The document provides an overview of best practices for displaying data through graphical and numerical summaries. It discusses different types of variables and appropriate ways to summarize categorical versus quantitative variables, such as using pie charts, bar charts, measures of central tendency, and measures of spread. The document also covers concepts like outliers, quartiles, histograms, scatter plots, and common mistakes to avoid when presenting data visually such as hiding information or using misleading scales.
The document provides an overview of best practices for displaying data through graphical and numerical summaries. It discusses different types of variables and appropriate ways to summarize categorical versus quantitative variables, such as using pie charts, bar charts, measures of central tendency, and measures of spread. The document also covers concepts like outliers, quartiles, histograms, scatter plots, and common mistakes to avoid when presenting data visually such as hiding information or using misleading scales.
The document provides an overview of best practices for displaying data through graphical and numerical summaries. It discusses different types of variables and appropriate ways to summarize categorical versus quantitative variables, such as using pie charts, bar charts, measures of central tendency, and measures of spread. The document also covers concepts like outliers, quartiles, histograms, scatter plots, and common mistakes to avoid when presenting data visually such as hiding information or using misleading scales.
The document provides an overview of best practices for displaying data through graphical and numerical summaries. It discusses different types of variables and appropriate ways to summarize categorical versus quantitative variables, such as using pie charts, bar charts, measures of central tendency, and measures of spread. The document also covers concepts like outliers, quartiles, histograms, scatter plots, and common mistakes to avoid when presenting data visually such as hiding information or using misleading scales.
• Variable: is a characteristic that differs from one individual to another.
• Sample size: total number of observations.
• Sample data: measurements taken from a subset of a population.
• Parameter: summary measure for an entire population.
• Statistic: summary measure computed from sample data.
Types of variables Types: • Categorical variable: variable that not cannot be tied to a meaningful number • nominal variable when the categories cannot be ordered • ordinal variable when the categories can be ordered • Quantitative variable: variable that can be tied to a meaningful number • discrete variable when the number is counted • continuous variable when the number is measured Summarizing categorical variables One variable: Summarizing categorical variables
Two variables: Pie chart vs Bar chart Pie charts are the worst Visualizing categorical variables Only time pie charts work Summary - Quantitative variable
The most interesting summary characteristics:
Summary - Quantitative variable
The most interesting summary characteristics:
• Location: mean - median - mode Summary - Quantitative variable
The most interesting summary characteristics:
• Location: mean - median - mode
• Spread: range - inter-quantile range - standard deviation
Summary - Quantitative variable
The most interesting summary characteristics:
• Location: mean - median - mode
• Spread: range - inter-quantile range - standard deviation
• Shape: symmetry - skewedness - modes
Summary - Quantitative variable
The most interesting summary characteristics:
• Location: mean - median - mode
• Spread: range - inter-quantile range - standard deviation
• Shape: symmetry - skewedness - modes
• +1: Outliers Five summary statistics Boxplot Boxplot in real life Histogram - Stem-and-leaf - Dotplots Bin size in histograms When to use what? If you are interested into • Location: all of them (esp. boxplot)
• Shape: histogram - stem-and-leaf
• Individual values: stem-and-leaf - dotplot
When to use what? If you are interested into • Location: all of them (esp. boxplot)
• Shape: histogram - stem-and-leaf
• Individual values: stem-and-leaf - dotplot
If you want to • compare groups: boxplot - histogram (two copies or side by side)
• identify outliers: all of them (esp. boxplot)
• study small datasets: stem-and-leaf - dotplot - boxplot
• study large datasets: histogram - boxplot
Mean & Median
• Mean - numerical average of the data:
n 1X x̄ = xi n i=1
• Median - middle value splitting a data set evenly according to the order Mean & Median
• Mean - numerical average of the data:
n 1X x̄ = xi n i=1
• Median - middle value splitting a data set evenly according to the order
Influence on extreme value: the mean is more prone to get influenced:
1,2,3,4,5 vs 1,2,3,4,10 Shape on (mean - median) Mean - Median - Mode Quartiles - Quantiles
• Lower quartile median of the lower half of the ordered data values Q1 .
• Upper quartile median of the upper half of the ordered data values Q3 . Quartiles - Quantiles
• Lower quartile median of the lower half of the ordered data values Q1 .
• Upper quartile median of the upper half of the ordered data values Q3 .
• k-th percentile k% of the data values at or below it and (100 − k)% percent at or above it. • Interquartile range (IQR): Q3 − Q1 . Outliers
Possible sources: • legitimate value; represents natural (high) variability
• mistake made during measurement or typing
• individual in a different group than the rest of the sample
Standard deviation Formula for the sample variance and standard deviation: Pn 2 (xi − x̄)2 s = i=1 n−1 sP n 2 i=1 (xi − x̄) s= n−1 Scatter plot Scatter plots help visualizing the relationship between two quantitative variables. Scatter plots - Nonlinearity Scatter plots - Outliers Scatter plots - Two categories Hiding/Showing small data
Showing very small amount of data Hiding the data:
Change of Scale Incorrect labeling Hiding the main effect Jiggle Baseline
