Taxonomic and distributional notes on some bats

and rodents from Venezuela

by J. OCHOA G. ', P.J. SORIANO 2 , D. LEW' and M. OJEDA C. 3

1
Institut o National de P argues, Direction General de P argues Nationales,
Apartado 7647,1 Caracas 1070-A. Venezuela
2
Universidad de los Andes,
Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biologia, Merida 5101, Venuezuela
3
Profauna (MARNR), Apartado 51896, Caracas 1050-A, Venueiuela

Summary. - We report new taxonomic and distributional data for five bats and three
rodents of Venezuela, including the first records of Molossops neglectus, Coendou melanurus
and Oecomys rex.

Resume. - Ce travail concerne la taxonomie et la repartition geographique de 5 chauves-

souris et de 3 rongeurs du Venezuela, et signale les premieres captures de Molossops neglectus,
Coendou melanurus et Oecomys rex.

INTRODUCTION

As result of recent mammal inventories in the Andes and southern Venezuela, we

report new taxonomic and distributional data for some bats and rodents, including the
first records of Molossops neglectus, Coendou melanurus, and Oecomys rex. Speci-
mens examined are housed in the following collections : Museo de la Estacion Biolo-
gica de Rancho Grande (EBRG), in Maracay ; Coleccion de Vertebrados de la Univer-
sidad de los Andes (CVULA), in Merida; and Museo de Historia Natural La Salle
(MHNLS), in Caracas. Measurements are given in millimeters.

ACCOUNT OF SPECIES
Lichonycteris obscura Thomas, 1895
Specimens examined (2). - Estado Bolivar: Imataca Forest Reserve, Unit V, Km 50 road
Tumeremo-Bochinche (8°00'N; 61°18'W), 180m; one female (EBRG-17367). Left bank of

Mammalia, t. 57, n° 3, 1993.

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394 MAMMALIA

Rio Chorro Mocho, 80 Km SW San Francisco de la Paragua (6°42'N : 64° 14'W). 240 m ; one
male(MHNLS-9105).
The geographical range of this bat, including L. degener as a synonym (Gardner
1976, Hill 1985, Handley pers. com.), is known by few specimens collected in an
extensive area in Central America, Northern South America, east-central Peru, and the
Amazon Basin of Brazil and Bolivia (Koopman 1982, Eisenberg 1989, Emmons and
Peer 1990). The only previous record for Venezuela was one specimen from El
Manaco, in the southern extreme of Bolivar State (Handley 1976). Some measurements
of the female from Imataca and the male from La Paragua, netted in selectively logged
and primary forests, respectively, are : forearm, 34.2, 32.4; total length of the skull,
18.9, 18.1 ; condylobasal length, 18.0, 17.3 ; postorbital constriction, 4.5, 4.0: breadth
of braincase, 8.3, 8.1 ; mastoidal breadth, 8.3, --; maxillary toothrovv, 6.1, 5.4 ; breadth
across upper molars, 4.4, 4.2.
Two color patterns occur in Lichonycteris. A dark brown pelage agrees with the
taxon described by Thomas (1895) as L. obscura, whose known distribution extends
from Guatemala to French Guiana and east-central Peru. On the other hand, specimens
identified as L. degener are pale brown and have been collected in the Amazon Basin
of Brazil and Bolivia, and the Guiana Shield. However, we do not know any locality
where both color morphs are sympatric.
This apparently segregated distribution, and the similar morphology of specimens
from the entire geographic range of the genus, could suggest two disjunct populations
at a subspecific level (Handley pers. com.). Furthermore, variations in dental features
between specimens from Venezuela make it difficult to use Miller's diagnosis of
L. degener (Miller 1931) in a specific context, as was pointed out by Gardner (1976)
and Hill (1985). The series from Venezuela agrees in the external and cranial charac-
ters with a topotype (USNM-460099) of degener from Para, Brazil.

Scleronycteris ega Thomas, 1912

Specimens examined(1). - Estado Amazonas: Cano Culebra, base of Cerro Duida
(3° 37'N ; 65° 4 Γ W), 190m ; one female (MHNLS-9190).
This rare bat was known only by four specimens from the upper Orinoco drainage
in Venezuela and the adjacent Brazilian Amazonas (Handley 1976, Koopman 1982,
Emmons and Feer 1990). The female from Duida, netted in a lowland primary forest, is
the fifth reported specimen and the second record for Venezuela. Some external and
cranial measurements are : forearm, 33.7 ; total length of the skull, 22.2; condylobasal
length, 21.5 ; postorbital constriction, 4.9 ; breadth of braincase, 8.9 ; length of maxil-
lary toothrow, 7.6; breadth across upper molars, 5.0; mastoidal breadth 8.8. These
values are close to those published by Swanepoel and Genoways (1979) for two speci-
mens from Venezuela and Brazil.

Star/lira tildae de la Torre, 1959

Specimens examined (4). - Estado Tachira : Uribante-Caparo Dam, 10km SE Pregonero
(7°57'N; 71°39'W), 1100m; three females (MHNLS-8735, 8736, and CVULA-I-3545) and
one male (MHNLS-8734)..
The previously known distribution of S. tildae includes the eastern portion of the
Coastal Range of Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guiana Shield, the Amazon basin, and other

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 BATS AND RODENTS FROM VENEZUELA 395

areas in southern Brazil (Koopman 1982, Marinkelle and Cadena 1971, Eisenberg
1990). The new specimens, collected in secondary vegetation, extend the geographic
range of this South American bat to the Venezuelan Andes, where it probably inhabits
both lowland and mountane forests.
The morphological features of the series from T chira agree with specimens of
5. tildae reported by Gardner (1988) in the Venezuelan Amazonas. In addition, they
closely correspond to descriptions of S. tildae from Trinidad and Colombia (de la Torre
1959, Marinkelle and Cadena 1971), including the type series. However, according to
external and cranial measurements, the Andean specimens are smaller (Table 1).

TABLE I. - External and cranial measurements of Sturnira tildae from Tachira State (Andes of Venezuela),
the Venezuelan Amazonas (Serrania de la Neblina-Gardner, 1988), Colombia and Trinidad (Marinkelle
and Cadena, 1971). Data are : n (range)/mean. H = holotype and P = paratype.

Venezuela _Jlrinidad.
Measurement Andes Amazonas H P

Length of 4(45.1-47.0) 18(45.3-49.5) 120(43.6-53.4) 54.θ 54.

forearm 46.1 47.1 47.5

Total length 4(22.3-23.5) ΙΟ(24.O-25.6) 100(22.4-25.4) 23.9 23.

of s k u l l 22.9 24.7 23.β

Condy1obasal 4(21.0-21.5) 10(21.4-23.0) 1ΟΟ(21.3-23.Β) 21.7 21.

length 21.4 22.3 22.4

Zyqomatic 4(14.0-14.6) 18(14.3-15.1) 100(13.8-15.7) 14.1 13.

breadth

Post or-bi tal 4(6.1-6.3) 18(5.8-6.6) 1ΟΟ(6.Ο-7.4) 6/6 6.

constr i c t i n n 6. 1 6.3 Λ. 7

Breadth of 4(10.7-11.2) 18(10.6-11.4)

braincase 11.Ο 11.0

Mastoidal 4(12.4-13.0) 18(12.5-13.6)

breadth 12.7 13.1

4 ( 6 . 3 6.8) lfl(6.6-7.3) 100(6.9-7.6)

6.6

4(β.Ο-8.1) 18(8.1-8.7) 100(0.0-9.2)

8.Ο

Eptesicus andinus J.A. Allen, 1914

Specimens examined (5). - Estado Bolivar: Imataca Forest Reserve, Unit V, Km 50 road
Tumeremo-Bochinche (8°00'N; 61°18'W), 180m; two males (EBRG-17368 and 17369) and
three females (EBRG-17370, 17371 and CVULA-I-3546).
Several authors have dicussed the validity of the name E. andinus proposed by
Allen (1914) for the largest, long-haired and blackish form of the medium-sized Eptesi-
cns group (Davis 1965 and 1966), which has been considered a synonym of E. brasi-
liensis (see Koopman 1982, Eisenberg 1989). This is a controversial issue which could
only be resolved by a revision of specimens from sympatric populations.
Recent collections in lowland rain forests of the Venezuelan Guiana Shield allo-
wed us to identify three sympatric forms of Eptesicus which agree with the descrip-
tions of Davis (1966) and Williams (1978) for E.furinalis, E. brasiliensis and E. andi-
nus. We use this sample to establish the taxonomic status of E. andinus and to confirm
its presence in lowland forests of the Guiana Shield, as was recently reported by Bros-
set and Charles-Dominique (1990) who collected one specimen in French Guiana.

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396 MAMMALIA

Some external and cranial measurements of the specimens from Imataca, collected
in gaps of primary and selectively logged forests, are summarized in Table 2. In addi-
tion to the larger size of the series assigned to the E. andinus group, their morphologi-
cal features agree with those pointed out by Allen (1914), Davis (1965 and 1966), and
Brosset and Charles-Dominique (1990), including the longer and blackish fur. These
characters contrast with the smaller size and the shorter brownish pelage of sympatric
specimens identify as E. brasiliensis and E.furinalis (Table 2).
Based on these criteria, we have assigned the name £. andinus to the large blac-
kish population that inhabits lowland forests in the Venezuelan Guiana. This species
has a broad geographical and altitudinal distribution, including highlands of the nor-
thern and central Andes, and lowlands of the Guiana Shield. However, populations
from the latter region may represent an undescribed subspecies.

TABLE 2. - External and cranial measurements of sympatric specimens of Eptesicus from the Vene/uelan
lowland Guiana Shield (Bolivar State : Reserva Forestal de Imataca). Data are : n (range)/mean.

Measur einen t E. E. andinus

Length of 2 (3B. 7-39. 3) 3(42.3-44.4) 5(47.4-49. 1)

forearm 39.0 43.1 4Θ.3

Total length 2(15.7-16.2) 3(16.4-16.9) 5(17.2-17.9)

of s k u l l 16. 0 16.7 17.5

Condylobasal 2(14. 7-14. Η) 3(15.6-16.0) 5(16.2-17.0)

length 14.7 15.8 16.6

Zygomata r 2(10.5-11.2) 3(10.6-11.2) 5(11.7-12.1)

breadth 10.V 11.Ο 12.0

Pos tor b i t al 2(4.2-4.3) 3(4.1-4.3) 5(4.0-4.4)

constriction 4.3 4.2 4.2

Breadth of 2(7.3) 3(7.2-7.8) 5(7.7-8.0)

braincase 7.3 7.5 7.8

Nastoidal 2(8.0) 3(8.3-8.4) 5(8.6-9.2)

broadth θ.Ο 8.4 9.Ο

.6 6 . 1 ) 3(6.0-6.2) b(6.5-6.fi)
5.9 6. 1 6.7

2(6.5-6.8) 3(6.7-7.1) 5(7.3-7.6)

6.7 6.9 7.4

Mandible 2(11.6-11.9) 3(17.5-12.6) 4(13.5-14.1)

lent) U ι 1 1 .U 12.3 13. U

2(tj.V~6.6> 3(6.3-6.6) 5(7.1-7.3)

Λ.3 6.5 7.2

"EBRU--173/5 and 1/376

•"ΕΌΚΒ--17377, 1737H, nnil 17379.

Molossops neglectus Williams and Genoways, 1980

Specimens examined (4). - Estado Bolivar: Imataca Forest Reserve, Unit V, Km 50 road
Tumeremo-Bochinche (8°00'N ; 61°18'W), 180m ; one male (EBRG-17372) and three females
(EBRG-17373, 17374 and CVULA-I-3547).
The distributional status of this rarely collected molossid was recently summarized
by Ascorra etal. (1991). The seven known specimens have a disjunct distribution in a
broad geographical range : the holotype (female) from Surinam (Williams and Geno-
ways 1980); two females and two males from the Amazonas of Peru, one male from
northeastern Brazil, and one male collected in an unknown locality. The series from
Imataca, netted 3-4 m above ground in gaps of logged forests, represents the first

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 BATS AND RODENTS FROM VENEZUELA 397

records of M. neglectus for Venezuela and gives new information on the biology of this
rare species.
Their morphological features agree with those described by Williams and Geno-
ways (1980) and Ascorra et aL (1991), including the remarkable sexual dimorphism
(Table 3), with males being larger than females.

TABLE 3. - External and cranial measurements of specimens of Molossops neglectus from the Guiana
Region of Venezuela (Bolivar State : Reserva Forestral de Imataca) and Suriname (holotype). Data
are : n (range)/mean.

Venezuela Suriname"
Measurement mal e females f e m a l e holotyp

Length of 3(36.2-36.6)
forearm 30. 0 36.4 35.1

Total length 3(15.8-16.6)

of s k u l l 1Θ.Ο 16.2 17.1

Condyl obasal 3(15.2-15.8)

length 16.3 15.5 Ib. 4

Lac r i mal 3(7.1-0. 1)

breadth 9. O 7.6 7.5

Postorbital 3(4.5)
c o n s t r i c t i on 4.5 4.5 4. 1

Zygomatic 2(10.7-11. 1)
breadth 12.4 10. V 11.0

Breadth of 3(8. 1-8.4)

bra incase B. 9 8.2 B.B

Masten dal 3(9.7-10.3)

breadth 11.3 10. O 10.0

C-M··» 3(6.5-6.7)
7. 1 6.6 6.3

M '•»-M'1 3(7.7-7.8)
8.4 /.Θ 7.7

- W i l l i a m s anil Gennwdya ( 1 9 0 0 ) .

Coendou melanurus (Wagner, 1842)

Specimens examined (2). - Estado Bolivar: Imataca Forest Reserve, Unit V, Km 50 road
Tumercmo-Bochinche (8°00'N ; 61°18'W), 180m; one adult female (EBRG-17469) and one
young male (EBRG-17470).
According to recent literature, the taxonomic nomenclature and geographical dis-
tribution of the South American hairy dwarf porcupines (we follow Handley and Pine
1992, using Coendou instead of Sphiggurus) remains insufficiently clarified. The avai-
lable information showed the ocurrence of only one species in Venezuela (C.pruino-
sus), with a distribution that embraces both lowland and mountane rain forests of the
Andes, the Maracaibo Lake Basin, and the Coastal Range.
South of the Orinoco River, the only previous records of this group of porcupines
were from observations, with no specimens to establish specific taxonomic identifica-
tion (T te 1939, Gardner 1989, Ochoa and Gorzula 1992). Therefore, our specimens
confirm the ocurrence of the hairy dwarf porcupines in Southern Venezuela and repre-
sent the first record of C. melanurus in that country. The distribution of this rare spe-
cies had been documented by a few specimens collected in Suriname, Guyana, and the
Amazon Basin in Brazil (Handley pers. com.).

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398 MAMMALIA

The Venezuelan specimens, a lactating female and a young male, were collected
together in a 25 cm diameter hollow dead tree in primary forest. A 50 cm layer of por-
cupine fecal pellets was found in the bottom of the hole, indicating a relatively long
term use of this den site. One specimen of the bat Phylloderma stenops was collected
in the same hole. No additional specimens of C. melanurus were recorded at Imataca
despite 550 hours of nightly and daily transect observations.
The following external features distinguish C. melanurus from other hairy dwarf
porcupines recorded in northern South America (C. pruinosus and C. vestitus): larger
size (total length and weight near 770 and 1550 gr, respectively); tail long (3/4 of
head-body length); general appearence blackish, including tail and feet: dorsal hairs
relatively more scattered, with a whitish basal band; dorsal color pattern extending on
to the tail about 1/3 of its length (1/2 of the tail length in the other species); ventral fur
with a tufted pattern.
Some cranial measurements (see Handley and Pine 1992, for measurement crite-
ria) of the female of C. melanurus from Venezuela, in addition to those of one adult
female from Amapa, Brazil (USNM-394732), respectively, are : length of zygoma,
37.7, 32.2 ; height of zygoma, 7.8, 6.8 ; rostral height, 21.7, 22.4 ; rostral length, 20.7,
20.5 ; orbital-premaxilary length, 29.2, 28.5 ; nasal length, 23.0, 25.6; nasal breadth,
19.3, 19.0; M l -M 3 length, 15.7, 17.3.

Cavia aperea Allen, 1911

Specimens examined (1). - Estado Tachira : 12 Km SE San Cristobal (7°40'N : 72° 10' W ) ;
one young female (CVULA-I-0049).
Little information has been published on the distribution and taxonomy of Cavia
in northern South America (Allen 1911, Thomas 1917, Cabrera 1961, Ojasti 1964). In
this region, the name C. aperea is assigned to wild populations (Husson 1978,
Williams etal. 1983). In Venezuela, its distributional range has been documented by a
small number of specimens and localities from lowland and highland savannas in Sou-
thern Guyana (Bolivar State) and the Coastal Mountain Range of Monagas and Cara-
bodo (Ojasti 1964, Handley 1976). With the new record the distribution of this rodent
is extended to the Venezuelan Andes, where it probably is an important component of
some grassland ecosystems.
External and cranial measurements of the female from Tachira are : body length,
255 ; hind foot, 44 ; ear, 15 ; total length of the skull, 57.9 ; basilar length, 47.0 ; zygo-
matic breadth, 33.1 ; nasal length, 17.8. Several differentiated taxa of Cavia could be
present in the northern portion of its geographical range. However, the taxonomic sta-
tus of the genus needs revision.

Oecomys rex Thomas, 1910

Specimens examined (2). - Estado Bolivar: Imataca Forest Reserve, Unit V, Km 50 road
Tumeremo-Bochinche (8° 00'N ; 61° 18'W), 180m; one adult female (EBRG-17456) and one
adult female (EBRG-17457).
The known geographic range of O. rex, summarized by Musser and Carleton (in
press), included the Guianas and NE Brazil (north of the Amazon). Our specimens
represent the first record of this rodent for Venezuela.
In the Imataca Forest Reserve, O. rex inhabits primary and secondary forests
where it was found sympatric with O. concolor, O. paricola and O. bicolor (see Musser

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 BATS AND RODENTS FROM VENEZUELA 399

and Carleton in press, for taxonomic nomenclature). This arboreal rat seems to be an
uncommon component of the small mammal community at understory levels. However,
according to its external and cranial morphology (including short and broad hind feet,
and skull with strongly developed supraorbital ridges), it could be more associated with
canopy levels, showing specific arboreal behavior and preferences for hard fruits or
seeds.
The male and female were trapped 2-3 m above ground, on dense tangles near
natural gaps. Some cranial measurements, respectively, are : Total lenght of skull, 35.6,
32.3; condyloincisive length, 32.5, 28.8; zygomatic breadth, 19.1, 17.9; postorbital
constriction, 7.5, 5.7 ; braincase breadth, 14.4, 13.7 ; maxillary toothrow, 5.2, 5.5.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Charles Handley, Karl Koopman, and Michael Carleton helped us to identify some of the
specimens and gave useful information for this paper. Francisco Bisbai (Museo de la Estacion
Biologica de Rancho Grande) and Mario Palacios (Museo de Historia Natural La Salle) allowed
us to study specimens under their care. Field research of JOG at the Imataca Forest Reserve was
supported by Wildlife Conservation Society, Audubon Society of Venezuela, the Association
ECONATURA, and the Company INTECMACA.

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