TITLE: EFFECTS OF HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES ON EMPLOYEE

PERFORMANCE AT THE PORT OF KISUMU KENYA.

PRESENTED BY: MELFIN JEROP

INDEX: 7410110078

INSTITUTION: RAILWAY TRAINING INSTITUTE-KISUMU

COURSE CODE: 2815

SUPERVISOR: MR ELIJAH RANGILI ALOGO

PAPER CODE: 307

PRESENTED TO: KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENT IN DIPLOMA INTERNATIONAL FREIGHT MANAGEMENT

SERIES: JULY 2022

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DECLARATION

I declare this information obtained in this document is my own original work which has never been

presented anywhere for any academic work.

I therefore submit it to the Kenya national examination council in partial fulfilment of the award

of Diploma in international freight management

Name of the candidate…………………………………………….

Signature…………………………. Date……………………………….

Name of the supervisor………………………………………………….

Signature………………………… Date………………………….

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DEDICATION

I dedicate this work to my friends Collins, Ashley, Victor and Mary who have inspired me and I

thank God for them. To my parents mr and mrs kemboi who kept on monitoring my progress and

also, they always kept a smile on my face. Thank you for motivating me to be a good daughter.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to appreciate the tireless support of my supervisor Mr. Elijah Rangili through their

guidance, I managed to move to very end of my research work. I also acknowledge the

management and all the staff of Kisumu port for accepting and their support towards the study. To

all I say God bless you abundantly.

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ABSTRACT

A healthy and safe workforce is an essential component for any business to run successfully. This

is evident in the enormous interest by organizations in the activities related to occupational health

and safety practices and organizations have used this as part of enhancing employee productivity.

Ports or the organizations tend to concentrate on factors or variables which enhance productivity

and sometimes ignore occupational health and safety practices and take it as a side issue. As much

as other variables contribute substantially to employee productivity, there is need to integrate

occupational health and safety practices as one of the parameters that contribute to employee

productivity. The objectives of the study were to: Identify occupational health and safety activities

in the organization, determine effects of occupational health and safety on employee productivity,

ascertain challenges faced in implementing occupational health and safety practices and explore

appropriate techniques of implementing occupational health and safety practices. This study was

based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. The researcher sought to examine the port of

Kisumu Kenya in detail and therefore adopted a case of study design. The target population of the

study was 1603 employees in Kisumu port. Stratified and purposive sampling technique were used

to sample 185 respondents which include: top management, middle level management, supervisors

and sub-ordinate. In addition, simple random sampling was applied in selecting representative

sample of the middle level management, supervisors and sub-ordinates. Observation,

questionnaires and interviews were the instruments used to collect data. The occupational health

and safety practices which had positive relationship with productivity of employees include: Fire

prevention and protection, lighting and ventilation, personal protective equipment’s and good

housekeeping, while chairs/tables and facilities for sitting, first aid kit and medical facility and

drinking water and sanitary facilities had negative relationship. The study concludes that when an

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organization fully implements occupational health and safety practices employee’s productivity

improves. It was also realized that the absence of occupational health and safety practices could

easily result in absenteeism, high employee turnover, increased medical bill and insurance claim,

injuries and frequent accidents. The study recommends continuous improvements of occupational

health and safety practices as it greatly influences employee satisfaction, commitment,

performance and productivity.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION........................................................................................................................... ii

DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. iv

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... v

CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 5

1.0 OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 5

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ......................................................................................... 5

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ........................................................................................ 6

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................ 7

1.3.1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................... 7

1.3.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ................................................................................................... 7

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY .................................................................................................. 7

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ......................................................................................................... 8

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY .............................................................................................. 8

CHAPTER TWO. ....................................................................................................................... 10

2.0 OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................... 10

2.1 EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ...................................................................................................... 10

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2.1.1 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ACTIVITIES CURRENTLY IN USE IN

THE ORGANIZATION HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICIES .................................................. 10

HEALTH AND SAFETY TRAINING ........................................................................................ 12

HEALTH AND SAFETY AUDITS AND INSPECTION ........................................................... 12

SAFETY AWARENESS PROGRAMS ....................................................................................... 13

E THE INFLUENCOF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY PRACTICES ON

EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY. .................................................................................................. 14

HOW TO EVALUATE ECONOMIC BENEFITS ...................................................................... 15

2.2 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................... 17

2.3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................... 18

2.4 RESAERCH GAP................................................................................................................... 19

CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................... 21

METHODOLGY......................................................................................................................... 21

3.0 OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................... 21

3.1 STUDY AREA ....................................................................................................................... 21

3.1.0 RESEARCH DESIGN ......................................................................................................... 21

3.2 TARGET POPULATION ....................................................................................................... 22

3.2.1 SAMPLING DESIGNS ....................................................................................................... 22

3.3 DATA AND DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS......................................................... 23

3.3.1 OBSERVATION ................................................................................................................. 23

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3.3.2 QUESTIONNAIRES ........................................................................................................... 23

3.3.3 INTERVIEWS ..................................................................................................................... 23

3.3.4 VALIVDITY AND RELIBILITY IF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS ............................... 24

3.4 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE................................................................................... 24

3.5 DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................. 24

3.6 ETHICAL ISSUES ................................................................................................................. 25

CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................... 26

DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION, AND INTERPRETATION .................................... 26

4.0 OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................... 26

4.1 DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION OF THE RESPONDENTS .......................................... 26

4.1.1 gender of the respondents .................................................................................................... 26

4.1.2 Age brackets of the respondents .......................................................................................... 27

4.1.3 level of education ................................................................................................................. 28

4.1.4 Position of the respondents in the organization ................................................................... 29

4.1.5 WORKING EXPERIENCE OF THE RESPONDENTS ..................................................... 30

4.2 ELEMENTS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ........................................... 30

4.3 INDICATORS OF PRODUCTIVITY IN KISUMU PORT .................................................. 32

4.4 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......... 33

4.4.1 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS ...................................................................................... 33

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4.4.2 THE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY PRACTICES WHICH ARE

CURRENTLY USED IN THE PORT OF KISUMU KENYA .................................................... 34

4.4.3 THE INFLUENCE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ON

PRODUCTIVITY ......................................................................................................................... 34

4.4.4 APPROPRIATE TECHNIQUES OF IMPLEMENTING OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

AND SAFETY PRACTICES ....................................................................................................... 35

4.5 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 35

4.6 RECOMMENDATION .......................................................................................................... 35

APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRE............................................................................................. 37

Instructions to the Participants ...................................................................................................... 37

Socio Economical and Personal Characteristics ........................................................................... 37

Section B: Employee Productivity ............................................................................................. 39

Key: Strongly Agree-SA, Agree-A, Undecided-U, Disagree-D, Strongly DisagreeSD ......... 40

Section C: ...................................................................................................................................... 41

Challenges faced in Implementing Occupational and Health Practices ....................................... 41

SECTION D .................................................................................................................................. 42

APPENDIX B: INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR MANAGEMENT .......................................... 42

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 44

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 OVERVIEW

This chapter provides the background of the study and the statement of the problem which led to

the quest of this research and the objectives, the significance of this study and the scope and

limitations. It also discusses the key issue that form the foundation of the study.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Interdependence between working conditions and productivity is increasingly recognized all over

the world. The provision of any health programs will vary according to the location and size of the

port, the kind of work performed, whether employees include women as well as men and their

proportion in various age bracket.

The health and safety are the protection of employees from injuries due to work related incidents.

These incidents are unplanned and controlled events which can result in damage both human and

property. Occupational health aims at promoting and maintaining highest degree of physical,

mental and social wellbeing of workers in all occupations, the prevention amongst workers of

departure from health caused by their working conditions.

Productivity is demonstrated by all employees who enjoy good health and safety working

environment. Productivity is used to asses or measures the extent to which a certain output can be

extracted from a given input. In Britain in 1995/1996 more than one million employees suffered

an accident causing more than three days absence from work. This prevents an enormous waste of

human resources as well as human suffering.

The cost of accidents and work-related illness to British employers has been estimated to 2.5 billion

that year. The cost of accidents is an unwelcome addition to production cost and employees have

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to seek ways of avoiding this additional burden. In the United States, an agency (occupational

health and safety administration) was created within the departments of labor to set safety and

health standards for all workers.

In Kenya the health and safety situations in some organizations have less satisfactory as compared

to the international firms. Occupational health and safety risk that must be considered by the

employer arise from normal functions and operations during unusual circumstances such as

incidents and accidents.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

One of the biggest problems today is our ports is the amount of pain, misery, injuries and death

caused by occupational accidents and diseases. The health and safety of today workforce is a

virtual part of every business strategy employee safety and health programs occupy a pivotal

position in human resource management. Organizations are currently operating in a complex and

competitive business environment hence the need for an efficient and effective work force. Healthy

workforce is one of the most indispensable assets in the organization. Ideally appropriate measures

to ensure their wellbeing should be observed.

This always calls for health and safety awareness among employers and employees to enable the

organization to achieve the set objective. This is a quite evident in most government policy

requirements. However, they accept occupational health and safety practice seem to be the only

valid in most organizational policy statements while none exits in practice.

Often accidents occur to employees who are vulnerable because there is no precaution taken by

the employer. As a result, threats to employee’s safety are not eliminated in time because accidents

prone areas are not recognized and taken care of before accidents occur.

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1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The general objective of this study is to investigate the effects of using safety measures on

employee’s performance at the port of Kisumu Kenya.

1.3.1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

I. To establish effect and forms of safety measures

II. To establish indicators of performance at the port

III. To establish relationship between safety measures and employees

1.3.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The study was guided by the following research questions.

1. How is the occupational safety being practiced in the port?

2. What are the challenges of implementing occupational safety practices?

3. Of what value is occupational safety on employee productivity?

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The world has turned into a global village and has attracted liberation leading to competitiveness.

It is therefore hoped that this study will yield data and information that will be useful in managing

employee’s occupational health and safety. The findings of the study will be also expected to

contribute towards the establishment of effective occupational health and safety practices at work

place to enable employees comply with the rapid change brought in technology and enhance the

productivity

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The study will also help the organization overcome common perception that the occupational

health and safety practices is a compliance of employee’s welfare issues and use the initiative in

this area to add value to the organization. Based on the data that was collected and information

analyses and interrupted as well as conclusion and recommendations, the study will also form a

basis for further research.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study was carried out to investigate occupational health and safety practices in employee

productivity in Kisumu port. This was achieved through identifying the occupational health and

safety activities determining how occupational health and safety practices influence employee

productivity and ascertain the challenges faced in the implementing of occupational health and

safety practices practices as well as explore appropriate techniques of implementing safety

practices at the port. The respondent in this study included top managers, middle level managers,

supervisors, and subordinate staff. Questionnaires and interview schedule was used to collect data

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study suffered from several limitations that included participants not being open or sincere in

responding to the questionnaires after asking the researcher several questions, the researcher had

to use simple random sampling to acquire the required information. The participant’s interaction

was also hindered by other factors such as culture, fear of participants being victimized also

hindered them from participating

Also, a signific percentage of the participants did not respond implying reluctance to release any

organizations information. To overcome these challenges, the researcher explains the objectives

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of the study, and assured them that the objectives of the study, assured them that the information

collected would be treated with great confidentiality.

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CHAPTER TWO.

2.0 OVERVIEW

This chapter presents the review with respect to the study. It examines issues on occupational

health and safety at work place and its impact on employee productivity. These also assisted the

researchers to identify the research gap. It also gives theoretical, imperial evidence and conceptual

frame work of the study. The chapter ends with a summary by giving a critical view of the reviewed

studies.

2.1 EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

2.1.1 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ACTIVITIES CURRENTLY IN USE IN

THE ORGANIZATION HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICIES

Cole (2002) assert that every employee is required to keep proper and up to date written statement

of safety policy. This statement reflects the employer’s commitment to safety and health at work

and should indicate what standards of behavior are to be aimed for in health and safety measures.

The policy statements should be drawn to the attention of all employees. In practice this is achieved

by issuing company handbook which indicate details of the policy. However, a stated policy not

drawn to the attention of all employees may have a little impact of safeguarding employees’ safety

and health.

The study therefore sought to establish occupational health and safety practices that a commitment

policy ensures an organization supports and maintains a strong commitment to safety and health

practices through;

1)Protection and maintaining safe and secure facilities for training research living and work

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2)Empowering organizations staff and customer to demonstrate individual and organizational

leadership in all matters pertaining to health and safety protection which trying to achieve

organizational goals.

3)Emphasizing upon communication with organizations community regarding health and safety

issues

4)Minimizing hazards reducing pollution and continuously improving the environment.

5)Assuring compliance with the federal, state and local health safety requirement. Organization

practices regarding health and safety protection.

These are laws covering occupational health and safety, and penalties for non-compliance have

become quite severe; the responsibility extended, to the safety and health of the surrounding

community too. To a large extend safety promote productivity. Employees in safe plants can

devote more time to improving the quality and quantity of the output and spend less time worrying

about their safety and wellbeing. It can be concluded that both managers and employee thrive to

maintain safety and health of employee at workplace and none wish to have accidents to occur.

Satrapi, (2005) asserts that the reasons for establishing occupational health and safety practices at

work place are; managers must undertake accident prevention measures to minimize the pain and

suffering the injured worker and their family are exposed to as a result of the accident. The

happiness of the family depends upon the health and safety of the worker who normally is the

bread winner.

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HEALTH AND SAFETY TRAINING

Training accord to Cole (2008) is any learning activity which is directed towards the acquisition

of specific knowledge and skills for the purpose of a task. Examples of training needs are: the need

for an efficiency in safety in the operation of particular machines or equipment’s; the need for

effective sales force: and the need for competent in the organization. According to Armstrong

(2006) health and safety training is a key part of the preventive programmatic should also take

place following a transfer employee to a new station or change in a working method. Health and

safety training spell out the rules and provides the information on potential hazards and how to

avoid them. Further refresher training should be provided and special courses laid on to deal with

new aspects of health and safety or areas in which safety problems have emerged.

Dressler (2005) asserts training is another way of reducing unsafe and unhealth act especially for

new employees. They should be instructed in safe practices and procedures, warn them of potential

hazards, and work on developing a safety-conscious attitude.

HEALTH AND SAFETY AUDITS AND INSPECTION

According to dessert (2005) conducting health and safety audits are not a substitute for eliminating

hazards. Routine inspection for all premises for possible safety and health problems, using

checklists aids should be in place. Investigates all accidents and near misses. Have a system in

place for letting all the employees notify all managers about hazards. use employee safety

committee to do inspection. Committee activities include safety adequacy, monitoring safety audit

findings, and suggesting strategies for improving health and safety performance. Safety inspection

must be carried out on regular basis by the line managers and supervisors with the advice and help

of safety and health advisers.

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SAFETY AWARENESS PROGRAMS

A safety and health awareness program have three components: identifying and communicating

hazards, reinforcing safe practices, and promoting safety internationally. To identify and

communicate hazards, employees, supervisors, and other knowledgeable sources need to sit and

discuss potential problems related to health and safety. The job hazards analysis technique is one

means of accomplishment, with this technique, each job is broken down into basic elements and

each of this is rated for its potential for harm or injury. If there is consensus that some job elements

have high hazard

Potential, these elements are isolated and potential technological or behavioral changes are

considered.

To reinforce behavior the management has to implement a safety incentive program to reward

workers for the support and commitment a to health and safety goals. These programs are setup to

focus on improving the short-term goals or encourage health and safety suggestions. These short-

term goals are expanded to include long term goals. The incentive includes merchandise which

represent lasting symbol of achievement. Good deals of evidence suggest that such that such

programs are effective in reducing injuries and their cost. To promote safety internationally,

organizations also need to consider how to best ensure of people regardless of the nation in which

they operate. Cultural difference may make this more difficult than it seems. Armstrong (2006)

suggested steps to increase effectiveness of safety messages; avoid negatives-successful safety

propaganda should contain positive messages, not warnings of unpleasant consequences of action,

exposure of message correctly-addressing the message to the right people at the point of danger,

use of attention getting technique carefully-lured images may not be only be rem4embered for

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what they are, not for the message they are to convey, maximize compression- message should be

simple, clear specific, message must be believable -they should address real issues and be

perceived as being delivered by people.

Deshler (2005) emphasizes those positive reinforcements as a way of communicating programs

that are important in improving safety at work place. He says researchers introduced one program

in a wholesale bakery. An analysis of the safety related conditions existing in port before the study

suggested number of areas that needed improvement. For example, new hires received no training

on safety but the manager kept on communicating about health and safety verbally and pictorial

these impacted positively on employees

E THE INFLUENCOF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY PRACTICES ON

EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY.

An employee’s safety and health practice influence all the activities including selection of

employees, equipment and materials, the way work is done and designed, and provide goods and

services. The sort of events and incidents that cause injuries and illness can equally lead to property

damage and interrupt production. Where these are provided, labor productivity is much higher in

such units than in others where safety is lacking because employees perform fearlessly and with

confidence when they are assured of safety precautions are taken, they perform without tension

and this raises the productivity of labor and boost employee morale.

A work station change can increase productivity; however, it is misleading to conclude that this

change results. New machinery can also be hazardous to health. For instance, a noisy machine may

be replaced by a new machine that is more efficient but produces. Some workers experience back,

neck, leg or arm pain discomfort. There is now a recognition that safer healthier workplace

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translates into increased productivity, more job satisfaction and stronger bottom-line results. There

are four factors that explain the link between productivity and employee’s overall health and

safety.

1. The need for more innovative ways to reduce the high rates of workplace injury and illness.

2. The pressure to reduce the social and economic costs of injury and illness particularly

compensation cost.

3. The need to improve labor productivity without employees needing to work longer hours

and\ or taking on more work

4. The need to offer good working conditions as an enticement to recruit and retain skilled

workers in a tight labor market.

The health and safety executive (2006) further explains that genuine productivity gains can be

realized by those business that invest high performance health and safety practices. However, the

health and safety executive (2006) also recognize that there is a need to be positive attitude by

many organizations if they are to move on from simply attaining minimum legal compliance

toward implementing the best practice for HOS

There is a need for a workplace improvement in terms of occupational health and safety for the b

benefit of the employer and the employee in order to increase productivity. Health to man has a

unique genesis that commenced when a man perceiving imbalance in his system.

HOW TO EVALUATE ECONOMIC BENEFITS

Better management of worker health and safety and related productivity outcomes may create a

competitive business advantage. The literature also suggest that managers are more likely to make

15
a decision to implement health and safety measures in order to increase productivity based on the

knowledge that there are economic benefits

None the less there are a number of ways to estimate the cost of an OHS intervention. Two most

prominent Ona are; the insurance model and the cost benefit analysis model. The insurance model

uses workers compensation insurance formation to provide an estimate of the costs of OHS

interventions.

The cost benefit analysis model requires more data than insurance model in that measures all

significant employment and production factors and therefore, it provides a comprehensive picture.

That is assesses the total cost of employment and the loses due to workplace injury or illness. There

are four elements within framework

1. The cost of the equipment and labor of the intervention winters the cost equation as a

positive component. The degree of effectiveness of the interventions essentially determines

the value of the avoidable cost of injuries and illness

2. The increase in productivity results principally from the technological design of the

equipment

3. The displacement of workers that might result from an increase in productivity of the

intervention

Oxen burgh & Marlow (2005:211) add that in order to determine whether or not there have been

economic benefits as a result of an OHS intervention, it is necessary to gather data on the direct

and indirect costs from a range of sources-namely:

 Employee data: this includes the number of employees, their working time and wages,

overtime, training and production cost;

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  Work place data: This includes supervisory costs, recruitment, insurance, and other general

overheads, maintenance, waste, and energy use

 Intervention data: this relates to the costs associated with the intervention, for example

consultants’ fees, disruptions and errors

2.2 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

The study adopted the Maslow’s hierarchical of needs theory by Abram Maslow (1968) which

states that individuals need is arranged in a hierarchy whereby when one needs has been fulfilled

another need emerges and seeks satisfaction. Maslow theory of motivation has frequently been

applied within the industrial and organization context

Maslow theory of motivation proposes that people who all their lower order need met progress

towards the fulfillment their potential. Typically, this can include the pursuit of knowledge, peace,

esthetic experience, self fulfilment, and oneness with God, enlightenment etc. so ultimately this is

all to do with the desire for self-transcendence. During the study on occupational health and safety

practices on employee’s productivity the study basically dealt with the psychological and safety

needs. Maslow realized that people need to deal with the survival needs before they move on to

any other level of needs.

If they do not have the necessary food, clothing, water, shelter, and other crucial elements to

survive, they are not likely to be concerned about learning new skills to qualify them for future

jobs. Employers typically address basic needs by providing food and water through out a working

session, allowing regular restroom, and providing an adequate lunch period.

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They can also build training programs and class content that add value and that will help employees

maintain their current jobs and ultimately move on to higher paying ones that will increase the

amount of money they have available to satisfy basic needs

2.3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

To address safety needs of the hierarchy, we consider physical as well as the psychological safety

and security. As a worker you can-do common-sense thing like make sure that the environment

contains no safety hazards, such as wire that are not taped down, broken furniture, boxes that can

cause an accident, or equipment that might fall or injure someone.

Also provide mental security by explaining how to use materials will assist the workers to become

more effective and efficient in the workplace or other situations, thereby helping to solidify their

position in the organization as a knowledgeable skilled employee or individual.

Esteem needs enhances high productivity due to competence and the need for achievement. Self-

actualization needs is the need to develop employee full potential and use their abilities to the full

extent. Health and safe employees use their full potential and abilities to the fullest extent hence

high productivity. The study adopted a conceptual framework that shows the relationship between

occupational health and safety and employee productivity as shown;

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 Independent variables dependent variables

Occupational health and Productivity indicators

Moderating variables

 Attitude
 Culture
 Training
 Policy

2.4 RESAERCH GAP

For a long time, occupational health and safety was taken by organizations as a side issue

preventing illness and injuries at work place but not as a business since. There is no doubt that an

employee who is physically, physiologically and mentally healthy will fail to perform to his/her

maximum level.

Injuries at work place of work and occupational health diseases are increasing every year due to

emerging trends. Ill health and accidents are costly to workers and their families and they can also

hurt companies because of the cost of personal injuries they may incur from damage of property

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and equipment hence loss of production. Organizations loose skilled and qualified employees

through such incidents

Health and safety of employees if not improved organizations might end up losing the most

expensive assets hat is human capital. These however, have led to the study influence of

occupational health and safety practices on employee productivity.

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 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLGY

3.0 OVERVIEW

This chapter presents a detailed prescription of the selected research design. It describes the

research design and methodology i.e., what was done and how it was done. The chapter comprises

of several subsections, which includes research design, target population, sampling design, and

sample size, data collection instrument, data collection procedure, reliability and validity and data

analysis and presentation.

3.1 STUDY AREA

The study area was carried out in the port of Kisumu Kenya. This port was chosen because it’s

known for its occupational health and safety policies in practice. Kisumu port is known to have

well established departments which include human resource, finance, purchasing and supplies,

operations and general administration, thus drawing samples of participants was quite easy to

compare o other organizations in the same industry.

3.1.0 RESEARCH DESIGN

The study adopted the descriptive research design that involves gathering data that descriptive

events and the organizes, tabulates, depicts, and describe the data collection. Descriptive research

utilizes elements of both quantitative and qualitative. It involves collections of quantitative

information that can be tabulated along a continuum in numeral form, such as scores on a test or

the number of times a person chooses to use a certain feature of a multimedia program, or it can

describe categories of information such as gender or patterns of interaction when using technology

in a group situation

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Descriptive statistics utilized data collection and analysis techniques that yield reports concerning

the measures of central tendency, variation, and correlation. The combination of its characteristic’s

summary and correlation statistics, along with its focus on specific types of research questions,

methods, and outcomes is what distinguishes descriptive research types. This was found to be

relevant in establishing the effect of OHS on employee productivity. Descriptive studies have an

important role in research as it greatly increases our knowledge about what happens in the

organization productivity

3.2 TARGET POPULATION

At the time of the study the company had a work force of 1603 employees who appeared on the

pay roll. This includes 9 top managers, 39 middle level managers, 463 supervisors and 1184

support staff in Kisumu port

3.2.1 SAMPLING DESIGNS

The study adopted purposive sampling design to select the entire top management. This is because

the top management provided essential information in relations to occupational health and safety

policies. Furthermore, the population of the top management was small and manageable. Stratified

sampling was used to achieve desired representation from various subgroups in the population. It

groups a population into separate homogenous subsets that share similar characteristics so as to

ensure equitable representation of the population in the sample.

According to Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) a minimum of 10% of the target population should

be included in the sample hen dealing with a heterogeneous sample. In the sampling technique,

the sample is selected without bias to arrive at specific respondents from each stratum

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3.3 DATA AND DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS

During the study the questionnaire, interview schedule and observation was used to collect data

3.3.1 OBSERVATION

This technique was adopted as it is direct less thus it enables the study of behavior as they occur.

This enabled first hand collection of data thus prevents contamination that may arise due to

intention change of the behavior by the participants in the presence of the researcher. An

observation also describes phenomena as they occur in their natural settings. This was important

in eliminating unique problems which may rise due to fear of participants.

Analyzing the effect of some hazards may be difficult to record using observation method as data

was collected after the occurrences which can neither be interviewed nor questioned. Here the

researcher used observation sheet in recording information collected from the observation

components of the occupational health and safety practices in the organization

3.3.2 QUESTIONNAIRES

Questionnaire is the main tool in collecting data. The researcher made use of the structured

questionnaires and closed ended questions most of the items also adopted Likert scale in this study.

This was aimed at helping the study I drawing the references between occupational health and

safety and employee’s productivity. The questionnaires were developed on the basis of the

objectives of the study.

3.3.3 INTERVIEWS

Unstructured interviews were employed in this study to collect data from top management. In

specific directional interview was used. Here the participants were asked specific questions aimed

at collecting certain answers concerning the study.

23
The interview was used as it provides a face-to-face encounter with the participants thus enables

the researcher to control the line of questioning. This was to allow the collection of information

which cannot be directly observed.

3.3.4 VALIVDITY AND RELIBILITY IF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

Piloting study was used to test the reliability of the research instruments; the test -retest techniques

was used to test validity of the research instruments.

A pilot study was carried out to enhance reliability and validity of research instruments.

3.4 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

Before conducting the study, the researcher had to seek authorization from the school of human

resource development. The researcher was issued with a letter which she took to Kisumu port

where the management authorized the study to be carried out. The participants were assured that

the information given would only be used for the purpose of the study

The researcher agreed with the respondent when the research instruments were to be administered

and specifically dates of collecting the questionnaires. Adequate time was given the respondents

to respond to the questionnaires. At the lapse of time given to respondents to fill the questionnaires,

the questionnaires were collected for analysis. The interview schedule was prepared by the

searcher to target the top-level management this was personally administered by the researcher

within the duration set

3.5 DATA ANALYSIS

After all data has been collected, the researcher conducted data cleaning, which involved

identification of incomplete or inaccurate responses and correct to improve the quality of the

response. After data cleaning, the data was coded and entered in the computer for analysis using

24
the statistical package for social sciences. The results yield both quantitative and qualitative data.

Quantitative techniques such as descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to

understand relationships between different variables. Qualitative data was analyzed qualitatively

using content analysis based on analysis of meanings and implications emanating from

respondents’ information and documented data.

Infernal statistics include spearman’s rho coefficient correlation (r) that were used to determine

association between occupational health and safety practices on employee productivity. The

correlation analysis was used to establish the relationship between two variables is linear fashion.

The multiple regression was used to establish the occupational health and safety practices

predicting employee productivity. Simple descriptive statistics was employed to analyze

quantitative data.

3.6 ETHICAL ISSUES

As Kothari (2002) argues despite of the high value of knowledge gained through research,

knowledge should not be pursued at the expense of human dignity. The questionnaires were

handled with confidentiality and subjects were advised not to indicate their names on the

questionnaire. The research findings were also made confidential and were used by the researcher

and in answering the research questions and no publication will be done without notification from

the parties involved. The participants were also informed before collecting any data from them.

Nevertheless, the participants had the freedom to ignore items they wish not to respond.

25
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION, AND INTERPRETATION

4.0 OVERVIEW

This chapter presents the findings of the study based on the study objectives. The response rate

was found to be 93% since out of 185 subjects picked only 172 responded.

4.1 DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION OF THE RESPONDENTS

Finding out the general information of the respondents is very important because it enables the

researcher to gauge the reliability of the data received and know the type of people that he/she is

dealing with. This information includes gender, age brackets, education level, years of experience

and their cared

4.1.1 gender of the respondents

The reasecher sought to know the gender of the respondents in the organizations. This was

considered important as in many organizations gender dictates the nature of the job an employee

does.

GENDER FREQUENCY PERCENT%

Male 98 57.0

Female 74 43.0

TOTAL 172 100

It was established that 98 employees representing 57% were male while the remaining 74 that is

43% were female. This therefore indicates a gap between the female and male employees at the

26
organization employs more men than women. This fact was also noticed by the researcher during

observation. This is attributed by to the nature of duties performed in the organizations especially

at the factory.

4.1.2 Age brackets of the respondents

Age is also one of the factors considered when it comes to employment and that is why the

researcher decided to investigate to determine whether they were young, mature and old. This is a

democratic feature that affects behavior or perception of respondents. It was important to assess

the age of the respondents as this would behave in the work place. Moreover, this is because the

younger a person the more he/she understands a given concept. And the more the active a person

is.

Age frequency percent

18-25 years 30 17.4

26-35 years 58 33.7

35- 45 years 43 25.0

46-55 years 34 19.8

56 years and above 7 4.1

TOTAL 172 100.0

The results indicated the majority of the respondents were in the age bracket between 26 years to

35 years, they were 58 employees constituting 33.7% of the total respondents. This was followed

27
by those who have an age bracket of 35-45 years that is 43 respondents representing 25%. The

employees who had an age bracket falling between 45-55 years were 34 or 19.8%. To those who

were between 18-25 years were 30 or 17.4% while the remaining 7 or 4.1% were over 56 years. It

was therefore concluded that employees were mature enough and better placed to handle issues

concerning occupational health and safety practices and productivity well in the organization.

4.1.3 level of education

Majority of the respondents had O level as their highest level of education with 71 respondents

that is 41.3%; this was then followed by those who had diploma that is 48 or 27.9%. There were

also 30- or 17.4%-degree holders. Those who had an A level certificate as their highest educational

level was 18 or 10.5%. The remaining 2.9% or 5 employees had masters as their highest level of

education. This means that most of employees in the organization are illiterate and can understand

the issues of occupational health and safety in the organization and be in a position to handle them

properly. This is also an indication that the management has ample time implementing policies

since the employees are in a position to understand them well.

Education level of respondents

O level A level Diploma Degree Masters

28
4.1.4 Position of the respondents in the organization

The position held by the respondent in the organization was assessed since it determines the nature

of strategic issues respondent handles in the organization and also the nature of occupational health

and safety elements he or she is accorded in the organization.

Position in the organization frequency percent

Top level management 6 3.4

Middle level management 12 7.5

Supervisors 42 24.4

Subordinate 112 64.5

TOTAL 172 100.0

29
4.1.5 WORKING EXPERIENCE OF THE RESPONDENTS

To know the number of years the staff will have worked in the organization is important. Since

this will indicate the exposure and experience that a staff has in the organization and which may

relate to the efficiency in employee work environment.

Work experience frequency percent

1-5 years 27 15.7

6-10 years 47 27.3

11- 15 years 45 26.2

16-20 years 22 12.8

21-25 years 28 16.3

Over 26 years 3 1.7

TOTAL 172 100.0

4.2 ELEMENTS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

It was established that the major components of occupational health and safety found at the port

so as to get information on OHS and the magnitude of it in the organization.

Elements of OHS strongly Agree Undecided Disagree

Strongly

Agree disagree

30
 Freq % freq % freq % freq %

freq %

Lighting and 90 52.3 75 43.6 1 0.6 2 1.2 4

2.3

Ventilation

Drinking water and 81 47.1 80 46.5 4 2.3 4 2.3 3

1.7

Sanitary facilities

Chairs, tables and 69 40.1 81 47.1 10 5.8 9 5.2 3

1.7

Facilities for sitting

Personal protective 75 43.6 81 47.1 7 4.1 6 3.5 3

1.7

Equipment’s

First Aid kit and 78 45.3 87 50.6 1 0.6 3 1.7

3 1.7

Medical facility

Good house 71 41.3 84 48.8 5 2.9 9 5.2

3 1.7

Keeping

31
Fire prevention 77 44.8 76 44.2 5 2.9 11 6.4

3 1.7

And protection

The findings occur with Robins (2003) that effective work place health and safety practices can

help to save lives for the workers by reducing hazards and their consequences. Health and safety

programs also have positive effects on both worker morale and productivity. The findings

implicate that the company has put in place standard safe safe working procedures to protect

employees and the public from accidents and occupational health hazards. Consequently,

employees must follow safety guidelines in every workplace to ensure safety guidelines in every

work place to ensure their safety and that of equipment’s, customers, the public and the

environment.

4.3 INDICATORS OF PRODUCTIVITY IN KISUMU PORT

The researcher wanted to establish the indicators of productivity due to implementation of

occupational health and safety practices.

Indicators of Strongly Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly disagree

Productivity agrees

Freq % freq % freq % freq % freq %

Improved qua 98 54.7 64 39.5 2 1.2 4 2.3 4 2.3

Lity of products

High productivity 85 49.4 78 45.3 2 1.2 3 1.7 4 2.3

32
Of employees

Improved time 79 45.9 72 41.9 9 5.2 8 4.7 4 2.3

Management

General 76 44.2 74 43.0 10 5.8 7 4.1 5 2.9

Profitability

Increased units 79 45.9 74 43.0 5 2.9 8 4.7 6 3.5

Of out put

Employee 83 48.3 73 42.4 1 0.6 7 4.1 8 4.7

Efficiency and

Effectiveness

From the study, majority of the respondents agreed that improved quality products, high

productivity of employees, improved time management, general profitability, increased units of

output as an indicator and employee efficiency and effectiveness as indicators of organizational

productivity in the implementation of the occupational health and safety practices

4.4 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.4.1 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS

The findings on the study were summarized according to the research objectives

33
4.4.2 THE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY PRACTICES WHICH ARE

CURRENTLY USED IN THE PORT OF KISUMU KENYA

When an organization is committed, best practice and implements it in a properly manner, the

result is a win- win situation that benefits both the workforce and the organization for which they

work. There is a need for a work place improvement in terms of occupational health and safety for

the benefit of employer and employee in order to increase productivity.

The findings of the study concur with Robbins (2003) who suggested that effective workplace

health and safety practices can help to save the lives of workers by reducing hazards and their

consequences. Health and safety programs also have positive effects on both work morale and

productivity.

4.4.3 THE INFLUENCE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ON

PRODUCTIVITY

The occupational health and safety practices which had positive relationship with productivity of

employees include, fire prevention ans protection, lighting and ventilation, personal protective

equipment’s and good housekeeping, while chairs/tables and facilities for sitting, first aid kit and

medical facility and drinking water and sanitary facilities had negative relationship.

When the port fully implements occupational health and safety practices employee’s productivity

improves. It was realized that absence of occupational health and safety practices could easily lead

to issues such as absenteeism, high employee turnover, increased medical bill and insurance claim,

injuries frequent accidents

34
4.4.4 APPROPRIATE TECHNIQUES OF IMPLEMENTING OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

AND SAFETY PRACTICES

From the study, the appropriate techniques were involving top management, having a fair

budgeting that is appropriate and frequency training practices. However, involving employees on

decision making, peer education and sensitization, setting of rules and regulation were appropriate

techniques.

It is therefore the managements responsibility to ensure work place is freeform unnecessary

hazards and that conditions surrounding work place are not hazardous to employees physical or

mental health.

4.5 CONCLUSION

The fire prevention and protection, lighting and ventilation, personal protective equipment’s and

good housekeeping occupational health and safety practices had positive relationships with

productivity of employees. Whereas chairs/tables and facilities for sitting, first aid kit and medical

facility and drinking water and sanitary facilities had negative relationship.

It was also realized that when organizational productivity goes up and there are some parameters

or key productivity indicators which are like improved quality production, high employee

productivity, employee motivation, organizational profitability, increased units of output and

employee efficiency and effectiveness.

4.6 RECOMMENDATION

From the findings and conclusion of the study it is recommended that:

The organization should make occupational health and safety very successful as it is a pertinent in

enhancing productivity and also safeguarding employee’s health.

35
Machinery equipment’s and other items purchased, designed, manufactured or installed for open

36
APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRE

Instructions to the Participants

1. Do not write your name on any part of this questionnaire or indicate any personal

details.

2. Please tick/fill in the Blank spaces as appropriate.

Section A:

Socio Economical and Personal Characteristics

1. What is your Gender?

Male Female

2. What is your age?

18 – 25

26 – 35

36 – 45

46 – 55

56 and above

3. What is your educational level?

37
O Level

A Level

Diploma

Degree

Masters

4. What is your marital status?

Married

Single

Divorced

Separated

Widowed

5. What is your working experience in years in this organization?

1-5

6-10

11-15

16-20

21-25

0ver 26 yrs.

38
Section B: Employee Productivity

6. Which of the following occupational health and safety practices are currently

used in Kisumu port?

Lighting and ventilation

Drinking Water and Sanitary Facility

Chairs/Tables and Facility for sitting

Personal Protective Equipment’s

First Aid Kit and medical Facility

Good house Keeping

Fire Prevention and Protection

Any other specify……………………………………………….

7. Who are involved in the implementation of occupational health and safety

practices in your organization? (Tick as appropriate)

Statement Strongly Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly

agreed disagree

Top management

Middle level

management

Supervisors

Subordinates

39
 8. How do you rate the implementation of occupational health and safety Practices

in the organization?

Very successful

Fairly

successful

Successful

Unsuccessful

9. What is your opinion on the elements of occupational health and safety

practices?

Are they designed well to suit your comfort during operations at work environment? (Please

tick as appropriate)

Key: Strongly Agree-SA, Agree-A, Undecided-U, Disagree-D, Strongly Disagrees

Elements to be assessed SA A U D SD

Lighting and ventilation

Drinking Water and Sanitary Facility

Chairs/Tables and Facility for sitting

Personal Protective Equipment’s

First Aid Kit and medical Facility

Good house Keeping

Fire Prevention and Protection

40
 10. In your opinion does the presence of occupational and health practices Collectively

contribute towards productivity? (Tick as appropriate)

Indicators of productivity SA A U D SD

Improved Quality of Products

High Performance by Employees

Improved time management

General Profitability

Increased Units of Output

Employee Efficiency and Effectiveness

Section C:

Challenges faced in Implementing Occupational and Health Practices.

13. In your opinion what are the major challenges faced while implementing Occupational,

health and safety practices? Tick as appropriate.

Challenges SA A U D SD

Failure to involve employees in implementation

Rapid change in technology

HIV/T B epidemic

Employee negative attitude

High cost of training

Government policy

High cost of OHS equipment’s

41
SECTION D

14. What are your opinions on the appropriate techniques to implement

Occupational Health and safety practices? Tick as appropriate.

Appropriate techniques. SA A U D SD

Frequent training on OHS practices

Fair Budgeting

Top Managements Involvement

Involving Employees in Decision Making

Peer Education & Sensitization

Rules And Regulation on OHS Practices.

OHS committee to oversee implementation

15. Please give any suggestion not included in the questionnaire

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

Thank you for participating

APPENDIX B: INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR MANAGEMENT

1. What occupational health and safety practices are currently used in Kisumu

port?

42
2. Who are involved in the implementation of occupational health and safety

practices in your organization?

3. How do you rate the implementation of occupational health and safety practices

in the organization?

4. What is your opinion on the elements of occupational health and safety

practices?

5. In your opinion does the presence of occupational and health practice

collectively contribute towards productivity?

6. In your opinion what are the major challenges faced while implementing

occupational, health and safety practices?

7. What are your opinions on the appropriate techniques to implement

Occupational Health and safety practices?

43
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