Diet and Exercise in Cognitive

Function and Neurological Diseases

Diet and Exercise in
Cognitive Function and
Neurological Diseases

Editors

TAHIRA FAROOQUI AND AKHLAQ A. FAROOQUI

Copyright © 2015 by Wiley‐Blackwell. All rights reserved
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Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data:
Diet and exercise in cognitive function and neurological diseases / Tahira Farooqui and Akhlaq A. Farooqui, editors.
   p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-84055-9 (cloth)
I. Farooqui, Tahira, editor. II. Farooqui, Akhlaq A., editor.
[DNLM: 1. Brain–physiology. 2. Aging–physiology. 3. Cognition–physiology. 4. Diet. 5. Exercise.
6. Nervous System Diseases. WL 300]
RA645.N87
612.8–dc23
2014043911

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Dedicated to the Next Generation
To make this world healthier and happier
“If we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and exercise, not too little
and not too much, we would have found the safest way to health.”
—Hippocrates 440BC
Contents

Contributors xi
Foreword Kirk I. Erickson xv
Foreword Shin Murakami xvii
Preface Tahira Farooqui and Akhlaq A. Farooqui xix
Acknowledgments xxi

1 Nutrition, Genes, and Neuroscience: Implications for Development, Health, and Disease 1
Margaret Joy Dauncey

2 Neurochemical Effects of Western Diet Consumption on Human Brain 15

Akhlaq A. Farooqui and Tahira Farooqui

3 Effect of Mediterranean Diet on Human Health in Seniors: Relationship with Telomers 29

Virginia Boccardi and Giuseppe Paolisso

4 Effect of a Mediterranean Diet on Mental and Physical Quality of Life 39

Marialaura Bonaccio, Giovanni de Gaetano, and Licia Iacoviello

5 Ketogenic Diets for the Treatment of Neurologic Disease 47

Christa W. Habela and Eric H. Kossoff

6 Levels of n‐3 Fatty Acids and their Metabolites in the Brain:

Their Impact on Brain Function and Neurological Disorders 59
Akhlaq A. Farooqui and Tahira Farooqui

7 Homocysteine Levels in Neurological Disorders 73

Ahmed A. Moustafa, Doaa H. Hewedi, Abeer M. Eissa, Dorota Frydecka, and Błażej Misiak

8 Table Salt and Dementia 83

Surender R. Neravetla and Shantanu R. Neravetla
viii Contents

9 Contribution of Diet and Exercise in the Pathogenesis of Major Depression 93

Adrian L. Lopresti

10 Role of Diet and Exercise in Diabetic Retinopathy 105

Mohammad Shamsul Ola, Haseeb A. Khan, and Abdullah S. Alhomida

11 The Effect of Western Diet on Cognition in Humans 111

Heather M. Francis and Richard J. Stevenson

12 Role of Diet and Exercise in Intervention of Age‐Induced Impairments 123

Kanti Bhooshan Pandey and Syed Ibrahim Rizvi

13 Hormesis and Cognitive Function: An Evolutionary/Adaptive Arabesque

Leading to Longevity 133
Alistair V.W. Nunn, Geoffrey W. Guy, and Jimmy D. Bell

14 Polyphenols and Cognitive Function 143

Edwin D. Lephart

15 Prevention of Dementia Through Modifiable Risk Factors 163

Patsri Srisuwan

16 Physical Exercise Improves Cognition in Brain Disorders: Alzheimer’s Disease 175

Trevor Archer and Danilo Garcia

17 Molecular, Biochemical, and Physiological Basis of Beneficial Actions of Exercise 183

Undurti N. Das

18 Beneficial Effects of Exercise and Cognitive Training on Cognitive Functions

in Older Adults: Introduction of Smart Aging Studies 205
Rui Nouchi and Ryuta Kawashima

19 Exercise and Cognitive Functions 213

Bijli Nanda and S. Manjunatha

20 Role of Sleep in Cognition, Immunity, and Disease and Its Interaction with Exercise 225
Mark R. Zielinski and Dmitry Gerashchenko

21 Effect of Forced and Voluntary Exercise on Neural Plasticity Mediated by Astrocytes 241
Caren Bernardi, Mario Roberto Generosi Brauner, and Carlos Alberto Gonçalves

22 Effect of Exercise on the Aging Brain 253

Bonita L. Marks

23 The Effects of Exercise on Neuronal Survival 267

Michael J. Chen

24 Exercise and Cognitive Function in Older Adults 279

Nicola J. Gates and Maria Fiatarone Singh

25 Research Issues and Clinical Implications of Exercise Effects in the Treatment

of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders 295
A. Garrett Hazelton, Richard Bloch, and Sy Saeed
 Contents ix

26 Exercise‐Induced Protection Against Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases:

Role of Redox‐ and Mitochondrial‐Based Alterations 309
Inês Marques‐Aleixo, Estela Santos‐Alves, Paula I. Moreira, Paulo J. Oliveira, José Magalhães,
and António Ascensão

27 Exercise, Neuroplasticity, and Growth Factors in Adolescence 323

Helios Pareja‐Galeano, Sara Mayero, and Fabián Sanchis‐Gomar

28 Summary, Perspective, and Direction for Future Studies 339

Tahira Farooqui and Akhlaq A. Farooqui

Index 349
Contributors

Abdullah S. Alhomida, Department of Biochem- Marialaura Bonaccio, Department of Epidemiology

istry, College of Science, King Saud University, and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Mediterraneo NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy
Trevor Archer, Department of Psychology, Mario Roberto Generosi Brauner, Escola de
­University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Educação Física (ESEF), Universidade Federal
Network for Empowerment and Well‐Being, do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Gothenburg, Sweden
Michael J. Chen, Department of Biological
António Ascensão, Research Centre in Physical Sciences, California State University, Los
Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Angeles, CA, USA
­Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto,
Undurti N. Das, UND Life Sciences, Federal Way,
Portugal
WA, USA
Jimmy D. Bell, Department of Life Sciences,
Margaret Joy Dauncey, Wolfson College, University
Clipstone Building, University of Westminster,
of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
London, UK
Abeer M. Eissa, Psychogeriatric Research Center,
Caren Bernardi, Programa de Pós-Graduação
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine,
Ciências da Reabilitação, Universidade
Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre,
Porto Alegre, Brazil Kirk I. Erickson, Department of Psychology,
­University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Richard Bloch, Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioral Medicine, Brody School of Medicine Akhlaq A. Farooqui, Department of Molecular and
at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The
USA Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
Virginia Boccardi, Department of Internal Medicine, Tahira Farooqui, Department of Molecular and
Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic Disease Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine,
and Geriatric Medicine, Second University of The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH,
Naples, Naples, Italy USA
xii Contributors

Heather M. Francis, School of Psychology, Haseeb A. Khan, Department of Biochemistry,

­Science Department, University of New South College of Science, King Saud University,
Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Dorota Frydecka, Department and Clinic of Eric H. Kossoff, Division of Child Neurology,
Psychiatry, Wrocław Medical University,
­ Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins
Wrocław, Poland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Giovanni de Gaetano, Department of Epidemiology Edwin D. Lephart, Department of Physiology and
and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Developmental Biology and The Neuroscience
Mediterraneo NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy Center, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young
University, Provo, UT, USA
Danilo Garcia, Network for Empowerment and
Well‐Being, Gothenburg, Sweden; Center for Adrian l. Lopresti, School of Psychology
Ethics, Law and Mental Health, University of and Exercise Science, Murdoch University,
Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia

Nicola J. Gates, School of Psychiatry, Centre for José Magalhães, Research Centre in Physical
Healthy Brain Ageing (CheBA), University of Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty
New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Australia; Brain and Mind Psychology, Sydney, Inês Marques‐Aleixo, Research Center in Physical
New South Wales, Australia Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty
Dmitry Gerashchenko, Department of Psychiatry, of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Harvard Medical School and Veterans Affairs Bonita L. Marks, Departments of Exercise and
Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, USA Sport Science, Emergency Medicine, and Allied
Carlos Alberto Gonçalves, Programa de Pós-­ Health Sciences, University of North Carolina
Graduação Ciências da Reabilitação, Universi- at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
dade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Sara Mayero, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital
Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Departamento de Moncloa, Madrid, Spain
Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da
Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Błażej Misiak, Department and Clinic of Psychiatry,
Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland;
Department of Genetics, Wrocław Medical
Geoffrey W. Guy, GW Pharmaceuticals, Porton ­University, Wrocław, Poland
Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
Paula I. Moreira, Centre for Neuroscience and
Christa W. Habela, Division of Child Neurology, Cell Biology (CNC), UC‐Biotech/Biocant Park,
Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal;
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
A. Garrett Hazelton, Department of Psychiatry
and Behavioral Medicine, Brody School of Med- Ahmed A. Moustafa, School of Social Sciences
icine at East Carolina University, G
­ reenville, and Psychology & Marcs Institute for Brain
NC, USA and Behaviour, University of Western Sydney,
Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Doaa H. Hewedi, Psychogeriatric Research Center,
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shin Murakami, Department of Basic Sciences,
Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro Univer-
sity‐California, Mare Island, Vallejo, CA, USA
Licia Iacoviello, Department of Epidemiology
and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Bijli Nanda, Department of Physiology, School
Mediterraneo NEUROMED, Pozzilli, Italy of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda
University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ryuta Kawashima, Smart Ageing International
Research Centre, Institute of Development, Aging Shantanu R. Neravetla, Medical Director, Heart
and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Health Now LLC, Springfield, OH, USA
 Contributors xiii

Surender R. Neravetla, Director Cardiac Surgery Sy Saeed, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Springfield Regional Medical Center, Spring- Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East
field, OH, USA; Wright State University, ­Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
Dayton, OH, USA
Fabián Sanchis‐Gomar, Department of Physiology,
Rui Nouchi, Human and Social Response Research School of Medicine, University of Valencia,
Division, International Research Institute of Valencia, Spain; Fundación del Hospital Clínico
Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Universitario Valencia (FIHCUV‐INCLIVA),
Japan; Smart Ageing International Research Valencia, Spain
Centre, Institute of Development, Aging and
Estela Santos‐Alves, Research Centre in Physical
Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL),
Alistair V.W. Nunn, School of Pharmacy, Uni- ­Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto,
versity of Reading, Reading, UK Portugal
Mohammad Shamsul Ola, Department of S. Manjunatha, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo
­Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Maria Fiatarone Singh, Exercise Health and
Paulo J. Oliveira, Centre for Neuroscience and Performance Faculty Research Group, Sydney
Cell Biology (CNC), UC‐Biotech/Biocant Park, Medical School, The University of Sydney, Lid-
University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal combe, New South Wales, Australia; Hebrew
SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA; Jean Mayer USDA
Kanti Bhooshan Pandey, Department of
Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at
Biochemistry, University of Allahabad,
Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
­Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Patsri Srisuwan, Outpatient and Family Medicine
Giuseppe Paolisso, Department of Internal Medi-
Department, Phramongkutklao Hospital and
cine, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic Dis-
College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
ease and Geriatric Medicine, Second University
of Naples, Naples, Italy Richard J. Stevenson, Department of Psychology,
Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales,
Helios Pareja‐Galeano, Department of Physiology,
Australia
School of Medicine, University of Valencia,
Valencia, Spain; Fundación del Hospital Mark R. Zielinski, Department of Psychiatry,
Clínico Universitario Valencia (FIHCUV‐­ Harvard Medical School and Veterans Affairs
INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA,
USA
Syed Ibrahim Rizvi, Department of Biochemistry,
University of Allahabad, Allahabad, Uttar
Pradesh, India