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14 Principles

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Assignment: What are the 14 principles of metacognition?

COGNITIVE AND METACOGNITIVE FACTOR


1. Nature of Learning Process
 the learning of complex subject matter is most effective when it is an
international process of constructing meaning from information and
experience.

2. Goals of the Learning Process


 the successful learner, over time and with support and instructional
guidance, can create meaningful, coherent representations of knowledge.

3. Construction of Knowledge
 the successful learner can link new information with existing knowledge
in meaningful ways. Knowledge widens and deepens as students continue
to build links between new information and experiences and their
existing knowledge base.

4. Strategic Thinking
 the successful learner can create and use a repertoire of thinking and
reasoning strategies to achieve complex learning goals. Successful
learners use in their approach to learning reasoning, problem solving, and
concept learning.

5. Thinking about thinking


 Successful learners can reflect on how they think and learn, set
reasonable learning or performances goals, select potentially appropriate
learning strategies or methods, and monitor their progress towards these
goals.

6. Context of Learning
 Learning is influenced by environmental factors, including culture,
technology and instructional practices.

MOTIVATIONAL AND AFFECTIVE FACTOR


7. Motivational and emotional influences on learning
 the rich internal world of thoughts, beliefs, goals, and expectation for
success or failure can enhance or interfere with the learner’s quality of
thinking and information processing.

8. Intrinsic motivation to learn


 Intrinsic motivation is stimulated by tasks of optimal novelty and
difficulty, relevant to personal interests, and providing for personal
choice and control.

9. Effects of motivation on effort


 Effort is another major indicator of motivation to learn. The acquisition
of complex knowledge and skills demands the investment of considerable
learner energy and strategic effort, along with persistence over time.

DRVELOPMENTAL AND SOCIAL FACTOR


10.Developmental influences on learning
 learning is most effective when differential developmental within and
across physical, intellectual, emotional, and social domains is taken into
account. Individuals learn best when material is appropriate to their
developmental level and is presented in an enjoyable and interesting way.

11.Social influences on learning


 Learning can be enhanced when the learner has an opportunity to interact
and to collaborate with others on instructional tasks.

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES FACTOR


12.Individual differences in learning
Individuals are born with and develop their own capabilities and talents.
Educators need to help students examine their learning preferences and
expand or modify them, if necessary.

13.Learning and diversity


 the same basic principles of learning, motivation, and effective
instruction apply to all learners.
14.Standards and assessment
 Assessment provides important information to both the learner and
teacher at all stages of the learning process.

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