1. All living things are made up of cells. Amoeba and bacteria are made up of one cell only.

They are called unicellular organisms.

2. Other living things such as animals and plants are made up of ore than one cell. They are
called multicellular organisms.

3. The human body is made up of about 100 million cells. The different types of cells in the
human body have different sizes, shapes and functions.

4. Each animal cell is surrounded by a thin layer called the cell membrane. Inside the
membrane is a jelly-like substance called cytoplasm. Surrounded by cytoplasm, there is a
nucleus.

5. Similar to an animal cell, a plant cell also consists of a cell membrane, a nucleus and
cytoplasm. Plant cell has a rigid cell wall outside the cell membrane. There is usually a large
vacuole in the cytoplasm. Some cells in green plants also contain chloroplasts.

6. Functions of the basic structures of cells.

Structure Function
Cell membrane Controls the movement of substances into and out of
the cell
Nucleus Contains genetic materials which control the activities
of the cell
Cytoplasm The medium where chemical reactions take place
Cell wall Protects, supports and gives shape to a plant cell
Vacuole Contains mainly water and stores dissolved minerals
Chloroplast Site where photosynthesis takes place in order to
make food

7.
8. Cells are too small to be seen with the maked eye. We using a microscope. The microscope
commonly used in the school laboratory are light microscopes. They can magnify the image
of an object by up to several hundred times.

9. Electron microscopes are more powerful than light microscopes. They can magnify the
image of an object by up to several million times. They are usually used in the research
laboratory.

10.
11. A microscope has different eyepieces and objectives. Each of them has a magnification
marked on its body.

12. Key steps in using a microscope

1. Place the microscope near a light source.
2. Use a low-power eyepiece and a low-power objective.
3. Adjust the mirror to obtain the most suitable brightness.
4. Place the slide on the state and hold it in place using the clips.
5. Turn the coarse adjustment knob until the objective is just above the slide.
6. Turn the coarse adjustment know in the opposite direction until you see a clear image
7. Turn the fine adjustment know to obtain the sharpest image.

13. The image observed is magnified and inverted under the microscope.

14. Lowest magnification of the microscope is x20. Highest magnification of the microscope is x600

15. DNA is the genetic material inside the nucleus.

16. Inside the nucleus of a cell, there are thread-like structures called chromosomes. Chromosomes
are made up of DNA and proteins.

17. Every cell in the human body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 chromosomes. There are 22
pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.

18. The sex chromosomes determine whether a baby is male or female. In females, the sex
chromosomes are a pair of X chromosomes (XX). In male, the sex chromosomes are one X
chromosome and one Y chromosome (XY)

19. i) Chromosomes thread-like structures inside the nucleus of a cell

ii) DNA the genetic material and the “book of life”
iii) Sex chromosomes the two chromosomes that determine the sex of a baby
iv) Autosomes the 22 pairs of chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes

20. Which of the following represents the sex chromosomes of a normal female?
A) XY B) XXX C) XX D) XYY

21. All living things grow. When they grow, the number of cells in their bodies increased by cell
division. During cell division, a cell divides into two new cells called daughter cells. The daughter
cells absorb nutrients and become larger. When they reach a certain size, they may divide again.
22.
23. In our bodies, there are hundreds of different types of cells. Some cells are specialized for
carrying messages, some for movement, and some for carrying oxygen around the body

24. Different types of specialized cells all come from stem cells. Stem cells can differentiate into
different types of cells. Cells become specialized to perform a particular function. The
process of cells becoming specialized is called cell differentiation.

25.
Male Female
Body cell Sex cell (sperm) Body cell Sex cell (ovum)
No of chromosomes 46 (in 23 pairs) 23 46 (in 23 pairs) 23
No of autosomes 44 22 44 22
Sex chromosomes XY Half in number X XX X
Half in number Y

26. Compare a human sperm and a human ovum

Sperm Ovum
What is the shape Like a tadpole spherical
How is its size compared to smaller larger
the other sex cell
Can it move or swim yes no
Does it have a food store no yes

27. Write “T” for a true statement and “F” for a false statement
a) In females, each ovum contains an X chromosome
b) E23 sex cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes
c) All sperms contain a Y chromosome.
d) In males, each body cell contains one X chromosome and one Y chromosome (XY)
 Sex glands
Produce a fluid which Urinary bladder
28. contains nutrients for (not a part of the
the sperms reproductive system)

Sperm duct Urethra

Carries sperms from the Carries semen and urine
testes to the urethra out of the body

Testis
Produces sperms and Penis
sex hormones Ejects semen to the female
reproductive system during
sexual intercourse
Scrotum
A bag of skin which
holds the testes

Sex glands

urethra
Sperm duct
penis
testis
testis
 Oviduct
Carries the ovum from the ovary to the uterus
29.

Uterus
The place where a foetus
grow and develops before
Ovary its birth
Produces ova and
sex hormones
Vagina
Receive the penis during
sexual intercourse, a baby
passes through here at birth

oviduct

ovary
uterus

vagina

30. Sperms are produced in the testis of males. Ova are produced in the ovaries of females

31. Which of the following statements about the male reproductive system is INCORRECT?
A. The testes produce sperms.
B. The sex glands produce a fluid which controls the size of sperms
C. The scrotum holds the testes
D. The urethra carries semen and urine out of the body

Which of the following statement about the female reproductive system is INCORRECT?
A. The uterus is where a foetus grows and develops
B. The vagina receives the penis during sexual intercourse
C. The oviducts also carry urine out of the body
D. The ovaries produce ova.
32. A new life begins when a sperm fuses with an ovum. During sexual intercourse, the erect penis into
the vagina.

33. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an ovum to form a zygote. This usually takes place in
the oviduct of the female body.

34. The sperm and the ovum each carries 23 chromosomes. The zygote formed after fertilization carries
46 chromosomes
35. After fertilization, the zygote divides many times to form a ball of cells called an embryo. The
embryo is moved through the oviduct to the uterus. It the attaches to the uterine lining. This
process is called implantation. The woman is now pregnant.

36.

placenta Uterine lining

Umbilical cord

embryo

amnion

placenta
Embryo’s
blood
Mother’s blood

embryo

Umbilical cord
37. During the birth of a baby, muscles of the uterus contract strongly to push the baby out through
the vagina.

38. Through the placenta, an embryo gets oxygen and nutrients from its mother, and gets rid of carbon
dioxide and other wastes.

39. A baby is ready to be born about 38 weeks after fertilization

40.

Ovaries produce ova

(23 chromosomes)

During ovulation, an ovum is

released into the oviduct

One of the sperms fuses with the

ovum. Fertilization occurs and a
zygote (46 chromosomes) is formed

The zygote divides many times to form

an embryo. The embryo attaches to the
uterine lining during implantation

After implantation, the embryo begins to

develop in the uterus.

About eight weeks after fertilization, the

embryo develops into a foetus.

About 38 weeks after fertilization, the

foetus is ready to be born.
41. Vital functions of living things
a) nutrition
b) respiration
c) movement
d) growth
e) sensitivity
f) excretion
g) reproduction

42.
43. 1250000 kinds of animals and 320000 kinds of plants.

44. Living things are also called organisms. There is a wide variety of living things on Earth, from tiny
microorganisms to large animals and plants

45. Classification helps us identify and study living thing systematically.

46. Scientists classify living things into group based on their key features.

47. Scientists make a key based on the key features of living tings.

48. Animals can be classified into two main groups based on whether or not they have a backbone.

49. Animals with a backbone are called vertebrates.

50. Animals without a backbone are called invertebrates.

51. Vertebrates can classify into fish, amphibians, reptiles birds and mammals.

52. Plants can be classified into vascular plants and non-vascular plants based on whether or not they
have vascular issues

53. Vascular plants can be further classified into seed plants and seedless plants, based on whether or
not they produce seeds.

54. Seed plants can be further classified into flowering plants and non-flowering plants, based on
whether or not they produce flowers

55. Write “T” for a true statement and “F” for a false statement
a) Fern is a seed plant.
b) All seed plants produce flowers
c) Non-vascular plants usually grow in damp places
d) Pine produces spores for reproduction

56. Natural environment where a living thing lives is called a habitat. Living things have special body
features that help them survive in their habitats, this is called adaptation.