XY2 + YZ 2 = 102 + 132 (b)

= 269
2 2
XZ = 14
= 196
∵ XY + YZ ≠ XZ
2 2 2
∴ △XYZ is not a right-angled triangle.
21
Determine if each of the following triangles is a right-angled triangle. If it is, state which angle is the right
angle. [Nos. 1–6]
1. L 2. G
18
I
29 8 14
21
H
N 20 M
3. A 4. S
7
5.6 9 U
4
6.2
B C T
10.6
6. Y
5. P 75
X
7
31 65
12
Q R
80 W
→
○ Ex 10C 1−11
22
Refer to the figure. Refer to the figure.
A X
37 cm
12 cm 8.9 cm
3.9 cm
C B
35 cm
△ABC is a right-angled triangle. Y Z
8 cm
△XYZ is a right-angled triangle.
(a) Prove that
Find the area of △ABC.
(a) Prove that
Find the area of △XYZ.
(b)
(b)
Sol (a) AB2 + BC2 = (122 + 352) cm2
Sol (a) XY 2 + YZ 2 =
= 1 369 cm2
AC2 = 372 cm2
XZ 2 =
= 1 369 cm2
∵ AB + BC = AC
2 2 2
∴ △ABC is a right-angled triangle.

converse of Pyth. theorem
∵
∵
(b) AB2 + BC2 = AC2
∴ Identify the base (b) + =
∴
∠B = 90°
△ABC
and the height
∠ =
△XYZ
Area of first.
Area of
1
= × BC × AB 1
2 = ×( )×( )
1 2
= × 35 × 12 cm2 =
2
= 210 cm2
7. Find the area of △PQR in the figure. P 11 m Q
9.6 m
14.6 m
R
△
Is PQR a right-
angled triangle?
→
○ Ex 10C 12, 13
23
8. Consider a triangle ABC, where AB = 41 cm, BC = 40 cm and AC = 9 cm. Is AC perpendicular to BC?
Explain your answer.
△
Is ABC a right-
angled triangle? If it is,
which angle is the right
angle?
Level Up Questions
9. Consider a triangle of sides a, b and c, where b : c = 12 : 13 and a = 10 cm. It is given that the
perimeter of the triangle is 60 cm.
(a) Find b and c.
(b) Is this a right-angled triangle? Explain your answer.
10. Refer to the figure. Is BCD a straight line? Explain your answer. A
Find ∠ACB and 41

5
∠ACD first. 4
B 5 D
3 C
24
Consolidation Exercise 10C (Answer)
1. no 2. yes 15. (a) AD = 2 , AC = 6
3. no 4. no (b) yes
5. yes, ∠Y 6. no 16. (a) 53 cm (b) no
7. yes, ∠E 8. yes, ∠L 17. (b) 9.06 cm
9. yes, ∠Q 10. no 18. 1 428 cm2
11. yes, ∠X 19. (b) Ally
12. (b) 0.96 cm2 20. (b) 3 336 m2
13. (b) 30k2 21. (a) 7 cm (b) yes
14. (a) PQ = 25.5, SR = 6.4
25
F2B: Chapter 10D
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26
Book 2B Lesson Worksheet 10D (Refer to §10.4A−B)
10.4A Rational Numbers

a
(a) If a number can be expressed in the form (where a, b are
b
integers and b ≠ 0), then the number is called a rational
number.
(b) All integers, fractions, terminating decimals and recurring
decimals are rational numbers.
3 • 2 3 −3
e.g. 2, − , −4.6 and 0.1 are rational numbers. 2= ,− = ,
7 1 7 7
− 46 • 1
−4.6 = , 0.1 =
10 9
a
1. Express each of the following rational numbers in the form , where a, b are integers and
b
b ≠ 0.
2
(a) 4 (b) 1
3
9
(c) − (d) 0.25
5
(e) 3.8 (f) 70%
→
○ Ex 10D 9−14
10.4B Irrational Numbers
a
(a) Numbers that cannot be expressed in the form (where a, b
b
are integers and b ≠ 0) are called irrational numbers.
(b) All non-terminating and non-repeating decimals are irrational
numbers.
e.g. π, 2 and
1
are irrational numbers. π = 3.141 592 653 …,
2 = 1.414 213 562…,
3
(c) A square root which is an irrational number like 2, 3 is
= 0.577 350 269…
1
called a surd. 3
27
Consider the following numbers. Which of them are Consider the following numbers. Which of them
rational numbers? Which of them are irrational are rational numbers? Which of them are
numbers? irrational numbers?
−9.02, 7 , • •
4. 2 0 7 , 3π, 5.178 209 … 8, − 5 , • •
3.14 , −65%,
π
2
• •
Sol −9.02 and 4. 2 0 7 are rational numbers. Sol are rational numbers.
7 , 3π and 5.178 209 ⋯ are irrational numbers. are irrational numbers.
2. Determine if each of the following numbers is a rational number or an irrational number.

(a) 9 (b) −5.7
15 integers, non-terminating
(c) (d) 4.306 306
2 fractions, and non-
(e) 0.003 514 … (f) −π

terminating decimals,
recurring decimals
repeating
decimals
• • •
(g) 178. 5 (h) 5. 6 0 2
Rational numbers Irrational numbers
8 3
(i) − (j)
4 11
→
○ Ex 10D 1−8
Level Up Question
3. Determine if each of the following numbers is a rational number or an irrational number.
•
(a) 7π2 (b) 1 + 2. 2 Note that not all the numbers
√
with a radical sign ‘ ’ are
2 2 irrational numbers.
(c) 36 (d) 3 +4
e.g. 9 = 3, which is a
rational number.
(e) 15 − 7 (f) 2+6 3
28
Consolidation Exercise 10D

Level 1
Determine whether each of the following numbers is a rational number. [Nos. 1−
−6]
22
1. 2 016 2. − 3. 19
7
1
4. −0.5 5. − 100 6.
π
a
Express each of the following numbers in the form , where a, b are integers and b ≠ 0.
b
[Nos. 7−
−12]
10 3
7. −8 8. 9. −2
3 4
10. 3.14 11. 9 12. 22.5%
In each of the following figures, arc BC is drawn with centre O. Find the irrational number represented by
point C. [Nos. 13−
−16]
13. 14.
15. 16.
Level 2
Determine whether each of the following numbers is a rational number. [Nos. 17−
−20]
3 π +1
ɺ
17. 0.2 +
11
18. 32 + 4 2 19.
7
20. 6 − 16
In each of the following, use the symbol ‘ ✕’ to indicate the point representing the given number on a
number line. [Nos. 21–24]
21. 32 22. 40 23. − 13 24. − 18
29
Consolidation Exercise 10D (Answer)
1. yes 2. yes 9
12. (or other reasonable answers)
3. no 4. yes 40
5. yes 6. no 13. 8
−8 14. 29
1 15. − 2
10
8. (or other reasonable answers) 16. − 10
3
−11 17. yes
4 18. yes
157 19. no
50 20. no
3
1
30
F2B: Chapter 10E
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10E Multiple Choice
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32
Book 2B Lesson Worksheet 10E (Refer to §10.5)
[In this worksheet, do not use a calculator.]
10.5A Properties of Surds

(a) For any two positive numbers a and b,
a a
(i) ab = a ⋅ b (ii) =
b b
(b) A surd is said to be in its simplest form if the number inside the radical sign
does not have a square number factor (except 1).
e.g. (i) 2 and 4 3 are surds in their simplest form.
(ii) ∵ 8 = 4 × 2 , where 4 is a square number.
∴ The surd 8 is not in its simplest form.

(a) Express 12 as a product of the prime factors. (a) Express 99 as a product of the prime factors.
(b) Hence, simplify 12 . (b) Hence, simplify 99 .
) 99
2) 12
Sol (a) 12 = 2 × 2 × 3 Sol (a) 99 = ( )×( )×( ) )
2) 6
=2 ×3 2 3 =
(b) 12 = 22 × 3 Apply (b) 99 = ( )×( )
2 ab = a ⋅ b =
= 2 × 3
.
=2 3
4 3
1. Simplify 3 × 2 . 2. Simplify 50 .
Express 50 as a
product of prime
factors first.
3. Simplify 147 . 4. Simplify 243 . 243 = 3( )
= 3( )
×3
→
○ Ex 10E 1−3
33
3 6
Simplify . Simplify .
4 49
Express the
denominator/numerator as 6 ( )
3 3 a product of prime factors. Sol =
Sol = 49 ( )( )
4 22
=
3
= a a
22 Apply = .
b b
3
=
2
27 8
5. Simplify . 6. Simplify 4 . 8
25 9 Convert 4 into an
9
improper fraction
first.
→
○ Ex 10E 4, 5
10.5B Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division of Surds
(a) If the numbers inside the radical signs of surds in their simplest
form are equal, then these surds are called like surds.
e.g. 2 , 3 2 and 8 (= 2 2 ) are like surds.
(b) Surds that are not like surds are called unlike surds. 8 = 23
e.g. 2 and 7 are unlike surds. = 22 × 2
=2 2
7. Determine if each of following pairs of surds are like surds.
(a) 3, 7 (b) 3 ,4 3
(c) − 9 5 , 9 6 (d) 5 , 10
(e) 2 , 18 (f) 27 , − 12
Simplify the
surds first.
In addition and subtraction of surds, like surds can be combined. Unlike surds cannot be
combined in addition
e.g. (i) 3 2 + 2 = (3 + 1) 2 = 4 2 and subtraction.
(ii) 7 3 − 5 3 = (7 − 5) 3 = 2 3
34
Simplify each of the following. Simplify each of the following.
(a) 4 7 + 2 7 (a) 10 5 − 6 5
(b) 2+ 8 (b) 8 3 − 27
(c) 75 − 9 3 (c) 175 − 3 7
Sol (a) 4 7 +2 7 Sol (a) 10 5 − 6 5
= ( 4 + 2) 7 = [( )−( )] 5
=6 7 =
(b) 2+ 8 (b) 8 3 − 27
27 = 3( )
=
= 2 +2 2 = 3( )
×3
= (1 + 2) 2
=3 2
(c) 75 − 9 3 (c) 175 − 3 7
=5 3 − 9 3 2
75 = 5 × 3 =
175 =
= (5 − 9 ) 3 =5 3
=− 4 3
8. Simplify each of the following. 9. Simplify each of the following.

(a) 10 11 + 6 11 (a) 28 + 63
(b) 7 3 − 12 3 (b) 80 − 20
→
○ Ex 10E 6−9
10. Simplify each of the following.
(a) 4 a + 9a (b) 81x − 25 x
→
○ Ex 10E 10
35
Use the following two properties to perform multiplication and
division of surds.
(i) a ⋅ b = ab
a a
(ii) =
b b

Simplify each of the following. Simplify each of the following.
(a) 5×4 2 (a) 8 3 × 5 2
(b) 10 6 ÷ 2 3 (b) 6 21 ÷ 3 7
Sol (a) 5×4 2 Sol (a) 8 3 ×5 2
Apply
=4× 5 × 2 =( )×( )×( )×( )
a ⋅ b = ab .
= 4 10 =
(b) 10 6 ÷ 2 3 (b) 6 21 ÷ 3 7
10 6 ( )
a a =
= Apply = ( )
2 3 b b
6 . =
=5
3
=5 2
11. Simplify each of the following. 12. Simplify each of the following.
(a) 3 6 × 5 3 (a) 12 18 ÷ 4 6
(b) 72 × 45 (b) 88 ÷ 11
Give the
answers in their
simplest form.
→
○ Ex 10E 11, 12 →
○ Ex 10E 13, 14
36
13. Simplify each of the following.
(a) 24a × 6a (b) 60a 3 ÷ 5a
→
○ Ex 10E 16, 17
10.5C Rationalization of the Denominator
The process of changing the surd (irrational number) in the denominator into
a rational number is called rationalization of the denominator.

1 4
Rationalize the denominator of . Rationalize the denominator of .
3 7
4
∵
Sol 4 ( )
3× 3 = 3 Sol = × 7 ×( )=7
7 7 ( )
∴ √
We can remove the sign ‘ ’ of 3 in
the denominator by multiplying both =
the numerator and denominator by
3.
1 1 3
= ×
3 3 3
3
= 3× 3 =3
3
Rationalize the denominators of the following expressions. [Nos. 14–17]

5
14. 3 3 ( )
6 15. = ×
11 11 ( )
9 45
16. 17.
13 8 Simplify 45 and 8 firs
t.
→
○ Ex 10E 18−20
37
Simplify each of the following and rationalize the denominator of the result. [Nos. 18–19]
18. − 2 ÷ 28 19. 51 ÷ 15
→
○ Ex 10E 21, 22
Level Up Questions
20. Simplify 6 3 + 8 2 − 4 3 .
21. Simplify 26 × 27 ÷ 39 .
22. Simplify 5 ÷ 10 × 7 and rationalize the denominator of the result.
38
Consolidation Exercise 10E

[In this exercise, do not use a calculator.]
Level 1
Simplify the following expressions. [Nos. 1−17]
1. (a) 2 × 72 (b) 32 × 52
2. (a) 20 (b) 27
3. (a) 0.09 (b) 1.44
25 9
4. (a) (b)
16 49
1 5
5. (a) 2 (b) − 3
4 9
0.2 0.06
6. (a) (b) −
1.8 6
7. (a) 3 2 + 5 2 (b) 2 6 − 6
8. (a) 8 5 − 20 (b) 2 3 + 75
9. (a) 72 + 98 (b) 150 − 54
2 50 12 108
10. (a) + (b) −
2 2 4 5
11. (a) 25a + a (where a > 0) (b) 6 a − 100a (where a > 0)
12. (a) 4 3 × 2 (b) 5×2 3
13. (a) − 6 × 8 (b) 18 × (− 48 )
39
14. (a) 55 ÷ 11 (b) − 40 ÷ 10
15. (a) 2 6 ÷ 8 2 (b) −3 20 ÷ (−6 5 )
6 24 84 12
16. (a) × (b) ÷
2 3 6 2
17. (a) 26k × 13k (where k > 0) (b) 51k 3 ÷ (− 17 k ) (where k > 0)
Rationalize the denominators of the following expressions. [Nos. 18−19]

2 7
18. (a) (b)
3 7
11 5
19. (a) (b) −
6 12
Simplify each of the following and rationalize the denominator of the result. [Nos. 20−21]
20. − 7 ÷ 21
21. 30 ÷ 42
1
22. (a) Rationalize the denominator of .
2
1
(b) Using 2 ≈ 1.414, estimate the value of .
5 2
Level 2
23. (a) 252 (b) 294
25 59
24. (a) (b) 1
324 121
25. (a) 2 + 128 + 50 (b) 300 − 48 − 7 3
26. (a) 12 − 75 + 108 (b) 6 5 + 162 − 20
27. (a) 2 × 15 × 60 (b) − 216 ÷ 8 ÷ ( 2 3 )
40
28. (a) 14 × 3 7 ÷ (4 2 ) (b) − 18 ÷ 50 × ( −6 3 )
72 14 × 42
29. (a) (b)
5 × 40 48
30. (a) 11( 5 + 1) (b) ( 10 − 6 )(− 30 )
31. (a) ( 2 + 5 ) 2 (b) ( 7 − 8 ) 2
32. Let 2 = a and 3 = b. Express 12 + 18 in terms of a and b.
33. Let 5 = p and 7 = q. Express 35 − 140 in terms of p and q.
Simplify each of the following and rationalize the denominator of the result. [Nos. 34−37]
1 6 7 1
34. (a) + (b) −
6 3 4 7
72 1 75 2
35. (a) + (b) −
2 2 5 3
1 9
36. (a) 32 − (b) + 20
18 45
37. (a) 5 × 40 ÷ 27 (b) 2 6 ÷ (−4 15 ) × 7
41
Consolidation Exercise 10E (Answer)
1. (a) 7 2 (b) 15 3 35
20. − 21.
2. (a) 2 5 (b) 3 3 3 7
3. (a) 0.3 (b) 1.2 2
22. (a) (b) 0.141 4
5 3 2
4. (a) (b)
4 7 23. (a) 6 7 (b) 7 6
3 4 2 5 6 5
5. (a) (b) − 24. (a) (b)
2 3 18 11
1 25. (a) 14 2 (b) − 3
6. (a) (b) −0.1
3
26. (a) 3 3 (b) 4 5 + 9 2
7. (a) 8 2 (b) 6 3
8. (a) 6 5 (b) 7 3 27. (a) 30 2 (b) −
2
9. (a) 13 2 (b) 2 6 21 18 3
28. (a) (b)
7 3 4 5
10. (a) 3 2 (b) −
10 3 7
29. (a) (b)
11. (a) 6 a (b) − 4 a 5 2
12. (a) 4 6 (b) 2 15 30. (a) 55 + 11 (b) 6 5 − 10 3
13. (a) − 4 3 (b) −12 6 31. (a) 9 + 4 5 (b) 15 − 4 14
14. (a) 5 (b) −2
32. 2b + 3a
3
15. (a) (b) 1 33. −pq
4
6 3 7
7 34. (a) (b)
16. (a) 2 (b) 2 28
3
7 2 3
17. (a) 13 2k (b) − 3k 35. (a) (b)
2 3
2 3
18. (a) (b) 7 23 2 13 5
3 36. (a) (b)
6 5
66 15
19. (a) (b) − 10 6 70
6 6 37. (a) (b) −
9 10
42
F2B: Chapter 11A
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44
11.2A Ratio of Opposite Side to Hypotenuse
opposite side hypotenuse opposite

sin θ = ‘sin θ ’ stands for the
hypotenuse side (of θ )
sine ratio of angle θ.
θ

Refer to the figure. Express the value of sin θ Refer to the figure. Express the value of sin θ
as a fraction. as a fraction.
opposite side ( BC ) C opposite side ( ) P R
Sol sin θ = Sol sin θ = θ
hypotenuse ( AC ) hypotenuse ( ) 5 13
5
3 3
=
Q
=
5 A θ
B
Find the value of sin θ in each of the following. [Nos. 1–2]

(Leave the answers in fractions.)
1. 2.
25
58
42
24 θ
7 θ
40
Identify the
opposite
side of θ first.
→
○ Ex 11A 1– 4
Find the values of sin θ and sin φ in each of the following, correct to 3 decimal places. [Nos. 3–4]
3. 4.
7.4 φ 2.4 11 θ
θ 6
7
5 φ
→
○ Ex 11A 5–7
45
11.2B Using a Calculator to Find sin θ
Find the value of sin 50°, correct to 3 decimal Find the value of sin 10°, correct to 3 decimal
places. (Remember to set to degree places.
Sol mode.) Sol : 10
: 50
sin 50° = 0.766, cor. to 3 d.p. sin 10° =
Find the values of the following, correct to 3 decimal places. [Nos. 5–6]
5. (a) sin 6° 6. (a) 2 sin 80°
:1 3 45
(b) sin 35° 1
(b) sin 45°
3
(c) sin 58.7°
6
(c)
For any acute angle θ,
sin 27°
(i) 0 < sin θ < 1,
(ii) sin θ increases when θ increases.
→
○ Ex 11A 8 →
○ Ex 11A 9
11.2C Using a Calculator to Find Angle θ from sin θ

If sin θ = 0.3, use a calculator to find θ, If sin θ = 0.84, use a calculator to find θ, correct to
correct to the nearest 0.1°. the nearest 0.1°.
Sol : 0.3 Sol : 0.84
sin θ = 0.3 sin θ = 0.84

θ = 17.5°, cor. to the nearest 0.1° θ=
Find θ in each of the following, correct to the nearest 0.1°. [Nos. 7–8]
2 7
7. (a) sin θ = (b) sin θ = 8. (a) 3 sin θ = 1 (b) 11 sin θ = 8
5 9
(a) 3 sin θ = 1 Change the
:2 5 subject
sin θ = to sin θ first.
get the answer find θ
2
for first
5
→
○ Ex 11A 10 →
○ Ex 11A 11
46
11.2D Using Sine Ratio to Find Unknown in Right-angled Triangle
Find θ in the figure, correct to A Find θ in the figure, correct D 15 F
θ
the nearest degree. to the nearest degree. 8
6 5
E
θ
C B
opposite side ( AB) opposite side ( )
Sol sin θ = Sol sin θ =
hypotenuse ( AC ) hypotenuse ( )
5
= =
6
θ = 56°, cor. to the nearest degree
Find θ in each of the following figures, correct to the nearest degree. [Nos. 9–10]
9. 10.
13 θ 45 28
20 θ
53
→
○ Ex 11A 12–14
Find the value of x in the figure, Find the value of x in the figure, I 4
Q K
x
correct to 3 significant figures. correct to 3 significant figures.
P x
43°
26°
10 J
R
x ( )
Sol sin 26° = Sol sin 43° =
10 ( )
x = 10 sin 26°
=
= 4.38, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
47
Find the value of x in each of the following figures, correct to 3 significant figures. [Nos. 11–14]
11. 12.
54° x
31°
9 3.8
x
13. x 14. x
75° 40.2°
8
→
○ Ex 11A 15–20
Level Up Questions
15. Find the value of each of the following expressions, correct to 3 significant figures.
4
(a) sin 63° + sin 27° (b)
sin 80° − sin 20°
16. Refer to the figure.

3 2 φ
(a) Express the value of sin θ as a fraction. 2
(b) Find the value of φ, correct to the nearest 0.1°. θ
4
48
11 Trigonometric Ratios

Level 1
Find the value of sin θ in each of the following. [Nos. 1−4]
1. 2.
3. 4.
Find the values of sin θ and sin φ in each of the following figures. [Nos. 5−7]
(Give the answers correct to 3 decimal places.)
5. 6. 7.
Find the value of each of the following expressions. [Nos. 8−9]

(Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures.)
8. (a) sin 45° (b) sin 18.74°
2
9. (a) 6 sin 78° (b)
3 sin 50°
10. Find θ in each of the following.

(Give the answers correct to the nearest degree.)
18 4
(a) sin θ = 0.628 (b) sin θ = (c) =6
19 sin θ
49
(Give the answers correct to the nearest 0.1°.)
(a) 5 sin θ = 3 (b) 8 sin θ = 7 (c) 9 sin θ = 2
Find θ in each of the following figures. [Nos. 12−14]

12. 13. 14.
Find the value of x in each of the following figures. [Nos. 15−20]

15. 16. 17.
18. 19. 20.
Level 2
Find the values of sin θ and sin φ in each of the following figures. [Nos. 21−22]
(Leave the radical sign ‘ ’ in the answers if necessary.)
21. 22.
50
2
23. (a) sin 34° + sin 55° (b) sin 69° − sin 13°
5
4 sin (81° − 55°)

24. (a) (b)
sin 22° + sin 34° sin (3 × 20°)
25. (a) Given that sin θ = sin 12° × sin 4°, find θ.
(Give the answer correct to 3 significant figures.)
(b) Is θ equal to (12 × 4)°?
26. Given that sin φ = sin (2 × 40°) − 3 sin 15°, find φ.

Find the unknowns in each of the following figures. [Nos. 27−29]

(Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures if necessary.)
27. 28. 29.
30. In the figure, YZ = y cm, XZ = z cm, ∠XYZ = 90° and ∠YXZ = 30°.
(a) Write down 3 possible pairs of values of y and z.
(b) If the difference in length between XZ and YZ is 3 cm, find the values
of y and z.
51
3 15 7 32 4 2
1. 2. 21. sin θ = , sin φ = or
5 17 9 9 9
24 88 4  2 46 
3. 4. 22. sin θ =  or ,
46  23 
25 137
5. sin θ = 0.690, sin φ = 0.724
6. sin θ = 0.946, sin φ = 0.324 30  345 
sin φ =  or 
7. sin θ = 0.923, sin φ = 0.385 46  23 
8. (a) 0.707 (b) 0.321 23. (a) 1.38 (b) 0.148
9. (a) 5.87 (b) 0.870 24. (a) 4.28 (b) 0.506
10. (a) 39° (b) 71° (c) 42° 25. (a) 0.831° (b) no
11. (a) 36.9° (b) 61.0° (c) 12.8° 26. 12.0°
12. 32° 13. 53° 27. x = 2.5, θ = 24.6°
14. 28° 15. 4.33 28. x = 2.53, y = 1.49
16. 9.02 17. 1.47 29. x = 14.6, θ = 33.1°
18. 4.09 19. 7.67 30. (a) y = 1, z = 2; y = 2, z = 4; y = 3, z = 6
20. 3.47 (or other reasonable answers)
(b) y = 3, z = 6
52
F2B: Chapter 11B
Date Task Progress

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53
Book 2B Lesson Worksheet 11B (Refer to §11.3)
11.3A Ratio of Adjacent Side to Hypotenuse
adjacent side hypotenuse

cos θ = ‘cos θ ’ stands for the
hypotenuse cosine ratio of angle θ.
θ
adjacent side (of θ )

Refer to the figure. Express the value of cos θ Refer to the figure. Express the value of cos θ
adjacent side ( AB) C adjacent side ( ) X
Sol cos θ = Sol cos θ =
hypotenuse ( AC ) hypotenuse ( )
15
8
= 17 =
17 Y θ
9 Z
θ
B 8 A
Find the value of cos θ in each of the following. [Nos. 1–2]

1. 2. 4.1
θ 55
θ 0.9
4
73
48
Identify the
adjacent
side of θ first.
→
○ Ex 11B 1– 4
Find the values of cos θ and cos φ in each of the following, correct to 3 decimal places. [Nos. 3–4]
3. 4.
17.8 φ φ
7.8
9
θ 56
16
θ
5
→
○ Ex 11B 5–7
54
11.3B Using a Calculator to Find cos θ or the Corresponding Angle θ
Find the value of cos 70°, correct to 3 decimal Find the value of cos 35°, correct to 3 decimal
places. places.
Sol : 70 Sol : 35
cos 70° = 0.342, cor. to 3 d.p. cos 35° =
5. (a) cos 24° 6. (a) 3 cos 54°
:1 4 10
(b) cos 52° 1
(b) cos 10°
4
(c) cos 76.5°
2
(c)
cos 79°
(i) 0 < cos θ < 1,
(ii) cosθ decreases when θ
increases.
→
○ Ex 11B 8 →
○ Ex 11B 9

If cos θ = 0.6, use a calculator to find θ, If cos θ = 0.15, use a calculator to find θ.
correct to the nearest 0.1°. correct to the nearest 0.1°.
Sol : 0.6 Sol : 0.15
cos θ = 0.6 cos θ = 0.15

2 4
7. (a) cos θ = (b) cos θ = 8. (a) 6 cos θ = 1 (b) 9 cos θ = 7
3 11
(a) 6 cos θ = 1
:2 3
cos θ =
→
○ Ex 11B 10 →
○ Ex 11B 11
55
11.3C Using Cosine Ratio to Find Unknown in Right-angled Triangle

Find θ in the figure, correct A C Find θ in the figure, correct Y
9
θ
to the nearest 0.1°. 2 θ to the nearest 0.1°. X
5
B 12
adjacent side ( AB) adjacent side ( ) Z

Sol cos θ = Sol cos θ =
hypotenuse ( BC ) hypotenuse ( )
2
= =
5
θ = 66.4°, cor. to the nearest 0.1°
Find θ in each of the following figures, correct to the nearest 0.1°. [Nos. 9–10]
9. 10. 16
8
34
30
6.5 θ
θ
→
○ Ex 11B 12–14
Find the value of x in the figure, D Find the value of x in the figure, Q
correct to 3 significant figures. 4 correct to 3 significant figures. x
58° R
E x F 27°
9
P
4 ( )
Sol cos 58° = Sol cos 27° =
x ( )
4
x= =
cos 58°
56
11. 7 12.
50°
13
x 34° x
13. 10 14.
x
62° 39°
25.4
x
→
○ Ex 11B 15–20
Level Up Questions
15. Refer to the figure. B 6 A
θ
(a) Find the length of AC.
2.5
(b) Find the value of cos θ + cos φ. φ
C
2 cos 30°
16. Find the value of , correct to 3 significant figures.
cos 60°
57

Level 1
Find the value of cos θ in each of the following. [Nos. 1−4]
1. 2.
3. 4.
Find the values of cos θ and cos φ in each of the following figures. [Nos. 5−7]
5. 6. 7.

8. (a) cos 72° (b) cos 26.89°
5 5
9. (a) cos 28° (b)
7 6 cos 44°
58
25 4
(a) cos θ = 0.33 (b) cos θ = (c) =6
27 cos θ

(a) 8 cos θ = 5 (b) 18 cos θ = 12 (c) 4 cos θ = 3
Find θ in each of the following figures. [Nos. 12−14]

12. 13. 14.
Find the value of x in each of the following figures. [Nos. 15−20]

15. 16. 17.
18. 19. 20.
Level 2
21. Refer to the figure.
(a) Find the length of XY.
(b) Find the value of cos θ + cos φ.
59
8
22. (a) cos 24° + cos 53° (b) cos 17° − cos 46.5°
9
cos 16° cos18° + cos 22°

23. (a) (b)
4 cos 8° cos (3 × 20°) cos10°
1
24. Given that cos θ = cos 18° + cos 72°, find θ.
9
cos 80°
25. (a) Given that cos φ = , find φ.
cos 20°
80°
(b) Is φ equal to ?
20°

26. 27. 28.
29. In the figure, XY = x cm, YZ = z cm, ∠XZY = 90° and ∠XYZ = 60°.
(a) Write down 3 possible pairs of values of x and z.
(b) If the total length of XY and YZ is 9 cm, find the values of x
and z.
60
Consolidation Exercise 11B (Answer)
9 5 16. 1.88 17. 17.6
1. 2.
11 6 18. 7.68 19. 2.41
15 49 20. 1.90
3. 4.
17 108 17 + 8
3 4 21. (a) 17 (b)
5. cos θ = , cos φ = 9
5 5 22. (a) 1.52 (b) 0.162
8 15 23. (a) 0.243 (b) 3.81
6. cos θ = , cos φ =
17 17 24. 65.5°
2  6 1  3 25. (a) 79.4° (b) no
7. cos θ =  or  , cos φ =  or 

3  3  3  3  26. x = 2.17, θ = 43.7°
 
8. (a) 0.309 (b) 0.892 27. y = 10, θ = 36.2°
9. (a) 0.631 (b) 1.16 28. x = 3, θ = 40.9°
10. (a) 71° (b) 22° (c) 48° 29. (a) x = 2, z = 1; x = 4, z = 2; x = 6, z = 3
11. (a) 51.3° (b) 48.2° (c) 41.4° (or other reasonable answers)
12. 34° 13. 55° (b) x = 6, z = 3
14. 77° 15. 7.28
61
F2B: Chapter 11C
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62
11.4A Ratio of Opposite Side to Adjacent Side
opposite side opposite

tan θ = side ‘tan θ ’ stands for the
adjacent side tangent ratio of angle θ.
θ
adjacent side

Refer to the figure. Express the value of tan θ Refer to the figure. Express the value of tan θ
opposite side ( AB ) A opposite side ( ) X
Sol tan θ = Sol tan θ =
adjacent side ( BC ) adjacent side ( ) 20 θ
12
= = Y
5 12
21
θ
B C Z
5
Find the value of tan θ in each of the following. [Nos. 1–2]

1. 8 2. 9
θ θ
6
10 10.6
5.6
→
○ Ex 11C 1– 4
Find the values of tan θ and tan φ in each of the following, correct to 3 decimal places. [Nos. 3–4]
3. 4.
7.7 3.6 φ 15
φ θ
14
8.5 θ
29
→
○ Ex 11C 5–7
63
11.4B Using a Calculator to Find tan θ or the Corresponding Angle θ
Find the value of tan 20°, correct to 3 decimal Find the value of tan 75°, correct to 3 decimal
places. places.
Sol : 20 Sol : 75
tan 20° = 0.364, cor. to 3 d.p. tan 75° =
5. (a) tan 10° 6. (a) 6 tan 27°
:2 5 58
(b) tan 43° 2
(b) tan 58°
5
(c) tan 87.16°
4
(c)
For any acute angle θ, tan 19°
(i) tan θ > 0,
(ii) tan θ increases when θ
increases.
→
○ Ex 11C 8 →
○ Ex 11C 9

If tan θ = 2, use a calculator to find θ, If tan θ = 0.3, use a calculator to find θ,
correct to the nearest 0.1°. correct to the nearest 0.1°.
Sol : 2 Sol : 0.3
tan θ = 2 tan θ = 0.3

2 5
7. (a) tan θ = (b) tan θ = 8. (a) 4 tan θ = 3 (b) 2 tan θ = 9
7 3
(a) 4 tan θ = 3
:2 7
tan θ =
→
○ Ex 11C 10 →
○ Ex 11C 11
64
11.4C Using Tangent Ratio to Find Unknown in Right-angled Triangle

Find θ in the figure, correct A Find θ in the figure, correct R
to the nearest 0.1°. to the nearest 0.1°. θ
3 10
P
θ 7
Q
C 1 B
opposite side ( AB) opposite side ( )
Sol tan θ = Sol tan θ=
adjacent side ( BC ) adjacent side ( )
3
= =
1
θ = 71.6°, cor. to the nearest 0.1°
Find θ in each of the following figures, correct to the nearest 0.1°. [Nos. 9–10]
9. 10. 26
θ
5
θ 22.4
9 13.2
→
○ Ex 11C 12–14
T x D
Find the value of x in the figure, U Find the value of x in the figure,
53°
correct to 3 significant figures. correct to 3 significant figures.
8 x
61° F
3
E
V
8 ( )
Sol tan 53° = Sol tan 61° =
x ( )
8
x= =
tan 53°
65
11. 12. x
x 9.1
50°
24.7°
8
13. 7.5 14.

18
x
48° 33.7°
x
→
○ Ex 11C 15–20
Level Up Questions
tan φ
15. Refer to the figure. Find the value of . 3
tan θ 2
φ
θ
16. Find the value of tan 75° + 3 tan 15°, correct to 3 significant figures.
66
Consolidation Exercise 11C

Level 1
Find the value of tan θ in each of the following. [Nos. 1−4]
1. 2.
3. 4.
Find the values of tan α and tan β in each of the following figures. [Nos. 5−7]
5. 6. 7.
67
8. (a) tan 60° (b) tan 70.5°
5 1
9. (a) tan 82° (b)
8 tan 43°

3
(a) tan θ = 0.2 (b) tan θ = (c) tan θ = 100
100

1 3 1
(a) 9 tan θ = 7 (b) tan θ = 6 (c) =
2 4 tan θ 2
Find the unknown angle(s) in each of the following figures. [Nos. 12−14]
12. 13. 14.

(Give the answers correct to 1 decimal place.)
15. 16. 17.
18. 19. 20.
68
Level 2
21. Refer to the figure. Find the value of tan α × tan β.

3
22. (a) 5 tan 16° + tan 33° (b) tan 77° − tan 34°
4
6 tan (45° − 20°)

23. (a) (b)
tan 26° + tan 43° tan 20° tan 45°
24. (a) Given that tan θ = tan 80° − tan 40°, find θ.
(b) Is θ equal to 80° − 40°?
25. Given that tan φ = 2 tan 60° − tan 35°, find φ.


26. 27. 28.
29. In the figure, XZ = y cm, YZ = z cm, ∠XZY = 90° and ∠ZXY = 45°.
(a) Write down 2 possible pairs of values of y and z.
(b) If the area of △XYZ is 8 cm , find the values of y and z.
2
69
5 4 15. 13.2 16. 4.8
1. 2.
12 3 17. 3.3 18. 1.6
8 21 19. 12.3 20. 7.8
3. 4.
15 20 21. 1
8 15 22. (a) 2.08 (b) 2.57
5. tan α = , tan β =
15 8 23. (a) 4.22 (b) 1.28
56 33 24. (a) 78.3° (b) no
33 56 25. 70.1°
12 5 26. x = 5.09, θ = 24.0°
5 12 27. x = 1.61, z = 2.47
8. (a) 1.73 (b) 2.82 28. y = 16.5, φ = 34.5°
9. (a) 4.45 (b) 1.07 29. (a) y = 1, z = 1; y = 2, z = 2
10. (a) 11° (b) 2° (c) 89° (or other reasonable answers)
11. (a) 37.9° (b) 85.2° (c) 56.3° (b) y = 4, z = 4
12. 53° 13. 39°
14. α = 48°, β = 42°
70
F2B: Chapter 11D
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71
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11D Multiple Choice
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72
Book 2B Lesson Worksheet 11D (Refer to §11.5)
11.5A Solving Problems related to Plane Figures

The figure shows a A 8 cm B The figure shows a square A D
rectangle ABCD. E is a ABCD. N is a point on AB
point on BC such that EC E such that CN = 21 m. Find θ. 20 m
N 21 m
θ 3 cm θ
= 3 cm. Find θ.
D C B C
Sol BC = =( )m
Sol DC = AB = 8 cm In △BCN,
In △DCE, =
( )
N 21 m
EC E ( )
tan ∠EDC =
DC 3 cm = B ( )m C
3 D 8 cm C
=
8
∠EDC = 20.556°, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
θ = 90° − ∠EDC Round off the result to 2
= 90° − 20.556° more significant figures
than that required by the
= 69.4°, cor. to question to reduce errors.
3 sig. fig.
1. The figure shows a P Q 2. The figure shows a D G

rectangle PQRS. Find a trapezium DEFG. Find
37° 6m
and b. b cm the length of DE.
a cm
67°
S R E F
5 cm
From G, draw a
line segment to
meet EF at H such
that GH ⊥ EF.
→
○ Ex 11D 1−4
73
A
B
θ
5 cm 8 cm 18 cm 33°
x cm x cm
62°
A C φ
D C B
D 20 cm
In the figure, D is a point on AC such that In the figure, D is a point on CB such that
BD ⊥ AC. Find x and θ. AD ⊥ CB. Find x and φ.
△ABD, △ACD,
B A
Sol In Sol In
x ( ) 18 cm 33° x cm
sin 62° = 5 cm x cm 33° =
5 ( )
62°
x = 5 sin 62° A C D
D
x=
= 4.41, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 4.414 7
In △BCD, B
In △ , A
x 8 cm ( ) x cm
cos θ = x cm θ
φ =
( ) φ
8 C D 20 cm B
D
4.414 7 =
=
8
θ = 56.5°, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
Find the unknowns in each of the following figures. [Nos. 3–4]

3. 6 cm S 4. A
R P
54° θ
θ
x cm 45° 21 cm
19 cm x cm
Q
RSP is a straight line. D
B 4 cm C
BCD is a straight line.
→
○ Ex 11D 5–9
74
11.5B Solving Real-life Problems
In the figure, a ladder of 2.5 m In the figure, a flagpole of height
long leans against a vertical h m casts a shadow of length 5 m
2.5 m
wall. The foot of the ladder is on the horizontal ground. If the
1.7 m from the wall. Find θ. θ sun rays make an angle of 65° hm
1.7 m with the ground, find h.
65°
1 .7 ( )
Sol cos θ = Sol 65° = 5m
2.5 ( )
θ = 47.2°, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
=
→
○ Ex 11D 12, 13
Q
4m 50 m
P 36°
40°
1.5 m 30 m
In the figure, Jack is flying a kite. His hands are 1.5
m above the horizontal ground. The string is a Tracy observes a bird at Q from P, where P is 30 m
straight line of length 4 m making an angle of 40° above the horizontal ground. Her line of sight
with the horizontal. Find the height of the kite makes an angle of 36° with the horizontal. P and Q
above the ground. are 50 m apart. Find the height of the bird above
the ground.
Sol [According to the question, we can draw
the figure below where EC (i.e. ED + DC) Sol [According to the question, we can draw
is the height required.] the figure below where QT
In △AED, E (i.e. + ) is the height required.]
sin 40° =
ED 4m
In △PQR, Q
AE ( ) 50 m
36° =
ED = AE sin 40° A 40° D ( ) 36° R
1.5 m P
= 4 sin 40° m =
B C 30 m
EC = ED + DC
QT = + S T
= (4 sin 40° + 1.5) m Handle ALL the
operations in the =
= 4.07 m, cor. to
last step using a
3 sig. fig. calculator.
∴ The kite is 4.07 m above the ground.
75
5. In the figure, AB and CD are two vertical lamp posts, where AB = 9 m. A
7m
Points A and C are joined by a straight rope of length 7 m. The rope C
makes an angle of 15° with the horizontal. 15°
(a) Find the horizontal distance (BD) between the two lamp posts. 9m
(b) Find the height of the lamp post CD.
B D
→
○ Ex 11D 14, 15
6. In the figure, PQ represents a vertical tower of height 100 m. Ronald and Sam stand at points R
and S respectively such that QS = RS. Q, S and R are on the same horizontal line and
∠PRQ = 19°. P
(a) Find x and θ.

(b) Is it true that ∠PSQ = 2∠PRQ? Explain 100 m
your answer. θ 19°

Q xm xm R
S
76
Level Up Questions
7. In the figure, M is a point on YZ. Find the area of the X
isosceles triangle XYZ.
35°
Y Z
M
40 cm
Is it true that YM = MZ?

Why?
8. B
15 cm 64°
table
metal wire
A C
A metal wire is 15 cm long. It is bent and placed on the edge of a table to form a right-angled triangle
ABC as shown. Find the length of AB, correct to the nearest 0.01 cm.
Let AB = x cm, then BC = ( ) cm.
77
Consolidation Exercise 11D

Level 1
1. The figure shows a rectangle EFGH. If EF = 9 m and
FG = 10 m, find α and β.
2. The figure shows a right-angled isosceles triangle ABC.

If AC = 6 cm and M is the mid-point of BC, find θ.
3. In the figure, PQRS is a trapezium where ∠Q = ∠R = 90°,

PQ = QR = 4 cm. Find the lengths of PS and SR.
Find the unknown(s) in each of the following figures. [Nos. 4−7]
4. 5.
78
6. 7.
8. The figure on the right is formed by a triangle ABC and a square

BEFC. If AC = 5 cm and ∠ABC = 50°, find the area of the square
BEFC.
9. In the figure, the height of the building HK is 30 m. If the sun ray

makes an angle of 52° with the horizontal ground, what is the length
of the shadow KL casted by the building?
10. Two towers AB and MN are 100 m apart, where the height of
tower AB is 18 m. A bird flies along a straight line from the
roof of AB to the roof of MN, which makes an angle of 16°
with the horizontal. What is the height of tower MN?
11. In the figure, points X, Y and Z are on the horizontal ground. Peter
stands at point X and Mary stands at point Z. Peter is 84 m from the
foot of the pole WY. What is the distance between Mary and the foot
of the pole?
79
Level 2
12. In the figure, △ ABC is a right-angled triangle where
∠ABD = 90°, ∠ACB = 47° and AC = 8. If CD = 5.5, find
(a) the lengths of AB and BC,
(b) θ.
13. In the figure, KJI is a straight line. ∠HJI = 90°, ∠HIJ = 42°,
HI = 7 and KJ = 6.
(a) Find
(i) the length of HJ,
(ii) α.
(b) Is △ KHI an isosceles triangle? Explain your answer.
14. In the figure, ABCD is a square of side 4 cm. E is a point

on AD such that ∠CED = 65°. Find
(a) ∠EBC,
(b) the area of △ ABE.
15. In the figure, PTR is a straight line. ∠PQT = ∠QSR = 90°,

∠TQR = 43°, PQ = 7 and QR = 12. Find
(a) the length of QS,
(b) the length of SR,
(c) θ.
16. In the figure, AB = 9, BC = 5, CD = 4 and ∠BAD = 55°.

Find θ.
80
17. The string of the yoyo in the figure is 80 cm long. The yoyo
swings from point B to the lowest point C, and then to the
point D which is of the same height as point B. EC measures
the vertical distance between B and C, which is 20 cm.
Find ∠BAD.
18. In the figure, a rectangular board MNOP of dimensions

3 cm × 10 cm is leaning against a vertical wall PQ. Its side
OP makes an angle of 50° with the horizontal ground OQ.
Find
(a) the distance between point M and the wall,
(b) the height of point M above the ground.
19. The figure shows the floor plan of an exhibition hall ABCD.
AB = 50 m, ∠BAD = ∠BCD = 90°, ∠BDA = 50° and
∠CBD = 70°.
(a) Find the area of the exhibition hall.
(b) The daily rent of the hall is $326 000. A client
claims that the rent is above $160/m2. Is the claim
correct? Explain your answer.
20. In the figure, △OMR and △NMQ are right-angled triangles.

OR and NQ meet at P. MR = 10, RQ = 4, ∠MRO = 60° and
∠RPQ = 30°. Find
(a) ∠MOR and ∠NQM,
(b) the length of NO,
(c) the length of PQ.
81
Consolidation Exercise 11D (Answer)
1. α = 42.0°, β = 48.0° (b) no
2. 63.4° 14. (a) 61.9° (b) 4.27 cm2
3. PS = 4.94 cm, SR = 6.91 cm 15. (a) 8.78 (b) 8.18 (c) 30.0°
4. y = 2.52, z = 4.36 16. 132° 17. 82.8°
5. z = 3.28, θ = 60.1° 18. (a) 2.30 cm (b) 9.59 cm
2
6. 17.5 7. 47.9° 19. (a) 1 730 m (b) yes
8. 42.6 cm2 9. 23.4 m 20. (a) ∠MOR = 30°, ∠NQM = 30°
10. 46.7 m 11. 70.5 m (b) 9.24
12. (a) AB = 5.85, BC = 5.46 (b) 28.1° (c) 6.93
13. (a) (i) 4.68 (ii) 38.0°
82
F2B: Chapter 11E
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83
Book 2B Lesson Worksheet 11E (Refer to §11.6)
[In this worksheet, do not use a calculator. Leave the radical sign ‘ √’ in the answers if necessary.]
11.6 Trigonometric Ratios of Some Special Angles
θ 30° 45° 60° The following two triangles

Trigonometric ratio can help us memorize the
1 ∗ results.
1 3
sin θ
2 2 2
∗ 1
3 1
cos θ
2 2 2
∗
1
tan θ 1 3
3
1 1× 2 2 1 1× 3 3
*Note: Since = = and = = , we also have:
2 2× 2 2 3 3× 3 3
2 2 3
sin 45° = , cos 45° = , tan 30° =
2 2 3

Find the value of sin 45° cos 45°. Find the value of tan 60° cos 30°.
Sol sin 45° cos 45° It stands for Sol tan 60° cos 30°
1 1 (sin 45°) × (cos
= × 45°). =
2 2 Recall:
1 a × a = ( a )2
=
2 =a
Find the value of each of the following expressions. [Nos. 1–8]

1. 2 sin 30° = 5. sin 30° – cos 60° =
2. 6 cos 30° = 6. 4 tan 60° tan 30° =
3. 2 sin 45° = 7. cos2 45° = cos2 45° stands

for
(cos 45°)2.
sin 60°
4. cos 60° + tan 45° = 8. =
tan 30°
○→ Ex 11E 1–15
84
If 2 sin θ = 3, This kind of equations If 2 cos θ = 1, find θ.
is known as
find θ.
trigonometric
Sol 2 sin θ = 3 equations. Sol 2 cos θ = 1
3 cos θ =
sin θ =
2
θ = 60°
tan θ
9. If – 1 = 0, find θ. 10. If 2 sin θ – 2 = 0, find θ.
3
→
○ Ex 11E 16–21
11. Find θ in the figure. 12. Find x in the figure.
9
5 2
θ
18 45°
x
→
○ Ex 11E 22–27
Level Up Questions
sin 2 60°
13. Find the value of .
tan 45° + cos 60°
14. If 2 cos θ – tan 60° = 0, find θ. Find the value

of
tan 60° first.
85
Consolidation Exercise 11E

[In this exercise, do not use a calculator. Leave the radical sign ‘ ’ in the answers if necessary.]
Level 1
6 1
1. 5 cos 30° 2. 3. tan 60°
sin 45° 3
4. 3 sin 30° tan 30° 5. cos 45° − sin 45° 6. tan 45° sin 60°
sin 45° 1
7. 8. tan 30° + 9. cos 60° − sin 45° cos 45°
cos 60° tan 60°
9 tan 30°
10. sin2 45° + cos2 45° 11. sin2 60° − cos2 60° 12.
tan 60°
Find θ in each of the following. [Nos. 13−18]

3
13. sin θ = 14. 2 cos θ = 1 15. tan θ = 3
2
1
16. 2 sin θ − 1 = 0 17. 4 cos θ − 2 3 = 0 18. = 3
tan θ

19. 20.
21. 22.
86
Level 2
tan 45° sin 30°
23. 24. 3 +
1 − cos 60° tan 2 60°
sin 45° tan 30° sin 2 60° − cos 2 60°

25. 26.
cos 45° tan 30° cos 30°

1
27. 9 − 3 tan θ = 6 28. 2 cos θ =
tan 30°
22 2 3
29. =4 30. 8 sin θ − =0
5 + sin θ cos 2 45°

31. 32.
33. In the figure, MNO is a straight line and NP ⊥ MO.

(a) Find MN : NO.
(b) If NO = 3 m, find the length of MN.
34. In the figure, BEFC is a square. Find the area of △ ABC.
87
Consolidation Exercise 11E (Answer)
5 3 19
1. 2. 6 2 23. 2 24.
2 6
1 1  3
3. 1 4. 25.  or  26. 1
2 3  3 
3 27. 45° 28. 30°
5. 0 6.
2 29. 30° 30. 60°
2 2  2 3 18
7. (or 2) 8.  or  31. x= (or 6 3 ), y = 18,
2 3  3  3
9. 0 10. 1 36
z= (or 12 3 )
1 3
11. 12. 3
2 32. x = 3, y = 27 (or 3 3 ), θ = 30°
13. 60° 14. 45° 33. (a) 3:1 (b) 3 m
15. 60° 16. 30° 34. 12 cm2
17. 30° 18. 30°

19. 30° 20. 8 3
21. 30° 22. 5
88
F2B: Chapter 11F
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89
Book 2B Lesson Worksheet 11F (Refer to §11.7)
11.7 Using Pythagoras’ Theorem to Find Trigonometric Ratios
If one of the trigonometric ratios of an acute angle θ is given, we can use

Pythagoras’ theorem to find the two remaining trigonometric ratios of θ.

1 2
Given that sin θ = , find the values of cos θ Given that sin θ = , find the values of cos θ
3 5
and tan θ. and tan θ.
Sol 1 Sol
A
If sin θ = , then: 2
3 sin θ = ?
5 ?
1 θ
1 Draw a triangle. 2 For sin θ = , B C
3
A A
3
1 As shown in the figure, draw a
θ θ
B C B C right-angled triangle ABC, where
3 By Pythagoras’ theorem, A and
BC = 32 − 12 = 8 3
1
2
θ
so that sin θ = .
4 cos θ = ? 5
tan θ = ? B C
8
As shown in the figure, draw a

right-angled triangle ABC, where
1
AC = 1 and AB = 3 so that sin θ = .
3
A
3
1
θ
B C
By Pythagoras’ theorem,
BC = AB 2 − AC 2
= 32 − 12
= 8 A
∴
3
BC 8
cos θ = = θ
AB 3 B C
8
AC 1 A
tan θ = =
BC 8 1
θ
→
○ Ex 11F 1–3
B C
8
90
12
1. Given that cos θ = , find the values of 2. Given that cos θ = 0.7, find the values of
13
sin θ and tan θ. Express 0.7 in
sin θ and tan θ.
a fraction first.
( )
As shown in the figure, draw a cos θ = 0.7 =
( )
right-angled triangle ABC, where
12
and so that cos θ = .
13
A
( )
θ
B C
( )
○→ Ex 11F 4–6
7
3. Given that tan θ = , find the values of 4. Given that tan θ = 6, find the values of
24
sin θ and cos θ.
sin θ and cos θ. A
( )
( )
tan θ = 6 =
B θ ( )
( ) C
○→ Ex 11F 7–9
91
Level Up Questions
11
5. Given that sin θ = , find the value of tan2 θ.
6
5
6. Given that tan θ = , find the value of 2 sin θ cos θ.
3
92
Consolidation Exercise 11F

Level 1
Find the values of cos θ and tan θ in each of the following. [Nos. 1−
−3]
4 9
1. sin θ = 2. sin θ = 3. sin θ = 0.6
5 41
Find the values of sin θ and tan θ in each of the following. [Nos. 4−
−6]
5 1
4. cos θ = 5. cos θ = 6. cos θ = 0.25
13 3
Find the values of sin θ and cos θ in each of the following. [Nos. 7−
−9]
8
7. tan θ = 8. tan θ = 1.2 9. tan θ = 2
15
Level 2
In each of the following, one of the values of sin θ, cos θ and tan θ is given.
Find the values of two remaining trigonometric ratios. [Nos. 10−
−12]
2 3
10. sin θ = 11. cos θ = 12. tan θ = 15
3 4
3
13. Given that sin θ = , find the value of cos2 θ.
4
14. Given that tan θ = 0.6, find the value of cos θ sin θ.
13
15. Given that sin θ = , find the value of sin θ + 2 cos θ.
7
3 2
16. Given that cos θ = , find the value of 4 sin θ + .
7 tan θ
sin θ − cos θ
17. Given that tan θ = 2 , find the value of .
cos θ + 2 sin θ
93
Consolidation Exercise 11F (Answer)
cos θ =
3
, tan θ =
4 2  2 5
1. 9. sin θ =  or ,
5 3 5  5 
40 9
2. cos θ = , tan θ = 1  5
41 40 cos θ =  or 
4 3 5  5 
3. cos θ = , tan θ =
5 4 5 2  2 5
10. cos θ = , tan θ =  or 
5  5 
12 12 3
4. sin θ = , tan θ =
13 5
7 7
8  2 2 11. sin θ = , tan θ =
5. sin θ =  or , 4 3
3  3 
15 1
tan θ = 8 (or 2 2 ) 12. sin θ = , cos θ =
4 4
15 7 15
6. sin θ = , tan θ = 15 13. 14.
4 16 34
8 15 13 + 12 8 7 +7 3
7. sin θ = , cos θ = 15. 16.
17 17 7 7
6  6 61  2 −1
8. sin θ =  or , 17.
61  61  3
5  5 61 
cos θ =  or 
61  61 
94
F2B: Chapter 11G
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96
Book 2B Lesson Worksheet 11G (Refer to §11.8A−B)
11.8A Trigonometric Identities: Ratio of sin θ to cos θ

sin θ
tan θ =
cos θ

8 15 12 35
If sin θ = and cos θ = , use trigonometric If cos θ = and sin θ = , use trigonometric
17 17 37 37
identities to find the value of tan θ. identities to find the value of tan θ.
sin θ
Sol tan θ = Sol tan θ =
cos θ
8
= 17
15
17
8 17
= ×
17 15
8
=
15
11 60 2 2
1. If cos θ = and tan θ = , use 2. If sin θ = and tan θ = , use
61 11 3 5
trigonometric identities to find the value of trigonometric identities to find the value of
sin θ. cos θ.
∵ tan θ =
sin θ
cos θ
∵ tan θ =
sin θ
cos θ
∴ sin θ = ∴ cos θ =
○→ Ex 11G 1–3
97
3 sin θ sin θ
Simplify . Simplify – 2 tan θ.
cos θ tan θ cos θ
3 sin θ 3 sin θ sin θ
Sol = Sol – 2 tan θ = ( ) – 2 tan θ
cos θ tan θ sin θ cos θ
cosθ ×
cosθ =
3 sin θ
=
sin θ
=3
tan θ 4. Simplify tan θ cos2 θ.

3. Simplify .
sin θ
sin θ
5. Simplify sin θ + cos θ tan θ. 6. Simplify 2 cos θ – .
tan θ
○→ Ex 11G 4–8
11.8B Trigonometric Identities: Sum of Squares of sin θ and cos θ

sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 This identity can also be written as
sin2 θ = 1 – cos2 θ
or cos2 θ = 1 – sin2 θ

Simplify 5 sin2 θ + 5 cos2 θ. Simplify 4 cos2 θ + 4 sin2 θ.
Sol 5 sin2 θ + 5 cos2 θ Sol 4 cos2 θ + 4 sin2 θ
= 5(sin2 θ + cos2 θ) Take out the common = 4( ) Take out the common
factor 5. factor 4.
= 5(1) =
=5
98
7. Simplify 2 sin2 θ + 2 cos2 θ – 1. 8. Simplify 5 – sin2 θ – cos2 θ.
○→ Ex 11G 9, 11, 15
2
cos θ Simplify 1 – cos2 θ + 2 sin2 θ.
Simplify .
1 − sin 2 θ Sol 1 – cos2 θ + 2 sin2 θ =( ) + 2 sin2 θ
cos 2 θ cos 2 θ =
Sol =
1 − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ cos2 θ ≡ 1 – sin2
=1 θ
10. Simplify (1 + cos θ)(1 – cos θ).

9. Simplify 4 – 4 sin2 θ.
(a + b)(a – b) ≡ a2 –
b2
○→ Ex 11G 10, 12–14

3 15
If sin θ = , use trigonometric identities to find If sin θ = , use trigonometric identities to
5 17
the values of cos θ and tan θ. find the values of cos θ and tan θ.
Sol cos2 θ = 1 – sin2 θ Step 1: Sol cos2 θ = 1 – sin2 θ Step 1
2 Use sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 2
3 to find the value of  
=1–   = 1 −  
5 cos θ.
 
9
=1–
25 =
16
=
25
∴ cos θ =
16
=
4
For any acute ∴ cos θ =
25 5 angle θ, cos θ > 0.
∴ tan θ =
sin θ
cos θ
Step 2: ∴ tan θ =
sin θ
cos θ
Step 2
Use the result above
3 sin θ
and tan θ = =
cosθ
= 5 to find the value of
4
tan θ.
5
3 5
= ×
5 4
3
=
4
99
7 40
11. If cos θ = , use trigonometric identities 12. If cos θ = , use trigonometric identities to
25 41
to find the values of sin θ and tan θ. find the values of sin θ and tan θ.
sin2 θ = 1 – cos2 θ
○→ Ex 11G 16–18
Level Up Questions
cos θ − cos 3 θ
13. Simplify . Take out the common factor cos
sin θ cos 2 θ
θ
in the numerator first.
14. If sin θ = 0.1, use trigonometric identities to find the value of cos2 θ – 2 sin2 θ.
Rewrite the expression
in terms of sin θ only.
100
Consolidation Exercise 11G

Level 1
9 40
1. If sin θ = and cos θ = , use trigonometric identities to find the value of tan θ.
41 41
16 63
2. If cos θ = and tan θ = , use trigonometric identities to find the value of sin θ.
65 16
5
3. If sin θ = , use trigonometric identities to find the value of cos2 θ.
12

sin θ
4. 5. 2 tan θ cos θ
5 cos θ
sin 2 θ
6. 7. 3 sin2 θ + 3 cos2 θ
tan 2 θ
8. 1 − sin2 θ − cos2 θ 9. cos2 θ − 1
8 sin 2 θ
10. 11. (1 + cos θ )(1 − cos θ )
1 − sin 2 θ
sin θ cosθ
12. sin θ tan θ + cos θ 13. + sin2 θ
tan θ
14. If cos θ = 0.6 , use trigonometric identities to find the values of sin θ and tan θ.
8
15. If sin θ = , use trigonometric identities to find the values of cos θ and tan θ.
15
Level 2
1 − cos2 θ
16. 17. (1 − cos2 θ )(1 + tan2 θ )
1 − sin 2 θ
101
 cosθ  (sin θ + cos θ ) 2 − (sin θ − cos θ ) 2
18.  tan θ +  × sin θ 19.
 sin θ  tan θ
sin θ 1 + cos θ 1 − sin θ

20. + 21.
1 + cos θ sin θ 1 + sin θ
1
22. If sin θ = , use trigonometric identities to find the value of 3 cos2 θ − 2 sin2 θ.
2
3
23. If cos θ = , use trigonometric identities to find the value of tan θ sin θ cos θ + 5 sin2 θ.
5
24. If tan θ = 2, use trigonometric identities to find the value of each of the following expressions.
2 sin θ + cos θ
(a)
3 cos θ
3 sin θ + 5 cos θ
(b)
4 sin θ − cos θ
sin 2 θ + 6 cos 2θ
(c)
3sin 2 θ − 2 cos 2θ
(d) cos2 θ
102
Consolidation Exercise 11G (Answer)
9 63 1
1. 2. 18. 19. 4 cos2 θ
40 65 cos θ
119 tan θ 2
3. 4. 20.
144 5 sin θ
5. 2 sin θ 6. cos2 θ 1 − sin θ  cos θ 
21.  or 
7. 3 8. 0 cos θ  1 + sin θ 
9. −sin2 θ 10. 8 tan2 θ 7 96
22. 23.
1 4 25
11. sin2 θ 12.
cos θ 5 11
24. (a) (b)
13. 1 3 7
4 4 1
14. sin θ = , tan θ = (c) 1 (d)
5 3 5
161 8
15. cos θ = , tan θ =
15 161
16. tan2 θ 17. tan2 θ
103
F2B: Chapter 11H
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105
Book 2B Lesson Worksheet 11H (Refer to §11.8C)
[In this worksheet, do not use a calculator.]
11.8C Trigonometric Identities: Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary Angles
(a) If θ + φ = 90°, we say that θ and φ are complementary angles. We can also say
e.g. 30° and 60° are complementary angles. that θ and φ are
complementary.
(b) For any acute angle θ,
(i) sin θ = cos (90° − θ) (ii) cos θ = sin (90° − θ)

(a) Express sin 70° in the form of cos θ. (a) Express sin 35° in the form of cos θ.
(b) Express cos 50° in the form of sin θ. (b) Express cos 80° in the form of sin θ.
Sol (a) sin 70° = cos (90° − 70°) Sol (a) sin 35° = (90° − °)
= cos 20° =
(b) cos 50° = sin (90° − 50°) (b) cos 80° =
= sin 40°
sin 30°
1. (a) Express sin 32° in the form of cos θ. 2. Express in the form of tan θ.
sin 60°
(b) Express cos 55° in the form of sin θ.
sin 30° sin 30°
=
sin 60° cos ( )
= sin θ
tan θ =
cos θ
cos 25°
3. Express in the form of tan θ. 4. Express tan 70° sin 20° in the form of
cos 65°
sin θ.
→
○ Ex 11H 1, 2
106
cont’d (b) For any acute angle θ,
1
(iii) tan θ = It can also be written as
tan (90° − θ ) 1
= tan (90° − θ).
tan θ

1 1
(a) Express tan 40° in the form of . (a) Express tan 30° in the form of .
tan θ tan θ
1 1
(b) Express in the form of tan θ. (b) Express in the form of tan θ.
tan 20° tan 35°
1 1
Sol (a) tan 40° = Sol (a) tan 30° =
tan (90° − 40°) tan ( )
1
= =
tan 50°
1 1
(b) = tan (90° − 20°) (b) =
tan 20° tan 35°
= tan 70°
1 1
5. (a) Express tan 15° in the form of . 6. (a) Express in the form of tan θ.
tan θ tan 80°
1 cos10°
(b) Express in the form of tan θ. (b) Hence, express in the form of
tan 47° tan 80°
sin θ.
cos 20°
7. Express in the form of sin θ. 8. Express sin 40° tan 50° in the form of
tan 70°
cos θ.
→
○ Ex 11H 3–6
107
For acute angles α and β ,
If sin α = sin β , cos α = cos β or tan α = tan β ,
then α = β .

Given that sin θ = cos 70°, find θ. Given that cos θ = sin 75°, find θ.
Sol Using the identity cos θ = sin (90° − θ), Sol Using the identity sin θ = cos (90° − θ),
express cos 70° in the form of sin θ express sin 75° in the form of cos θ
first. first.
sin θ = cos 70° cos θ = sin 75°
= sin (90° − 70°) =
= sin 20°
∴ θ = 20°
1
9. Given that sin θ = cos 36°, find θ. 10. Given that = tan 50°, find θ.
tan θ
1
= tan (90° −
tan θ
1
11. Given that tan θ = , find θ. 12. Given that tan 20° tan θ = 1, find θ.
tan 42°
tan 20° tan θ = 1
tan θ =
→
○ Ex 11H 7–15
108
cos 21°
13. Find the value of cos 12° − sin 78°. 14. Find the value of .
sin 69°
cos 12° − sin 78° 12° + 78° = cos 21° 21° + 69° =
=
= sin 69°
→
○ Ex 11H 16–21
tan (90° − θ )
15. Simplify sin (90° − θ) − 3 cos θ. 16. Simplify .
cos θ
→
○ Ex 11H 22–27
Level Up Questions
1 sin 57°
17. Find the value of − .
tan 33° cos 57°
18. Simplify cos2 (90° − x) + cos x sin (90° − x).
109
Consolidation Exercise 11H

[In this exercise, do not use a calculator.]
Level 1
Express each of the following in the form of tan θ. [Nos. 1−2]
sin 40° cos 63°
1. 2.
sin 50° cos 27°
Express each of the following in the form of cos θ. [Nos. 3−4]

3. tan 10° sin 80° 4. sin 59° tan 31°
Express each of the following in the form of sin θ. [Nos. 5−6]

cos 15° cos 47°
5. 6.
tan 75° tan 43°

sin θ
7. sin θ = cos 25° 8. =1 9. cos θ = sin 46°
cos 34°
sin 9° 1 1
10. =1 11. tan θ = 12. tan 82° =
cos θ tan 77° tan θ
cos θ cos 23°

13. tan θ tan 36° = 1 14. sin θ = 15. tan θ =
tan 34° cos 67°

cos 12°
16. sin 54° − cos 36° 17. 18. tan 29° tan 61°
sin 78°
1 cos 18°
19. tan 73° − 20. cos 65° − cos 25° tan 25° 21. − sin 18°
tan 17° tan 72°
Simplify each of the following expressions. [Nos. 22−24]

sin (90° − θ )
22. sin θ − cos (90° − θ ) 23. 24. sin θ tan (90° − θ ) − cos θ
cos (90° − θ )
110
Level 2
25. sin2 35° + sin2 55°
26. 3 − cos2 71° − sin2 71°
27. (sin 10° + sin 80°)2 − 2 cos 80° cos 10°
28. sin 63° tan 27° − sin 27°
cos 44°
29. tan 46° sin 46° −
tan 44°
1 1
30. 2
− 2
cos 39° tan 51°

31. sin θ cos (90° − θ ) + sin (90° − θ ) cos θ
tan (90° − θ ) 1
32. +
cosθ cos (90° − θ )
cos (90° − θ ) 1
33. 2
−
tan θ cos (90° − θ )
cos (90° − θ ) cos2 θ sin 3 θ

34. +
tan θ sin(90° − θ ) cos (90° − θ )

35. cos θ = sin 4θ
36. sin θ = cos (θ + 10°)
1
37. tan 2θ =
tan 7θ
cos (2θ − 25°)

38. = tan 3θ
sin (2θ − 25°)
111
Consolidation Exercise 11H
1. tan 40° 2. tan 27° 1
23. 24. 0
3. cos 80° 4. cos 59° tan θ
5. sin 15° 6. sin 47° 25. 1 26. 2
7. 65° 8. 56° 27. 1 28. 0
9. 44° 10. 81° 29. 0 30. 1
11. 13° 12. 8° 2
31. 1 32.
13. 54° 14. 56° sin θ
15. 67° 16. 0 33. −sin θ 34. 1
17. 1 18. 1 35. 18° 36. 40°
19. 0 20. 0 37. 10° 38. 23°
21. 0 22. 0
112
F2B: Chapter 11I
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113
Book 2B Lesson Worksheet 11I (Refer to §11.8D)
11.8D Proofs of Simple Trigonometric Identities

Prove that cos θ (tan θ + 1) ≡ sin θ + cos θ. Prove that sin2 θ ≡ tan θ sin θ cos θ.
Sol Start with the more complicated Sol R.H.S. = tan θ sin θ cos θ
side. ( )
L.H.S. = cos θ (tan θ + 1) = × sin θ cos θ
( )
 sin θ  Recall:
= cos θ  + 1 =
 cosθ  sin θ
tan θ ≡
= sin θ + cos θ cos θ
L.H.S. =
R.H.S. = sin θ + cos θ
∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
∴ cos θ (tan θ + 1) ≡ sin θ + cos θ
tan θ 1 2. Prove that

1. Prove that ≡ .
sin θ cos θ 1 + sin θ ≡ sin2 θ + sin θ + cos2 θ.
tan θ
L.H.S. = Recall:
sin θ sin2 θ + cos2 θ ≡
( ) 1 1
= ×
( ) sin θ
=
R.H.S. =
3. Prove that 4 sin2 θ − 1 ≡ 3 − 4 cos2 θ. 4. Prove that (cos θ − 1)(cos θ + 1) ≡ −sin2 θ.

sin2 θ ≡ 1 − Apply the identity (a + b)(a − b) ≡ a2 –
( ) b 2.
L.H.S. = (cos θ − 1)(cos θ + 1)
=( )2 – ( )2
=
→
○ Ex 11I 1−5, 7, 9, 10
114
cos (90° − θ ) 1 Prove that
Prove that ≡ .
cos θ tan (90° − θ ) 1 − sin (90° − θ) cos θ ≡ cos2 (90° − θ).
cos (90° − θ ) Recall: Sol L.H.S. = 1 − sin (90° − θ) × cos θ
Sol L.H.S. =
cos θ sin θ ≡ cos (90° −
=1−( ) × cos θ
sin θ θ)
= = Recall:
cos θ cos θ ≡ sin (90° −
= tan θ θ)
1 R.H.S. = cos2 (90° − θ)
R.H.S. = Recall:
tan (90° − θ ) =
tan θ
= tan θ 1
∵
≡
L.H.S. = R.H.S. tan (90° − θ )
∴ cos (90° − θ )
cos θ
≡
1
tan (90° − θ )
1 − sin 2 (90° − θ ) 1 sin θ

5. Prove that ≡ sin θ cos θ. 6. Prove that − cos θ ≡ .
tan θ cos θ tan (90° − θ )
→
○ Ex 11I 6, 8
Level Up Question
7. Prove that 6 sin2 (90° − θ) + 2 sin2 θ ≡ 2 + 4 cos2 θ.
115
Consolidation Exercise 11I

Level 1
Prove the following identities. [Nos. 1−10]
sin θ
1. ≡ cos θ 2. (sin θ + 1)(sin θ − 1) ≡ −cos2 θ
tan θ
1 1 1
3. tan θ ≡ − 4. − cos θ ≡ sin θ tan θ
sin θ cos θ tan θ cos θ
5. 1 − cos2 (90° − θ ) ≡ cos2 θ 6. (tan2 θ + 1) cos2 θ ≡ 1
1
7. 2
− 1 ≡ tan2 θ 8. sin (90° − θ ) ≡ tan (90° − θ ) sin θ
cos θ
9. 6 sin2 θ − 5 ≡ 1 − 6 cos2 θ 10. 3 − 2 sin2 θ ≡ sin2 θ + 3 cos2 θ
Level 2
Prove the following identities. [Nos. 11−18]
sin 2 θ
11. ≡ 1 + cos θ 12. tan2 (90° − θ ) sin2 θ ≡ 1 − sin2 θ
1 − cos θ
1
13. ≡ tan θ + tan (90° − θ ) 14. sin2 (90° − θ ) − 1 ≡ cos2 (90° − θ ) − 2 sin2 θ
cos θ cos(90° − θ )
15. (sin θ + cos θ )2 + (cos θ − sin θ )2 ≡ 2 16. sin4 θ − cos4 θ ≡ sin2 θ − cos2 θ
sin θ cos (90° − θ ) 2 tan θ

17. (sin θ + 1)2 ≡ 2 − cos2 θ + 2 sin θ 18. + ≡
1 + sin θ 1 − sinθ cos θ
116
F2B: Chapter 12A
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[In this worksheet, unless otherwise stated, O is the centre of circle.]
12.1A Review on Circumference of a Circle

For a circle of diameter d and radius r,
its circumference C is given by
C = πd or 2πr.

Find the circumference of the Find the circumference of the
15 cm
circle as shown, correct to 1 4m O circle as shown, correct to 1
O
decimal place. decimal place.
π
: 4
Sol Circumference = 2 × ( )×( ) cm
Sol Circumference = π × 4 m
= , cor. to 1 d.p.
= 12.6 m, cor. to 1 d.p.
1. Find the circumference of each of the following circles, correct to 1 decimal place.
(a) (b)
8m
O O
18 cm
→
○ Ex 12A 1–3
2. The circumference of a circle of diameter d cm 3. The circumference of a circle of radius
is 6π cm. Find the value of d. r cm is 40π cm. Find the value of r.
πd = 6π
6π
d=
( )
=
→
○ Ex 12A 4
119
The circumference of a circular coaster is The circumference of a circular sticker is
34 cm. Find the diameter of the coaster. 10 cm. Find the radius of the sticker.
(Give the answer correct to 1 decimal place.) (Give the answer correct to 1 decimal place.)
Sol Let d cm be the diameter of the coaster. Sol Let ( ) cm be the
πd = 34 .
34 ( )×( )×( )=( )
d=
π
=
= 10.8, cor. to 1 d.p.
∴ The diameter of the coaster is
10.8 cm.
4. Sarah bends a piece of wire into a semi-circle 5. The diameter of the wheel of a unicycle is
of diameter 10 cm as shown in the figure. Find 0.5 m. If the wheel makes 65 revolutions per
the length of the wire. minute, find the distance in km that the
(Give the answer correct to 3 significant unicycle will travel in 1 hour.
figures.) (Give the answer correct to 3 significant
10 cm figures.) How far does the unicycle
A semi-circle is formed by travel in 1 minute?
half of the circumference 1 hour = ____ minutes
and a diameter.
6. The radius of a wheel of a tram is 0.53 m. If the total distance travelled by the tram is 33 km, how
many revolutions does the wheel make?
(Give the answer correct to the nearest integer.)
→
○ Ex 12A 9–12
120
12.1B Area of a Circle
For a circle of radius r, its area A is given by
A = πr2. r
O
7. Find the area of each of the following circles, correct to 1 decimal place.
(a) π (b) Radius of the
8m : circle
O O ( )
( ) 18 cm = cm
2
Area = π × ( )2 m2
= , cor. to 1 d.p.
→
○ Ex 12A 5–7, 16(a), (b)
2
The area of a circle is 256π cm . Find the radius of The area of a circle is 441π cm2. Find the diameter
the circle. of the circle.
Sol Let r cm be the radius of the circle. Sol Let r cm be the radius of the circle.
πr2 = 256π ( )×( )( )
=( )
2
r = 256 =
r = 256
= 16
∴ The radius of the circle is 16 cm. ∴ Diameter of the circle =
8. Find the radius of the circle with area

(a) 17 m2, (b) 120 mm2.
→
○ Ex 12A 8
121
Find the area of the shaded region in each of the following figures. [Nos. 9−10]
9. 10. 5 cm 4 cm
10 cm
This figure is formed
by removing a
10 cm smaller semi-circle
from a larger semi-
circle.
20 cm
→
○ Ex 12A 13–15
The circumference of a circle is 48π cm. Find, in The circumference of a circle is 34π cm. Find, in
terms of π, the area of the circle. terms of π, the area of the circle.
Sol Let r cm be the radius of the circle. Sol Let ( ) be the
2πr = 48π C = 2πr Use the given .
r = 24 circumference =
∴ Area of the circle
to find the
radius first.
= π × 242 cm2
= 576π cm2 ∴ Area of the circle
=
11. Find the area of the circle with circumference

(a) 12π mm, (b) 22π cm.
→
○ Ex 12A 16(c), 18
122
12. The area of a circular mirror is 1.69π m2. Find the perimeter of the mirror.
(Give the answer correct to the nearest 0.1 m.) Use the given area
to find the radius
first.
→
○ Ex 12A 16(d), 19
13. The figure shows a semi-circle A of radius 8 cm and
a circle B of radius 4 cm. Are the areas of semi-circle A
and circle B equal? Explain your answer.
8 cm
A
Area of semi-circle A =
4 cm
Area of circle B =
B
∵ (= / ≠)
∴ The areas of semi-circle A and circle B (are / are not) equal.
Level Up Question
14. The figure shows the floor plan of a gallery. Find the area
and the perimeter of the gallery.
20 m 20 m
10 m
The gallery consists of

______ rectangle and
______ different semi-
circles.
123
12 Area and Volume (II)

Level 1
Find the circumference of each of the following circles. [Nos. 1−3]
1. 2. 3.
4. Complete the following table.

Circumference Diameter Radius
(a) 5π mm
(b) 21 cm
(c) 47 m
Find the area of each of the following circles. [Nos. 5−7]
5. 6. 7.

Area Radius
(a) 49π cm2
(b) 120 m2
(c) 181.8 mm2
9. If the circumference of a piece of circular cookie is 10.4 cm, find its radius.
10. The diameter of a giant ferris wheel is 125 m. If the wheel makes 4 revolutions, find the total
distance travelled by each capsule.
11. The radius of a wheel of a car is 0.47 m. When the car travels 1 km, does the wheel make more than
124
350 revolutions? Explain your answer.
Find the area of the shaded region in each of the following figures. [Nos. 12−14]
12. 13. 14.
15. Complete the following table. (Give the answers in terms of π if necessary.)
Radius Diameter Circumference Area
(a) 12 mm
(b) 1.8 cm
(c) 60π m
(d) 169π cm2
16. The circumference of a circular plate is 22 cm. Find its area.
17. The area of a circular playground is 81π m2. Find its perimeter.
Level 2
18. Peter bends a piece of wire into a semi-circle as shown in the figure.
If the length of the wire is 50 cm, find the radius of the semi-circle.
19. On a clock, the tip of the hour hand moves 28π cm in a day. Find the length of the hour hand.
20. The ratio of the radii of two circles is 5 : 8. If the sum of the circumferences of the two circles is 78π
mm, find the diameter of the smaller circle.
21. When the front wheel of a bicycle makes 48 revolutions, the rear wheel makes exactly
32 revolutions. Find the ratio of the diameter of the front wheel to that of the rear wheel.
22. The dimensions of a rectangular card are 16 cm × 18 cm. Find, in terms of π, the area of the
largest circle that can be drawn on the card.
23. The radii of three circles A, B and C are 4.8 cm, 6.4 cm and r cm respectively. If the area of circle C is
equal to the sum of the areas of circles A and B, find r.
125
24. The difference between the radii of two circles is 5 cm. Find, in terms of π, the difference between the
circumferences of the two circles.
25. The figure shows a circular swimming pool surrounded by a path of

uniform width. The circumference of the pool is 18π m. The area of
the path is 63π m2.
(a) Find the radius of the pool.
(b) Find the width of the path.
26. The shaded region as shown is a flower bed. It is formed by removing

two smaller circles C′ and C′′ from a larger circle C, where the
diameters of C′, C′′ and C are AM, MB and AMB respectively. If the
areas of circles C′ and C are in the ratio 1 : 16, and AB = 12 m, find
(a) the perimeter,
(b) the area
of the flower bed.
(Give the answers in terms of π.)
27. The figure shows a semi-circle. △ABC is a right-angled isosceles

triangle, where AB = AC = k.
(a) Find the length of BC in terms of k.
(Leave the radical sign ‘ ’ in the answer.)
(b) Find the ratio of the area of the semi-circle to that of △ABC.
(Give the answer in terms of π.)
28. Consider a circle with radius r.

(a) Find the area of the circle in terms of π and r when the radius is increased by 10%.
(b) Joe claims that if the radius of the circle is increased by 10%, its area is also increased by 10%. Do
you agree? Explain your answer.
126
1. 31.4 cm 15. (a) 24 mm, 24π mm, 144π mm2
2. 157 m (b) 0.9 cm, 1.8π cm, 0.81π cm2
3. 39.6 m (c) 30 m, 60 m, 900π m2
4. (a) 5 mm, 2.5 mm (d) 13 cm, 26 cm, 26π cm
(b) 6.68 cm, 3.34 cm 16. 38.5 cm2
(c) 15.0 m, 7.48 m 17. 56.5 m
5. 201 mm2 18. 9.72 cm
6. 491 m2 19. 7 cm
7. 919 cm2 20. 30 mm
8. (a) 7 cm 21. 2 : 3
(b) 6.18 m 22. 64π cm2
(c) 7.61 mm 23. 8
9. 1.66 cm 24. 10π cm
10. 1 570 m 25. (a) 9 m (b) 3 m
11. no 26. (a) 24π m (b) 13.5π m2
12. 31.4 m2 27. (a) 2k (b) π : 2
13. 31.5 cm2 28. (a) 1.21πr 2
(b) no
14. 64.3 m2
127
F2B: Chapter 12B
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129
Book 2B Lesson Worksheet 12B (Refer to §12.2)
[In this worksheet, unless otherwise stated, O is the centre of circle.]
12.2A Length of an Arc
(a) The figure shows a circle with centre O and radius OA. arc
(i) The bolded curve AB is a part of the circumference angle at
and is called an arc of the circle. It is denoted by the centre B
arc AB or AB .
⌢ A
O
⌢
(ii) The angle (∠AOB) subtended at the centre O by AB
is called the angle at the centre.
(b) Refer to the figure.

arc
θ length
Arc length = × 2πr r
360° θ
O r
1.
⌢
Find the length of CXD in each of the following figures, correct to 1 decimal place.
(a) X (b) C
C D
260° 6 cm
110°
5 cm X O
O
D
( )
Arc length = ×( )×( ) cm
( )
= , cor. to 1 d.p.
→
○ Ex 12B 1−3
2. Peter bends a piece of wire into the figure as shown. It consists
of two arcs of centres O and A. Find the length of the wire,
correct to 3 significant figures. O 4 cm
60°
4 cm
50°
A
130
⌢
In the figure, AB is an arc of
A ⌢
In the figure, CD is an arc of
C
⌢
centre O and AB = 3π cm. O
9 cm
θ 3π cm
⌢
centre O and CD = 20π cm.
O 15 cm
D
θ
Find θ. Find θ .
B
20π cm
θ ( )
Sol 3π = × 2π × 9 Sol ( )= ×( )×( )
360° ( )
360° × 3π
θ= θ=
2π × 9
= 60°
3. The figure shows an arc XY of centre O. If 4.

⌢
In the figure, PQ is an arc of centre O.
⌢
XY = 30 mm, find θ, correct to the nearest Find the radius OP. Q
degree. Y 28π m
8 mm 70°
O
O θ 30 mm P
→
○ Ex 12B 4−6
5.
⌢
The figure shows a flower bed OAB. AB is an arc of centre O and AB is 10π m.
⌢
(a) Find the radius of the flower bed. B
(b) Find the perimeter of the flower bed, correct to 3 significant figures.
100°
(a) Let . O A
(b) Perimeter of the flower bed

⌢
= AB + ( )+( )
=
→
○ Ex 12B 14, 15
131
12.2B Area of a Sector
(a) In the figure, the region enclosed by the arc AB, B

the radii OA and OB of a circle is called a sector, arc
sector
denoted by sector OAB. In the sector OAB, the
O
angle at the centre (∠AOB) subtended by the angle of A
the sector
arc AB is called the angle of the sector.
(b) Refer to the figure.

θ r
Area of a sector = × πr2
360° θ
O r
6. Find, in terms of π, the area of the sector OAB in each of the following figures.
(a) A (b) B A
8 cm
B
6 cm O
40°
270°
O
Area of the sector OAB

=
→
○ Ex 12B 7−9
The area of the sector in the figure is 2π cm2. Find The area of the sector in the figure is 27π cm2.
the radius of the sector. Find the radius of the sector.
80° 120°
Sol Let r cm be the radius of the sector. Sol Let ( ) be the

∵ Area of the sector = 2π cm 2
.
∴ 80°
× πr2 = 2π
∵ Area of the sector =
360°
r2 = 9
∴ (
(
)
)
×( )=( )
r=3 =
∴ The radius of the sector is 3 cm.
132
7. The area of the sector in the figure is 8. The area of the sector in the figure is
54π m2. Find the radius of the sector. 15 cm2. Find θ, correct to the nearest degree.
135° θ
7 cm
→
○ Ex 12B 10−13
9. The figure OABC below is composed of the 10. In the figure, OABC is a sector with centre O.
sector OAB and △OBC. Find the area of Find the area of the shaded region, correct to 3
OABC, correct to 3 significant figures. significant figures.
O O OC = ( )m
A 70° 8m
3 cm C
A
4 cm C B
B
→
○ Ex 12B 16, 17
11. In the figure, the radius and the area of the sector OPQ are 15 cm and 50π cm2 respectively.
(a) Find the angle of the sector OPQ.
⌢
(b) Find the length of PQ , correct to the nearest 0.1 cm.
Q
P
15 cm
O
133
12. The figure shows a stamp OPQ in the shape of a sector with O as the Q
⌢
centre and 72° as the angle of the sector. The length of PQ is 0.8π cm. $1
(a) Find the radius of the stamp.

72°
(b) Find the area of the stamp, correct to 3 significant figures. O P
→
○ Ex 12B 18, 19
13. In the figure, ABC and PQR are two sectors of centres A and P Q R
respectively. Peter claims that the area of sector PQR is larger
than that of the sector ABC. Do you agree? Explain your answer. B 130° C
30° 12 cm
6 cm
Area of sector ABC = A
P
Area of sector PQR =
∵ (> / = / <)
∴ The claim is (agreed / disagreed).
Level Up Question
14. In the figure, OAB and OCD are two sectors. Find the area
and the perimeter of the shaded region ABDC, correct to 3 A B
significant figures. C 100° D 8 cm
O 12 cm
Area of ABDC
= area of sector ______ −
area of sector ______
134

Level 1
For each figure in Nos. 1−3, find
⌢
(a) the length of AB ,
(b) the perimeter of the sector OAB.
1. 2. 3.
4.
⌢
In the figure, AB is an arc with radius r and angle θ at the centre.
Complete the following table.
r θ
⌢
AB Perimeter of the figure
(a) 45 cm 16π cm
(b) 48° 4π mm
(c) 20 m 130 m
Find the area of the sector OAB in each of the following figures in terms of π. [Nos. 5−7]
5. 6. 7.

Radius Angle of the sector Area of the sector
(a) 18 mm 234π mm2
(b) 11.5 m 190 m2
(c) 144° 10π cm2
135
9. The figure shows a sector OPQ. The perimeter of OPQ is 241 cm and
⌢
PQ = 125 cm.
(a) Find the radius of the sector.
(b) Find the angle θ of the sector.
10. In the figure, the angle and the area of the sector OCD are 192° and
24π 2
m respectively.
5
(a) Find the radius of the sector.
(b) Find the perimeter of the sector.
11. In the figure, the area of the circle with centre O and the area of
sector OACB are in the ratio 12 : 7. Find θ.
12. The figure OABCD as shown is composed of the sector OAB and the
square OBCD. The angle of the sector is 34° and OD = 7 cm. Find
the area of the figure.
13. In the figure, OABC is a rectangular paper card. The sector OCD with
centre O is cut from the card. If AB = 6 cm and BC = 13 cm, find the
area of the remaining part of the card.
14. The minute hand of a clock is 12 mm long. How far does the tip of the minute hand move in
20 minutes? (Give the answer in terms of π.)
Level 2
15. John bends a piece of wire of 65 cm long into the sector OPQ as shown
in the figure. If the angle of the sector is 110°, find the radius of the
sector.
16. In the figure, OAB and OPQ are two sectors with the same centre O.
⌢
APO and BQO are straight lines. It is given that AB = 12.6 cm,
AP = 5.4 cm and ∠AOB = 68°.
(a) Find the length of OP.
⌢
(b) Find the length of PQ .
136
17. In the figure, O is the common centre of the sectors OAB and OCD.
⌢
OAC and OBD are straight lines. It is given that CD = 17 m,
OA = 14 m and AC = 12 m.
(a) Find the perimeter of the shaded region.
(b) Find the area of the shaded region.
⌢
18. The figure shows a keyhole. O is the common centre of ACB and PQ .
⌢
OAP and OBQ are straight lines. If OA = 3 mm and AP = 4 mm, find the
perimeter of the keyhole.
19. In the figure, a piece of wire is first bent into a sector such that the
angle and the radius of the sector are 80° and 9 cm respectively.
Later, the wire is bent into a semi-circle as shown.
(a) Find the radius of the semi-circle.
(b) Joe claims that if the wire is bent into a circle, its radius is
half the radius of the semi-circle found in (a). Do you agree?
Explain your answer.
20. In the figure, the angle and the radius of the sector OAB are 60° and 30 cm
respectively. Find the perimeter of the shaded region in terms of π.
21. The figure shows a sector OPQ with centre O. The angle of the sector is 90°
and the area of △OPQ is 128 cm . 2
(a) Find the area of the shaded region.

(b) Find the perimeter of the shaded region.
22. In the figure, the shaded region is formed by removing the sector OAC from
a right-angled isosceles triangle OAB, where OA = AB = 4 cm.
(a) Find the area of the shaded region.
(b) Find the perimeter of the shaded region.
⌢
23. The figure shows a sector OAB with centre O. OA = r, AB = ℓ and ∠AOB = θ.
1
Let A be the area of the sector. Prove that A = rℓ .
2
137
Consolidation Exercise 12B (Answer)
1. (a) 19π cm (b) (72 + 19π) cm 11. 210°
2. (a) 3π mm (b) (15 + 3π) mm 12. 63.5 cm2
3. (a) 10π m (b) (16 + 10π) m 13. 49.7 cm2
4. (a) 64°, 140 cm 14. 8π mm
(b) 15 mm, 42.6 mm 15. 16.6 cm
(c) 258°, 90 m 16. (a) 5.22 cm (b) 6.19 cm
5. 10π m2 17. (a) 50.2 m (b) 157 m2
6. 58π cm2 18. 28.5 mm
7. 205π mm2 19. (a) 5.94 cm (b) no
8. (a) 260° (b) 165° (c) 5 cm 20. (30 + 10π) cm
9. (a) 58 cm (b) 123° 21. (a) 73.1 cm2 (b) 47.8 cm
10. (a) 3 m (b) 16.1 m 22. (a) 1.72 cm2 (b) 8.80 cm
138
F2B: Chapter 12C
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12.3 Cylinders
A solid with a uniform cross-section in the shape base

of a circle is called a cylinder. cross-section
height curved
surface
base
12.3A Total Surface Area of a Cylinder
(a) Curved surface area of a cylinder r

2πr
= circumference of the base × height h
h
= 2πrh
(b) Total surface area of a cylinder

2πr r
= curved surface area + total area of the two bases
= 2πrh + 2πr2 h +
r

5 cm 6m
3 cm
8m
For the given cylinder, find, in terms of π,
(a) the curved surface area,
For the given cylinder, find, in terms of π,
(b) the total surface area.
Sol (a) Curved surface area
Curved surface (b) the total surface area.
= 2π × 5 × 3 cm2 area Sol (a) Curved surface area
= 30π cm2 = 2πrh
=( )×( )×( ) m2
(b) Total surface area
=
= (30π + 2π × 52) cm2
(b) Total surface area
= 80π cm2 Total surface area
= curved surface area = [( ) + 2π × ( )( )
] m2
+ =
2πr2
141
For each cylinder in Nos. 1–2, find, in terms of π,
(a) the curved surface area, (b) the total surface area.
1. 4 mm 2. 7 cm 14 cm
6 mm
Find the total surface area of each of the following cylinders. [Nos. 3–4]
3. 4.
5m
8 cm
10 m Total surface area
= 2πrh + 2πr2 ( ) 30 cm
r=
2
→
○ Ex 12C 1−3
142
The curved surface area of 3 cm r cm
the cylinder as shown is 7 cm
2
36π cm . Find h. h cm
The curved surface area of the cylinder as shown is
182π cm2. Find r.
Sol ∵ Curved surface area = 36π cm2 Sol ∵ Curved surface area = ( ) cm2
∴ 2π × 3 × h = 36π ∴ =
h =6
5. The curved surface area of the 5m 6. It is given that the curved surface area of a
cylinder as shown is 500 m2. Find cylinder is 400 mm2. If the height of the
the height of the cylinder. cylinder is 9 mm, find the base radius.
Let h m be the height of the

cylinder.
Use the
approximate
value of π
given by the
calculator.
→
○ Ex 12C 4−7
7. The figure shows a lidless cylindrical iron water tank. Find the area of
iron plate needed to make the tank.
A lidless cylindrical
tank is composed of: 3m
+ 2m
a curved a
surface base
→
○ Ex 12C 15, 16
143
12.3B Volume of a Cylinder
Volume of a cylinder = base area × height

= πr2h h
r
2.5 mm
4 cm
6 cm
8 mm
Find the volume of the cylinder as shown in terms Find the volume of the cylinder as shown in terms
of π. of π.
Sol Volume of the cylinder Sol Volume of the cylinder
2 3
= π × 6 × 4 cm =( )×( )( )
×( ) mm3
= 144π cm3 =
8. Find the volume of the 9. Find the volume of a cylinder of height

cylinder as shown in 10 cm and base radius 9 cm in terms of π.
terms of π. 7m
6m
→
○ Ex 12C 8−10
10. 11. rm
4 cm
h cm
12 m
If the volume of the cylinder as shown is 80π If the volume of the cylinder as shown is 108π
cm3, find h. m3, find r.
∵ Volume of the cylinder= ( ) cm3 ∵ Volume of the cylinder= ( ) m3
∴ π×( )( )
×( ) =( ) ∴ πr2 × ( ) =( )
= r2 = ( )
r =
Note that r >
0.
→
○ Ex 12C 11−14
144
12. The figure shows a cylindrical coin of height 2 mm. If the volume of
the coin is 515 mm3, find the base radius of the coin.
2 mm
Making use of the

button on
calculator.
→
○ Ex 12C 17
‘Explain Your Answer’ Questions
13. The figure shows a cylindrical paperweight. If the cost of painting an
area of 1 cm2 is $0.3, is the cost of painting the whole paperweight
less than $160? Explain your answer. 7.5 cm
Total surface area of the paperweight

= 12 cm
Total painting cost =
∴ The cost of painting the whole paperweight (is / is not) less than $160.
14. The figure shows a cylindrical container. If 500 cm3 of water is poured
into the container, will the water overflow? Explain your answer.
11 cm
4 cm
145
Level Up Questions
15. It is given that the base radius of a cylinder is 6 cm. If the total surface area of the cylinder is 228π
cm2, find
(a) the height of the cylinder,
(b) the volume of the cylinder.
16. The figure shows a hollow cylindrical plastic tube. Find the volume of 20 cm
plastic needed to make the tube in terms of π.
Volume of plastic needed:
30 cm
28 cm
146
Consolidation Exercise 12C

Level 1
For each cylinder in Nos. 1−
−3, find
(b) the total surface area.
1. 2. 3.

Base radius Height Curved surface area of the cylinder
(a) 8m 16π m2
(b) 2.5 cm 100 cm2
(c) 20 mm 240π mm2
Find, in terms of π, the volume of each of the following cylinders. [Nos. 5−

−7]
5. 6. 7.

Base radius Height Volume of the cylinder
(a) 2 cm 38π cm3
(b) 12.4 mm 950 mm3
(c) 40 m 810π m3
9. The base area and the height of a cylinder are 144π cm2 and 16.5 cm respectively. Find its curved
surface area in terms of π.
147
10. The total surface area and the base diameter of a cylinder are 182π m2 and 14 m respectively.
Find its
(a) height, (b) volume.
(Give the answers in terms of π if necessary.)
11. The total surface area of a cylinder and the circumference of its base are 1312π mm2 and
32π mm respectively. Find its
12. In the figure, there is some water in a cylindrical container of base radius
1.8 cm. The depth of water is 7.2 cm. Find the total area of the part of the
container which is in contact with water.
13. The figure shows a metal disc with a circular hole at the centre. The
diameters of the disc and the hole are 10 cm and 2 cm respectively. If the
thickness of the disc is 0.5 cm, find the volume of metal used to make the
disc. (Give the answer in terms of π.)
14. In the figure, a cylindrical water tank of base radius 0.5 m contains some
π
water. A solid of volume m3 is immersed in the water. If the solid
100
is taken out, find the decrease in the depth of the water in cm.
Level 2
15. The total surface area and the curved surface area of a cylinder are 350π cm2 and 300π cm2
respectively. Find its
16. In the figure, the base diameter and the height of a cylinder are both x m.
27π 2
If the total surface area is m , find x.
8
17. The figure shows a cylinder of base radius r cm and height h cm. It is given
that the total area of the two bases of the cylinder is equal to its curved
148
surface area. Find r : h.
18. The total area of the two bases of a cylinder and its curved surface area are in the ratio 1 : 3.
Let r cm and h cm be the base radius and the height of the cylinder respectively.
(a) Find r : h.
(b) If the total surface area of the cylinder is 800π cm2, find its volume in terms of π.
19. In the figure, the base radius and the length of a solid cylindrical metal rod
are 2 cm and 18 cm respectively. If the rod is melted and recast into
3 smaller identical solid cylindrical rods of length 8 cm each, find the base
radius of the smaller rod. (Leave the radical sign ‘ ’ in the answer.)
20. A metal cuboid with a square base of side ℓ cm is melted and recast
into a cylindrical bar with base diameter 22 cm. If the original cuboid
and the cylindrical bar have the same height, find ℓ .
21. The figure shows a rectangular metal plate PQRS with dimensions
1.2 m × 0.8 m. By sticking PQ and SR together, the metal plate is
rolled up to form a hollow cylinder. Then, a circular metal plate is
welded to the base of the cylinder to form a lidless metal vessel.
(a) Find the capacity of the metal vessel in terms of π.
(b) Peter claims that if the curved surface of the metal vessel is
formed by sticking PS and QR together instead, then the vessel
can have a greater capacity. Do you agree? Explain your answer.
22. Fig. A shows a tunnel on the horizontal ground ABCD. Fig. B shows the cross-section of the
tunnel which is composed of the sector OATB and △OAB.
⌢
(a) Find the length of ATB in terms of π.
(b) The inner curved surface of the tunnel and the horizontal ground ABCD will be painted. If
each litre of paint can cover an area of 12 m2, is 240 litres of paint enough? Explain your
answer.
149
1. (a) 14π cm2 (b) 16π cm2 13. 12π cm3
2. (a) 108π mm2 (b) 140π mm2 14. 4 cm
3. (a) 90π m2 (b) 140π m2 15. (a) 30 cm (b) 750π cm3
4. (a) 1 m (b) 6.37 cm (c) 6 mm 16. 1.5
3
5. 27π m 17. 1:1
6. 336π cm3 18. (a) 1 : 3 (b) 3000π cm3
7. 5500π mm3 19. 3 cm
8. (a) 9.5 cm (b) 1.97 mm (c) 4.5 m 20. 19.5
2
9. 396π cm 36
21. (a) m3 (b) no
10. (a) 6 m (b) 294π m3 125π
11. (a) 25 mm (b) 6400π mm3 22. (a) 9π m (b) no
2
12. 91.6 cm
150

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Chapter 10 Pythagoras’ Theorem

For mathematics problems consultation, please email to the following address:

○ Complete and Checked

○ Complete and Checked

10.1A Introduction to Square Roots

(a) If x2 = n, then x is a square root of n.

e.g. 3 has two square roots 3 and − 3 .

Example 1 Instant Drill 1

1. Find the square roots of each of the following numbers.

(g) 95 (h) 121

Consolidation Exercise 10A

3. (a) Find the values of (−13)2 and 132.

4. Find the square roots of each of the following numbers.

Find the values of the following expressions. [Nos. 11−

11. 256 12. − 361 13. 520

14. 0.25 15. 14.1 16. − 10

22. In the figure, if the area of the parallelogram KLMN is

Find the values of the following expressions. [Nos. 25−

35. In the figure, the rectangle ABCD is composed of two identical

○ Complete and Checked

10.2A Pythagoras’ Theorem

Example 1 Instant Drill 1

Find the unknown in each of the following figures. [Nos. 1–4]

( )2 + ( )2= ( )2 Pyth. theorem

( )2 + ( )2= ( )2 Pyth. theorem

Example 2 Instant Drill 2

Sol In △BAD, ∠BAD = 90°. Sol In △PQR, ∠PQR = ( )°.

7. In the figure, EFGH is a rectangle. Find the perimeter of EFGH. E H

AC2 + CD2= AD2 Pyth. theorem ( )2 + ( )2= ( )2 Pyth. theorem

∵ ∠ =( )° Use Pythagoras’ theorem

Total cost of building the fence =

∵ $ (> / = / <) $3 000

14. It is given that the area of △PQR in the figure is 240 cm .

Consolidation Exercise 10B

Find the unknown in each of the following figures. [Nos. 16−17]

18. Find the perimeter of △ ABC in the figure.

19. In the figure, ∠D = 90°, DF = 77 m and EF = 85 m. Find

24. In the figure, ∠B = 90°, AB = 3BC and AC = 25 cm. Find BC.

26. In the figure, ∠L = 90° and LM = 5 m. If the area of △ LMN is 30

28. In the figure, ∠U = 90°. V is a point on UW such that

32. Tom wants to bend a metal wire to form a quadrilateral PQRS as

○ Complete and Checked

○ Complete and Checked

10.3 Converse of Pythagoras’ Theorem and its Applications

[Reference: converse of Pyth. theorem] B a C If a2 + b2 ≠ c2,

Example 1 Instant Drill 1

(b) XY2 + YZ 2 = 102 + 132 (b)

∴ △XYZ is not a right-angled triangle.

∴ △ABC is a right-angled triangle.

7. Find the area of △PQR in the figure. P 11 m Q

Find ∠ACB and 41

○ Complete and Checked

○ Complete and Checked

10.4A Rational Numbers

(e) 3.8 (f) 70%

2. Determine if each of the following numbers is a rational number or an irrational number.

(e) 0.003 514 … (f) −π

Consolidation Exercise 10D

10. 3.14 11. 9 12. 22.5%

21. 32 22. 40 23. − 13 24. − 18