8.1 Determine the MAC Address of a Host.

Every computer on an Ethernet local network has a Media Access Control (MAC) address that is
burned into the Network Interface Card (NIC). Computer MAC addresses are usually displayed as 6
sets of two hexadecimal numbers separated by dashes or colons (example: 15-EF-A3-45-9B-57). The
ipconfig /all command displays the computer MAC address.

Step 1: Display information for the command ipconfig / all

1. Right-click on the Start button and select Command Prompt.

2. Enter the ipconfig /all command at the command prompt.

Step 2: Locate the MAC (physical) address(es) in the output from the ipconfig /all command
Use the table below to fill in the description of the Ethernet adapter and the Physical (MAC) Address:

Description Physical Address

Realtek PCIe GBE Family Controller 50-9A-4C-27-32-F9

How many MAC addresses did you discover in your PC ?

Answers will vary depending on the setup of the PC.

Part 2: Analyzing the Parts of a MAC Address

Every Ethernet network interface has a physical address assigned to it when it is manufactured. These
addresses are 48 bit (6 bytes) long and are written in hexadecimal notation. MAC addresses are made
up of two parts. One part of the MAC address, the first 3 bytes, represents the vendor who
manufactured the network interface. This part of the MAC is called the OUI (Organizationally Unique
Identifier). Each vendor who wants to make and sell Ethernet network interfaces must register with the
IEEE in order to be assigned an OUI.
The second parts of the address, the remaining 3 bytes are the unique ID for the interface. All MAC
addresses that begin with the same OUI must have unique values in the last 3 bytes.
In this example, the physical MAC address for the Ethernet LAN interface is 50-9A-4C-27-32-F9.
8.2 View Wired and Wireless NIC Information
NIC stands for Network Interface Card. NIC is additionally called an Ethernet or physical or network
card.

Step 1: Use the Network and Sharing Center.

1. Go to the Control Panel. Under Network and Internet in the Category View, click View
network status and tasks.
2. View the left pane and then select the change adapter settings.
3. The display includes a list of the NIC’s that are accessible on this PC in the Network
Connections window.

Step 2: View with wireless NIC.

1. Activate the wireless NIC adapter when it is
disabled.
2. To connect to an SSID, right-click and choose
Connect/Disconnect if the status of the wireless
network connection is not already active.
3. Select Status from the displayed context menu after
right-clicking a wireless network connection.
4. The information can be seen about the wireless
connection in the status pane, which is displayed.

Step 2: View with wired NIC.

1. To display the drop-down list on the Network
Connections window, choose and right-click the
Ethernet option.
2. Click the Status option after enabling the NIC adapter.
3. To view the status, must have an Ethernet cable
connecting the PC’s NIC to a switch.
8.3. Configure and install a Ethernet switch and hub using simulator software

Procedure:
1. Select End Devices, and Drag and drop generic PCs onto your design area.
2. Select HUB, and Add a Hub-PT to your prototype network by dragging it onto your design area.
3. Select Switch, and add a 2960 switch to your prototype network by dragging it onto your design
area.
4. Choose a copper straight-through cable type to connect PC to HUB. And PC to switch.
5. Choose a copper cross-over cable type to connect HUB to SWITCH.

****************

8.4 Create a simple Ethernet network using 3 host and a switch, Observe traffic
behaviour on the network and Observer data flow of ARP broadcast and ping.
Most computer programs/applications use logical addresses (IP Addresses) to send/receive messages.
However, the actual communication happens over the Physical Address (MAC Address) that is from
layer 2 of the OSI model.

ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol which is one of the most important protocols of the
Data link layer in the OSI model. It is responsible to find the hardware address of a host from a
known IP address.

How ARP Works: A device that wants to communicate with others over the internet. What does
ARP do? It broadcast a packet to all the devices of the source network. The devices of the network
peel the header of the data link layer from the Protocol Data Unit (PDU) called frame and transfer
the packet to the network layer (layer 3 of OSI) where the network ID of the packet is validated with
the destination IP’s network ID of the packet and if it’s equal then it responds to the source with the
MAC address of the destination, else the packet reaches the gateway of the network and broadcasts
packet to the devices it is connected with and validates their network ID. The above process
continues till the second last network device in the path reaches the destination where it gets
validated and ARP, in turn, responds with the destination MAC address.
 Procedure:
1. Select End Devices from the options in the bottom left-hand corner. Drag and drop 3 generic
PCs onto the design area.
2. Select Switch from the options in the bottom left-hand corner. Add a 2960 switch to your
prototype network by dragging it onto the design area.
3. Select Connections from the bottom left-hand corner. Choose a copper straight-through cable
type. Click the first host (PC0) and assign the cable to the FastEthernet0 connector. Click
the switch (Switch0) and select a connection FastEthernet0/1 for PC0.

4. Repeat step c for PC1 and PC2. Select FastEthernet0/2 on the Switch0 for PC1 and
FastEthernet0/3 for PC2.

5. Select Router from the options in the bottom left-hand corner. Add a 1841 router to the
prototype network by dragging it onto the design area and make the connection to the
switches.
6. Click PCs. Select the Config tab. Select FastEthernet tab on the left and add the following ip
address and subnetmask and default gateway.

PC 0 PC 1 PC 2 Pc 3 PC 4 PC 5
IP
192.168.11.
Addres 192.168.10.5 192.168.10.6 192.168.10.7 192.168.11.5 192.168.11.7
6
s
Subnet 255.255.255. 255.255.255. 255.255.255. 255.255.255. 255.255.255 255.255.255.
mask 0 0 0 0 .0 0
Defult
192.168.11.
Gatewa 192.168.10.0 192.168.10.0 192.168.10.0 192.168.11.0 192.168.11.0
0
y
Router F 0/0 192.168.10.0 F 0/1 192.168.10.0

Observe the flow of data from PC-A to PC-C by creating network traffic.
1. Switch to Simulation Mode in the bottom right-hand corner.
2. Click Edit Filter in the Edit List Filter area. In the event list filter, click All/None to deselect
every filter. Click Edit Filter. Select ARP and ICMP filters under IPv4 tab.
3. Select a Simple PDU by clicking the closed envelope in the upper toolbar. With the envelop
icon, click PC-A to establish the source. Click PC-C to establish the destination.
 4. Select Play from the Play Controls in the Simulation Panel. You can speed up the simulation
using the Play Speed Slider. The Play Speed Slider is located below Play inside the
Simulation Panel.
5. Observe the path ICMP and ARP envelope. Click View Previous Event to continue when
the buffer is full.
6. Click Reset Simulation in the Simulation Panel. Notice that the ARP envelop is no longer
present. This has reset the simulation but has not cleared any configuration changes or
dynamic table entries, such as ARP table entries. The ARP request is not necessary to
complete the ping because PC-A already has the MAC address in the ARP table.
7. Click Capture then Forward inside the Simulation Panel. The ICMP envelop will moved
from the source to the switch and stop. The Capture then Forward allows you to move the
simulation one step at a time. Continue selecting the Capture then Forward until you
complete the event.
8. Click the Power Cycle Device on the bottom left, above the device icons.
9. An error message will appear asking you to confirm reset. Click Yes. Now both the ICMP
and ARP envelops are present again. The power cycle will clear any configuration changes
not saved and will clear all dynamic table entries, such as the ARP and MAC table entries.
10. Exit the simulation mode by clicking Realtime a allow the network to converge.

View ARP Tables on each PC.

1. Click Play to repopulate the ARP table on the PCs. Click View Previous Event when the
buffer is full.
2. Click Inspect (magnifying glass) in the upper tool bar.
3. With the magnifying glass, click PC-A. Select ARP Table in the pop-up menu. Notice that
PC-A has an ARP entry for PC-C. View the ARP tables for PC-B and PC-C as well. Close all
ARP table windows.
4. Click Select in the upper tool bar.
5. Click PC-A and select the Desktop tab.
6. Select the Command Prompt and enter the command arp -a to view the ARP table from the
desktop view. Close the PC-A configuration window.

C:\> arp -a
Internet Address Physical Address Type
192.168.1.3 0003.e406.e430 dynamic

11. Examine the ARP tables for PC-B and PC-C. Close the Command Prompt window when
finished.
9.1. Build a simple peer-to-peer network and verify physical connectivity and Assign
various IPv4 addresses to hosts and observe the effects on network
communication.

Objectives:

 Build a simple peer-to-peer network and verify physical connectivity.

 Assign various IPv4 addresses to hosts and observe the effects on network communication

Background/Scenario

 Build a simple peer-to-peer network using two PCs and an Ethernet crossover cable. You will
assign various IPv4 addresses to the hosts and determine the effects on their ability to
communicate.

Required Resources

 2 PCs (Windows 10 with at least one wired Ethernet NIC on each PC)
 1 Ethernet cross-over cable to connect the PCs.

Step 1: Connect the PCs to create a peer-to-peer network.

 Obtain an Ethernet crossover cable to connect the two PCs.

 Plug one end of the cable into the Ethernet NIC of PC-A. Plug the other end of the cable into
the Ethernet NIC of PC-B.

Step 2: Verify physical connectivity.

1. After the Ethernet crossover cable is connected to both PCs, take a close look at each
Ethernet port. A link light (usually green or amber) indicates that physical connectivity has
been established between the two NICS.
2. On PC-A, right-click Start and select Network Connections.
3. If there was a problem connecting the network cable, Ethernet0 will read Network cable
unplugged and will have a red X in the icon. If so, troubleshoot by repeating Steps 1 and 2.

Step 3: Configure IPv4 Settings on PC-A and PC-B.

1. Configure manual IPv4 addressing on PC-A and PC-B so that they can communicate using
TCP/IP. On PC-A, right click the Ethernet0 and click Properties.
2. In the Ethernet0 Properties window select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and click
the Properties button.
3. Select the Use the following IPv4 address and enter the IPv4 address 192.168.1.1 and subnet
mask 255.255.255.0. Click OK > Close to exit the Ethernet0 Properties window.
4. Repeat steps 3-for PC-B using an IPv4 address 192.168.1.2 and a subnet mask 255.255.255.0.
Step 4: Verify IPv4 connectivity between the two PCs.

Note: To test TCP/IP connectivity between the PCs, Windows Firewall must be disabled temporarily
on both PCs. Windows Firewall should be re-enabled after the tests have been completed. To access
Windows Firewall, click Settings> Network & Internet > Ethernet > Windows Firewall > Turn
Windows Firewall on or off.

1. Now that the two PCs are physically connected and configured correctly with IPv4 addresses,
we need to make sure they can communicate with each other. The ping command is a simple
way to accomplish this task.
2. Navigate to the Command Prompt on PC-A. In a Command Prompt on PC-A, ping
192.168.1.2. A successful ping will verify network connectivity and PC- A can communicate
with PC-B.

OUTPUT

sdmp-cs2\Student> ping 192.168.1.2

Pinging 192.168.1.2 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes-32 time-4ms TTL-64
Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes-32 time-Ims TTL-64
Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes-32 time-Ims TTL-64
Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes-32 time<1ms TTL-64
Ping statistics for 192.168.1.2: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss).
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum 0ms, Maximum = 4ms, Average = Ims

3. Repeat this procedure and ping 192.168.1.1 from PC-B.

4. Close the command prompt on both PCs.
9.2. Configure IP address of the network and ping across to test and troubleshoot.

Step 1: Change IPv4 address for PC-B.

1. On PC-B, right-click on Start and select Network Connections, and right- click the Ethernet0
icon. Choose Properties from the pull-down menu.
2. Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4). Click Properties.
3. Change the logical IPv4 address for PC-B from 192.168.1.2 to 192.168.2.2 and leave the subnet
mask set to 255.255.255.0.
4. Click OK which will close the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) window. Click the Close
button to exit the Ethernet0 Properties window.

Step 2: Test network connectivity between the 2 PCs.

1. From PC-B, right-click Start, and select Command Prompt.

2. At the command prompt, type ping 192.168.2.2 and press Enter.

Was it successful?

Ans: The ping was unsuccessful because PC-A and PC-B are no longer in the same subnet. Without
a router, these PCs cannot communicate with each other.

What type of networking device would allow the PCs to communicate even though they are on
different networks?

Ans: A router is needed to allow the PCs to communicate.

Step 2: Change IPv4 address for PC-A.

1. On PC-A, right-click Start and select Network Connections, and right-click the Ethernet0 icon.
Choose Properties from the pull-down menu.
2. Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IP). Click Properties.
3. Change the logical IPv4 address for PC-A from 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.2.99 and leave the
subnet mask set to 255.255.255.0. Click OK, to close the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IP)
window. Click Close to exit the Ethernet0 Properties window.

The two PCs are still on the same physical Ethernet network. Are they on the same logical IPv4
network now?

Yes, they are in the same physical and logical network.

Step 3: Test network connectivity between the 2 PCs.

On PC-B, ping 192.168.2.99. Using command prompt.

Was it successful? Yes, the ping was successful because PC-A and PC-B are in the same subnet
9.3. Subnetting of a network using simulator

Define subnetting?
A subnet, or subnetwork, is a part of a larger network. Subnets are a logical part of an IP
network into multiple, smaller network components. The Internet Protocol (IP) is the
method for transmitting data from one computer to another over the internet network.
Each computer, or host, on the internet, has at least one IP address as a unique identifier.

Uses of Subnetting
1. Subnetting helps in organizing the network in an efficient way which helps in expanding
the technology for large firms and companies.
2. Subnetting is used for specific staffing structures to reduce traffic and maintain order
and efficiency.
3. Subnetting divides domains of the broadcast so that traffic is routed efficiently, which
helps in improving network performance.
4. Subnetting is used in increasing network security.

Definition of IP Address: An IP address is a 32 bit number that logically defines a host. IP

address assigned to a LAN card or a device interface can change based on network
admin's requirement.

Definition of Subnet Mask: Subnet Mask is a 32 bit value that defines which portion of an
IP address is network and which portion is host.

Example:
Subnetting Class C - 192.168.10.0/25
 Number of subnets (for /25 mask) = 2 N
N = 1, so 2 1 = 2
So number of subnets (for /25 mask) = 2

 Number of hosts per subnet = (2 H) - 2

H is 7, so 2 7 - 2
Hosts per subnet = 128 - 2 = 126.

 Block size of each subnet = 256 - 128 = 128

For /25 mask, we will get 2 subnets, each with 126 hosts.
1st Subnet = 192.168.10.0/25
2nd Subnet = 192.168.10.128/25
For 1st Subnet, 1st valid IP is 192.168.10.1/25, last valid IP is 192.168.10.126/25,
And broadcast address is 192.168.10.127/25
For 2nd Subnet, 1st valid IP is 192.168.10.129/25, last valid IP is 192.168.10.254/25,
and broadcast address is 192.168.10.255/25
Practices exercise:

1. Go to Cisco Packet Tracer.

2. Click on the End Devices and deploy 8 PCs.
3. Click on the Network Devices and deploy two switches (2960) and one router (2911) and
design a network as shown above figure.
4. Click on the connection category and select automatically choose connection type to
connect PC to Switch and switch to router.
5. Click on PC, go to desktop and select IP configuration and assign IP address to all the
individual PCs.
6. Go to the command prompt and ping all the PCs. Ex: ping 192.168.1.130
7. Pinging not successful, because router is not configured.
For Router
1. Click on router
2. Go to config tab.
3. Click on GigabitEthernet0/0
4. Click the on check box in the right corner and assign IP Address: 192.168.1.1 And
subnet mask: 255.255.255.128
5. Click on GigabitEthernet0/1
6. Click the on check box in the right corner and assign IP Address: 192.168.1.129 And
subnet mask: 255.255.255.128
7. Now communicate the pc’s using ping command, Go to the command prompt and ping
all the PCs. Ex: ping 192.168.1.130

OUTPUT:

ping 192.168.1.130

Pinging 192.168.1.130 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 192.168.1.130: bytes-32 time-4ms TTL-64
Reply from 192.168.1.130: bytes-32 time-Ims TTL-64
Reply from 192.168.1.130: bytes-32 time-Ims TTL-64
Reply from 192.168.1.130: bytes-32 time<1ms TTL-64
Ping statistics for 192.168.1.130: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss).
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum 0ms, Maximum = 4ms, Average = Ims

ping 192.168.1.133

Pinging 192.168.1.133 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 192.168.1.133: bytes-32 time-4ms TTL-64
Reply from 192.168.1.133: bytes-32 time-Ims TTL-64
Reply from 192.168.1.133: bytes-32 time-Ims TTL-64
Reply from 192.168.1.133: bytes-32 time<1ms TTL-64
Ping statistics for 192.168.1.133: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss).
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum 0ms, Maximum = 4ms, Average = Ims
9.4. Connect to web server using simulator, observe how packets are sent across the
Internet using IP address.

A web server is software and hardware that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and other
protocols to respond to client requests made over the World Wide Web. The main job of a web
server is to display website content through storing, processing and delivering webpages to users.

Web server software is accessed through the domain names of websites and ensures the delivery of
the site's content to the requesting user. The software side is also comprised of several components,
with at least an HTTP server. The HTTP server is able to understand HTTP and URLs. As hardware,
a web server is a computer that stores web server software and other files related to a website, such
as HTML documents, images and JavaScript files.

When a web browser, like Google Chrome or Firefox, needs a file that's hosted on a web server, the
browser will request the file by HTTP. When the request is received by the web server, the HTTP
server will accept the request, find the content and send it back to the browser through HTTP.

Practices exercise:

1. Deploy 2 PC, one switch and one server as shown in the figure.
2. Click on the connection category and select Automatically choose connection type to connect PC
to Switch and switch to server
3. Click on PC, go to desktop and select IP configuration and assign IP address to all the individual
PCs and a server.
4. Select the Desktop Tab > Command Prompt.
5. Verify connectivity to the web server. At the command prompt, ping the IP address of the web
server by entering ping 192.168.1.2
Output:

ping 192.168.1.2

Pinging 192.168.1.2with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes-32 time-4ms TTL-64
Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes-32 time-Ims TTL-64
Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes-32 time-Ims TTL-64
Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes-32 time<1ms TTL-64
Ping statistics for 192.168.1.2: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss).
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum 0ms, Maximum = 4ms, Average = Ims

6. Go to tool bar & take a packet (PDU) & place it into source device (PC) and mention the
destination
7. We can start the simulation & we can see the message going from one PC to Server.

Connect to the Web Server via the web client

8. In the Desktop tab on PC0, select Web Browser.

9. Enter 192.168.1.2 into the URL and click Go. The web client will connect to the web server via
the IP address, and open the web page.
10.1 Implement Simple Static Routing

Static routing is a routing protocol that helps to keep your network organized and to optimize routing
performance. It enables the router to assign a specific path to each network segment and to keep
track of network changes. This helps to improve network stability and continuity. This adds security
because a single administrator can only authorize routing to particular networks.

 Manually: Remote networks are manually entered into the route table using static routes.
 Dynamically: Remote routes are automatically learned using a dynamic routing protocol.

 Static routing provides some advantages over dynamic routing, including:

1. Static routes are not advertised over the network, resulting in better security.
2. Static routes use less bandwidth than dynamic routing protocols, as routers do not exchange
routes.
3. No CPU cycles are used to calculate and communicate routes.
4. The path a static route uses to send data is known.

Dynamic Routing Static Routing

Configuration Generally independent of the network Increases with the network size
Complexity size
Topology Changes Automatically adapts to topology Administrator intervention required
changes
Scaling Suitable for simple and complex Suitable for simple topologies
topologies
Security Less secure More secure
Resource Usage Uses CPU, memory, link bandwidth No extra resources needed
Predictability Route depends on the current topology Route to destination is always the
same

Steps to Configure and Verify Two Router Connections in Cisco Packet Tracer:
1. First, open the cisco packet tracer desktop and select the devices given below:

S.NO Device Model Name Qty.

1. PC PC 4
2. Switch PT-Switch 2
3. Router PT-Router 2

IP Addressing Table For PCs:

S.NO Device IPv4 Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway

1. pc0 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1
2. pc1 192.168.1.3 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1
3. pc2 192.168.2.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1
4. pc3 192.168.2.3 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1

 Then, create a network topology as shown below the image.

 Use an Automatic connecting cable to connect the devices with others.
2. Configure the PCs (hosts) with IPv4 address and Subnet Mask according to the IP addressing table
given above.
 To assign an IP address in PC0, click on PC0.
 Then, go to desktop and then IP configuration and there you will IPv4 configuration.
 Fill IPv4 address and subnet mask.

 Repeat the same procedure with other PCs to configure them thoroughly.
3. Configure router with IP address and subnet mask.
S.NO Device Interface IPv4 Addressing Subnet Mask

FastEthernet0/0 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0

1. router0
Serial2/0 11.0.0.1 255.255.255.0
FastEthernet0/0 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
2. router1
Serial2/0 11.0.0.2 255.255.255.0

 To assign an IP address in router0, click on router0.

 Then, go to config and then Interfaces.
 Then, configure the IP address in FastEthernet and serial ports according to IP addressing
Table.
 Fill IPv4 address and subnet mask.

 Repeat the same procedure with other routers to configure them thoroughly.

4. After configuring all of the devices we need to assign the routes to the routers.
To assign static routes to the particular router:
 First, click on router0 then Go to CLI.
 Then type the commands and IP information given below.
 CLI command : ip route <network id> <subnet mask><next hop>

Static Routes for Router0 are given below:

Router(config)#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 11.0.0.2

Static Routes for Router1 are given below:

Router(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 11.0.0.1

5. Verifying the network by pinging the IP address of any PC. We will use the ping command to do
so.
 First, click on PC1 then Go to the command prompt
 Then type ping <IP address of targeted node>
 As we can see in the below image we are getting replies which means the connection is working

Example : ping 192.168.2.2

Simulation:

Select PDU and click host and destination device, example PDU from PC0 to PC2.
10.2 Troubleshooting of IP Addressing:

a) Change a routing table entry

b) Wrong address
c) Incorrect subnet mask
1. Create the topology shown in the image below :
2. From the bottom toolbar, click on ‘End Devices’ and select ‘PC’ and then drag it to the
workspace.
3. From the bottom toolbar, click on ‘Network Devices’ and select ‘Router 2901’ and then drag it to
the workspace.
4. Make a connection using straight through cable from the tool bar.
5. Assign IPv4 address on each device.

6. Using command prompt to test the network, for example select PC0  goto command prompt 
and ping PC (i.e, ping 192.168.1.3)

OUTPUT:

7. Now check all the PC’s it was succesfull.

a) Change a routing table entry

1. Change the router IP address (in interface2) from 192.168.1.129 to 10.1.1.1 and observe the
output i.e, ping and simulation

A connectivity problem across a network is that the routing tables have not
been properly defined. The Data (packets) are going out to the remote
destination, and data are being sent back to your system but are taking a bad
route on the way to your network. This problem occurs when the routes for
the network point to the wrong router.

The only way to successfully diagnose this problem is to use

the traceroute(ping) program from both ends of a connection, seeing where in
the network path the problem occurs. If you stop getting responses after the
second or third hop on outbound tests, then it is highly likely that the router at
that junction has an incorrect routing entry for the network,
b) Wrong address

1. Change the IP Address of the PC2 (172.16.1.5) and observe the output i.e, ping and simulation

An IP address is a set of numbers that identify the computer on a network.

IPV4, the traditional numbering scheme, uses four integers ranging from zero
to 255 and set apart by periods. For example, "192.168.1.10" is a valid IPV4
address.

On a given network, every IP address must be unique. For example, two

computers cannot both have the address "192.168.1.10." Although the address
itself is valid, attempting to assign the same number to two machines creates
a conflict and generates an error message. Otherwise, attempting to assign the
different classes of IP address on same networks its generates an error
message or not communicate each other.
c) Incorrect subnet mask

1. Change the subnet mask on the Router (in interface2) from 255.255.255.128 to 255.0.0.0 and
observe the output.

Incorrect Subnet Mask: If a network uses a subnet mask other than the default mask for its
address class, and a client is still configured with the default subnet mask for the address
class, communication will fail to some nearby networks but not to distant ones.
10.3 Configure DHCP On a Wireless Router

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server protocol that automatically provides
an Internet Protocol (IP) host with its IP address and other related configuration information such as
the subnet mask and default gateway.

The network administrator establishes DHCP servers that maintain TCP/IP configuration information
and provide address configuration to DHCP-enabled clients.

The DHCP server stores the configuration information in a database that includes:

 Valid TCP/IP configuration parameters for all clients on the network.

 Valid IP addresses, maintained in a pool for assignment to clients, as well as excluded
addresses.
 Reserved IP addresses associated with particular DHCP clients. This allows consistent
assignment of a single IP address to a single DHCP client.

Benefits of DHCP:

 Reliable IP address configuration. DHCP minimizes configuration errors caused by manual

IP address configuration, such as typographical errors, or address conflicts caused by the
assignment of an IP address to more than one computer at the same time.
 Reduced network administration.

DHCP includes the following features to reduce network administration:

 Centralized and automated TCP/IP configuration.

 The ability to define TCP/IP configurations from a central location.
 The ability to assign a full range of additional TCP/IP configuration values by means of
DHCP options.
 The efficient handling of IP address changes for clients that must be updated frequently, such
as those for portable devices that move to different locations on a wireless network.

Configure DHCP on Wireless Router:

1. Create the topology shown in the image below :

 From the bottom toolbar, click on ‘End Devices’ and select ‘PC’ and then drag it to the
workspace.
 Now select ‘Laptop’ and drag it to the workspace.
 From the bottom toolbar, click on ‘Network Devices’ and under ‘Wireless Devices’, select
“Home Router” and drag it to the workspace.
2. Configure DHCP on Home-Router-PT-AC :

 Click on the Home Router device.

 A dialogue box will appear then click on “Config” tab.
 From the side menu bar, click on “LAN” and configure LAN settings as shown in the image
below :

 Click on “GUI” tab and configure the basic setup as shown in the image below :
3. Click on the PC and under physical tab, change the module of the PC as follows :
 Turn off the PC.
 Change the default module with the WMP300N module which is a 2.4 GHz wireless
interface for connecting to wireless network.

4. Click on Laptop and under physical tab, change the module of the Laptop as follows :

 Turn off the Laptop.

 Change the default module with the WPC300N module which is a 2.4 GHz wireless interface
for connecting to wireless network.
5. After completing the above steps, the end devices (PC and Laptop) will automatically connect to
the wireless network configured on the Home router device and request for the IPv4 address and
the topology will look like this :

6. Verify IP configuration and connectivity throughout the topology :

 Click on the PC and under the “Desktop” tab click on “Command Prompt” and check IP
configuration with the command :
 Now, check the connectivity with other devices in the topology by pinging them :
Simulation