Volume 65, Issue 2, 2021

Journal of Scientific Research

Institute of Science,
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

Identity Theorem in Complex Analysis

Pintoo R. Jaiswar
JVM’s Degree College, Airoli, Navi Mumbai, pintoo.jaiswar@jnanvikasmandal.com

Abstract:Let D be an open connected domain in a set of in a neighbourhood of point 𝑧0 ,where h is an analytic

complex number ℂ. Let 𝛗 be an analytic complex valued function in a neighbourhood of a point 𝑧0 .
function on open connected domain D. In this paper we are
going to accommodate “Identity Theorem” for complex valued We have some important definitions regarding a zeros of a
function. This paper represents that how an analytic complex function are as follows,
valued function becomes identically zero in open connected
Definition-1: Let φ be analytic complex valued functions in
domain of complex field. However, we will also see
consequences of an identity theorem. open connected domain D and 𝑧0 ∈ D is called zero of a
complex valued function φ of order n if φ 𝑖 (𝑧0 )=0,for
Index: Analytic function, Identity, Holomorphic, Limit i=1,2,3…….,(n-1) and φ𝑛(𝑧0 )≠ 0. We will try to elaborate
point, Open connected domain. via examples.

I. INTRODUCTION Consider a polynomial φ(z) = z 3+8=(z+2)(𝑧 2-2z+4) has a

zero of order n=1 at 𝑧0 = −2 since
In this research article we will discuss about Identity φ(z) = (z + 2)ℎ(𝑧) where h(z)= (𝑧 2-2z+4) and φ(z), h(z)are
theorem of complex valued function defined on open entire functions and h(-2)=12≠ 0.
connected domain. Its statement is that” a complex valued Note that 𝑧0 = −2 is a zero of order n=1 of function φ
function which is an analytic in open connected domain that Also follows from observation that φ is an analytic complex
contains a point which is limit point of set of zeros of valued function and φ(−2)=0 and φ′ (−2) ≠ 0( Nair, 2008).
function, then function is identically zero in open connected Consider a polynomial φ(z) = (z − 1)2(z + 1) has a zero of
domain of complex field.” It very surprising to us that order n=2 at 𝑧0 = 1 since φ(z) = (z − 1)2h(z)
trigonometric identities which are hold for real number Where ℎ(𝑧) = (𝑧 + 1) and φ(z), h(z)are entire functions and
system also hold in complex field via identity theorem h(1)=2≠ 0.
(Adreescu & Andrica, 2006). Note that 𝑧0 = 1 is a zero of order n=2 of function φ
This concept is one of the best theorem from zeros of Also follows from observation that φ is an analytic.
function of an analytic function on open connected domain Complex valued function and φ(1) = 0, φ′ (1) = 0 &
of a complex field (Stein & Shakarchi, 2002).
φ′′ (1) ≠ 0.
( here φ(z) = (z − 1)2(z + 1)=(𝑧 3 − 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 1)
II. PROBLEM/STRUCTURE So ,φ′ (𝑧) = (3𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 − 1) which implies that
φ′′ (𝑧) = (6𝑧 − 2) and hence φ′′ (1) = 4.
Firstly .we will try to understand what is zeros of a function
and poles of a function in complex field. Zeros of a function Definition-2: A point 𝑧0 ∈ D is called as zero of a complex
and poles of a function in a complex field are very much valued function φ of finite order if it is a zero of function φ
familiar. Further, Zeros of a function are going to be most of order n for some n∈ℕ.
important foundation to understand concept clearly. Consider a polynomial φ(z) = (z − 1)3(z + 1) has a zero of
Let φ be analytic complex valued functions in open order n=3 at 𝑧0 = 1 since φ(z) = (z − 1)3h(z)
connected domain D and 𝑧0 is a zeros of φ , i.e., Where ℎ(𝑧) = (𝑧 + 1) and φ(z), h(z)are entire functions and
φ(𝑧0 )=0,then by using Taylor series expansion of a h(1)=2≠ 0.
complex valued function φ around a point 𝑧0 it follows that Note that 𝑧0 = 1 is a zero of order n=3 of function φ
Also follows from observation that φ is an analytic.
φ(z) = (z − 𝑧0 )h(z) Complex valued function and φ(1) = 0, φ′ (1) = 0,
DOI: 10.37398/JSR.2021.650210 55
 Journal of Scientific Research, Volume 65, Issue 2, 2021
′′ ′′′
φ (1) = 0 & φ (1) ≠ 0.
Hereφ(z) = (z − 1)3 (z + 1)=(𝑧 4 − 2𝑧 3 + 2𝑧 −
1)So,φ′ (𝑧) = (4𝑧 3 − 6𝑧 2 + 2) which gives φ′′ (z)=
III. COROLLARY
(12𝑧 2 − 12𝑧) which implies that φ′′′ (z) = (24z − 12) and
hence φ′′′ (1) = 12(Brawn & Churchill, 2009). A. If φ1 and φ2 are two analytic complex valued
functions in open connected domain D. if φ1(z)=φ2 (z) on
set S which has limit point(Sarason, 2007) in D, then
Consider a complex valued function defined on connected
φ1 (z) ≡ φ2 (z) on domain D (means φ1 and φ2 are identical
domain D by φ(z) = (ez-1)𝑧.
on domain D). (1)
Here, function φ has a zero of order n=2 at point 𝑧0 = 0
Since , φ(0) = φ′ (0) = 0 and φ′′ (0) ≠ 0. Proof: - Define φ(z)=φ1(z)-φ2 (z) , for all z∈ D.As φ1 and
Note that φ(z) = (ez-1)𝑧=(𝑧ez -𝑧) which implies that first φ2 are an analytic on D. this implies that φ1 − φ2 is
order derivative of φ is φ′ (z) = (𝑧ez + ez − 1)
and second order derivative of function φ is also analytic on domain D. Let S be set of all zeros of φ(z)
φ′′ (z) = (𝑧ez + 2ez − 2) and hence φ′′ (0) ≠ 0. which has a limit point in D. Therefore, by identity.

theorem, φ(z) ≡0, for all z∈ D.this implies, φ1 (z)-φ2 (z) ≡

Definition-3:A zero of complex valued function φ which is 0 , for all z∈ D.( Rudin, 1987)
not of finite order is said to be zero of φ of infinite order.
So, finally concluded as φ1 (z) ≡ φ2 (z) , for all z∈ D.
Now we see concept of pole of complex valued function.
1 B. Let D be an open connected non –empty which is
A pole of φ of analytic function is a zero of . symmetric with respect to the X-axis i.e., z∈D
φ

Suppose φ1 and φ2 be two analytic functions at a point iff z̅ ∈D.suppose φ1 is holomorphic on D such that it is real on
𝑧0 ∈ D such that φ1 (𝑧0 ) ≠ 0 and φ2 has a zero of order n at D∩ ℝ,then,
φ1
𝑧0 ∈ D then quotient
φ2
has a pole of order n at 𝑧0 . φ1(z̅) = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
φ1(z) (2)

Hint: define φ2 (z)=(𝑧 − 𝑧0 )𝑛 h(z) where ℎ(𝑧) is analytic (Conway, 1978)

function and ℎ(𝑧0 ) ≠ 0 and this help us to write quotient
Where φ1 is holomorphic function refer to (2).
φ1(z)
. ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
φ2 (z) Hint:-Define φ2 (z) =φ 1(z) and use (2).

An identity theorem for any complex valued function stated Let φ1 analytic complex valued functions in {z∈ D/|𝑧| <1}
differently (Kasana, 2005). We will see it. 1 1
and φ1 ( )= , for all n∈ ℕ
2n+1 2n+1
Statement: let φ be analytic complex valued functions in
1
open connected domain D (Ponnusamy & Silverman, 2006). and φ2 ( ) = 0, for all n∈ ℕ ,then by from (1),
2n+1
Let S be set of all zeros of function φ which has a limit point
φ1 (z) = z and φ2 (z)=0 for all z (Shirali & Vasudeva, 2011).
in D, then φ(z) ≡0, for all z∈ D(i.e.,φ(z) is identically zero
in D( Lars, 1979). Now we will show that there is no analytic function φ on
A. Example connected domain {z∈ D/|𝑧| <1}
1 (−1)𝑛
1. let φ be entire complex valued functions(SCHAUM’s Satisfyingφ( )= ,for all n∈ ℕ . suppose possible there is
1 n 𝑛2
Outlines,2009) in open connected domain D and φ( n)=0, for an analytic function φ which satisfying the above conditions
3
all n∈ ℕ.let S={z/φ(z) = 0} be set of all zeros.this implies ,then we have following.
that “0” is a limit point of S and 0∈ D ⊆ℂ.Therefore, by 1 1 1 −1
identity theorem φ(z) ≡0, for all z ∈ D(i.e.φ(z) is identically φ( )= and φ( )= , for all n∈ ℕ.
3n (3𝑛) 2 3n−1 (3𝑛−1)2
zero in D). (Cufi & Bruna, 2010)
(Shashtri , 2010).
2. Let g be an entire function in open connected domain D Then, by (1) ,we received φ(z) = z 2 and
1
and g( 𝑛)=0, for all naturals n.
5 φ(z) = −z 2 for all z in domain D, which is not
Let T={z/g(z) = 0} be set of all zeros.this implies that “0” is possible.
a limit point of S and 0∈ D ⊆ℂ.Therefore, by identity
theorem g(z) ≡0, for all z ∈ D(i.e.,g(z) is identically zero in C. Let h analytic complex valued functions in {z∈
1 1
D).(Gamelin, 2001). D/|𝑧| <1} and h( )= , for all n∈ ℕ
5n+1 5n+1

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Institute of Science, BHU Varanasi, India
 Journal of Scientific Research, Volume 65, Issue 2, 2021
and g (
1
) = 0, for all n∈ ℕ ,then by from (1), This implies 1= sec 2(z)-tan2 (z), for all z∈ℂ .
5n+1
Also tan2 (z) =sec 2(z)-1 ,for all z∈ ℂ .
h(z) = z and g(z)=0 for all z∈ D.
1+cot 2 (z) = cosec 2 (z), for all z∈ ℂ. (5)
D. There is no analytic function φ on connected
domain {z∈ D/|𝑧| <1} This contributes 1=cosec 2 (z) − cot 2 (z) , for all z∈ ℂ.
1 (−1)𝑛
Satisfying j( )= ,for all n∈ ℕ . Suppose possible there is Also cot 2 (z) = cosec 2 (z) − 1 ,for all z∈ ℂ.
n 𝑛2
an analytic function φ which satisfying. The above trigonometric identities hold provided expressions
The above conditions, then we have following are holomorphic in ℂ.( Fisher, 1999)

1 1 1 −1 Note that in above trigonometric identities expression on

j( )= and j( )= , for all n∈ ℕ.
5n (5𝑛)2 5n−1 (5𝑛−1) 2 LHS and RHS of the equality sign are:
then by (1) ,we received j(z) = z 2 and j(z) = −z 2 for all z holomorphic in ℂ(Remmert, 1989).
in domain D, which is not possible (Kaur, 2018).
𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝑧) and 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑧) are trigonometric function refer to (3).
E. Let φ1 :ℂ → ℂ be an entire function and let
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑧) and 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑧) are trigonometric function refer to (4).
φ2 :ℂ → ℂ be defined by φ2 (z) = φ1 (z) −
φ1 (z + 1) ,for all z∈ ℂ,then we have 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑧) and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑧) are trigonometric function refer to (5).
1
1. If φ1 ( ) = 0 , for all n∈ ℕ ,then φ1 is a C. Suppose φ is a holomorphic function in a connected
n
constant function. domain D that vanishes on a sequence of distinct points
1 1 with a limit point in D then φ is identically 0.
2. If φ1 ( ) = φ1 ( + 1), for all n∈ ℕ ,then
n n In other sense, if zeros of a holomorphic function φ in
φ2 is a constant function. the connected domain D accumulate in D, then φ is
F. Zeros of analytic functions are isolated. identically 0.

IV. RESULTS

We have following results from identity theorem for a REFERENCES

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