BASIC MATHEMATICS / CALCULUS

11TH STD

B-M
Concept cover:

1. Modulus

2. Wavy curve .

3. Basic trigo.

4. Basic limits.

5. Basic Differentiation.

6. Basic Integration .

FINITE INTERVALS
Open Interval: (a, b) = {x|a < x < b}
a b

Close Interval: a,b =x a  x  b a b

Open-close Interval:  a,b  x | a  x  b

a b

Close-open Interval: a, b   x a  x < b  a b

INFINITE INTERVALS

 a,    x x  a a

a,    x x  a
a

 ,b   x x  b b

 ,b  x x  b b

 ,    R  set of all real number 

ABSOLUTE VALUE

4 ?

4 2

We know that

16  36  25  45

9 9
 (4)2  2  4   (5)2  2  5 
2 2
 2 2
9 9 9 9
 (4)  2  4      (5)2  2  5    
2

2 2 2 2

2 2
 9  9
 4    5  
 2   2

9 9
 4  5
2 2

 4  5 which is false

x2  x

9 9
 4  5
2 2

1 1
 
2 2

Q P
x x
(  x,0) ( x,0)
distance between OP  ( x  0)2  (0  0)2  x2

distance between OQ  (  x  0)2  (0  2)2  x2  x

 distance between P is same as O, Q

 x

 x2  x

Let x  R.

Then the magnitude of x is called it’s absolute value and in general, denoted by x and is defined as
 x, x  0
x  .
 x, x < 0

y
so y  x, x  0

X 0 1 2 3

Y 0 1 2 3
x
O

y   x, x  0

X -1 -2 -3 -4

Y 1 2 3 4

Since the symbol a always denotes the nonnegative square root of a, an alternate definition of x
is x  x2 .

Geometrically, x represents the distance of number ‘x’ from the origin, measured along the number
line. Similarly x – a represents the distance between x and a
Note: The modulus of a real number is never negative.

Example : (a)  6  = 6 (B)  5  = 5. (c)  6.83  = 6.83, 2 = 2.

How to solve absolute value equations and in equations

Equation Solutions Reason

x =3
3 = 3, 3 = 3
x = 3 or 3

x =0
x=0 0 =0

x = 4
No solution Absolute value is never
negative

Basic Properties
(i) x = x
(ii) x  x

(iii) x > a  x > a or x < – a if a R + and x  R if a  R–

(iv) x < a  – a < x < a if a R + and no solution if a  R– U {0}

(v) x y=x y
x x
(vi) = , y0
y y

(vi) x + y  x + y . Here the equality sign holds if x and y either both are non-negative or non-
positive in other words x.y  0.

(vii) x y  x  y

x - y  x + y and x  y  x  y

The last two properties can be put in one compact form namely,
x ~ y  xy  x  y
 1
Problem : Solve x = and show the solution on the real line
3

1 1 1
Solution : x =  x= or x =
3 3 3

1  1
3 3
It is now clear that x = a, a > 0  x = a or x = a.

Problem : Solve x  1 = 3. Check the solution and mark it on the real line.

Solution: Since absolute value of (x +1) is 3, (x + 1) must be equal to 3 or 3.

If x + 1 = 3, then x + 1 1 =3 - 1  x =2.

If x + 1 = 3, then x + 1 – 1 = 3 1  x = 4.

Check: Let x =2. Let x -= 4

Given x  1 =3. given x  1

Then 2  1 = 3. Then 4  1 = 3

 3 = 3, which is true.  3 = 3, which is also true.

4  2

Problem : Solve 2x  3 = 7

Solution: 2x  3 = 7  2x 3 = 7 or 2x 3 = 7.

If 2x  3 =7, 2x = 7 + 3 = 10  x = 5.

If 2x 3 = 7, 2x = 7 + 3 = 4  x = 2.

Problem : : Solve 6  9x = 0.

6 2
Solution: 6  9x = 0  6  9x = 0  6 = 9x  x = =
9 3

Problem : If |x2 – 5x + 6| + |x2 – 8x + 12| = 0. Find x.

Solution:
Every modulus is a non-negative number and if two non-negative numbers add up to get zero then
individual numbers itself equal to zero simultaneously.
x2 – 5x + 6 = 0 for x = 2 or 3
x2 – 8x + 12 = 0 for x = 2 or 6
Both the equations are zero at x = 2
So, x = 2 is the only solution for this equation.

7  2x
Problem : Solve =2
4

7  2x 7  2x 7  2x
Solution : =2  = 2 or = 2
4 4 4

7  2x 1
If = 2, then 7  2x = 8  2x = 1  x =
4 2

7  2x 15
If = 2, then 7  2x = 8  2x = 15  x =
4 2

Problem : x  3 1  3

Solution :

 x  3 1 3 or x  3  1  3  x  3  4

 x 3  2 N.P.

 x  3  2 or x  3  2

 x  5, or x  1
Problem : 2x  3  3  1

Solution :

 2x  3  3  1 or  2 x  3  3  1  2x  3  2

 2x  3  4

Problem : The sum of all the real roots of the equation |x – 2|2 + |x – 2| − 2 = 0 is ….
(JEE)

Solution : |x – 2|2 + |x – 2| − 2 = 0

Case−I: x−20

x2 − 4x + 4 + x − 2 − 2 = 0

 x(x − 3) = 0

 x = 0 or 3  x = 3.

Case−II: x−2<0

x2 − 4x + 4 − x + 2 − 2 = 0

 x2 − 5x + 4 = 0
  (x − 1) (x − 4) = 0

 x = 1 or 4  x = 1.

Hence sum of roots = 4.

Absolute value inequations (Less than type) :

If ‘a’ is a positive real number, then x  a Then x  a or a  x  a  x  a.

Problem : find x,  x – 2  1
Solution:
 Method 1:

Case I: If x  2…….(i)
x – 2  1  x  3…..(ii)
Taking intersection of (i) and (ii)
 x  [2, 3]………..(v)
2 3

Case II: If x < 2….(iii)

2 – x  1 x  1……...(iv)
Taking intersection of (iii) and (iv)
[1, 2)……...(vi)
Taking union of (v) and (vi) 1 2
x  [1, 3]

Method 2:

 x – 2  1, geometrically this represent all the

points on real line whose distance from 2 is less
1 2 3
than equal to 1

 x  [1, 3]

Problem : Solve x  1 < 6.

Solution: From the above discussion, we conclude that (x + 1) lies between 6 and +6.

i.e., 6 < x + 1 <6 i.e. 6 1 < x + 1 1 < 6 1. i.e. 7 < x < 5.
Problem : Solve 2x  3  7.

Solution: 2x  3  7  (2x +3) must lie between 7 and +7 including 7 and +7.

i.e., 7  2x + 3  7  10  2x  4. Hence 5  x  2.

Absolute value inequations (greater than type):

Suppose |x| > a. Then by definition either x > a or x > a i.e., x > a or x < a.

Thus if a is positive, then |x| > a implies that x lies to the left of a or x lies to the right of a on the
real line. This is shown in the figure.


–a +a

Problem : Solve |x| > 2.

Solution: |x| > 2  x > 2 or x > 2 i.e., x > 2 or x < 2.

Problem : Solve |x – 2| > 6.

Solution: We know that |x – 2| > 6 implies (x 2) must be greater than 6 or (x  2)

Must be less than 6.

If x 2 > 6, then x 2 + 2 > 6 + 2  x > 8

If x  2 < 6. then x  2 + 2 < 6 +2  x < 4

 Hence we obtain :


–4 +8

x
Problem : Solve 2 4
3

x  x  x
Solution: 2  4  either  2    4 or  2  3   4.
3  3  

x x x
2  4  2 2  4 2   2  x  6.
3 3 3

x x x
2  4  2  2  4 2   6  x  18  x  18.
3 3 3

Solve x  3  1 .

Solution:

x 3 1
 x  3  1 or x  3  1
 x  2 or x  4
 2  x  2 or x  4 or x  4

We shall briefly summarise the results discussed in this section.

1. x = a, a > 0  x = a or x = a.
 2. x < a  a < x < a.

3. x  a  a  x  a

4. x > a  x > a or x < a

5. x  a  x  a or x  a.

|(x-a)(x-b)|=(x-a)(x-b), if (x-a)(x-b)>0 ,i.e x>b or x< a , (a<b)

|(x-a)(x-b)|= - (x-a)(x-b), if (x-a)(x-b)<0 ,i.e a<x<b , (a<b)

If x=a, x=b then both side is zero.

|(x-1)(x-2)|=(x-1)(x-2), if (x-1)(x-2)>0 x>1 and x>2 i.e x>2

(x-1)(x-2)>0 , x<1 and x<2 i.e x<1

|(x-1)(x-2)|= - (x-1)(x-2), if (x-1)(x-2)<0 1<x<2

|………….|=(…………..) if …………>0

|………….|= - (…………..),if ……….<0

I. Solve the following inequalities for real values of x:

(a) |x –3| > 5 (b) |2x –3| < 1 (c) 0  x 1  3

II. Solve for x if |x2+x+1| = x2+x+1

Solution: (I) Given x  3  5 all the points whose distance from 3 on real line is
greater than 5

-2 0 3

Hence x>8 or x<-2

(II) Given 2 x  3  1

  1  2 x  3  1 1  x  2

(III) Given 0  x  1  3

x  1  0 and x  1  3

 x R  1and  3  x  1  3
2 x  4

 x   2,4  {1}

(IV) Given x 2  x  1  x 2  x  1

2
 1 3
We Know x  x  1   x     0
2

 2 4

Hence x 2  x  1  x 2  x  1,  x  R
Ex. Solve for x: x  3  x  4  4

x4
x 3 3x4
x x
3 4

x-3<0,x-4<0 x-3>0,x-4<0 x-4>0, x-3>0

x 3 x  4  4

x  3  x  4  4 x 3 x  4  4  2x  7  4

 2 x  3  1 4 11
x
2
3 N.P.
x
2

now check for x=3 and x=4 , we will get 1=4

Problem : solve for x: x 2  x 3 1

x  3 , x-3>0,x-2>0

x2 2x 3

x-2<0,x-3<0 2 x-2>0,x-3<0 3

------------------------x-------------------------------------x-----------------------

x  2  x  3 x 2x 3 x 2 x 3

 2x  5  1 =1  2x  5  1

2 x  5 x  3

y  1 2x3
2x  5 x  2


Check for x=2,3

: Solve for x, |x – 1| – |x – 2| = 10
Solution: Here the critical points are 1 and 2.
Let us check for the values less than 1, between 1 and 2, and greater than 2.
Case 1: For x ≤ 1
-(x – 1) – {-(x – 2)} = 10
or -x + 1 + x – 2 = 10
or -1 = 10 (which is not possible)
Case 2: x ∈ (1, 2)
(x – 1) – {-(x – 2)} = 10
or x – 1 + x – 2 = 10
or 2x – 3 = 10
or x = 13/2
In this case x ∈ (1, 2), so 6.5 is not a solution.
Case 3: x ≻ 2
(x – 1) – (x – 2) = 10
=> 1 = 10 (which is not possible)
So this equation has no solution.

Problem : y  2x  1  x  1  x  3

x  1 1 1
1  x  x3 x>3
2 2
x x x
1 1 3
2

-2x+1-x-1-x+3 X+1-2x+1-x+3 2x  1  x  1  x  3 2x  1  x  1  x  3

 4 x  3 =-2x+5  2x  3  4x  3

Check x=-1, ½, 3

Problem : Solve the inequality |x – 1| + |x – 2|  3.

Working Rule: First of all equate the expression to zero whose modulus occur in the given
inequation and from this find the values of x. These values of x will divide the
interval (–, ) into several parts. Then solve the inequation in all these parts
separately.

Solution: Given |x – 1| + |x – 2|  3,

Case I: x1

Thus (–x + 1) – (x – 2)  3

–x + 1 – x + 2  3

–2x  0  x  0

So, solution is x  [0, 1] ……(1)

Case II: 1<x2

x–1–x+23

So, solution set is x  (1, 2] ……(2)

Case III: x > 2

x–1+x–23

2x – 3  3  2x  6  x  3

So, solution is x  (2, 3]

Combining all the three solution x  [0, 3].

xy  x  y; x.y  0

xy  x  y; x.y  0
 x  y  xy; x.y  0

x  y  xy; x.y  0

We can prove by taking case by case

x  y  xy; x.y  0

Let x<0, y>0

x  x , y  y

L.H.S  x  y   x  y  x  y  R.H.S

Solve 2x  3  x  1  x  2 .

Solution:

2x  3  x  1  (2x  3)  (x  1)
 (2x  3)(x  1)  0
 1 x  3/2

Solve x  x  2  2 .

Solution:

We have x  x  2  2

 x  x  2  x  (x  2)
 x(x  2)  0
 0x2

Problem : If |2x –3| + |2x +3| = 6, find x.

|3-2x| + |2x +3| = 6,

Solution: | 2x +3| + | 2x –3| = 6 = |(2x + 3) + (3 – 2x)|

| x|=|- x|

|x| + |y| = |x+y|, x.y  0.

Here x=2x+3, y=3-2x

 (2x + 3) and (3 –2x) should have same sign

 (2x + 3) (3 – 2x)  0  (2x +3)(2x – 3)  0

 –3/2  x  3/2.

Problem : If | x –1| + | x +1| = 2, find x.

| x –1| + | x +1| = 2=| x +1-x+1|

 (x + 1) (1-x)  0

 (x +1)(x – 1)  0

 –1  x  1

Solution: Case (i) If x  – 1  (– x – 1) + 1 – x = 2

 – 2x = 2  x = – 1 ….(i)

Case (ii) If –1< x < 1  x + 1 + 1 – x = 2

 2 = 2  –1 < x < 1 ….(ii)

Case (iii) If x  1  x +1 + x –1 = 2

 x =1 ….(iii)

Thus from (I), (ii), and (iii) – 1  x  1

Alternate solution:

| x +1| + | x –1| = 2 = |(x + 1) + (1 – x) |

 (x + 1) and (1 – x) should have same sign

 (x + 1) (x – 1)  0  (x +1)(x –1)  0

 –1  x  1.

The complete solution set of the equation x 2  5x  6  x 2  12x  38  17x  32 is

 x 2  5x  6  x 2  12x  38  17x  32

Here a  b  b  a  a.b  0

 (x 2  5x  6)(x 2  12x  38)  0

 (x 2  5x  6)  0  (x  3)(x  2)  0

(x 2  12x  38)  x 2  12x  36  2   x  6   2  0

2
As
As

Problem : The set of real values of x satisfying | x  1| 1  1, is

(A) [ 1, 3] (B) [0,2] (C) [ 1, 1] (D) None of
these

Ans. A

Solution

Since x – 1 changes its sign as x passes through 1. So, following case arise.

CASE I When x < 1

In this case, we have | x  1|  (x  1)

 | x  1| 1  1

 (x  1)  1  1

 | x |  1

 | x|1

 1  x  1 [ | x |  a  a  x  a]

 1  x  1 [ x  1]

 x  [ 1, 1)

CASE II When x  1

In this case, we have | x  1|  x  1

 | x  1|  1  1
 | x  1  1|  1

 | x  2 |  1  2  1  x  2  1  x  [1, 3]

Hence, x  [ 1, 3]

Problem : How many integral solutions possible for inequality |x − |x – 3|| < 5.

Solution: |x - |x – 3|| < 5

 - 5 < x - |x – 3| < 5

When x < 3

 - 5 < x – (3 – x) < 5  - 5 < 2x – 3 < 5

 - 2 < 2x < 8  -1 < x < 4

so x  (-1, 4) and x < 3

 x  (-1, 3)

For x  3  - 5 < x – x + 3 < 5

-5<3<5

which is true for all x  3

so required solution (-1, )

so number of integral solutions is infinite.

Complete set of values of x satisfying inequality x  1  5  2x  5 is

(A) (5 / 2,  ) (B) (11/ 3, ) (C) ( 1, ) (D)

(, 1/ 3)
Problem : Solve |x2 + 4x + 3| + 2x + 5 = 0
(JEE)

|x2 + 4x + 3|=|(x+1)(x+3)|

|(x-a)(x-b)|=(x-a)(x-b), if (x-a)(x-b)>0 ,i.e x>b or x< a , (a<b)

|(x-a)(x-b)|= - (x-a)(x-b), if (x-a)(x-b)<0 ,i.e a<x<b , (a<b)

If x=a, x=b then both side is zero.

|x2 + 4x + 3|=|(x+3)(x+1)|

Solution: |x2 + 4x + 3| + 2x + 5 = 0

 x2 + 4x + 3 + 2x + 5 = 0; x >−1 or x <−3

 x2 + 6x + 8 = 0

 (x + 2)(x + 4) = 0  x = −4

And −(x2 + 4x + 3) + 2x + 5 = 0; − 3 < x < − 1

 x2 + 4x + 3 − 2x − 5 = 0

2 48
 x2 + 2x − 2 = 0  x =
2
  x = −1  3 x=−1− 3.

Check x=-1,-3 case.

Problem : Solve x 2  x  6  x  2

Case 1: x 2  x  6  0  x 2  x  6  x  2  x 2  2x  8  0

Case 2: x 2  x  6  0  (x 2  x  6)  x  2  x 2  4  0

Solve x  1  2x  3  4 .

Solution:

Let f(x)  x  1  2x  3

Case: f(x) f(x) = 4 Values of x

x  1 1  x  3  2x 2  3x  4 No such x exist
 x  2 / 3

1  x  3 / 2 x  1  3  2x 4x  4 x=0
x0

x  3/2 x  1  2x  3 3x  2  4 x=2
x2

Hence, solutions set is {0, 2}

Solve 3x  2  4 .
Solution:

3x  2  4
 4  3x  2  4
 2  3x  6
 2 / 3  x  2

Solve 1  x  2  3 .

Solution:

1 x  2  3
 3  x  2  1 or 1  x  2  3
 1  x  1 or 3  x  5
 x  [1, 1]  [3, 5]

Solve 0  x  3  5.

Solution:

0  x3  5
 5  x  3  0 or 0  x  3  5
 2  x  3 or 3  x  8
 x  [ 2, 3)  (3, 8]

Solve x  3  2 .

Solution:

x3  2
 x  3  2 or x  3  2
 x  1 or x  5
1. The set of values of x for which the inequality | x  1|  | x  1|  4 always holds true, is
(A) (–2, 2) (B) ( , 2)  (2, ) (C) ( , 1]  [1, ) (D) None of
these

Ans. A

2. If | 3x  2 |  1, then x belongs to the interval

(A) (–1, –1/3) (B) [–1, –1/3] (C) ( , 1) (D)
( 1/ 3,  )

Ans. A

3. The solution set of the inequation | 2x  3 |  | x  2 |, is

(A) ( , 1/ 3) (B) (1/3, 5) (C) (5, ) (D) none of
these

Ans. B

1
4. The solution set of the inequation 0  | 3x  1|  , is
3
(A) ( 4 / 9,  2 / 9) (B) [ 4 / 9,  2 / 9]
(C) ( 4 / 9,  2 / 9)  [ 1/ 3] (D) [ 4 / 9  2 / 9]  {1/ 3}

Ans. C

2x  1
5. The solution set of the inequation  2, is
x 1
(A) (3 / 4,1)  (1,  ) (B) (3 / 4, ) (C) ( , 3 / 4) (D) none of
these

Ans. A

6. The solution set of the inequation | x  1|  | x  2 |  | x  3 |  6, is

(A) [0, 4] (B) ( , 2)  [4,  ) (C) ( , 0]  [4,  ) (D) none of
these
Ans. C

OBJECTIVE

LEVEL – I

1. Solve: x  7 = 5.

(A) x = 12, 2 (B) x = 2, –12

(C) –2, 12 (D) –2, –12

2. Solve: 2 x  3 < 1.

(A) –1 < x < 3/2 (B) 0 < x < 1

(C) 5 < x < 7 (D) 1 < x < 2

3. Solve x 2  4 = 0.

(A) x = 2 (B) x = –2

(C) x =  2 (D) None

4. If x  7 > –8, then the solution set is

(A) x  (–15, 15) (B) x  (0, )

(C)  (D) R

5. Solve: 9  4x  4

(A) x  7/4 or x  1/4 or x  R – (7/4, 1/4) (B) x  5/4 or x  13/4 or x  R – (5/4,

13/4)

(C) x  3/4 or x  2/4 or x  R – (3/4, 2/4) (D) none of these

5x
6. Solve  10
3
 (A) x  6, x  –6 (B) x  8, x  –8

(C) x  4, x  –4 (D) none of these

7. Solve: 2x  3x > 2

(A) x > 4 or x < –4 (B) x > 3 or x < –3

(C) x > 2 or x < –2 (D) none of these

8. Solve: 5x  1  9

(A) x  3 or x  –9/6 (B) x  2 or x  –8/5

(C) x  4 or x  –10/7 (D) none of these

m
9. Solve: 2  >1
7

(A) m > 5 or m > 15 (B) m > 3 or m > 9

(C) m < 7 or m > 21 (D) none of these

m
10. Solve: 1  > +9
3

(A) m > 30 or m < –24 (B) m > 24 or m < –18

(C) m > 20 or m < –14 (D) none of these

LEVEL – II

1. Solve: 8x  5  3

(A) x  1 or x  ¼ (B) x  2 or x  ¼

(C) x  3 or x  2/3 (D) none of these

2. Solve: 5p  7  9

(A) p  17/5 or p  –3/5 (B) p  16/5 or p  –2/5

(C) p  15/6 or p  –4/5 (D) none of these

 4x  8
3. Solve: <6
2

(A) –1 < x < 5 (B) –2 < x < 4

(C) –1 < x < 7 (D) none of these

4. Solve: 4m  9  + 10

(A) –1/4  m  19/4 (B) –1/4  m  16/3

(C) –1/3  m  17/4 (D) none of these

8x
5. Solve: =2
3

(A) x = 2, 14 (B) x = 3, 14

(C) x = 2, 12 (D) none of these

a
6. Solve: 5 =1
6

(A) a = 24, 36 (B) a = 24, 32

(C) a = –24, –36 (D) none of these

7. Solve: 3x  5 = +6

(A) x = 10/3, –1/3 (B) x = 11/3, –1/3

(C) x = –11/3, 1/3 (D) none of these

8 Solve: 3x  5 = –6

(A) no solution (B) 1/3

(C) –1/3 (D) none of these

9 Solve: 4m  9  –10

(A) 1/4 (B) –1/4

(C) no solution (D) none of these

 m
10. Solve: 1  > –4
3

(A) m > 3 (B) m > –3

(C) R (D) no solution

OBJECTIVE

LEVEL – I
 1. D 2. D 3. C 4. D

5. B 6. A 7. C 8. B

9. C 10. A

LEVEL – II

1. A 2. B 3. A 4. A

5. A 6. C 7. B 8. A

9. C 10. C

Solve:

1. |3x-2|+x = 11 2. |x+2| = 2(3-x)

3. |x| - |x – 2| = 2 4. |x-3| + 2|x - 2| = 2

5. |x2 + 4x + 3| + 2x + 5 = 0 6. |x2 – 3x – 4| = 9 – 1|x2 – 1|

7. x2 + |x - 1| = 1 8. |5 – 2x| < 1

2
9. |4 – x| + 1 < 3 10. 1
x4

11. 1  |x – 1|  3 12. |x – 1| < 5, |x|  2

x2 3x  4 5
13. 0 14. 
x2 2 12

3x  4
15. | x  4 | 16. 2|x + 1| > x + 4
2
 2x  1 x 1
17. 2 18. 1
x 1 x2

| x  2 | x 1
19. 2 20. 1
x | x | 2

| x | 1
21. 0 22. |x – 1| + |x – 2|  4
| x | 2

3
23. |x + 2| - |x – 1| < x - 24. |x – 1| + |x – 2| +|x – 3|  6
2

25. x2 – 5 |x| + 6 < 0 26. x2 – |x| - 2  0

27. x2 – 7x + 12 < 1 |x – 4| 28. (|x-1| - 3) (|x+2| - 5) < 0

x 1 x 1
29. |x2 – 4x + 3| = - (x2 – 4x + 3) 30. 
x2 x2

(x  1)(x  2) (x  1)(x  2)
31. 
(x  3) (x  3)

32. |(x2 + x – 6) + (3x – 1)| = |x2 + x – 6| + |3x-1|

33. |x2 – 5x| > |x2| - |5x|

Answers

 9 13  4  5 
1.  ,  2.   3. [2, ) 4.  ,3 
 2 4 3   3 

5. {-4, -1  3 } 6. {-2, 2}

7. {0, 1} 8. (2, 3)

9. (2, 6) 10. (2, 4)  (4, 6)

11. [-2, 0]  [2, 4] 12. [-4, -2]  [2, 4]

 19 29 
13. (2, ) 14.  18 , 18  15. [1, ) 16. (-, -2)  (2, )
 

3  1
17.  , 1  (1,  ) 18. ( ,  2)  (  ,  )
4  2

19. (-, 0)  (1, ) 20. (-2, -1]  [1, 2)

1 7
21. ( ,  2)  [ 1, 1]  (2,  ) 22. ( ,  )  [ ,  )
2 2
 9
23. ( , ) 24. ( ,0)  (1,  ) 25. (-3, 2)  (2, 3) 26. ( ,  2]  [2,  )
2

27. (2, 4) 28. (-7, -2)  (3, 4)

29. (1, 3) 30. (-, -2)  (-1, )

1
31. (-, -2)  (1, 3) 32. ( 3, ]  [2,  )
3