Solution

CHEMISTRY UNIT1 AND UNIT 2 - SA1

Class 10 - Science
1. Reactions which produce energy are called exothermic reaction. On the other hand, reactions which absorb energy are called
endothermic reaction.
For example
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g) + heat
2. Combination reaction is reaction in which two elements or compounds combine to form a single compound. Example:
CaO(s) + H2O(l) ⟶ Ca(OH)2(aq) (Heat)
In the above reaction, heat energy is released. Therefore, it is an exothermic reaction also.
3. Exothermic reaction: A chemical reaction in which heat is given out is known as exothermic reaction. For example
C(s) + O2 (g) → CO2(g) + Heat energy
NaOH (aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + Heat energy

Endothermic reaction: A chemical reaction in which heat energy is absorbed is known as endothermic reaction. For example
Heat

N2(g) + O2(g) −−−→ 2NO(g)

Heat

C(s) + H2O(g) −−−→ CO(g) + H2(g)

4. Writing the symbols of Physical States of substances in Chemical equation:

Gaseous state is represented by symbol ‘g’

Liquid state is represented by symbol ‘l’
Solid state is written by symbol ‘s’
Aqueous solution is written by symbol ‘aq’
5. i. Burning of coal - When solid coal is burnt in the air it produces carbon dioxide gas.
C (s) + O2 (g) → C O2 (g)

ii. Evolution of gas - When zinc metal reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid then hydrogen gas is evolved.
Zn (s) + 2HC l (aq) → ZnC l2 (s) + H2 (g) ↑

iii. Change in temperature - When quick lime reacts with water it produces slaked lime with the evolution of heat and the vessel
becomes hot.
C aO(s) + H O(l) → C a(OH ) (aq) +Heat
2 2

6. When oily food is exposed to air; the oil is oxidised by oxygen which results in a bad smell and bad taste of oily food. This
phenomenon is called rancidity. Some of the methods to prevent rancidity is:
i. By adding anti-oxidants
ii. Vacuum Packing
7. i. 2Mg (s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO (s) + Heat (Combination reaction)
Electricity

ii. 2H2O (l)−−−−−−→2H2 (g) +O2 (g) (Decomposition reaction)

iii. NH3 (aq) + HCl (aq)→ NH4Cl (aq) (Combination reaction)
8. i. Aluminium is quite reactive metal than iron. Therefore, aluminium easily forms a passive layer of aluminium oxide on
reaction with air which is not reactive. But in case of iron, it does not form such a layer. Therefore, iron corrodes but
aluminium does not.
ii. On heating lead nitrate crystals, nitrogen dioxide gas is evolved, which is reddish brown in colour.
Heat

2Pb(NO3)2(s) ⟶ 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

iii. BHA (Butylated Hydroxy Anisole) and BHT (Butylated Hydroxy Toluene) is the preservative added to the fat containing
food.
9. 1. Water acting as an oxidising agent
2Al + 3H2O → Al2O3 + 3H2

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 2. Water acting as a reducing agent
2F2 + 2H2O → 4HF + O2
10. An ionic equation may be defined as An equation which shows only the atoms and ions that actually take part in the chemical
reaction.
For example,

1. Zn + 2H+ ⟶ Zn2+ + H2
2. Sodium chloride(aq) + silver nitrate(aq) ⟶ silver chloride(s) + sodium nitrate(aq)
Step 1: Write the equation and balance it if necessary
NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
Step 2: Split the ions. (Only compounds that are aqueous are split into ions.)
Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) → AgCl(s) + Na+(aq) + NO3-
Step 3: Cancel out spectator ions. (Spectator ions are ions that remain the same in their original states before and after a chemical
reaction.)

Step 4: Write a balanced ionic equation

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s)
11. In a decomposition reaction a compound is broken into smaller chemical species. These are the reaction in which one reactant
gives two or more products after a reaction. These reactions are just opposite of chemical combination reactions.
i. Thermal Decomposition: Decomposition takes place by heat.
Heat

2K C lO3 (s )−−−→ 2K C l(s) +3O2 (g)

P otassium Chlorate P otassium chloride Oxygen

ii. Electrolytic decomposition or electrolysis: Decomposition takes place by electricity. Example, electrolysis of aluminium
oxide.
2Al2 O3 ⟶ 4Al + 3O2
Aluminium oxide Aluminium Oxygen

12. a. Ammonia (NH3)

b. Water (H2O) as F2 is getting reduced to HF
c. Carbon monoxide (CO)
d. Hydrogen
13. i. The reaction takes place in the presence of light.

ii.

iii. Slaked lime is formed with hissing sound and lot of heat is evolved.
Heat

CaO + H2O −−−→ Ca(OH)2

14. Chemical equations can be made more informative by expressing the following characteristics of the reactants and products.
1) Physical state
2) Heat exchange (exothermic or endothermic change)
3) Gas evolved (if any)
4) Precipitate formed (if any)
1) Expressing the physical state : The physical state of the substances may be mentioned along with their chemical formulae.
The different states i.e., gaseous, liquid and solid states are represented by the notations (g), (Z) and (s) respectively. If the
substance is present as a solution in water, it is represented as (aq).
Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) → 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)
2) Heat exchange : Heat is liberated in exothermic reactions arid heat is absorbed in endothermic reactions.
1) C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) (exothermic reaction)
2) N2(g) + O2(g) →2NO(g) (endothermic reaction)
3) Gas evolved : If a gas is evolved in a reaction, it is denoted by an upward arrow or (g).
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) ↑

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 4) Precipitate formed : If a precipitate is formed in the reaction, it is denoted by a downward arrow
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) →AgCl(s) ↓+ NaNO3(aq)
15. Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas turns lime water milky when passed through it due to the formation of insoluble calcium carbonate.
C a(OH) 2 + C O2 → C aC O3 + H2 O
Limewater Carbon Calcium
diox ide C arbonate

16. Reactions in which ions are exchanged between two reactants forming new compounds are called double displacement reactions.
AB + CD → AC + BD
These are the reactions in which two different atoms or groups of atoms are displaced by another atoms/groups of atoms.
Example :
i. BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4 (s)¯ + 2NaCl (aq)
ii. AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) → AgCl(s)¯ + NaNO3 (aq)
Such reactions usually occur in ionic compound and are very fast reactions.
17. i. The metal ‘X’ is copper and the process is called corrosion.
ii. Green coating formed is of basic copper carbonate (CuCO3. Cu(OH)2)
iii. To prevent the corrosion process painting and galvanization can be done.
18. i. In white washing, following reaction occurs:
CaO + H2O ⟶ Ca(OH)2 + Heat
In the above reaction, calcium oxide (quick lime) reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) and large amount
of energy is released.
ii. In black and white photography, photolysis of silver bromide takes place. Silver bromide decomposes in the presence of
sunlight to give silver and bromine.
Sunlight

2AgBr(s) −−−−−→ 2Ag(s) + Br2 (g)

Light yellow Grey

19. Precipitation reaction: When two reactants react and product formed remains insoluble and settles as a solid it is called a
precipitate. Such reactions in which precipitate is formed are called precipitation reactions. Precipitation reaction produce
insoluble salts which settle down as precipitate.
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s)↓ + NaNO3(aq)
BaCl2(aq) + NaSO4(aq)→ BaSO4↓ + 2NaCl(aq)
Heat

20. i. Zn(s) + 2N aOH(aq) −−−→ N a2 ZnO2 (aq) + H2 (g) ↑

Z inc Sodium hydroxide Sodium zincate Hydrogen

ii. CaCO3 (aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) → Ca(HCO3)2 (aq)

iii. HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl-

21. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:
Mg(s) + 2HCl (dil.) ⟶ MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
The product obtained is magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas is evolved. It is an example of displacement reaction.
22. Oxidation is a process in which oxygen is added or hydrogen is removed from a substance. The X is an oxidation reaction while Y
and Z are reductions reaction because in the reaction X removal of hydrogen and addition of oxygen is taking place.
23. Pale green is the colour of F eSO ⋅ 7H O crystals. It becomes dirty white on heating.
4 2

Heat

F eSO4 ⋅ 7H2 O −−→ F eSO4 + 7H2 O

Pale green Dirty white

24. Methane burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.

Methane + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water
The steps for balancing the above equation are as follows :
1. The skeleton equation for the chemical reaction is :
CH4 + O → CO2 + H2O
2. The number of carbon atoms on both sides are the same and is one.
3. The number of hydrogen atoms on the reactant side is four and on product side is two. Therefore, multiply the formula H2O
with 2.
4. The number of oxygen atoms on the product side is four but on the reactant side is one. Therefore, multiply the symbol O with
4.

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 CH4 + 4O → CO2 + 2H2O
5. The equation is balanced but it is not molecular. To do so write 4O as 2O2 which means that oxygen is in molecular form.
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O This is the balanced chemical equation.

25. The given chemical equation is :

16HC l + 2K M nO4 → 2M nC l2 + 2K C l + 4H2 O + 5C l2 (Balanced equation)
moles 5 moles

16 moles of HCl produce Cl2 = 5 moles

5
3.2 moles of HCl produce Cl2 = 16
× 3.2 = 1 mole
26. i. 3Fe(s) + 4H 2 O(s) ⟶ Fe2 O4(aq) + 4H2 ( s)
Iron Steam Iron (ii, iii) oxide Hydrogen

ii. Mg + 2Hg ⟶ MgCl2 + H2 ↑

iii. 2Cu + O2 ⟶ 2CuO
27. when an aqueous solution of ferrous sulphate reacts with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide to form a precipitate of ferrous
hydroxide and sodium sulphate remains in solution the reaction is as follows:
FeSO4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → Fe(OH)2 + Na2SO4(aq)
28. H2(g) + CuO(s) → Cu(s) + H2O (l)
In this reaction, oxygen is removed from copper and oxygen is added to hydrogen. So, cupric oxide is reduced to copper and
hydrogen is oxidized to water. Cupric oxide is oxidizing agent and hydrogen is reducing agent.
29. Displacement reaction: The reaction in which an element displaces another element from a substance is called “displacement
reaction.” In this reaction a more active element displaces less active element from solution of its compound. In displacement
reaction one element displaces another element from its compound and takes its place therein.
Examples
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4 + Cu(s) ↓
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s) ↓
Double displacement reaction: The reaction in which the constituent atoms of the reaction interchange by the decomposition of
the two reactants, to produce new compounds are called double displacement.
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) ↓+ NaNO3(aq)
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4↓ + 2NaCl(aq)
30. Aluminium + Sodium hydroxide + Water →
​ ​Sodium meta-aluminate + Hydrogen
2Al(s)+ 2NaOH(aq) + 2H2O(l) →
​ ​2NaAlO2 (aq) + 3H2 (g)
31. Copper sulphate - Green
Ferrous sulphate - Pale green
Sodium sulphate - Milky white
Barium chloride - White
32. In a chemical reaction oxidation and reduction both take place simultaneously and such reactions are also known as redox
reactions.
An oxidizing agent is a substance which oxidizes other substances but itself gets reduced. For example,

In the above example, Cu2+ oxidizes Zn to Zn2+ and itself gets reduced to Cu. Cu2+ is an oxidizing agent.
33. (i) 2HN O + C a(OH) → C a(N O ) + 2H
3 2 3 2 2

(ii) N aC l + AgN O → AgC l + N aN O

3 3

(iii) BaC l + H SO → BaSO + 2HC l

2 2 4 4

34. 2H2S(g) + SO2(g) →

​ ​3S(s) + 2H2O(l)

a. Substance oxidized, H2S is getting oxidized to S.

S2 →
​ ​S + 2e (oxidation)

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 b. Substance reduced, SO2 is getting reduced to S.

S4+ + 4e →
​ ​S (reduction)
35. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) reacts with acetic acid (CH3​COOH) to form sodium acetate (CH3​COONa) and water (H2O).
NaOH (aq) + CH3COOH(l) ⟶ CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)
It is a double displacement reaction as both the reactants exchange ions to form new products.
Also, it is a neutralization reaction between a strong base and weak acid as the base (NaOH) reacts with an acid (CH3​COOH) to
form a salt (CH3​COONa) and water (H2​O).

36. i. 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 [Exothermic Reaction]

ii. 2FeSO4 → Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3 [Endothermic Reaction]
37. The given chemical equation is :
4HC l + O2 → 2H2 O + 2C l2(Balanced equation)
4 moles 2 moles

2 moles of Cl2 are formed from HCl = 4 moles

0.35 mole of Cl2 are formed from HCl = 4

2
× 0.35 = 0.70 mole
38. :
i. AgBr → Ag + Br2 [Unbalanced Chemical Equation]
Sunlight

2AgBr(s) −−−−−→ 2Ag(s) + Br2 (g) [Balanced Chemical Equation]

Silver bromide Silver Bromine

(Light yellow) (Grey)

ii. Na + H2O → NaOH + H2 [Unbalanced Chemical Equation]

2N a(s) + 2H2 O(l) → 2N aOH(aq) + H2 (g) [Balanced Chemical Equation]
Sodium W ater Sodium Hydrogen

hydroxide

39. i. CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) ⟶ CaCl2 (s) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
ii. 2Al (s) + 6HCl (aq) ⟶ 2AlCl3 (aq) + 3H2
iii. MnO2 + 4HCl ⟶ MnCl2 + H2O (l) + Cl2 (g)
Heat

40. 2FeSO (s) ⟶ Fe O (s) + SO (g) + SO

4 2 3 2 3 (g)

It is a thermal decomposition reaction.

41. This is calcium. Calcium is used in cement industry and is present in bones also. When calcium is treated with water, if forms
calcium hydroxide.
C aO + H2 O → C a(OH )2 + heat

Calcium hydroxide is alkaline in nature and hence turns red litmus blue.
42. Those reactions in which oxidation and reduction takes place simultaneously are called redox reactions.
i. PbO is getting reduced and C is getting oxidised.
ii. MnO2 is getting reduced and HCl is getting oxidised.

43. i. Pb3O4 is the oxidizing agent.

ii. CuSO4 is the oxidizing agent.
In the given reactions, Pb3O4 and CuSO4 oxidises the HCI and Zn to Cl2 and ZnSO4 respectively. Hence, they are oxidising
agents.
44. When copper powder in a china dish is heated in the air, copper undergoes surface oxidation by reacting with the oxygen present
in the air to form a copper oxide and forms a black layer on top.
Heat

2C u(s) + O2 (g) −−−→ 2C uO(s)

Black colour

When hydrogen gas is passed over the hot copper oxide, it reacts with hydrogen gas to form elemental copper and water will be
produced in the liquid state.
CuO(s) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + H2O(l)

45. i. In first step, oxidation takes place whereas in second step, redox reaction takes place.

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 ii. Metal initially taken in the powder form is copper.
2Cu(s) + O2(g) ⟶ 2CuO(s)
Heat

CuO + H2(g) −−−→ Cu(s) + H2O(g)

46. Al + H+ →
​ ​Al3 + H2 is not balanced equation. The equation has to be balanced in terms of atoms and also the charges. The
different steps for the balancing of the equation are :
1. The number of Al atoms in reactants and products are the same (one) and are balanced.
2. The number of hydrogen atoms in the products is 2 and in the reactants is 1. Therefore multiply the number of H atoms in the
reactants by 2.
Al + 2H+ →
​ ​Al3+ + H2

3. The equation is balanced in terms of atoms. But it is not balanced in terms of charges. There are two positive charges (in 2H+)
and three positive charges (in Al3+).
To equate them multiply 2H+ by 3 on the reactant side and Al3+ + H2
4. Now, the equation is balanced in terms of charges but not in terms of atoms. There are two Al atoms on the product side and
one Al atom on the reactant side. Therefore, multiply the Al atom on the reactant side by 2. Similarly, there are six H atoms on
the reactant side and two on the produce side. Therefore, multiply H2 molecule by three.

2Al + 6H+ →
​ ​2Al3 + 3H2
The equation is now completely balanced.
47. Aluminium metal replaces iron from ferric oxide giving aluminium oxide and iron.
Aluminium + Ferric oxide → Aluminium oxide + Iron
The steps for balancing the chemical equation are as follows :
1. The skeleton equation for the chemical reaction is :
Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + Fe
2. In Fe2O3 (reactant), the number of atoms of Fe is two but it is one on the product side. Therefore, multiply symbol of Fe by
two.
Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Fe
3. In Al2O3 (product), the number of atoms of Al is two but it is one on the product side. Therefore, multiply the symbol of Al
with two.
2Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Fe
4. The number of oxygen atoms on both sides of the equation is the same (three). Therefore, these are not to be balanced. The
above chemical equation is in balanced form.
48. Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate →
​ ​Barium sulphate + Potassium chloride.
BaCl2 + K2SO4 →
​ ​BaSO4 + 2KCl
Barium chloride react with potassium sulphate to produce barium sulphate and potassium chloride.
49. i. a. Double displacement reaction and precipitation reaction
b. Combination reaction and exothermic reaction .
c. Thermal decomposition reaction
ii. Reaction (a) is a precipitation reaction, as a white precipitate of AgCl is formed. Due to the formation of precipitate this
reaction is also called precipitation reaction.
50. Ferrous sulphate crystals contain water molecules (FeSO4. 7H2O). On heating, ferrous sulphate crystals lose water and anhydrous
ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) is formed. So their colour changes from light green to white.On further heating, anhydrous ferrous
sulphate decomposes to form ferric oxide (Fe2O3), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphur trioxide (SO3). So, the gas emitted smells
like burning sulphur.
51. The given reaction can be written in the form of two separate reactions:
Reduction
2PbO(s) 2Pb(s)
Loss of oxygen

Oxidation
C(s) CO2 (g)
Gain of oxygen

Therefore, according to above reactions, statements i & ii are incorrect and statements iii & iv are correct.
52. a. i. HCl is oxidized

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 ii. MnO2 is reduced
b. Oxidation: Gaining of Oxygen or removal of Hydrogen, is called oxidation. Oxidation is the loss of electrons
Reduction: Gaining of Hydrogen or removal of Oxygen, is called reduction. Reduction is the gain of electrons.
53. Balance equation: Ba(OH)2 (aq) + 2HBr(aq) →
​ ​BaBr2(aq) + 2H2O (l)
54. The Change observed is that the lower end of the test tube becomes slightly warm because of the following reaction.
2Al + 3F eSO4 → Al2 (SO4 )3 + 3F e

This reaction is exothermic.

55. When barium chloride solution and sodium sulphate solution are mixed together, a precipitate of barium sulphate is formed which
is white in colour. It is an example of precipitation reaction.
N a2 SO4 (aq) + BaC l2 (aq) ⟶ BaSO4 (s) + 2N aC l(aq)
Sodium sulphate Barium chloride Barium sulphate Sodium chloride

(Double Decomposition Reaction)

56. On mixing the clear solutions of two ionic compounds, a substance which is insoluble in water, is formed. This insoluble
substance formed is known as precipitate. Any reaction that produces a precipitate can be called a precipitation reaction.
When sodium sulphate solution is mixed with barium chloride solution, a white substance BaSO4 is formed.
N a2 SO4 (aq) + BaC L2 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + 2N aC l(aq)

The white precipitate of BaSO is formed by the reaction of SO 2- and Ba

4 4
2+
.The other product formed is sodium chloride
which remains in the solution.
57. The observations are:
Article Colour Chemical Name

Silver Black Silver sulphide

Copper Green Copper oxide

Iron Reddish brown Ferric oxide

58. The marble chips (calcium carbonate) react with dil. HCl as follows:
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2 O(l) + CO2 (g)

When evolved gas is passed through lime water, it becomes milky due to the formation of insoluble calcium carbonate.
C a(OH )2 + C O2 (g) → C aC O3 (s) + H2 O(l)

But when excess CO2 gas is passed through lime water then the milky color(due to the formation of calcium carbonate)
disappears.
C aC O3 (s) + C O2 (g) + H2 O(l) → C a(HC O3 ) (aq)
2

Heat

59. i. 2Cu + O2 ⟶ 2CuO [balanced reaction]

ii. MnO2 + 4HCI ⟶ MnCl2 + 2H2O + CI2 [balanced reaction]
60. When copper plate was dipped into a solution of silver nitrate, a black layer is obtained. Chemical reaction takes place and Copper
being more reactive displaces silver from its solution, as a result, a coating of silver gets deposited on the rod and it becomes black
in colour. The reaction can be given as:
2AgNO3(aq) + Cu ⟶ Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
61. Zn(s) + 2AgNO3 (aq) →
​ ​Zn(NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag(s)
a. Substance oxidized, Zn
​ ​Zn2+ + 2e (oxidation)
Zn →
Zn is getting oxidized to Zn2+.
b. Substance reduced, AgNO3

Ag+ + e →
​ Ag (reduction)
Ag+ is getting reduced to Ag.
62. i. Zinc is more reactive than copper,it will displace copper from CuS04 So,this reaction will occur.
ii. Iron is less reactive than zinc, so it cannot displace zinc from zinc sulphate solution, Hence, the reaction will not take place.
iii. Zinc is more reactive than iron, it will displace iron from FeSO4 solution. So the reaction will take place.

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63. 1. MnO2 + Al → Mn + Al2O3 (Unbalanced )
△

3M nO2 (s) + 4Al(s) −

→ 3M n(s) + 2Al2 O3 (l) [Balanced]
2. Fe + H2O →​​Fe2O3 + H2 (Unbalanced)
△

2F e(s) + 3H2 O(l) −

→ F e2 O3 (aq) + 3H2 (g) [Balanced]
64. When a person chews the chocolate the teeth break up the chocolate into smaller fragments which is a physical change and
afterward when the chocolate goes to the digestive system it is broken into sugar molecules after digestion which can be absorbed
by the blood. which is a chemical change.
65. C uSO ⋅ 5H O is hydrated copper sulphate. CuSO4 is anhydrous copper sulphate.
4 2

i. Take 2g of C uSO ⋅ 5H O in a boiling tube fitted in a clamp stand. Observe its colour.
4 2

ii. Fit it with cork and delivery tube bent at two right angles which dips into a test tube.
iii. Heat crystals in a boiling tube.
iv. Observe vapours being condensed in test tube.
v. Cool the crystals and add few drops of water into it.
vi. Water vapours get condensed in a test tube and colour of blue crystals changes into white. On adding water to anhydrous
copper sulphate it changes into blue again.
66. i. Pb3O4 + HNO3 ⟶ Pb(NO3)2 + PbO2 + H2O [unbalanced]
Pb3O4(s) + 4HNO3(aq) ⟶ 2Pb(NO3)2(aq) + PbO2(s) + 2H2O(l) [balanced]
ii. C2H5OH + O2 ⟶ CO2 + H2O + Heat [Unbalanced]
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) ⟶ 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) + Heat [balanced]
iii. Pb3O4 + HCI ⟶ PbCl2 + Cl2 + H2O [unbalanced]
Pb3O4(s) + 8HCI(aq) ⟶ 3PbCl2(aq) + Cl2(g) + 4H2O(l) [balanced]
67. i. The substance ‘X’ which is used in white washing is calcium oxide or quick lime and its formula is CaO.
ii. The reaction involve is: CaO(s) + H2O(l) →
​ ​Ca(OH)2 (aq)

68. a. The compound is bleaching powder.

b. Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O

c. i. It is used as bleaching agent in textile industry.

ii. It is also used in paper industry.
69. i. Phosphorus burs in chlorine gas to form phosphorus pentachloride.
Phosphorus + chlorine →
​ ​phosphorus pentachloride
P4 + 10Cl2(g) →
​ ​4PCl5
ii. Aqueous solution of sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide react to form aqueous sodium sulphate and water.
Sulphuric acid + sodium hydroxide →​ ​sodium sulphate + water.
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → ​ ​Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O (l)

70. i. Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 ⟶ CaCO3 + 2H2O

ii. Cu + 2H2SO4 ⟶ CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
iii. 2Mg + O2 ⟶ 2MgO
71. (1) A chemical equation in which the number of atoms of different elements on the reactants side (left side) are same as those on
product side (right side) is called a balanced chemical equation.
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 ↑
(2) All the chemical equations must balance, because atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.
(3) The number of atoms of each element before and after reaction must be the same.
(4) According to the law of conservation of mass, the total mass of the substances that are taking part in a chemical reaction must
be the same before and after the reaction.
72. The two reactions, given below clarify that chemical reactions are also determined by the change in color and change in
temperature.
i. When hydrated copper sulphate is heated then the blue color of the salt changes to white.
Heat

C uSO4 .5H2 O ⟶ C uSO4 + 5H2 O

(Blue) (W hite)

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 ii. A large amount of heat is released when calcium oxide is dissolved in water.
Dissolution

C aO + H2 O −−−−−−→ C a(OH)2 + Heat

(Quick lim e)
(Slaked lim e)

73. i. Zinc reacts with NaOH to form a coordination compound called sodium zincate with evolution of Hydrogen gas.
Zn + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + H2
ii. Test:- When a burning splinter is brought near the gas, it burns with a Pop Sound.
iii. Hydrogen (H2) gas is evolved when Zn react with acid.

74. i. B is the most reactive elemen as it displaces both A and C.

ii. C is the least reactive element as it is displaced both by A and B.
iii. Displacement reaction.
75.
3C aC l2 + 2K3 P O4 ⟶ C a3 (P O4 ) + 6K C lC al.
2

C hloride P ot. phosphate C al. phosphate P ot. chloride

6 moles of KCl are produced from K3PO4 = 2 moles

0.076 mole of KCl are produced from K3PO4= 2

6
× 0.076 = 0.025 mole

9/9
AKR ACADEMY SCHOOL (CBSE)- AVINASHI