DBMS MCQ Bank

DATABASE TECHNOLOGIES MCQ BANK
Total No. Of MCQs : 670

Name : Shubham Shivaji Patil
Lecture 1: Introduction to DBMS

**1.1 Basic Database Terminology**
1. What does the term "DBMS" stand for?

a) Distributed Business Management System
b) Database Management System
c) Dynamic Business Modeling Scheme
d) Data Backup and Management Service
Answer: b) Database Management System
2. In a relational database, what is a "table"?

a) A data item that uniquely identifies each row in a table
b) A collection of related records
c) A column that serves as the primary key of the table
d) A database object used to perform queries
Answer: b) A collection of related records
3. What is the purpose of a "primary key" in a database table?

a) It is used to establish relationships between tables.
b) It ensures that each row in the table is unique.
c) It stores important data used for reporting.
d) It holds the data with the highest priority.
Answer: b) It ensures that each row in the table is unique.
4. What is the role of a "foreign key" in a database table?

a) It is used to establish relationships between tables.
b) It ensures that each row in the table is unique.
c) It stores important data used for reporting.
d) It holds the data with the highest priority.
Answer: a) It is used to establish relationships between tables.
5. Which term refers to the process of combining data from two or more tables into a single result set?
a) Aggregation
b) Normalization
c) Joins
d) Indexing
Answer: c) Joins
6. What does the acronym "SQL" stand for in the context of databases?
a) Structured Query Language
b) Sequential Query Language
c) Simplified Query Logic
d) Standardized Query Log
Answer: a) Structured Query Language
7. In a database, what does the term "query" mean?

a) The process of designing the database schema
b) The graphical representation of the data flow in the system
c) A request for retrieving specific data from the database
d) The physical arrangement of data on the storage device
Answer: c) A request for retrieving specific data from the database
8. What is the purpose of a "transaction" in a database?

a) To store backup copies of the database
b) To ensure data integrity by grouping multiple operations into a single unit
c) To compress data and reduce storage space
d) To synchronize data between different database servers
Answer: b) To ensure data integrity by grouping multiple operations into a single unit
9. Which database term refers to a collection of related data entries treated as a single unit?
a) Record
b) Attribute
c) Entity
d) Index
Answer: c) Entity
10. What is the purpose of an "index" in a database?

a) To enforce data integrity constraints
b) To store backup copies of the database
c) To speed up data retrieval by creating a data structure for quick access
d) To generate reports and summaries of data
Answer: c) To speed up data retrieval by creating a data structure for quick access
**1.2 Types of DBMS: Relational, Object-Relational, and NoSQL Databases**
11. Which type of DBMS stores data in tables with rows and columns, and uses SQL as the query
language?
a) Object-Relational Database Management System (ORDBMS)
b) NoSQL Database Management System
c) Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)
d) Hierarchical Database Management System
Answer: c) Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)
12. In an Object-Relational Database Management System (ORDBMS), what additional feature does it
provide compared to a traditional RDBMS?
a) Support for complex data types and objects
b) Exclusive use of SQL for data querying
c) Faster data retrieval using NoSQL techniques
d) Limited data storage capacity
Answer: a) Support for complex data types and objects
13. Which type of DBMS is designed to handle unstructured and semi-structured data, and provides
flexible schemas?
a) Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)
c) Hierarchical Database Management System
d) Object-Oriented Database Management System (OODBMS)
Answer: b) NoSQL Database Management System
14. What is the main advantage of using a NoSQL database over a traditional RDBMS?
a) NoSQL databases support complex joins and transactions.
b) NoSQL databases provide a flexible schema for dynamic data.
c) NoSQL databases use only SQL for data querying, which simplifies the process.
d) NoSQL databases have better support for complex data types and objects.
Answer: b) NoSQL databases provide a flexible schema for dynamic data.
15. Which type of DBMS is best suited for handling relationships and ensuring data integrity using
constraints like primary keys and foreign keys?
Answer: c) Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)
16. Which type of DBMS uses a hierarchical structure with parent-child relationships between data
elements?
c) Object-Oriented Database Management System (OODBMS)
Answer: d) Hierarchical Database Management System
17. Which type of DBMS is best suited for handling complex and interconnected data objects, often
used in engineering and scientific applications?
a) Hierarchical Database Management System
b) Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)
d) Object-Relational Database Management System (ORDBMS)
Answer: c) Object-Oriented Database Management System (OODBMS)
18. What is the primary purpose of using an Object-Relational Database Management System
(ORDBMS)?
a) To enforce data integrity constraints using primary keys and foreign keys
b) To provide a flexible schema for handling unstructured data
c) To handle complex data objects with attributes and methods
d) To optimize data retrieval and storage using indexes
Answer: c) To handle complex data objects with attributes and methods
19. Which type of DBMS is best suited for handling large amounts of data with high read and write
throughput, often used in big data and real-time applications?
Answer: b)
NoSQL Database Management System
20. In which type of DBMS is data stored in objects with attributes and methods, providing support for
inheritance and polymorphism?
d) Object-Relational Database Management System (ORDBMS)
Answer: c) Object-Oriented Database Management System (OODBMS)

**1.3 Introduction to MySQL**
21. MySQL is an example of which type of database management system?

Answer: a) Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)
22. MySQL is an open-source database management system that is primarily used for:
a) Handling unstructured and semi-structured data
b) Storing and managing large-scale big data
c) Managing complex and interconnected data objects
d) Storing and managing structured data with tables
Answer: d) Storing and managing structured data with tables
23. What language is commonly used to interact with MySQL databases for querying and managing
data?
a) PHP
b) C++
c) Java
d) SQL
Answer: d) SQL
24. MySQL is known for its performance and scalability, making it suitable for applications with:
a) Low concurrency and data volume
b) High concurrency and data volume
c) Minimal security requirements
d) No data backup requirements
Answer: b) High concurrency and data volume
25. In which industry or domain is MySQL commonly used?

a) Financial services and banking
b) Animation and video gaming
c) Oil and gas exploration
d) Aerospace and defense
Answer: a) Financial services and banking
26. Which operating systems are compatible with MySQL database software?
a) Windows and macOS only
b) macOS and Linux only
c) Windows and Linux only
d) Windows, macOS, and Linux
Answer: d) Windows, macOS, and Linux
27. MySQL is well-suited for web-based applications because:

a) It provides built-in support for object-oriented programming languages.
b) It is optimized for handling multimedia data such as images and videos.
c) It is fast and efficient, making it ideal for web page rendering.
d) It supports multiple user access and concurrent connections.
Answer: d) It supports multiple user access and concurrent connections.

28. What is the primary advantage of using an open-source database management system like MySQL?
a) High level of security and encryption features
b) Cost-effectiveness, as it is free to use and distribute
c) Comprehensive technical support from the vendor
d) Compatibility with all programming languages
Answer: b) Cost-effectiveness, as it is free to use and distribute
29. In which programming language is the MySQL database software written?

a) Java
b) C++
c) Python
d) C
Answer: d) C
30. Which organization originally developed MySQL?

a) Oracle Corporation
b) IBM Corporation
c) Microsoft Corporation
d) MySQL AB
Answer: d) MySQL AB
**1.4 MySQL Clients: Monitor, Shell, Workbench**
31. MySQL Monitor is a command-line client tool that allows users to:
a) Perform complex data analysis using advanced statistical functions
b) Monitor the server performance and track resource utilization
c) Connect to the database and execute SQL queries interactively
d) Manage user permissions and access control for the database
Answer: c) Connect to the database and execute SQL queries interactively
32. What is the main purpose of using MySQL Shell as a client tool?
a) To perform backups and data restores
b) To manage server configurations and settings
c) To monitor real-time database performance metrics
d) To interact with the database using JavaScript and Python scripting
Answer: d) To interact with the database using JavaScript and Python scripting
33. MySQL Workbench is a visual database design tool that allows users to:
a) Execute SQL queries and commands in a command-line interface
b) Monitor and optimize server performance for large-scale applications
c) Design, model, and create database schemas and tables graphically
d) Analyze and visualize database performance metrics and query execution plans
Answer: c) Design, model, and create database schemas and tables graphically
34. What are the advantages of using MySQL Workbench for database design?
a) It provides real-time monitoring of server performance.
b) It allows users to write and execute complex SQL queries.
c) It enables users to create and edit database schemas visually.
d) It supports JavaScript and Python scripting for automation.
Answer: c) It enables users to create and edit database schemas visually.
35. Which MySQL client tool is most suitable for database administrators and developers who prefer a
command-line interface for querying and managing the database?
a) MySQL Monitor
b) MySQL Shell
c) MySQL Workbench
d) MySQL Connector/NET
Answer: b) MySQL Shell
36. MySQL Workbench provides a visual representation of database schema design through:
a) Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)
b) Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
c) Class Diagram
d) Sequence Diagram
Answer: a) Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)
37. MySQL Monitor allows users to connect to the MySQL server using:
a) HTTP protocol
b) FTP protocol
c) Telnet protocol
d) MySQL client protocol
Answer: c) Telnet protocol
38. MySQL Workbench supports which popular operating systems?

a) Windows and macOS only
b) macOS and Linux only
c) Windows and Linux only
d) Windows, macOS, and Linux
Answer: d) Windows, macOS, and Linux
39. MySQL Shell is a versatile client tool that provides access to MySQL through various interfaces,
including:
a) Command-line interface (CLI) and REST API
b) Command-line interface (CLI) and Web interface
c) Command-line interface (CLI) and graphical user interface (GUI)
d) Web interface and graphical user interface (GUI)
Answer: c) Command-line interface (CLI) and graphical user interface (GUI)
40. What does the MySQL Workbench performance dashboard provide to users?
a) A visual representation of database schema
and table relationships

b) Real-time monitoring of server performance and resource utilization
c) A catalog of available stored procedures and functions in the database
d) Integration with popular programming languages for data analysis
Answer: b) Real-time monitoring of server performance and resource utilization

Lecture 2: Data Models and Database Design
**2.1 Data Models (Conceptual, Logical, Physical)**
41. What is the purpose of a data model in database design?

a) To visualize the physical layout of data on the storage device
b) To define the structure and format of data in the database
c) To provide a graphical representation of data relationships
d) To optimize SQL queries for faster data retrieval
Answer: b) To define the structure and format of data in the database
42. Which data model represents the overall view of the entire database without concerning the
implementation details?
a) Conceptual data model
b) Logical data model
c) Physical data model
d) Hierarchical data model
Answer: a) Conceptual data model
43. The logical data model describes the database structure in terms of:
a) Tables, columns, and data types
b) Entity-relationship diagrams (ERD)
c) The physical layout of data on storage devices
d) High-level user views of the database
Answer: a) Tables, columns, and data types
44. What is the primary difference between the logical and physical data models?
a) Logical data models use graphical representation, while physical data models use text-based
representation.
b) Logical data models focus on user views, while physical data models focus on data storage and
access.
c) Logical data models are used by developers, while physical data models are used by end-users.
d) Logical data models are used for conceptual planning, while physical data models are used for data
analysis.
Answer: b) Logical data models focus on user views, while physical data models focus on data storage
and access.
45. Which data model represents the actual implementation of the database, including storage
structures and access methods?
d) Object-oriented data model
Answer: c) Physical data model
46. The conceptual data model is usually represented using which type of diagram?
a) Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)
b) Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
c) Class Diagram
d) Sequence Diagram
Answer: a) Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)
47. In a conceptual data model, entities are represented as:

a) Tables
b) Rows
c) Objects
d) Relationships
Answer: c) Objects
48. Which data model is used to create a blueprint for the actual database implementation, including
database tables, indexes, and constraints?
d) Object-oriented data model
Answer: c) Physical data model
49. The conceptual data model serves as a communication tool between:

a) Database administrators and developers
b) End-users and database administrators
c) Database designers and end-users
d) Business analysts and stakeholders
Answer: c) Database designers and end-users
50. Which data model defines the overall structure of data in the database and includes entities,
attributes, and relationships between entities?
Answer: b) Logical data model
**2.2 Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)**
51. What is the primary purpose of an Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)?

a) To represent the physical layout of data in the database
b) To define the structure and format of data in the database
c) To provide a graphical representation of data relationships
d) To optimize SQL queries for faster data retrieval
Answer: c) To provide a graphical representation of data relationships
52. In an ERD, what does an "entity" represent?

a) A table in the database
b) A record in the table
c) A column in the table
d) A relationship between tables
Answer: a) A table in the database
53. What does a "relationship" in an ERD signify?

a) A foreign key constraint between two tables
b) A column with a unique constraint in a table
c) The physical connection between data elements
d) The association between two entities in the database
Answer: d) The association between two entities in the database
54. How is a one-to-many relationship represented in an ERD?

a) With a solid line connecting the entities
b) With a dashed line connecting the entities
c) With a crow's foot notation near the "many" side
d) With a circle notation near the "one" side
Answer: c) With a crow's foot notation near the "many" side
55. In an ERD, what does a diamond shape represent?

a) An entity in the database
b) A relationship between entities
c) A primary key in a table
d) A foreign key in a table
Answer: b) A relationship between entities
56. Which cardinality notation in an ERD indicates that an entity must have a corresponding related
entity?
a) (0,1)
b) (1,1)
c) (1,N)
d) (N,N)
Answer: b) (1,1)
57. In an ERD, what does the "zero or one" (0,1) cardinality notation signify?
a) An entity can have zero or one related entities
b) An entity must have exactly one related entity
c) An entity can have many related entities
d) An entity can have zero or many related entities
Answer: a) An entity can have zero or one related entities
58. In an ERD, how is a many-to-many relationship represented?

a) With a solid line connecting the entities
b) With a dashed line connecting the entities
c) With a crow's foot notation near both sides
d) With a diamond shape near both sides
Answer: c) With a crow's foot notation near both sides
59. What is the purpose of cardinality in an ERD?

a) To define the data types of attributes in a table
b) To enforce referential integrity between tables
c) To indicate the uniqueness of attributes in a table
d) To specify the relationship between entities in a database
Answer: d) To specify the relationship between entities in a database
60. In an ERD, what does a "weak entity" represent?

a) An entity with a unique identifier
b) An entity without a unique identifier
c) An entity with a composite key
d) An entity with a foreign key constraint
Answer: b) An entity without a unique identifier
**2.3 Codd’s 12 rules for RDBMS**
61. Codd's 12 rules for RDBMS
were proposed by:

a) Larry Ellison
b) Edgar F. Codd
c) Bill Gates
d) Steve Jobs
Answer: b) Edgar F. Codd
62. Which rule states that the data in the database must be presented to users in a logical and easily
understandable form?
a) Rule 0
b) Rule 1
c) Rule 2
d) Rule 3
Answer: b) Rule 1
63. According to Codd's rules, the capability of handling multiple users and concurrent transactions is
addressed by which rule?
a) Rule 3
b) Rule 4
c) Rule 5
d) Rule 6
Answer: d) Rule 6
64. Which rule states that changes to the database structure must be performed using the same
relational language used to access the database?
a) Rule 7
b) Rule 8
c) Rule 9
d) Rule 10
Answer: c) Rule 9
65. Codd's rule that ensures that each value in a relational database is guaranteed to be accessible by
using a combination of table name, primary key value, and column name is:
a) Rule 0
b) Rule 1
c) Rule 2
d) Rule 3
Answer: a) Rule 0
66. According to Codd's rules, a relational database management system (RDBMS) must provide a
declarative query language. Which rule addresses this requirement?
a) Rule 5
b) Rule 6
c) Rule 7
d) Rule 8
Answer: c) Rule 7
67. Which of Codd's rules addresses the ability to uniquely identify each row in a relational table using
a primary key?
a) Rule 5
b) Rule 6
c) Rule 7
d) Rule 8
Answer: a) Rule 5
68. According to Codd's rules, which rule ensures that the database management system must provide
facilities to define integrity constraints?
a) Rule 2
b) Rule 3
c) Rule 4
d) Rule 9
Answer: c) Rule 4
69. Codd's rule that requires support for set-level, or non-procedural, manipulation of data is:
a) Rule 7
b) Rule 8
c) Rule 9
d) Rule 10
Answer: b) Rule 8
70. According to Codd's rules, which rule addresses the ability to access and manipulate the data in a
database using a high-level query language?
a) Rule 4
b) Rule 5
c) Rule 6
d) Rule 7
Answer: d) Rule 7
**2.4 Introduction to SQL**
71. SQL stands for:

a) Standard Query Language
b) Structured Query Logic
c) System Query Language
d) Structured Query Language
Answer: d) Structured Query Language
72. SQL is primarily used for:

a) Creating web pages
b) Programming microcontrollers
c) Interacting with and managing databases
d) Writing computer games
Answer: c) Interacting with and managing databases
73. Which type of SQL statement is used to retrieve data from a database?
a) DDL (Data Definition Language)
b) DML (Data Manipulation Language)
c) DCL (Data Control Language)
d) TCL (Transaction Control Language)
Answer: b) DML (Data Manipulation Language)
74. SQL is a:
a) Case-sensitive language
b) Case-insensitive language
c) Both case-sensitive and case-insensitive language, depending on the database system
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Both case-sensitive and case-insensitive language, depending on the database system
75. Which SQL statement is used to insert data into a database table?
a) SELECT
b) UPDATE
c) DELETE
d) INSERT
Answer: d) INSERT
76. The SQL statement "SELECT * FROM customers;" retrieves:

a) All records from the "customers" table
b) All columns from the "customers" table
c) All rows and columns from the database
d) All records and columns from the database
Answer: b) All columns from the "customers" table
77. Which SQL statement is used to update existing records in a database table?
a) SELECT
b) INSERT
c) UPDATE
d) DELETE
Answer: c) UPDATE
78. The SQL statement "DELETE FROM orders WHERE order_status = 'CANCELLED';" will:
a) Delete all orders from the "orders" table
b) Delete orders with the status "CANCELLED" from the "orders" table
c) Delete the "orders" table from the database
d) Delete the database itself
Answer: b) Delete orders with the status "CANCELLED" from the "orders" table
79. SQL is a declarative language, which means that:

a) The order of statements is important for proper execution
b) The user must explicitly specify how to retrieve data from the database
c) The user must explicitly specify the steps to update or delete data in the database
d) The user specifies what data to retrieve, and the database management system figures out how to
retrieve it
Answer: d) The user specifies what data to retrieve, and the database management system figures out
how to retrieve it
80. Which SQL statement is used to create a new database table?

a) SELECT
b) CREATE
c) ALTER
d) INSERT
Answer: b) CREATE
**2.5 Categories of SQL Commands: DDL, DML, DCL, DTL/TCL**
81. Data Definition Language (DDL) in SQL is used for:

a) Querying and retrieving data from the database
b) Defining the structure and layout of the database objects
c) Managing user access and permissions to the database
d) Handling transactions and maintaining data integrity
Answer: b) Defining the structure and layout of the database objects

82. Which SQL category is responsible for inserting, updating, and deleting data in the database?
a) Data Definition Language (DDL)
b) Data Manipulation Language (DML)
c) Data Control Language (DCL)
d) Transaction Control Language (TCL)
Answer: b) Data Manipulation Language (DML)
83. Data Control Language (DCL) in SQL is used for:

a) Defining database schema and structure
b) Manipulating data in the database
c) Managing user access and permissions
d) Ensuring data integrity through transactions
Answer: c) Managing user access and permissions
84. Which SQL category is responsible for committing or rolling back transactions in the database?
Answer: d) Transaction Control Language (TCL)
85. In SQL, which command is used to grant specific privileges to a user or role?
a) CREATE
b) UPDATE
c) GRANT
d) ALTER
Answer: c) GRANT
86. Which SQL category is used for creating, altering, and dropping database objects such as tables and
indexes?
c
) Data Control Language (DCL)

Answer: a) Data Definition Language (DDL)
87. Which SQL command is used to revoke previously granted privileges from a user or role?
a) REVOKE
b) DELETE
c) ALTER
d) DROP
Answer: a) REVOKE
88. Which SQL category is responsible for querying and retrieving data from the database?
Answer: b) Data Manipulation Language (DML)

89. In SQL, which command is used to define the structure of a new database table?
a) SELECT
b) CREATE
c) INSERT
d) UPDATE
Answer: b) CREATE
90. Data Manipulation Language (DML) in SQL is used for:

a) Defining the structure and layout of the database objects
b) Querying and retrieving data from the database
d) Inserting, updating, and deleting data in the database
Answer: d) Inserting, updating, and deleting data in the database

Lecture 3: Normalization and DML
**3.1 Data Redundancy, Data Anomalies, Functional Dependency**
91. Data redundancy in a database refers to:

a) The presence of duplicate records in a table
b) The loss of data due to hardware failure
c) The inability to access data from the database
d) The process of converting data into a readable format
Answer: a) The presence of duplicate records in a table
92. What is a data anomaly in a database?

a) A condition where data is consistently stored in a normalized form
b) A situation where data is securely backed up to prevent loss
c) An inconsistency or error in the data due to redundant storage
d) A function that calculates values based on other data in the database
Answer: c) An inconsistency or error in the data due to redundant storage
93. Functional dependency in a database refers to:

a) The relationship between the primary key and foreign key in two tables
b) The relationship between data stored in different databases
c) The dependence of one attribute on another within the same table
d) The process of normalizing data for efficient storage
Answer: c) The dependence of one attribute on another within the same table
94. Which type of functional dependency implies that a non-key attribute is dependent on the entire
primary key?
a) Partial dependency
b) Full dependency
c) Transitive dependency
d) Composite dependency
Answer: b) Full dependency
95. Data anomalies, such as update anomalies, are minimized through the process of:
a) Data modeling
b) Indexing
c) Data redundancy
d) Normalization
Answer: d) Normalization
96. When data redundancy is present in a database, it may lead to:

a) Increased data integrity
b) Improved query performance
c) Data anomalies and inconsistencies
d) Simplified data retrieval
Answer: c) Data anomalies and inconsistencies
97. In a normalized database, data redundancy is:

a) Completely eliminated
b) Minimized to some extent
c) Necessary for efficient data retrieval
d) Intentionally introduced for security purposes
Answer: a) Completely eliminated
98. Which type of functional dependency occurs when a non-key attribute depends on only part of the
primary key?
a) Full dependency
b) Partial dependency
Answer: b) Partial dependency
99. The process of normalization helps to achieve:

a) Data redundancy
b) Data anomalies
c) Data inconsistency
d) Data integrity
Answer: d) Data integrity
100. Which type of functional dependency occurs when a non-key attribute depends on another non-
key attribute in the same table?
a) Full dependency
b) Partial dependency
Answer: c) Transitive dependency
**3.2 Normalization and the Need for Normalization**
101. What is the primary goal of database normalization?

a) To increase data redundancy
b) To minimize data integrity
c) To reduce data anomalies and inconsistencies
d) To optimize query performance
Answer: c) To reduce data anomalies and inconsistencies
102. Normalization is a process of:

a) Converting data into a readable format
b) Removing redundant data from a database
c) Introducing data anomalies for security reasons
d) Creating data redundancies to improve data access
Answer: b) Removing redundant data from a database
103. The main reason for the need for normalization is:
a) To increase data redundancy for better data retrieval
b) To allow easy data manipulation using DDL commands
c) To reduce data anomalies and update inconsistencies
d) To simplify complex data structures for end-users
Answer: c) To reduce data anomalies and update inconsistencies
104. Which normal form ensures that each attribute in a table is dependent only on the primary key and
not on any other non-key attributes?
a) First Normal Form (1NF)
b) Second Normal Form (2NF)
c) Third Normal Form (3NF)
d) Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
Answer: a) First Normal Form (1NF)
105. Normalization helps in achieving:

a) Data redundancy and data anomalies
b) Efficient data storage without the need for indexing
c) Data integrity and accuracy
d) Complex data structures for improved data retrieval
Answer: c) Data integrity and accuracy
106. In which normal form is a database table not allowed to have partial dependencies?
Answer: d) Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
107. The process of normalization involves dividing a database into smaller, well-organized tables to:
a) Increase data redundancy
b) Improve data access speed
c) Reduce data integrity
d) Minimize data anomalies and inconsistencies
Answer: d) Minimize data anomalies and inconsistencies
108. Which normal form allows a database table to have dependencies on a candidate key other than
the primary key?
Answer: b) Second Normal Form (2NF)
109. In which normal form is a database table not allowed to have transitive dependencies?
Answer: c) Third Normal Form (3NF)
110. Normalization divides a large database into multiple smaller tables to:
a) Increase data redundancy
b) Improve data integrity
c) Simplify data retrieval
d) Introduce data anomalies
Answer: b) Improve data integrity
**3.3 Normal Forms (1st NF, 2nd NF, 3rd NF, BCNF) with examples**
111. First Normal Form (1NF) requires that:

a) The database schema should be defined in a conceptual model
b) Data should be organized in separate tables to reduce redundancy
c) All attributes should have atomic (indivisible) values
d) The primary key should be a composite key
Answer: c) All attributes should have atomic (indivisible) values
112. Second Normal Form (2NF) is achieved when a table is in 1NF, and:
a) All attributes are dependent on the primary key
b) The table has no duplicate records
c) The table has a single composite key
d) All attributes are dependent on each other
Answer: a) All attributes are dependent on the primary key
113. Third Normal Form (3NF) is achieved when a table is in 2NF, and:
c) There are no transitive dependencies between non-key attributes
d) The table has a single composite key
Answer: c) There are no transitive dependencies between non-key attributes
114. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) is achieved when a table is in 3NF, and:
c) There are no partial dependencies between non-key
attributes
Answer: c) There are no partial dependencies between non-key attributes
115. Which normal form is considered the highest level of normalization?

Answer: d) Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
116. A table is in Second Normal Form (2NF) if:

c) There are no partial dependencies between non-key attributes
d) All attributes are atomic (indivisible)
Answer: a) All attributes are dependent on the primary key
117. Consider a table "Orders" with attributes (Order_ID, Customer_ID, Product_ID, Product_Name,
Customer_Name). To be in 1NF, the table should:
a) Have no duplicate records
b) Have atomic values in each attribute
c) Store data about customers and products in separate tables
d) Have all attributes dependent on the Order_ID only
Answer: b) Have atomic values in each attribute
118. A table is in Third Normal Form (3NF) if:

c) There are no transitive dependencies between non-key attributes
Answer: c) There are no transitive dependencies between non-key attributes

119. Which normal form requires that every non-key attribute should be fully functionally dependent
on the primary key?
Answer: b) Second Normal Form (2NF)
120. A table is in Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) if:

c) There are no partial dependencies between non-key attributes
d) There are no transitive dependencies between non-key attributes
Answer: d) There are no transitive dependencies between non-key attributes
**3.4 Introduction to 4th and 5th NF**
121. Fourth Normal Form (4NF) is achieved when a table is in BCNF, and:
a) There are no partial dependencies between non-key attributes
b) There are no transitive dependencies between non-key attributes
c) The table has no duplicate records
d) There are no multi-valued dependencies between non-key attributes
Answer: d) There are no multi-valued dependencies between non-key attributes
122. Which normal form deals with multi-valued dependencies between non-key attributes?
d) Fourth Normal Form (4NF)
Answer: d) Fourth Normal Form (4NF)
123. Fifth Normal Form (5NF), also known as Project-Join Normal Form (PJNF), is achieved when a
table is in 4NF, and:
d) There are no join dependencies between multi-valued attributes
Answer: d) There are no join dependencies between multi-valued attributes
124. The process of normalizing a database into higher normal forms helps to:
a) Introduce data anomalies and inconsistencies
b) Increase data redundancy for better data retrieval
c) Eliminate data duplication and improve data integrity
d) Simplify complex data structures for end-users
Answer: c) Eliminate data duplication and improve data integrity
125. Fourth Normal Form (4NF) deals with the elimination of:
a) Data anomalies and inconsistencies
b) Duplicate records in a table
c) Partial dependencies between non-key attributes
d) Transitive dependencies between non-key attributes
Answer: d) Transitive dependencies between non-key attributes

126. A table is in Fifth Normal Form (5NF) if:
d) There are no join dependencies between multi-valued attributes
Answer: d) There are no join dependencies between multi-valued attributes
127. Which normal form deals with the elimination of join dependencies between multi-valued
attributes?
d) Fifth Normal Form (5NF)
Answer: d) Fifth Normal Form (5NF)
128. Fourth Normal Form (4NF) requires the elimination of:

a) Multi-valued dependencies between non-key attributes
b) Transitive dependencies between non-key attributes
c) Partial dependencies between non-key attributes
d) Data anomalies and inconsistencies
Answer: a) Multi-valued dependencies between non-key attributes
129. Normalization to Fourth Normal Form (4NF) helps in reducing:

a) Data integrity
b) Data redundancy
c) Query performance
d) Data anomalies and inconsistencies
Answer: b) Data redundancy
130. The main objective of normalizing a database to higher normal forms is to:
a) Increase data redundancy for better data retrieval
b) Simplify complex data structures for end-users
c) Improve data integrity and minimize data anomalies
d) Reduce the size of the database
Answer: c) Improve data integrity and minimize data anomalies
**3.5 DML (INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE)**
131. Which SQL command is used to insert new records into a database table?
a) SELECT
b) INSERT
c) UPDATE
d) DELETE
Answer: b) INSERT
132. The SQL statement "INSERT INTO employees (emp_id, emp_name, emp_salary) VALUES (101,
'John Doe', 50000);" will:
a) Update the employee record with ID 101
b) Delete the employee record with ID 101
c) Insert a new employee record with ID 101, name 'John Doe', and salary 50000
d) Retrieve the employee record with ID 101
Answer: c) Insert a new employee record with ID 101, name 'John Doe', and salary 50000
133. Which SQL command is used to modify existing records in a database table?
a) SELECT
b) INSERT
c) UPDATE
d) DELETE
Answer: c) UPDATE
134. The SQL statement "UPDATE products SET quantity = 100 WHERE product_id = 123;" will:
a) Insert a new product record with ID 123 and quantity 100
b) Delete the product record with ID 123
c) Update the quantity of the product with ID 123 to 100
d) Retrieve the product record with ID 123
Answer: c) Update the quantity of the product with ID 123 to 100
135. Which SQL command is used to remove records from a database table?
a) SELECT
b) INSERT
c) UPDATE
d) DELETE
Answer: d) DELETE
136. The SQL statement "DELETE FROM customers WHERE customer_id = 101;" will
:
a) Insert a new customer record with ID 101
b) Update the customer record with ID 101
c) Delete the customer record with ID 101
d) Retrieve the customer record with ID 101
Answer: c) Delete the customer record with ID 101

138. Which SQL command is used to modify data in multiple rows of a table based on a condition?
a) SELECT
b) INSERT
c) UPDATE
d) DELETE
Answer: c) UPDATE
139. The SQL statement "DELETE FROM orders WHERE order_status = 'cancelled';" will:
a) Insert new orders with the status 'cancelled'
b) Update the status of all orders to 'cancelled'
c) Delete all orders with the status 'cancelled'
d) Retrieve orders with the status 'cancelled'
Answer: c) Delete all orders with the status 'cancelled'
140. Which SQL command is used to retrieve data from a database table?
a) SELECT
b) INSERT
c) UPDATE
d) DELETE
Answer: a) SELECT
141. The SQL statement "SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department = 'HR';" will:
a) Insert a new employee record with department 'HR'
b) Update the department of all employees to 'HR'
c) Delete all employees from the department 'HR'
d) Retrieve all employee records from the department 'HR'
Answer: d) Retrieve all employee records from the department 'HR'
142. Data Manipulation Language (DML) is responsible for:

143. Which SQL command is used to add new rows to a database table?
a) SELECT
b) INSERT
c) UPDATE
d) DELETE
Answer: b) INSERT
144. The SQL statement "UPDATE customers SET balance = 1000 WHERE customer_id = 101;" will:
a) Insert a new customer record with ID 101 and balance 1000
b) Update the balance of the customer with ID 101 to 1000
c) Delete the customer record with ID 101
d) Retrieve the customer record with ID 101
Answer: b) Update the balance of the customer with ID 101 to 1000
145. Which SQL command is used to remove rows from a database table?
a) SELECT
b) INSERT
c) UPDATE
d) DELETE
Answer: d) DELETE
146. The SQL statement "DELETE FROM products WHERE product_id = 123;" will:
a) Insert a new product record with ID 123
b) Update the product record with ID 123
c) Delete the product record with ID 123
d) Retrieve the product record with ID 123
Answer: c) Delete the product record with ID 123
147. Which SQL command is used to modify data in a database table?

a) SELECT
b) INSERT
c) UPDATE
d) DELETE
Answer: c) UPDATE
148. The SQL statement "UPDATE employees SET salary = 60000 WHERE department = 'HR';" will:
a) Insert a new employee record with salary 60000 in the HR department
b) Update the salary of all employees in the HR department to 60000
c) Delete all employees from the HR department
d) Retrieve employees with a salary of 60000 in the HR department
Answer: b) Update the salary of all employees in the HR department to 60000

150. Which SQL command is used to retrieve data from a database table?
a) SELECT
b) INSERT
c) UPDATE
d) DELETE
Answer: a) SELECT
Lecture 4: MySQL Data Types and Query Operations
**4.1 MySQL Data Types**
151. Which MySQL data type is used to store whole numbers without a fractional part?
a) VARCHAR
b) INT
c) FLOAT
d) DATE
Answer: b) INT
152. The MySQL data type VARCHAR is used to store:

a) Whole numbers without a fractional part
b) Floating-point numbers with decimal values
c) Date and time values
d) Variable-length character strings
Answer: d) Variable-length character strings
153. Which MySQL data type is used to store date and time values?
a) VARCHAR
b) INT
c) FLOAT
d) DATE
Answer: d) DATE
154. The MySQL data type TEXT is used to store:

c) Large amounts of textual data
d) Date and time values
Answer: c) Large amounts of textual data
155. Which MySQL data type is used to store fixed-length character strings?
a) VARCHAR
b) CHAR
c) TEXT
d) INT
Answer: b) CHAR
156. The MySQL data type FLOAT is used to store:

Answer: b) Floating-point numbers with decimal values
157. Which MySQL data type is used to store a large number with many decimal places?
a) DECIMAL
b) INT
c) FLOAT
d) DATE
Answer: a) DECIMAL
158. The MySQL data type ENUM is used to store:
d) A list of predefined allowed values
Answer: d) A list of predefined allowed values
159. Which MySQL data type is used to store monetary values?

a) VARCHAR
b) INT
c) FLOAT
d) DECIMAL
Answer: d) DECIMAL
160. The MySQL data type DATE is used to store:

Answer: c) Date and time values
**4.2 Database Constraints (Primary Key, Unique, Not Null, Foreign Key, Default, Check*)**
161. In a database table, the PRIMARY KEY constraint:

a) Ensures that all values in a column are unique
b) Specifies that the column cannot contain NULL values
c) Defines a column or set of columns that uniquely identify each row in the table
d) Establishes a relationship between two tables
Answer: c) Defines a column or set of columns that uniquely identify each row in the table
162. The UNIQUE constraint in a database table ensures that:

a) All values in a column are unique
b) The column cannot contain NULL values
c) The column must have a default value
d) The column is a foreign key referencing another table
Answer: a) All values in a column are unique
163. The NOT NULL constraint in a database table ensures that:

a) All values in a column are unique
b) The column cannot contain NULL values
c) The column must have a default value
d) The column is a foreign key referencing another table
Answer: b) The column cannot contain NULL values
164. The FOREIGN KEY constraint in a database table:

d) Establishes a relationship between two tables
Answer: d) Establishes a relationship between two tables
165. The DEFAULT constraint in a database table:

d) Assigns a default value to a column when no value is specified during insertion
Answer: d) Assigns a default value to a column when no value is specified during insertion
166. The CHECK constraint in a database table:

d) Specifies a condition that must be satisfied by the column's values
Answer: d) Specifies a condition that must be satisfied by the column's values
167. The PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE constraints are used to enforce:
a) Referential integrity
b) Entity integrity
c) Domain integrity
d) Check integrity
Answer: b) Entity integrity
168. The FOREIGN KEY constraint is used to enforce:

b) Entity integrity
c) Domain integrity
d) Check integrity
Answer: a) Referential integrity
169. The NOT NULL constraint is used to enforce:

b) Entity integrity
c) Domain integrity
d) Check integrity
Answer: c) Domain integrity
170. The CHECK constraint is used to enforce:

b) Entity integrity
c) Domain integrity
d) Check integrity
Answer: d) Check integrity
**4.3 Aggregate Functions, Grouping Things Together (GROUP BY, HAVING)**
171. The SUM() function in SQL is used to:

a) Retrieve the total number of records in a table
b) Calculate the average value of a numeric column
c) Retrieve the maximum value in a column
d) Calculate the sum of values in a numeric column
Answer: d) Calculate the sum of values in a numeric column
172. The COUNT() function in SQL is used to:

Answer: a) Retrieve the total number of records in a table
173. The AVG() function in SQL is used to:

Answer: b) Calculate the average value of a numeric column
174. The MAX() function in SQL is used to:

Answer: c) Retrieve the maximum value in a column
175. The MIN() function in SQL is used to:

d) Retrieve the minimum value in a column
Answer: d) Retrieve the minimum value in a column
176. The GROUP BY clause in SQL is used to:

a) Filter data based on a condition
b) Sort data in ascending or descending order
c) Group rows with similar values into summary rows
d) Join two or more tables together
Answer
: c) Group rows with similar values into summary rows
177. The HAVING clause in SQL is used to:

b) Sort data in ascending or descending order
Answer: a) Filter data based on a condition
178. The GROUP BY clause is used in conjunction with which SQL function?
a) COUNT()
b) SUM()
c) AVG()
d) MAX()
Answer: a) COUNT()
179. The HAVING clause is used in conjunction with which SQL function?
a) COUNT()
b) SUM()
c) AVG()
d) MAX()
Answer: a) COUNT()
180. The SQL statement "SELECT department, COUNT(*) FROM employees GROUP BY
department;" will:
a) Retrieve the total number of employees in each department
b) Calculate the average salary of employees in each department
c) Retrieve the employee records from the HR department
d) Group employees by department and display the department names
Answer: a) Retrieve the total number of employees in each department
**4.4 LIKE Operator, DISTINCT, Sorting (ORDER BY clause)**
181. The LIKE operator in SQL is used to:

b) Retrieve data that matches a specific pattern
Answer: b) Retrieve data that matches a specific pattern
182. The DISTINCT keyword in SQL is used to:

c) Remove duplicate rows from the result set
d) Group rows with similar values into summary rows
Answer: c) Remove duplicate rows from the result set
183. The ORDER BY clause in SQL is used to:

c) Sort data in ascending or descending order
Answer: c) Sort data in ascending or descending order
184. The SQL statement "SELECT * FROM products WHERE product_name LIKE 'App%';" will
retrieve:
a) All products with names starting with 'App'
b) All products with names containing 'App'
c) All products with names ending with 'App'
d) All products with names exactly 'App'
Answer: a) All products with names starting with 'App'
185. The SQL statement "SELECT DISTINCT department FROM employees;" will retrieve:
a) All employees from the HR department
b) The total number of employees in each department
c) A list of unique department names
d) The average salary of employees in each department
Answer: c) A list of unique department names
186. The SQL statement "SELECT product_name, price FROM products ORDER BY price DESC;"
will retrieve:
a) Product names and prices in ascending order of price
b) Product names and prices in descending order of price
c) All products with prices greater than a specific value
d) All products with prices less than a specific value
Answer: b) Product names and prices in descending order of price
187. The SQL statement "SELECT * FROM orders WHERE order_date BETWEEN '2022-01-01'
AND '2022-12-31';" will retrieve:
a) All orders placed on January 1, 2022
b) All orders placed in the year 2022
c) All orders placed between January 1, 2022, and December 31, 2022
d) All orders placed before January 1, 2022
Answer: c) All orders placed between January 1, 2022, and December 31, 2022
188. The SQL statement "SELECT * FROM customers WHERE city IS NULL;" will retrieve:
a) All customers with a NULL city value
b) All customers with a non-NULL city value
c) All customers from a specific city
d) All customers with a NULL or empty city value
Answer: a) All customers with a NULL city value
189. The SQL statement "SELECT product_name FROM products WHERE product_id NOT IN (1001,
1002, 1003);" will retrieve:
a) All products with product IDs 1001, 1002, or 1003
b) All products with product IDs other than 1001, 1002, or 1003
c) All products with a NULL product ID
d) All products with a product ID greater than 1003
Answer: b) All products with product IDs other than 1001, 1002, or 1003
190. The SQL statement "SELECT * FROM customers WHERE phone IS NOT NULL;" will retrieve:
a) All customers with a NULL phone value
b) All customers with a non-NULL phone value
c) All customers with a specific phone number
d) All customers with a phone number containing a specific pattern
Answer: b) All customers with a non-NULL phone value
**4.5 BETWEEN… AND Operators, Comparing Nulls (IS NULL/IS NOT NULL), IN/NOT IN**
191. The BETWEEN... AND... operator in SQL is used to:

d) Retrieve data within a specific range of values
Answer: d) Retrieve data within a specific range of values
192. The SQL statement "SELECT * FROM employees WHERE age BETWEEN 25 AND 40;" will
retrieve:
a) All employees older than 25 and younger than 40
b) All employees with an age of 25 or 40
c) All employees with an age outside the range of 25 to 40
d) All employees with an age equal to 25 or 40
Answer: a) All employees older than 25 and younger than 40
193. The IS NULL operator in SQL is used to:

d) Retrieve data with NULL values in a column
Answer: d) Retrieve data with NULL values in a column
194. The SQL statement "SELECT * FROM products WHERE category IS NULL;" will retrieve:
a) All products with a category value of NULL
b) All products with a non-NULL category value
c) All products with a specific category value
d) All products with a category value containing a specific pattern
Answer: a) All products with a category value of NULL
195. The SQL statement "SELECT * FROM customers WHERE city IS NOT NULL;" will retrieve:
a) All customers with a NULL city value
b) All customers with a non-NULL city value
c) All customers with a specific city
d) All customers with a city containing a specific pattern
Answer: b) All customers with a non-NULL city value
196. The IN operator in SQL is used to:

d) Retrieve data that matches any value in a specified list
Answer: d) Retrieve data that matches any value in a specified list
197. The SQL statement "SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department IN ('HR', 'Finance');" will
retrieve:
a) All employees from the HR department or the Finance department
b) All employees from departments other than HR and Finance
c) All employees with a NULL department
d) All employees with a department containing 'HR' or 'Finance'
Answer: a) All employees from the HR department or the Finance department
198. The NOT IN operator in SQL is used to:

d) Retrieve data that does not match any value in a specified list
Answer: d) Retrieve data that does not match any value in a specified list
199. The SQL statement "SELECT * FROM products WHERE category NOT IN ('Electronics',
'Clothing');" will retrieve:
a) All products with a category other than 'Electronics' or 'Clothing'
b) All products with a category of 'Electronics' or 'Clothing'
c) All products with a NULL category
d) All products with a category containing 'Electronics' or 'Clothing'
Answer: a) All products with a category other than 'Electronics' or 'Clothing'
200. The SQL statement "SELECT * FROM customers WHERE phone NOT IN ('123-456-7890', '987-
654-3210');" will retrieve:
a) All customers with a phone number other than '123-456-7890' or '987-654-3210'
b) All customers with a phone number of '123-456-7890' or '987-654-3210'
c) All customers with a NULL phone number
d) All customers with a phone number containing '123' or '987'
Answer: a) All customers with a phone number other than '123-456-7890' or '987-654-3210'
Lecture 5: Relational Algebra and Joins
**5.1 Relational Algebra Operations**
1. Which relational algebra operation is used to select rows that satisfy a given condition?
a) Union
b) Projection
c) Selection
d) Intersect
Answer: c) Selection
2. Which relational algebra operation is used to combine the results of two queries, removing
duplicates?
a) Union
b) Intersection
c) Minus
d) Cartesian product
Answer: a) Union
3. The relational algebra operation that selects specific columns from a table is called:
a) Join
b) Projection
c) Union
d) Cross product
Answer: b) Projection
4. The intersection of two sets in relational algebra is achieved using:

a) Minus
b) Union
c) Intersect
d) Selection
Answer: c) Intersect
5. The result of a Cartesian product between two tables with m and n rows, respectively, will have:
a) m * n rows
b) m + n rows
c) m - n rows
d) n - m rows
Answer: a) m * n rows
6. What is the purpose of the MINUS operation in relational algebra?

a) Finding the intersection of two sets
b) Combining the results of two queries
c) Selecting rows that satisfy a condition
d) Finding the difference between two sets
Answer: d) Finding the difference between two sets
7. The UNION operation in relational algebra:

a) Combines two tables with different structures
b) Joins two tables based on a common attribute
c) Returns only common rows from two tables
d) Merges the results of two queries into a single result set
Answer: d) Merges the results of two queries into a single result set
8. Which relational algebra operation combines rows from two tables, including duplicates?
a) Union
b) Intersection
c) Join
d) Cartesian product
Answer: a) Union
9. Which relational algebra operation is used to combine the results of two queries, including duplicates?
a) Union
b) Intersection
c) Minus
d) Join
Answer: a) Union
10. The primary purpose of the CROSS/CARTESIAN product in relational algebra is to:
a) Select specific columns from two tables
b) Combine rows from two tables, excluding duplicates
c) Combine rows from two tables, including duplicates
d) Find the intersection of two sets
Answer: c) Combine rows from two tables, including duplicates
**5.2 Joins**
1. An equi join is a type of join that:

a) Combines rows from two tables based on a common attribute using the equality condition
b) Combines all rows from both tables, regardless of any condition
c) Combines rows from two tables based on a common attribute using the inequality condition
d) Combines rows from two tables using the OR condition
Answer: a) Combines rows from two tables based on a common attribute using the equality condition
2. Which type of join returns only the matching rows from both tables?
a) Inner join
b) Outer join
c) Natural join
d) Cross join
Answer: a) Inner join
3. A join that returns all rows from both tables and fills in NULL values for non-matching rows is
called:
a) Inner join
b) Outer join
c) Natural join
d) Cross join
Answer: b) Outer join
4. In a natural join, the join condition is based on:

a) All attributes from both tables
b) A common attribute with the same name in both tables
c) A common attribute with different names in both tables
d) The primary key of one table and the foreign key of another table
Answer: b) A common attribute with the same name in both tables
5. Which join type combines all rows from both tables, but returns NULL for non-matching rows?
a) Inner join
b) Outer join
c) Natural join
d) Cross join
6. A join that combines rows from two tables, including non-matching rows, is called:
a) Inner join
b) Outer join
c) Natural join
d) Cross join
7. The CROSS join is also known as:
a) Cartesian join
b) Equi join
c) Inner join
d) Outer join
Answer: a) Cartesian join
8. An INNER join is equivalent to which other type of join when a WHERE clause is used to define the
join condition?
a) Natural join
b) Equi join
c) Outer join
d) Cross join
Answer: b) Equi join
9. Which join type returns only the rows from both tables that meet the join condition?
a) Inner join
b) Outer join
c) Natural join
d) Cross join
Answer: a) Inner join
10. In an outer join, the non-matching rows have NULL values in the columns from which table?
a) Only the left table
b) Only the right table
c) Both left and right tables
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Both left and right tables
**5.3 SQL Standard Syntax for Joins**
1. The SQL keyword used for performing an INNER join is:

a) INNER
b) JOIN
c) WHERE
d) FROM
Answer: b) JOIN
2. Which SQL join keyword returns all rows from both tables, including non-matching rows?
a) INNER JOIN
b) OUTER JOIN
c) NATURAL JOIN
d) CROSS JOIN
Answer: b) OUTER JOIN
3. In SQL, the condition for an equi join is typically specified using the:
a) ON keyword
b) USING keyword
c) WHERE clause
d) JOIN keyword
Answer: a) ON keyword
4. The SQL keyword used to perform a natural join is:

a) INNER JOIN
b) OUTER JOIN
c) NATURAL JOIN
d) JOIN
Answer: c) NATURAL JOIN
5. In SQL, if a column name appears in both tables being joined, which keyword can be used to avoid
ambiguity?
a) ON
b) USING
c) NATURAL
d) JOIN
Answer: b) USING
6. Which SQL join keyword returns only the matching rows from both tables?
a) INNER JOIN
b) OUTER JOIN
c) NATURAL JOIN
d) CROSS JOIN
Answer: a) INNER JOIN
7. To perform a CROSS join in SQL, you would use the following syntax:
a) SELECT * FROM table1 CROSS JOIN table2;
b)
SELECT * FROM table1 JOIN table2;

c) SELECT * FROM table1 CROSS SELECT * FROM table2;
d) SELECT * FROM table1 NATURAL JOIN table2;
Answer: a) SELECT * FROM table1 CROSS JOIN table2;
8. The SQL keyword used for an OUTER join is:

a) INNER
b) OUTER
c) JOIN
d) ON
Answer: b) OUTER
9. Which SQL join keyword combines all rows from both tables but includes NULL for non-matching
rows?
a) INNER JOIN
b) OUTER JOIN
c) NATURAL JOIN
d) CROSS JOIN
Answer: b) OUTER JOIN
10. In SQL, the USING keyword is used in which type of join to specify the join condition based on a
specific column?
a) INNER JOIN
b) OUTER JOIN
c) NATURAL JOIN
d) CROSS JOIN
Answer: c) NATURAL JOIN
**5.4 Copying Table Structure/Data, Sequences (AUTO_INCREMENT)**
1. When copying a table structure (without data) in SQL, which keyword is commonly used?
a) CREATE
b) INSERT
c) COPY
d) DUPLICATE
Answer: a) CREATE
2. The SQL statement for copying a table structure without copying data is:
a) DUPLICATE TABLE new_table AS
b) CREATE new_table LIKE original_table;
c) CREATE new_table AS SELECT * FROM original_table;
d) INSERT INTO new_table SELECT * FROM original_table;
Answer: c) CREATE new_table AS SELECT * FROM original_table;
3. To copy the structure and data of a table to a new table in SQL, you would use:
a) DUPLICATE TABLE new_table AS SELECT * FROM original_table;
b) CREATE new_table AS SELECT * FROM original_table;
c) INSERT new_table SELECT * FROM original_table;
d) CREATE new_table LIKE original_table;
Answer: b) CREATE new_table AS SELECT * FROM original_table;
4. In SQL, how can you copy the structure of a table without copying the data?
a) CREATE new_table AS SELECT * FROM original_table WHERE 1=0;
b) INSERT INTO new_table SELECT * FROM original_table WHERE 1=0;
c) CREATE new_table LIKE original_table;
d) DUPLICATE TABLE new_table AS SELECT * FROM original_table WHERE 1=0;
Answer: c) CREATE new_table LIKE original_table;
5. When copying a table structure and data in SQL, what should you consider to ensure primary key
constraints are also copied?
a) The primary key is automatically copied along with the data.
b) You need to manually define the primary key in the new table.
c) The primary key cannot be copied; it must be recreated in the new table.
d) Primary key constraints are automatically removed during the copy process.
Answer: a) The primary key is automatically copied along with the data.
6. In SQL, which statement copies the data from one table to another?
a) INSERT INTO new_table SELECT * FROM original_table;
b) CREATE new_table AS SELECT * FROM original_table;
c) COPY new_table FROM original_table;
d) UPDATE new_table SET * FROM original_table;
Answer: a) INSERT INTO new_table SELECT * FROM original_table;
7. What is the purpose of the AUTO_INCREMENT keyword in SQL?

a) It automatically increments all values in a column by 1.
b) It creates a new sequence for generating unique values in a column.
c) It sets the initial value of a column to 1.
d) It automatically assigns a unique value to a column for each new row.
Answer: d) It automatically assigns a unique value to a column for each new row.
8. In SQL, to copy the structure of a table without copying the data, you can use the statement:
a) CREATE new_table LIKE original_table;
b) INSERT new_table SELECT * FROM original_table;
c) DUPLICATE TABLE new_table AS SELECT * FROM original_table;
d) CREATE new_table AS SELECT * FROM original_table WHERE 1=0;
Answer: a) CREATE new_table LIKE original_table;
9. Which SQL statement copies the structure and data of a table to a new table, including the auto-
incremented values?
a) CREATE new_table AS SELECT * FROM original_table;
b) INSERT new_table SELECT * FROM original_table;
c) CREATE new_table LIKE original_table;
d) DUPLICATE TABLE new_table AS SELECT * FROM original_table;
Answer: b) INSERT new_table SELECT * FROM original_table;
10. The AUTO_INCREMENT keyword is commonly used in SQL to:

a) Manually set the values of a column.
b) Automatically generate unique values for a column.
c) Copy the data from one table to another.
d) Define primary key constraints for a table.
Answer: b) Automatically generate unique values for a column.
Lecture 6: Subqueries, TCL and DCL Commands
**6.1 Subquery, Correlated Subquery, EXISTS/NOT EXISTS**
1. What is a subquery in SQL?

a) A query that is used to fetch data from multiple tables
b) A query that is used to update data in a table
c) A query that is used to delete data from a table
d) A query that is nested inside another query
Answer: d) A query that is nested inside another query
2. What is a correlated subquery in SQL?

a) A subquery that is not related to the main query
b) A subquery that is executed first before the main query
c) A subquery that references a column from the outer query
d) A subquery that includes all columns from a table
Answer: c) A subquery that references a column from the outer query
3. The EXISTS operator in a subquery returns true if:

a) The subquery returns any rows
b) The subquery returns no rows
c) The subquery contains aggregate functions
d) The subquery references a column from the outer query
Answer: a) The subquery returns any rows
4. The NOT EXISTS operator in a subquery returns true if:

a) The subquery returns any rows
b) The subquery returns no rows
c) The subquery contains aggregate functions
d) The subquery references a column from the outer query
Answer: b) The subquery returns no rows
5. What is the main difference between a subquery and a correlated subquery?

a) A subquery is faster than a correlated subquery
b) A subquery returns more rows than a correlated subquery
c) A correlated subquery can reference columns from the outer query
d) A correlated subquery can be used with any type of SQL statement
Answer: c) A correlated subquery can reference columns from the outer query
6. In a correlated subquery, how many times is the subquery executed?

a) Only once
b) Twice
c) For each row of the outer query
d) As many times as the number of columns in the subquery
Answer: c) For each row of the outer query
7. Which SQL keyword is used to filter results based on the existence of a subquery's result?
a) IN
b) EXISTS
c) ALL
d) UNION
Answer: b) EXISTS
8. The main purpose of using a subquery in SQL is to:

a) Combine the results of two different queries
b) Simplify complex SQL statements
c) Speed up query execution
d) Break a complex problem into smaller, manageable parts
Answer: d) Break a complex problem into smaller, manageable parts
9. The NOT EXISTS operator is useful for:
a) Including rows in the result set if the subquery returns no rows
b) Excluding rows from the result set if the subquery returns no rows
c) Combining results from two different queries
d) Performing mathematical calculations
Answer: b) Excluding rows from the result set if the subquery returns no rows
10. Which of the following statements is true about a subquery?

a) A subquery can only be used in the SELECT clause
b) A subquery cannot contain an aggregate function
c) A subquery must always return a single row
d) A subquery can be used in various parts of an SQL statement
Answer: d) A subquery can be used in various parts of an SQL statement
**6.2 TCL Commands (Commit/Rollback/Savepoint)**
1. In SQL, the COMMIT command is used to:

a) Save the current transaction's changes permanently
b) Undo all the changes made in the current transaction
c) Create a new transaction
d) Delete a table from the database
Answer: a) Save the current transaction's changes permanently
2. The ROLLBACK command in SQL is used to:

Answer: b) Undo all the changes made in the current transaction
3. What is the purpose of using the SAVEPOINT command in SQL?

a) To commit the current transaction
b) To undo all the changes made in the current transaction
c) To divide a transaction into smaller, manageable parts
d) To create a new transaction
Answer: c) To divide a transaction into smaller, manageable parts
4. When should you use the COMMIT command in SQL?

a) After starting a transaction
b) At the beginning of a transaction
c) At the end of a transaction
d) After making changes that you want to keep permanently
Answer: d) After making changes that you want to keep permanently
5. In SQL, the ROLLBACK command is typically used in which scenario?

a) When you want to undo changes made in the current transaction
b) When you want to commit the current transaction
c) When you want to divide a transaction into smaller parts
d) When you want to delete a table from the database
Answer: a) When you want to undo changes made in the current transaction
6. The SAVEPOINT command in SQL is used to:

d) Set a point within the transaction to which you can later roll back
Answer: d) Set a point within the transaction to which you can later roll back
7. What happens when a COMMIT command is executed in SQL?
a) The changes made in the current transaction are undone
b) The changes made in the current transaction are saved permanently
c) A new transaction is started
d) The database connection is closed
Answer: b) The changes made in the current transaction are saved permanently
8. The main purpose of using a SAVEPOINT in SQL is to:

a) Create a new transaction
b) Save the current transaction's changes permanently
c) Roll back to a specific point within a transaction
Answer: c) Roll back to a specific point within a transaction
9. What does the ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT command do in SQL?

a) Commits the current transaction
b) Rolls back all changes made since the last SAVEPOINT
c) Rolls back to a specific SAVEPOINT within the transaction
d) Initiates a new transaction
Answer: c) Rolls back to a specific SAVEPOINT within the transaction
10. The SAVEPOINT command is particularly useful when:

a) You want to commit the current transaction
b) You want to undo all the changes made in the current transaction
c) You want to divide a transaction into smaller, manageable parts
d) You want to perform complex calculations in SQL
Answer: c) You want to divide a transaction into smaller, manageable parts
**6.3 DCL Commands (GRANT/REVOKE/GRANT OPTION)**
1. The GRANT command in SQL is used to:

a) Remove privileges from a user
b) Assign privileges to a user
c) Create a new user in the database
Answer: b) Assign privileges to a user
2. The REVOKE command in SQL is used to:

a) Remove privileges from a user
b) Assign privileges to a user
c) Create a new user in the database
Answer: a) Remove privileges from a user
3. What is the purpose of the GRANT OPTION privilege in SQL?

a) It allows a user to grant or revoke privileges from other users
b) It allows a user to create new database objects
c) It allows a user to modify the database schema
d) It allows a user to view data in a table
Answer: a) It allows a user to grant or revoke privileges from other users
4. When should you use the GRANT command in SQL?

a) When you want to create a new user
b) When you want to assign privileges to a user
c) When you want to delete a table from the database
d) When you want to remove privileges from a user
Answer: b) When you want to assign privileges to a user
5. The REVOKE command in SQL is typically used in which scenario?

a) When you want to create a new user
b) When you want to assign privileges to a user
c) When you want to delete a table from the database
d) When you want to remove privileges from a user
Answer: d) When you want to remove privileges from a user
6. The GRANT OPTION privilege in SQL allows a user to:

a) Create a new database
b) Assign privileges to other users
c) Delete tables from the database
d) Modify the database schema
Answer: b) Assign privileges to other users
7. What happens when a user is granted the GRANT OPTION privilege in SQL?
a) The user is granted all privileges on all tables in the database
b) The user is granted the ability to grant or revoke privileges to other users
c) The user is granted administrative privileges on the database
d) The user is granted the ability to create new tables in the database
Answer: b) The user is granted the ability to grant or revoke privileges to other users
8. The main purpose of using the GRANT OPTION privilege in SQL is to:
a) Allow a user to create a new database
b) Allow a user to modify the database schema
c) Allow a user to grant or revoke privileges to other users
d) Allow a user to delete tables from the database
Answer: c) Allow a user to grant or revoke privileges to other users
9. What is the effect of using the REVOKE command on a user's privileges in SQL?
a) The user's privileges are assigned to another user
b) The user's privileges are removed permanently
c) The user's privileges are temporarily suspended
d) The user's privileges are replaced with default privileges
Answer: b) The user's privileges are removed permanently
10. Which SQL command is used to grant privileges on specific database objects, such as tables or
views?
a) GRANT OBJECT
b) GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES
c) GRANT TABLE
d) GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
Answer: d) GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
**6.4 Views, Types of Views, Simple and Complex Views**
1. In SQL, what is a view?

a) A virtual table based on the result of a SELECT query
b) A physical table containing aggregated data
c) A table created temporarily for storing intermediate results
d) A table that cannot be queried directly
Answer: a) A virtual table based on the result of a SELECT query
2. What is the main purpose of creating a view in SQL?

a) To store data permanently
b) To speed up query execution
c) To create a new database
d) To simplify complex queries
Answer: d) To simplify complex queries
3. In SQL, a simple view is:

a) A view that is created using a single SELECT statement and refers to only one table
b) A view that is used for complex calculations and aggregations
c) A view that is created using multiple SELECT statements
d) A view that contains only SELECT statements without any filters
Answer: a) A view that is created using a single SELECT statement and refers to only one table
4. What is the primary advantage of using a view in SQL?

a) It reduces the size of the database
b) It allows data to be stored permanently
c) It provides an additional level of security by limiting data access
d) It speeds up query execution
Answer: c) It provides an additional level of security by limiting data access
5. In SQL, a complex view is:

a) A view that is created using a single SELECT statement and refers to only one table
b) A view that is used for complex calculations and aggregations
c) A view that is created using multiple SELECT statements
d) A view that contains only
SELECT statements without any filters

Answer: c) A view that is created using multiple SELECT statements
6. What happens when data in the underlying tables of a view is modified in SQL?
a) The view is automatically updated with the new data
b) The view is deleted and needs to be recreated
c) The view remains unchanged until explicitly refreshed
d) The view is automatically refreshed to include the new data
Answer: a) The view is automatically updated with the new data
7. Which type of view in SQL allows you to perform data manipulation operations?
a) Simple view
b) Complex view
c) Updatable view
d) Non-updatable view
Answer: c) Updatable view
8. In SQL, a complex view can be created using:

a) Only one SELECT statement
b) Multiple SELECT statements combined with UNION
c) Multiple SELECT statements combined with JOIN
d) Only one SELECT statement and a subquery
Answer: c) Multiple SELECT statements combined with JOIN
9. What is the main difference between a simple view and a complex view in SQL?
a) A simple view cannot be queried directly, while a complex view can.
b) A simple view is created using multiple SELECT statements, while a complex view uses a single
SELECT statement.
c) A simple view refers to only one table, while a complex view may refer to multiple tables.
d) A simple view cannot be updated, while a complex view can.
Answer: c) A simple view refers to only one table, while a complex view may refer to multiple tables.
10. Which SQL command is used to create a view?

a) CREATE VIEW
b) CREATE TABLE
c) CREATE QUERY
d) CREATE DATABASE
Answer: a) CREATE VIEW
Lecture 7: Indexes, ACID Properties, and Storage Engines
**7.1 Indexes, Benefit of Indexes, Type of Indexes, Temporary Tables**
1. What is an index in the context of databases?

a) A physical storage area for data
b) A virtual table containing aggregated data
c) A data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval
d) A backup copy of the database
Answer: c) A data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval
2. What is the primary benefit of using indexes in a database?

a) Reducing the size of the database
b) Increasing data security
c) Improving the performance of data retrieval operations
d) Facilitating data backup and recovery
Answer: c) Improving the performance of data retrieval operations
3. Which type of index in a database ensures a unique value for each row?
a) Primary index
b) Clustered index
c) Non-clustered index
d) Composite index
Answer: a) Primary index
4. In a database, what is the purpose of a clustered index?

a) It determines the order of rows in a table
b) It ensures a unique value for each row
c) It allows fast access to specific rows based on indexed columns
d) It improves the performance of data insertion operations
Answer: a) It determines the order of rows in a table
5. What is a non-clustered index in a database?

a) An index that is not used by the database engine
b) An index that includes all columns of a table
c) An index that does not determine the physical order of rows in a table
d) An index that is created on a temporary table
Answer: c) An index that does not determine the physical order of rows in a table
6. Which type of index is created on multiple columns in a table?

a) Unique index
b) Composite index
c) Clustered index
d) Non-clustered index
Answer: b) Composite index
7. What is the purpose of using temporary tables in a database?

a) To permanently store data for future use
b) To speed up query execution
c) To store intermediate results during complex data processing
d) To create a backup of the database
Answer: c) To store intermediate results during complex data processing
8. Temporary tables in a database:

a) Are automatically created and dropped by the database engine
b) Are used only for read operations and not for write operations
c) Exist only for the duration of a database session or transaction
d) Can be used to permanently store data
Answer: c) Exist only for the duration of a database session or transaction
9. Which type of index in a database allows NULL values?
a) Unique index
b) Clustered index
c) Non-clustered index
d) Partial index
Answer: d) Partial index
10. The benefit of using indexes in a database is most noticeable when:

a) The database contains a small amount of data
b) There are frequent data insertion operations
c) The database is accessed for read-only operations
d) The database contains a large amount of data and there are frequent data retrieval operations
Answer: d) The database contains a large amount of data and there are frequent data retrieval
operations
**7.2 ACID Properties, Concept of Database Instance and Schema**
1. In the context of databases, what does ACID stand for?

a) Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability
b) Accurate, Concurrent, Incremental, Durable
c) Automatic, Concurrent, Isolated, Dynamic
d) Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Dynamic
Answer: a) Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability
2. Which ACID property ensures that either all the operations in a transaction are executed or none of
them are?
a) Atomicity
b) Consistency
c) Isolation
d) Durability
Answer: a) Atomicity
3. The ACID property of consistency ensures that:

a) Data modifications are not visible to other transactions until the transaction is committed
b) All operations in a transaction are executed successfully
c) The database remains in a consistent state after a transaction is completed
d) Data modifications are permanently stored in the database
Answer: c) The database remains in a consistent state after a transaction is completed
4. What is a database instance?

a) A set of database tables stored on a hard drive
b) A collection of related databases managed by a single database management system
c) A copy of a database used for testing or backup purposes
d) A database that is accessible to multiple users simultaneously
Answer: d) A database that is accessible to multiple users simultaneously
5. The ACID property of isolation ensures that:
c) Transactions are executed concurrently without interfering with each other
d) The database remains in a consistent state after a transaction is completed
Answer: c) Transactions are executed concurrently without interfering with each other
6. What is a database schema?

a) A collection of database tables
b) A set of rules that define the structure of a database
c) A blueprint that describes the logical design of a database
d) A physical representation of a database on a storage medium
Answer: c) A blueprint that describes the logical design of a database
7. The ACID property of durability ensures that:

d) Data modifications are permanently stored in the database
Answer: d) Data modifications are permanently stored in the database
8. Which ACID property ensures that once a transaction is committed, its changes are permanent and
will survive any subsequent failures?
a) Atomicity
b) Consistency
c) Isolation
d) Durability
Answer: d) Durability
9. The concept of a database instance refers to:

a) The physical location where a database is stored
b) The version of a database used for testing or backup purposes
c) A collection of related databases managed by a single database management system
d) A database that is currently running and accessible to users
Answer: d) A database that is currently running and accessible to users
10. The ACID property of atomicity ensures that:

d) Either all the operations in a transaction are executed or none of them are
Answer: d) Either all the operations in a transaction are executed or none of them are
**7.3 MySQL Storage Engines (InnoDB, MyISAM, and others)**
1. In the MySQL database, which storage engine is known for providing ACID properties and is well-
suited for transactional operations?
a) InnoDB
b) MyISAM
c) MEMORY
d) ARCHIVE
Answer: a) InnoDB
2. Which storage engine in MySQL is best known for its performance in read-intensive operations?
a) InnoDB
b) MyISAM
c) MEMORY
d) ARCHIVE
Answer: b) MyISAM
3. What is the default storage engine used by MySQL?

a) InnoDB
b) MyISAM
c) MEMORY
d) CSV
Answer: a) InnoDB
4. The InnoDB storage engine in MySQL is known for its support for:
a) Full-text search indexes
b) Foreign key constraints and transactions
c) Data compression and encryption
d) Clustered indexes
Answer: b) Foreign key constraints and transactions
5. Which storage engine in MySQL is suitable for temporary or in-memory tables?

a) InnoDB
b) MEMORY
c) MyISAM
d) ARCHIVE
Answer: b) MEMORY
6. The MyISAM storage engine in MySQL is known for its support for:
a) Foreign key constraints and transactions
b) Full-text search indexes
d) Clustered indexes
Answer: b) Full-text search indexes
7. Which storage engine in MySQL is optimized for write-intensive operations and is useful for
logging applications?
a) InnoDB
b) MyISAM
c) MEMORY
d) ARCHIVE
Answer: d) ARCHIVE
8. The ARCHIVE storage engine in MySQL is suitable for:

a) Temporary or in-memory tables
b) Logging applications with write-intensive operations
c) High-performance read-intensive operations
d) Tables that require foreign key constraints
Answer: b) Logging applications with write-intensive operations
9. Which MySQL storage engine is best suited for simple and non-transactional read operations?
a) InnoDB
b) MyISAM
c) MEMORY
d) CSV
Answer: b) MyISAM
10. The MEMORY storage engine in MySQL is known for its support for:
a) Full-text search indexes
b) Foreign key constraints and transactions
d) Temporary or in-memory tables
Answer: d) Temporary or in-memory tables
Lecture 8: Introduction to MySQL Programming and Stored Procedures
**8.1 Use of MySQL Programs**
1. Which MySQL program is used for interacting with the MySQL server and executing SQL queries
interactively?
a) mysqldump
b) mysqlimport
c) mysql
d) mysqlshow
Answer: c) mysql
2. The MySQL program "mysqldump" is commonly used for:

a) Importing data into a MySQL database
b) Displaying the structure of a database
c) Backing up MySQL databases to a file
d) Monitoring the MySQL server status
Answer: c) Backing up MySQL databases to a file
3. The MySQL program "mysqlshow" is used to:

a) Execute SQL queries interactively
b) Display a list of databases and their tables
c) Import data from an external file into a table
d) Backup MySQL databases
Answer: b) Display a list of databases and their tables
4. Which MySQL program is used for importing data from an external file into a MySQL database?
a) mysqlimport
b) mysqldump
c) mysqlshow
d) mysql
Answer: a) mysqlimport
5. The MySQL program "mysqlimport" is particularly useful for:

a) Displaying the status of the MySQL server
b) Executing complex SQL queries
c) Importing data from CSV files into MySQL tables
d) Exporting data from MySQL tables to a file
Answer: c) Importing data from CSV files into MySQL tables
6. What is the primary function of the MySQL program "mysqlshow"?

a) To manage user privileges in the MySQL server
b) To display the structure and data of a database
c) To display a list of databases and their tables
d) To execute stored procedures in the MySQL server
Answer: c) To display a list of databases and their tables
7. The MySQL program "mysql" allows users to:

a) Execute SQL queries interactively
b) Create new databases
c) Backup and restore MySQL databases
d) Monitor the performance of the MySQL server
Answer: a) Execute SQL queries interactively
8. Which MySQL program is used for exporting data from MySQL tables to an external file?
a) mysqldump
b) mysqlimport
c) mysqlshow
d) SELECT INTO OUTFILE
Answer: d) SELECT INTO OUTFILE
9. The MySQL program "mysqladmin" is typically used for:
a) Importing data into a MySQL database
b) Displaying the structure of a database
c) Managing the MySQL server and performing administrative tasks
d) Executing SQL queries interactively
Answer: c) Managing the MySQL server and performing administrative tasks
10. The MySQL program "mysqlcheck" is used for:

a) Displaying the status of the MySQL server
b) Checking, repairing, and optimizing MySQL tables
c) Importing data from an external file into a table
d) Backup MySQL databases
Answer: b) Checking, repairing, and optimizing MySQL tables
**8.2 Introduction to Stored Procedures, Benefits of Stored Procedures**
1. In MySQL, a stored procedure is:

a) A virtual table containing aggregated data
b) A physical storage area for data
c) A set of SQL statements that are stored and can be executed on the server
d) A temporary table used for intermediate data storage
Answer: c) A set of SQL statements that are stored and can be executed on the server
2. What is the primary benefit of using stored procedures in a database?

a) Improved data security
b) Reduced database size
c) Faster execution of complex queries
d) Simplified data backup and recovery
Answer: c) Faster execution of complex queries
3. Which of the following statements is true regarding stored procedures?

a) Stored procedures are executed on the client-side
b) Stored procedures cannot be written in SQL
c) Stored procedures can be reused and called from different parts of an application
d) Stored procedures can only be used for data insertion operations
Answer: c) Stored procedures can be reused and called from different parts of an application
4. What is one of the benefits of using stored procedures for database operations?
a) Increased database size
b) Improved data security
c) Slower execution of queries
d) Limited access to database objects
Answer: b) Improved data security
5. In the context of databases, stored procedures are particularly useful for:

a) Increasing the size of the database
b) Enhancing the performance of read-intensive operations
c) Simplifying the process of data insertion
d) Performing complex data manipulations and calculations
Answer: d) Performing complex data manipulations and calculations
6. The primary purpose of using stored procedures in a database is to:

a) Minimize the number of users accessing the database
b) Speed up the execution of simple queries
c) Simplify the management of database connections
d) Encapsulate complex business logic and data operations
Answer: d) Encapsulate complex business logic and data operations
7. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using stored procedures in a database?
a) Improved performance for frequently executed queries
b) Reduced network traffic between the client and the server
c) Simplified data backup and recovery
d) Increased data security
Answer: c) Simplified data backup and recovery
8. Stored procedures in a database can be written in:

a) Java programming language
b) C programming language
c) SQL and other programming languages supported by the database system
d) JavaScript
Answer: c) SQL and other programming languages supported by the database system
9. What is one of the advantages of using stored procedures for database operations?
a) Increased database size
b) Improved data security
c) Slower execution of queries
d) Inability to reuse code
Answer: b) Improved data security
10. Which statement about stored procedures is correct?

a) Stored procedures are executed on the client-side
b) Stored procedures can only be used for read operations
c) Stored procedures allow encapsulation of complex business logic and can be called from different
parts of an application
d) Stored procedures can only be written in a programming language like Java or C++
Answer: c) Stored procedures allow encapsulation of complex business logic and can be called from
different parts of an application
**8.3 Procedure Parameters (IN, OUT, and INOUT)**
1. In a stored procedure
, what is the purpose of the IN parameter?

a) To pass data into the stored procedure from the calling code
b) To return data from the stored procedure to the calling code
c) To define a variable within the stored procedure
d) To create a temporary table for data storage
Answer: a) To pass data into the stored procedure from the calling code
2. What is the role of the OUT parameter in a stored procedure?

a) To pass data into the stored procedure from the calling code
b) To return data from the stored procedure to the calling code
c) To define a variable within the stored procedure
d) To create a temporary table for data storage
Answer: b) To return data from the stored procedure to the calling code
3. The INOUT parameter in a stored procedure is used for:

a) Passing data into the stored procedure from the calling code
b) Returning data from the stored procedure to the calling code
c) Defining a variable within the stored procedure
d) Passing data both into and out of the stored procedure
Answer: d) Passing data both into and out of the stored procedure
4. Which parameter type is used to pass data into a stored procedure in MySQL?
a) IN
b) OUT
c) INOUT
d) INPUT
Answer: a) IN
5. The IN parameter in a stored procedure:

a) Allows the stored procedure to return data to the calling code
b) Passes data into the stored procedure for processing
c) Enables the stored procedure to define a variable for temporary data storage
d) Is optional and can be omitted in the stored procedure definition
Answer: b) Passes data into the stored procedure for processing
6. The OUT parameter in a stored procedure:

a) Allows the stored procedure to return data to the calling code
b) Passes data into the stored procedure for processing
c) Enables the stored procedure to define a variable for temporary data storage
d) Is optional and can be omitted in the stored procedure definition
Answer: a) Allows the stored procedure to return data to the calling code
7. In a stored procedure, how is an INOUT parameter different from an OUT parameter?

a) An INOUT parameter can only pass data into the stored procedure, while an OUT parameter can
only return data.
b) An INOUT parameter is required in the stored procedure definition, while an OUT parameter is
optional.
c) An INOUT parameter can pass data both into and out of the stored procedure, while an OUT
parameter can only return data.
d) An INOUT parameter cannot be used in stored procedures.
Answer: c) An INOUT parameter can pass data both into and out of the stored procedure, while an
OUT parameter can only return data.
8. In a stored procedure, which parameter type is used when data needs to be both passed into and
returned from the procedure?
a) IN
b) OUT
c) INOUT
d) INPUT
Answer: c) INOUT
9. The IN parameter is used in a stored procedure for:

a) Defining variables within the stored procedure
c) Passing data into the stored procedure for processing
d) Creating temporary tables for data storage
Answer: c) Passing data into the stored procedure for processing
10. The OUT parameter is used in a stored procedure for:

a) Defining variables within the stored procedure
c) Passing data into the stored procedure for processing
d) Creating temporary tables for data storage
Answer: b) Returning data from the stored procedure to the calling code
Lecture 9: Flow Control and Conditional Statements
**9.1 Flow Control Statements (LOOP, WHILE, and REPEAT)**
1. In MySQL, which flow control statement is used to repeatedly execute a block of code as long as
a specified condition is true?
a) LOOP
b) WHILE
c) REPEAT
d) IF
Answer: b) WHILE
2. The LOOP statement in MySQL is used to:

a) Execute a block of code repeatedly until a specified condition is met
b) Perform a single iteration of a loop
c) Exit a loop prematurely
d) Evaluate multiple conditions and execute corresponding code blocks
Answer: a) Execute a block of code repeatedly until a specified condition is met
3. What is the primary difference between the WHILE statement and the REPEAT statement in
MySQL?
a) The WHILE statement executes the loop as long as the condition is false, while the REPEAT
statement executes the loop as long as the condition is true.
b) The WHILE statement evaluates the condition at the beginning of the loop, while the REPEAT
statement evaluates the condition at the end of the loop.
c) The WHILE statement is used for nested loops, while the REPEAT statement is used for single-
level loops.
d) There is no difference between the WHILE and REPEAT statements; they are interchangeable.
Answer: b) The WHILE statement evaluates the condition at the beginning of the loop, while the
REPEAT statement evaluates the condition at the end of the loop.
4. The REPEAT statement in MySQL is used to:

5. Which flow control statement in MySQL is best suited for cases where you want the code block to
be executed at least once, regardless of the condition?
a) LOOP
b) WHILE
c) REPEAT
d) IF
Answer: c) REPEAT
6. The primary use of the LOOP statement in MySQL is to:

Answer: b) Perform a single iteration of a loop
7. Which flow control statement in MySQL is best suited for cases where the number of loop
iterations is known beforehand?
a) LOOP
b) WHILE
c) REPEAT
d) IF
Answer: a) LOOP
8. The primary use of the WHILE statement in MySQL is to:
9. In MySQL, which flow control statement is used to terminate a loop prematurely based on a
specified condition?
a) LOOP
b) WHILE
c) REPEAT
d) LEAVE
Answer: d) LEAVE
10. Which flow control statement in MySQL is used to label a loop and provide an exit point for the
loop using the LEAVE statement?
a) LOOP
b) WHILE
c) REPEAT
d) BEGIN...END
Answer: d) BEGIN...END
**9.2 Using Above Statements in Stored Procedures/Functions**
1. In MySQL, can flow control statements like LOOP, WHILE, and REPEAT be used in stored
procedures or functions?
a) Yes, they can only be used in stored procedures.
b) Yes, they can only be used in functions.
c) No, flow control statements cannot be used in stored procedures or functions.
d) Yes, they can be used in both stored procedures and functions.
Answer: d) Yes, they can be used in both stored procedures and functions.
2. What is the main advantage of using flow control statements in stored procedures or functions?
a) They allow for the declaration of variables within the procedure or function.
b) They provide a way to handle errors and exceptions.
c) They allow for the execution of repetitive code blocks based on certain conditions.
d) They enable the creation of temporary tables for data processing.
Answer: c) They allow for the execution of repetitive code blocks based on certain conditions.
3. When using flow control statements in a stored procedure, what determines the termination of a
loop?
a) The number of iterations specified in the LOOP statement
b) The condition specified in the WHILE statement
c) The condition specified in the REPEAT statement
d) The LEAVE statement
Answer: b) The condition specified in the WHILE statement
4. Can flow control statements in a stored procedure or function be nested within each other?
a) Yes, flow control statements can be nested to create complex control structures.
b) No, flow control statements cannot be nested in MySQL.
c) Only the WHILE and REPEAT statements can be nested, not the LOOP statement.
d) Only the LOOP and WHILE statements can be nested, not the REPEAT statement.
Answer: a) Yes, flow control statements can be nested to create complex control structures.
5. Which of the following statements is true regarding the usage of flow control statements in stored
procedures or functions?
a) Flow control statements can only be used inside a BEGIN...END block.
b) Flow control statements cannot be used in functions, only in stored procedures.
c) Flow control statements cannot be used inside conditional statements like IF.
d) Flow control statements can be used to modify database tables directly.
Answer: a) Flow control statements can only be used inside a BEGIN...END block.
6. Can flow control statements like LOOP, WHILE, and REPEAT be used to manipulate data in the
database directly?
a) Yes, they can directly insert, update, or delete data in the database.
b) No, flow control statements are only used for control flow and cannot directly manipulate data
in the database.
c) Yes, they can be used to create temporary tables for data processing.
d) Yes, they can be used to create indexes on tables.
Answer: b) No, flow control statements are only used for control flow and cannot directly
manipulate data in the database.
7. Which of the following flow control statements is commonly used to handle repetitive tasks in a
stored procedure or function?
a) IF-ELSE-THEN
b) LOOP
c) REPEAT
d) BEGIN...END
Answer: b) LOOP
8. When using flow control statements in a stored procedure, what is required to ensure that the loop
does not run indefinitely?
a) The LEAVE statement
b) The BEGIN...END block
c) A counter variable and an exit condition
d) The RETURN statement
Answer: c) A counter variable and an exit condition
9. Which of the following is an example of using a flow control statement in a stored procedure?
a
) Creating a new database schema

b) Inserting data into a table
c) Displaying a list of records from a table
d) Updating a specific record based on a condition
Answer: c) Displaying a list of records from a table
10. When using flow control statements in a stored procedure or function, what is important to
consider to avoid potential performance issues?
a) Using the correct data types for variables and parameters
b) Nesting multiple flow control statements
c) Using flow control statements inside conditional statements
d) Avoiding the use of temporary tables
Answer: a) Using the correct data types for variables and parameters
**9.3 Conditional Statements (IF, IF-ELSE-THEN, SWITCH CASE)**
1. In MySQL, which conditional statement is used to execute a block of code only if a specified
condition is true?
a) IF
b) IF-ELSE-THEN
c) SWITCH CASE
d) WHILE
Answer: a) IF
2. The IF-ELSE-THEN statement in MySQL is used to:

a) Execute a block of code when multiple conditions are met
b) Execute a block of code only if the specified condition is true, otherwise, execute an alternative
block of code
c) Determine the number of iterations in a loop
Answer: b) Execute a block of code only if the specified condition is true, otherwise, execute an
alternative block of code
3. What is the primary difference between the IF statement and the IF-ELSE-THEN statement in
MySQL?
a) The IF statement allows for the evaluation of multiple conditions, while the IF-ELSE-THEN
statement evaluates a single condition.
b) The IF statement does not allow for branching, while the IF-ELSE-THEN statement provides a
way to handle multiple cases.
c) The IF statement executes the code block if the condition is true, while the IF-ELSE-THEN
statement executes an alternative block of code if the condition is false.
d) There is no difference between the IF and IF-ELSE-THEN statements; they are interchangeable.
Answer: c) The IF statement executes the code block if the condition is true, while the IF-ELSE-
THEN statement executes an alternative block of code if the condition is false.
4. The SWITCH CASE statement in MySQL is used to:

a) Evaluate a single condition and execute a specific code block based on the condition's value
d) Determine the number of iterations in a loop
Answer: a) Evaluate a single condition and execute a specific code block based on the condition's
value
5. Which conditional statement in MySQL is best suited for cases where you need to check multiple
conditions and execute different code blocks for each condition?
a) IF
b) IF-ELSE-THEN
c) SWITCH CASE
d) WHILE
Answer: c) SWITCH CASE
6. The primary use of the IF statement in MySQL is to:

a) Execute a block of code only if a specified condition is true
Answer: a) Execute a block of code only if a specified condition is true
7. In the context of conditional statements, what does "branching" refer to?

a) Executing multiple loops based on a single condition
b) Using temporary tables to store intermediate results
c) The ability to execute different code blocks based on different conditions
d) Inserting data into a table with multiple columns
Answer: c) The ability to execute different code blocks based on different conditions
8. Which conditional statement in MySQL allows you to check multiple conditions and execute
different code blocks for each condition, similar to a series of IF-ELSE statements?
a) IF
b) IF-ELSE-THEN
c) SWITCH CASE
d) WHILE
Answer: c) SWITCH CASE
9. In the SWITCH CASE statement in MySQL, what happens when a condition is met and its
corresponding code block is executed?
a) The execution continues with the next case statement regardless of whether it matches the
condition.
b) The execution continues with the default code block.
c) The execution jumps to the end of the SWITCH CASE statement.
d) The execution exits the SWITCH CASE statement.
Answer: d) The execution exits the SWITCH CASE statement.
10. Which of the following is an example of using a conditional statement in a stored procedure?
a) Creating a new database schema
b) Inserting data into a table
c) Displaying a list of records from a table based on a specific condition
d) Updating a specific record based on a condition
Answer: c) Displaying a list of records from a table based on a specific condition
**9.4 Examples of Each Type of Statement**
(Note: The examples for each type of statement will be provided in pseudocode, as MySQL code
snippets might require a specific database context.)
**9.4 Examples of Flow Control Statements**
1. Example of a WHILE loop in pseudocode:

```
SET @counter = 1;
WHILE @counter <= 10 DO
-- Code block to be executed repeatedly
-- ...
SET @counter = @counter + 1;
END WHILE;
```
2. Example of a LOOP in pseudocode:

```
SET @counter = 1;
LOOP
-- Code block to be executed once
-- ...
IF @counter = 5 THEN
LEAVE; -- Exit the loop prematurely
END IF;
END LOOP;
```
3. Example of a REPEAT loop in pseudocode:

```
SET @counter = 1;
REPEAT
-- ...
UNTIL @counter > 10 END REPEAT;
```
**9.4 Examples of Using Flow Control Statements in Stored Procedures/Functions**
4. Example of using a WHILE loop in a stored procedure:

```sql
CREATE PROCEDURE myProcedure()
BEGIN
DECLARE counter INT DEFAULT 1;
WHILE counter <= 10 DO
-- ...
SET counter = counter + 1;
END WHILE;
END;
```
5. Example of using a LOOP in a stored procedure:

```sql

BEGIN
DECLARE counter INT DEFAULT 1;
LOOP
-- Code block to be executed once
-- ...
IF counter = 5 THEN
LEAVE; -- Exit the loop prematurely
END IF;
SET counter = counter + 1;
END LOOP;
END;
```
**9.4 Examples of Conditional Statements**
6. Example of an IF statement in pseudocode:

```
SET @score = 80;
IF @score >= 90 THEN
PRINT "Excellent!";
ELSE
PRINT "Good!";
END IF;
```
7. Example of an IF-ELSE-THEN statement in pseudocode:

```
SET @grade = 'B';
IF @grade = 'A' THEN
PRINT "Excellent!";
ELSEIF @grade = 'B' THEN
PRINT "Good!";
ELSE
PRINT "Average";
END IF;
```
8. Example of a SWITCH CASE statement in pseudocode:

```
SET @day = 'Monday';
SWITCH @day
CASE 'Monday':
PRINT "Start of the week";
BREAK;
CASE 'Tuesday':
CASE 'Wednesday':
CASE 'Thursday':
PRINT "Middle of the week";
BREAK;
CASE 'Friday':
PRINT "End of the week";
BREAK;
DEFAULT:
PRINT "Weekend";
END SWITCH;
```
**9.4 Examples of Using Conditional Statements in Stored Procedures/Functions**
9. Example of using an IF statement in a stored procedure:

```sql
BEGIN
DECLARE score INT DEFAULT 80;
IF score >= 90 THEN
SELECT "Excellent!";
ELSE
SELECT "Good!";
END IF;
END;
```
10. Example of using a SWITCH CASE statement in a stored procedure:

```sql
BEGIN
DECLARE day VARCHAR(10) DEFAULT 'Monday';
CASE day
WHEN 'Monday' THEN
SELECT "Start of the week";
WHEN 'Tuesday' THEN
WHEN 'Wednesday' THEN
WHEN 'Thursday' THEN
SELECT "Middle of the week";
WHEN 'Friday' THEN
SELECT "End of the week";
ELSE
SELECT "Weekend";
END CASE;
END;
```
Lecture 10: Functions, Cursors, and Triggers
**10.1 Loop Constructs (ITERATE, LEAVE)**
1. In MySQL, which loop construct is used to continue the next iteration of a loop?
a) ITERATE
b) LEAVE
c) LOOP
d) WHILE
Answer: a) ITERATE
2. The LEAVE statement in MySQL is used to:

a) Exit a loop prematurely
c) Determine the number of loop iterations
d) Evaluate multiple conditions in a loop
Answer: a) Exit a loop prematurely
3. What is the purpose of the ITERATE statement in MySQL?

a) To exit a loop prematurely
b) To continue to the next iteration of a loop
c) To define variables within a loop
d) To determine the number of loop iterations
Answer: b) To continue to the next iteration of a loop
4. In MySQL, which loop construct is used to terminate a loop prematurely?

a) ITERATE
b) LEAVE
c) LOOP
d) WHILE
Answer: b) LEAVE
5. The LOOP construct in MySQL is used to:

a) Continue to the next iteration of a loop
b) Exit a loop prematurely
c) Execute a block of code repeatedly
d) Determine the number of loop iterations
Answer: c) Execute a block of code repeatedly
6. When using the ITERATE statement in a loop, what happens when the statement is encountered?
a) The loop continues with the next iteration.
b) The loop terminates immediately.
c) The loop restarts from the beginning.
d) The loop condition is evaluated.
Answer: a) The loop continues with the next iteration.
7. The LEAVE statement in MySQL is used to exit:

a) The current stored procedure or function
b) The current loop or block of code
c) The current database session
d) The current transaction
Answer: b) The current loop or block of code
8. What is the primary purpose of using the ITERATE statement in a loop?

a) To exit the loop prematurely
b) To continue to the next iteration of the loop
c) To determine the number of loop iterations
d) To define variables within the loop
Answer: b) To continue to the next iteration of the loop
9. The LEAVE statement is used in a loop to:
a) Exit the loop prematurely and skip the remaining iterations
b) Determine the number of loop iterations
c) Restart the loop from the beginning
d) Print a message and terminate the loop
Answer: a) Exit the loop prematurely and skip the remaining iterations
10. In MySQL, which loop construct is used for executing a block of code repeatedly based on a
specified condition?
a) ITERATE
b) LEAVE
c) LOOP
d) WHILE
Answer: d) WHILE
**10.2 Functions with and without Parameters**
1. In MySQL, can functions have parameters?

a) No, functions cannot have parameters.
b) Yes, functions can have parameters.
c) Functions can have parameters, but only for numeric data types.
d) Functions can have parameters, but only for string data types.
Answer: b) Yes, functions can have parameters.
2. What are the advantages of using functions with parameters in MySQL?

a) Functions become more efficient and execute faster.
b) Functions can return multiple values simultaneously.
c) Functions become more reusable and versatile.
d) Functions can be called directly from other databases.
Answer: c) Functions become more reusable and versatile.
3. Which of the following is true for functions without parameters in MySQL?

a) Functions without parameters cannot be used in stored procedures.
b) Functions without parameters can only return string data.
c) Functions without parameters have limited use and are not recommended.
d) Functions without parameters can still perform data manipulations on tables.
Answer: d) Functions without parameters can still perform data manipulations on tables.
4. When defining a function in MySQL with parameters, what is required for each parameter?
a) A unique data type
b) A default value
c) A unique name and data type
d) An IN or OUT keyword
Answer: c) A unique name and data type
5. Which of the following is an example of a MySQL function with parameters?

a)
```sql
CREATE FUNCTION calculate_area()
RETURNS INT
BEGIN
DECLARE area INT;
SET area = width * height;
RETURN area;
END;
```
b)
```sql
CREATE FUNCTION calculate_area(width INT, height INT)
RETURNS INT
BEGIN
DECLARE area INT;
RETURN area;
END;
```
Answer: b)
```sql
CREATE FUNCTION calculate_area(width INT, height INT)
RETURNS INT
BEGIN
DECLARE area INT;
RETURN area;
END;
```
6. Functions with parameters in MySQL are particularly useful for:

a) Performing data manipulations on temporary tables
b) Executing complex SQL queries
c) Receiving input values and returning computed results
d) Interacting with external data sources
Answer: c) Receiving input values and returning computed results
7. In MySQL, can functions with parameters return different data types based on the provided input?
a) Yes, functions can return different data types for different input values.
b) No, functions must always return the same data type.
c) Only string data types can be returned from functions with parameters.
d) Only numeric data types can be returned from functions with parameters.
Answer: b) No, functions must always return the same data type.
8. Which of the following is an example of calling a MySQL function with parameters?

a)
```sql
SELECT calculate_area();
```
b)
```sql
SELECT calculate_area(5, 10);
```
Answer: b)
```sql
SELECT calculate_area(5, 10);
```
9. Functions without parameters in MySQL can still:

a) Be used in stored procedures
b) Have multiple return values
c) Perform calculations and return results
d) Access and modify table data directly
Answer: c) Perform calculations and return results
10. Which of the following is true regarding functions with parameters in MySQL?
a) The number of parameters is limited to one per function.
b) Parameters must be passed in a specific order as defined in the function.
c) Parameters must be of the same data type.
d) Parameters must be enclosed in double quotes when calling the function.
Answer: b) Parameters must be passed in a specific order as defined in the function.
**10.3 MySQL Built-in Functions (string, numeric, date, etc.)**
1. In MySQL, which built-in function is used to calculate the length of a string?

a) CHAR_LENGTH()
b) STR_LENGTH()
c)
LENGTH()
d) STRLEN()
Answer: c) LENGTH()
2. The CONCAT() function in MySQL is used for:

a) Performing mathematical calculations
b) Concatenating two or more strings
c) Converting strings to numeric values
d) Extracting a substring from a larger string
Answer: b) Concatenating two or more strings
3. Which built-in function in MySQL is used to convert a string to uppercase?

a) UPPER()
b) UCASE()
c) CAPITALIZE()
d) STR_UPPER()
Answer: a) UPPER()
4. The SUBSTRING() function in MySQL is used to:

a) Calculate the length of a string
b) Convert strings to numeric values
c) Concatenate two or more strings
d) Extract a portion of a string based on a specified position and length
Answer: d) Extract a portion of a string based on a specified position and length
5. Which built-in function in MySQL is used to convert a string to lowercase?

a) LOWER()
b) LCASE()
c) STR_LOWER()
d) CONVERT_CASE()
Answer: a) LOWER()
6. The NOW() function in MySQL is used for:

a) Getting the current date and time
b) Extracting the year from a date
c) Performing date arithmetic
d) Converting date formats
Answer: a) Getting the current date and time
7. Which built-in function in MySQL is used to extract the year from a date?
a) YEAR()
b) EXTRACT_YEAR()
c) GET_YEAR()
d) DATE_YEAR()
Answer: a) YEAR()
8. The ROUND() function in MySQL is used to:

a) Perform string concatenation
b) Calculate the square root of a number
c) Round a numeric value to a specified number of decimal places
d) Convert numeric values to strings
Answer: c) Round a numeric value to a specified number of decimal places
9. Which built-in function in MySQL is used to calculate the square root of a number?
a) SQRT()
b) SQUARE_ROOT()
c) ROOT()
d) NUM_SQRT()
Answer: a) SQRT()
10. The CURDATE() function in MySQL is used to retrieve:

a) The current time
b) The current date
c) The current date and time
d) The date of the first record in a table
Answer: b) The current date
**10.4 Cursors (Asensitive, Insensitive, Read-only, Nonscrollable)**
1. In MySQL, what is the primary purpose of using a cursor?

a) To store the result of a single SELECT query temporarily
b) To navigate through the records of a result set
c) To perform complex calculations on data
d) To delete rows from a table efficiently
Answer: b) To navigate through the records of a result set
2. The INSENSITIVE cursor type in MySQL means that:

a) The cursor is case-insensitive when comparing string values
b) The cursor allows insensitive data manipulation in a transaction
c) Changes made to the database do not affect the cursor result set
d) The cursor can only be used for read-only operations
Answer: c) Changes made to the database do not affect the cursor result set
3. Which type of cursor in MySQL allows the cursor to be scrollable in both forward and backward
directions?
a) SENSITIVE
b) INSENSITIVE
c) SCROLLABLE
d) Nonscrollable
Answer: c) SCROLLABLE
4. The SENSITIVE cursor type in MySQL means that:

a) The cursor is sensitive to changes made to the database that affect the result set
b) The cursor can only be used for sensitive data manipulation operations
c) The cursor is case-sensitive when comparing string values
d) Changes made to the database do not affect the cursor result set
Answer: a) The cursor is sensitive to changes made to the database that affect the result set
5. Which cursor type in MySQL allows the cursor to be scrollable but only in the forward direction?
a) FORWARD-ONLY
b) SCROLLABLE
c) BACKWARD-ONLY
d) Nonscrollable
Answer: a) FORWARD-ONLY
6. The READ-ONLY cursor type in MySQL means that:

a) The cursor is only allowed to read data from the database
b) The cursor can perform data manipulations but cannot delete rows
c) The cursor can be used in both read and write operations
d) The cursor can only be used for sensitive data manipulation operations
Answer: a) The cursor is only allowed to read data from the database
7. Which type of cursor in MySQL allows the cursor to move forward, but once a row is fetched, it
cannot be fetched again?
a) SENSITIVE
b) INSENSITIVE
c) READ-ONLY
d) Nonscrollable
Answer: d) Nonscrollable
8. When using a cursor in MySQL, what happens when the cursor reaches the end of the result set?
a) The cursor automatically closes and releases the resources.
b) The cursor stops and requires manual closing using the CLOSE statement.
c) The cursor starts from the beginning and fetches the result set again.
d) The cursor prompts the user to choose the next action.
Answer: b) The cursor stops and requires manual closing using the CLOSE statement.
9. The INSENSITIVE cursor type is useful in situations where:

a) The cursor needs to be scrollable in both forward and backward directions.
b) Changes made to the database should not affect the cursor result set.
c) The cursor needs to be used in sensitive data manipulation operations.
d) The cursor is only allowed to read data from the database.
Answer: b) Changes made to the database should not affect the cursor result set.
10. Which of the following is true regarding the use of cursors in MySQL?
a) Cursors should be used for all data retrieval operations for better performance.
b) Cursors are the most efficient way to manipulate data in MySQL.
c) Cursors should be avoided whenever possible due to potential performance issues.
d) Cursors can only be used in stored procedures, not in functions.
Answer: c) Cursors should be avoided whenever possible due to potential performance issues.
**10.5 Cursors Example and Real-Time Use**
1. In MySQL, what is the typical real-time use case for using a cursor?
a) Calculating the average of all records in a table
b) Updating a single record in a table
c) Performing complex mathematical calculations
d) Navigating through the result set of a large query and processing each row individually
Answer: d) Navigating through the result set of a large query and processing each row individually
2. When using a cursor in MySQL, what is the common approach to process each row of the result set?
a) Use a loop construct like WHILE or REPEAT.
b)
Use the ITERATE statement to move to the next row.

c) Use the LEAVE statement to exit the loop when done.
d) Use the ROWS statement to fetch rows from the cursor.
Answer: a) Use a loop construct like WHILE or REPEAT.
3. In a real-world scenario, how might a cursor be used in MySQL to process each row of a result set?
a) To insert new records into another table based on certain conditions.
b) To perform a single mathematical calculation on the entire result set.
c) To update all records in the result set simultaneously.
d) To directly delete records from the result set without looping.
Answer: a) To insert new records into another table based on certain conditions.
4. In MySQL, when using a cursor, what happens if the FETCH statement is executed multiple times
without the loop control structure?
a) The cursor automatically closes.
b) The cursor starts fetching rows from the beginning each time.
c) The cursor moves to the next row after each FETCH statement.
d) The cursor throws an error and stops execution.
Answer: c) The cursor moves to the next row after each FETCH statement.
5. What is the primary advantage of using a cursor in MySQL to process a result set?
a) Faster execution compared to using loop constructs.
b) Ability to perform complex mathematical calculations.
c) Simultaneous update of all records in the result set.
d) Memory-efficient storage of the entire result set.
Answer: d) Memory-efficient storage of the entire result set.
6. In a real-time use case, how might a cursor in MySQL be beneficial for a large result set?
a) It allows for faster execution of complex calculations on the entire result set.
b) It prevents other users from accessing the same result set simultaneously.
c) It allows for efficient navigation and processing of each row individually.
d) It automatically indexes the result set for better performance.
Answer: c) It allows for efficient navigation and processing of each row individually.
7. When using a cursor to process a result set in MySQL, what action should be taken after fetching the
last row?
a) Close the cursor manually using the CLOSE statement.
b) Use the BREAK statement to exit the loop.
c) Reset the cursor to the beginning of the result set.
d) Use the STOP statement to halt further execution.
Answer: a) Close the cursor manually using the CLOSE statement.
8. In a real-world scenario, how might a cursor be used in MySQL to update specific rows in a result
set?
a) By using the ITERATE statement to skip unwanted rows during the loop.
b) By directly updating the entire result set without using a loop.
c) By using the LEAVE statement to exit the loop when the update is complete.
d) By using the UPDATE statement to modify the specific rows fetched by the cursor.
Answer: d) By using the UPDATE statement to modify the specific rows fetched by the cursor.
9. In MySQL, when using a cursor to process a result set, what happens if the loop control structure is
not used?
a) The cursor automatically closes after the first row is fetched.
b) The cursor remains open and fetches the entire result set.
c) The cursor returns an error and stops execution.
d) The cursor moves to the next row after each FETCH statement without any iteration.
Answer: d) The cursor moves to the next row after each FETCH statement without any iteration.
10. In a real-time use case, how might a cursor in MySQL be beneficial for a result set with millions of
records?
a) It allows for parallel execution of queries on the same result set.
b) It automatically optimizes the result set for faster processing.
c) It prevents other users from accessing the result set during processing.
d) It fetches and processes rows one at a time, reducing memory consumption.
Answer: d) It fetches and processes rows one at a time, reducing memory consumption.
**10.6 Triggers (BEFORE, AFTER), New and Old Trigger Variables**
1. In MySQL, what is the purpose of a trigger?

a) To perform complex mathematical calculations
b) To store temporary data during a transaction
c) To execute a set of SQL statements automatically in response to a specific database event
d) To delete rows from a table efficiently
Answer: c) To execute a set of SQL statements automatically in response to a specific database event
2. When defining a trigger in MySQL, which keyword is used to specify that the trigger should be
executed before the triggering event occurs?
a) BEFORE
b) PRIOR
c) START
d) ON
Answer: a) BEFORE
3. When defining a trigger in MySQL, which keyword is used to specify that the trigger should be
executed after the triggering event occurs?
a) AFTER
b) POST
c) FINISH
d) ON
Answer: a) AFTER
4. In MySQL, what are "NEW" and "OLD" trigger variables used for?
a) To store the values of columns affected by the triggering event
b) To determine the time when the trigger was created
c) To store the previous and current states of the database schema
d) To keep track of the number of triggers defined in the database
Answer: a) To store the values of columns affected by the triggering event
5. In a MySQL trigger, what does the "OLD" trigger variable represent?

a) The previous state of the row that caused the trigger to be executed
b) The current state of the row that caused the trigger to be executed
c) The value of a column before an update operation
d) The value of a column after an insert operation
Answer: a) The previous state of the row that caused the trigger to be executed
6. In a MySQL trigger, what does the "NEW" trigger variable represent?

a) The previous state of the row that caused the trigger to be executed
b) The current state of the row that caused the trigger to be executed
c) The value of a column before an insert operation
d) The value of a column after an update operation
Answer: b) The current state of the row that caused the trigger to be executed
7. When using a BEFORE trigger in MySQL, can the triggering event be canceled or modified?
a) Yes, the triggering event can be canceled or modified within a BEFORE trigger.
b) No, a BEFORE trigger cannot cancel or modify the triggering event.
c) A BEFORE trigger cannot be used in MySQL.
d) A BEFORE trigger can only modify the triggering event, not cancel it.
Answer: a) Yes, the triggering event can be canceled or modified within a BEFORE trigger.
8. In MySQL, can a table have multiple triggers defined for the same event?
a) No, only one trigger per event is allowed for each table.
b) Yes, but the triggers must have different actions.
c) Yes, and the triggers will be executed in the order they were defined.
d) Yes, but the triggers must have different names.
Answer: c) Yes, and the triggers will be
executed in the order they were defined.
9. In a MySQL trigger, what can be done with the "OLD" trigger variable?
a) It can be modified to change the values of columns in the database.
b) It can be used to retrieve the values of columns before an update or delete operation.
c) It can be used to track the number of rows affected by the trigger.
d) It can be used to retrieve the values of columns after an insert or update operation.
Answer: b) It can be used to retrieve the values of columns before an update or delete operation.
10. In MySQL, what happens if a trigger attempts to modify the table that triggered it?
a) The trigger is executed without any issues.
b) The trigger goes into a suspended state until the table modification is complete.
c) A circular reference error occurs, and the trigger is not executed.
d) A recursive trigger error occurs, and the trigger is aborted.
Answer: d) A recursive trigger error occurs, and the trigger is aborted.
**10.7 Trigger Examples and Real-Time Use**
1. In a real-world scenario, how might a "BEFORE INSERT" trigger be used in MySQL?

a) To perform complex mathematical calculations on the inserted data.
b) To update records in another table before inserting into the current table.
c) To automatically delete certain rows after an insert operation.
d) To retrieve values from another table and insert them into the current table.
Answer: b) To update records in another table before inserting into the current table.
2. In MySQL, how can a "BEFORE UPDATE" trigger be utilized in a real-time application?

a) To generate a unique identifier for each row before updating the table.
b) To delete certain rows from the table after an update is complete.
c) To automatically update a specific column with the current date and time.
d) To prevent updates from being executed on the table.
Answer: a) To generate a unique identifier for each row before updating the table.
3. In a real-world use case, how might an "AFTER INSERT" trigger be beneficial in MySQL?
a) To calculate the average value of a column after each insert operation.
b) To automatically insert new rows into another table after an insert.
c) To restrict access to the database after new rows are inserted.
d) To create a backup of the entire database after each insert.
Answer: b) To automatically insert new rows into another table after an insert.
4. In MySQL, what is a common real-time use for an "AFTER UPDATE" trigger?

a) To calculate the sum of all updated values in a column.
b) To prevent updates from being executed on the table.
c) To retrieve data from another table and update the current table.
d) To store the previous state of a row in a separate log table.
Answer: d) To store the previous state of a row in a separate log table.
5. In a real-world application, how might a "BEFORE DELETE" trigger be used in MySQL?

a) To update specific columns in another table before deleting a row.
b) To automatically delete related rows in other tables before a delete operation.
c) To restrict access to the database during the delete operation.
d) To generate a unique identifier for the row to be deleted.
Answer: b) To automatically delete related rows in other tables before a delete operation.
6. In MySQL, how can an "AFTER DELETE" trigger be beneficial in a real-time scenario?

a) To automatically delete the entire table after a row is deleted.
b) To calculate the total number of rows in the table after a delete operation.
c) To retrieve data from another table and update the current table after the delete operation.
d) To store the deleted rows in a separate backup table.
Answer: d) To store the deleted rows in a separate backup table.
7. In a real-world use case, how might a combination of "BEFORE INSERT" and "BEFORE
UPDATE" triggers be utilized in MySQL?
a) To calculate the average of a specific column before inserting new rows or updating existing ones.
b) To prevent any data modification in the table.
c) To generate a unique identifier for each row before an insert or update operation.
d) To retrieve data from another table and update the current table before any modification.
Answer: c) To generate a unique identifier for each row before an insert or update operation.
8. In MySQL, what is a common real-time use for a combination of "AFTER INSERT" and "AFTER
DELETE" triggers?
a) To perform complex mathematical calculations after each insert or delete operation.
b) To calculate the sum of all values in a column and update another table.
c) To automatically insert or delete rows in other tables based on changes in the current table.
d) To prevent any further data modification after insert or delete operations.
Answer: c) To automatically insert or delete rows in other tables based on changes in the current
table.
9. In a real-world application, how might a combination of "BEFORE UPDATE" and "AFTER

UPDATE" triggers be beneficial in MySQL?
a) To update related records in another table before and after an update operation.
b) To prevent updates from being executed on the table.
c) To calculate the average of all updated values in a column.
d) To store the previous and current states of the row before and after the update.
Answer: d) To store the previous and current states of the row before and after the update.
10. In MySQL, what is a common real-time use for a combination of "BEFORE DELETE" and
"AFTER DELETE" triggers?
a) To calculate the sum of all deleted values in a column.
b) To automatically delete the entire table after a delete operation.
c) To retrieve data from another table and update the current table after the delete operation.
d) To store the deleted rows in a separate backup table before and after deletion.
Answer: d) To store the deleted rows in a separate backup table before and after deletion.
Lecture 11: Error Handling and Exceptions
**11.1 Types of Handler Actions, How to Write Handler**
1. What is a handler in MySQL used for?

a) To handle errors and exceptions in stored procedures and functions
b) To define complex data types in the database schema
c) To optimize query performance for large result sets
d) To manage user privileges and access control
Answer: a) To handle errors and exceptions in stored procedures and functions
2. In MySQL, which statement is used to define a handler for a specific condition?

a) DECLARE HANDLER
b) ADD HANDLER
c) SET HANDLER
d) CREATE HANDLER
Answer: c) SET HANDLER
3. When defining a handler in MySQL, which condition can be specified to catch any unhandled
exception?
a) SQLEXCEPTION
b) SQLWARNING
c) NOT FOUND
d) CONTINUE
Answer: c) NOT FOUND
4. What action can be taken using a handler when a specific condition occurs in a stored procedure?
a) Execute another stored procedure
b) Raise a custom exception
c) Resume execution from a specific point
d) Print an error message and terminate the program
Answer: c) Resume execution from a specific point
5. In MySQL, how can you specify a handler to perform a specific action when a NOT FOUND
condition occurs?
a) SET HANDLER FOR NOT FOUND
b) SET HANDLER FOR SQLWARNING
c) SET HANDLER FOR SQLEXCEPTION
d) SET HANDLER FOR CONDITION NOT FOUND
Answer: d) SET HANDLER FOR CONDITION NOT FOUND
6. When a handler is defined in a stored procedure or function, where does the execution flow move
when the specified condition occurs?
a) To the end of the program
b) To the beginning of the program
c) To a specific label or statement within the program
d) To another stored procedure or function
Answer: c) To a specific label or statement within the program
7. What happens if a condition occurs in a stored procedure or function, but no handler is defined to
catch that condition?
a) The program terminates with an error message.
b) The program continues execution normally.
c) The database automatically creates a default handler for the condition.
d) The program waits indefinitely for a handler to be defined externally.
Answer: a) The program terminates with an error message.
8. In MySQL, which of the following handler actions can be used to exit a loop prematurely when a
specific condition is met?
a) CONTINUE
b) EXIT
c) RESUME
d) LEAVE
Answer: d) LEAVE
9. How do you write a handler for a specific condition in MySQL?

a) DECLARE HANDLER FOR condition_name BEGIN
b) ADD HANDLER FOR condition_name BEGIN
c) SET HANDLER FOR condition_name BEGIN
d) CREATE HANDLER FOR condition_name BEGIN
Answer: c) SET HANDLER FOR condition_name BEGIN
10. What is the purpose of using a handler action like CONTINUE in MySQL?
a) To execute another stored procedure or function when a condition occurs
b) To resume execution from a specific point within the program
c) To skip the current iteration of a loop and continue with the next iteration
d) To raise a custom exception with a user-defined error message
Answer: c) To skip the current iteration of a loop and continue with the next iteration
**11.2 Defining and Handling Exceptions in Stored Procedures and Functions**
1. In MySQL, what is the primary purpose of using exception handling in stored procedures and
functions?
a) To improve query performance
b) To define complex data types
c) To handle errors and unexpected situations gracefully
d) To manage user privileges and access control
Answer: c) To handle errors and unexpected situations gracefully
2. When defining an exception handler in MySQL, what statement is used to start the handler block?
a) BEGIN
b) EXCEPTION
c) HANDLER
d) DECLARE
Answer: c) HANDLER
3. In MySQL, what happens if an exception is raised in a stored procedure or function, and there is no
appropriate exception handler defined to catch it?
a) The program continues executing normally without any issues.
b) The program terminates with an error message and rolls back any changes made within the
procedure.
c) The database automatically creates a default handler to catch the exception.
d) The program waits indefinitely for an external handler to be defined.
Answer: b) The program terminates with an error message and rolls back any changes made within
the procedure.
4. When defining an exception handler in MySQL, what condition can be used to catch any unhandled
exception?
a) EXCEPTION
b) HANDLER NOT FOUND
c) SQLEXCEPTION
d) CONTINUE
Answer: c) SQLEXCEPTION
5. In MySQL, what action can be taken using an exception handler when a specific error condition
occurs in a stored procedure?
a) Resume execution from the point of exception occurrence
b) Raise another exception with a custom error message
c) Terminate the program immediately with an error message
d) Execute another stored procedure to handle the exception
Answer: a) Resume execution from the point of exception occurrence
6. In a MySQL exception handler, what is the purpose of using the RESIGNAL statement?
a) To rethrow the current exception to an outer exception handler
b) To raise a custom exception with a user-defined error code and message
c) To stop the execution of the stored procedure and terminate the program
d) To handle all uncaught exceptions within the procedure
Answer: a) To rethrow the current exception to an outer exception handler
7. What is the recommended approach for defining exception handlers in MySQL stored procedures
and functions?
a) Define a single generic exception handler to catch all possible errors.
b) Do not define any exception handlers to let the database handle exceptions automatically.
c) Define separate exception handlers for specific error conditions that need special treatment.
d) Use a single exception handler for all stored procedures and functions in the database.
Answer: c) Define separate exception handlers for specific error conditions that need special
treatment.
8. When defining an exception handler in MySQL, what condition can be used to catch warnings rather
than errors?
a) SQLERROR
b) SQLWARNING
c) SQLINFO
d) SQLEXCEPTION
Answer: b) SQLWARNING
9. In a MySQL stored procedure, how can you handle an exception that occurs during an SQL
statement execution?
a) Use a TRY-CATCH block to catch the exception and execute alternate statements.
b) Define a generic exception handler to catch all possible errors.
c) Rethrow the exception to an outer exception handler using the RESIGNAL statement.
d) Terminate the program and return an error message to the user.
Answer: c) Rethrow the exception to an outer exception handler using the RESIGNAL statement.
10. In MySQL, what happens if an exception is raised within a transaction and there is no handler to
catch it?
a) The transaction is automatically rolled back, and the program continues execution.
b) The transaction is committed, and the program terminates with an error message.
c) The transaction remains open indefinitely, waiting for a handler to be defined.
d) The database automatically creates a default handler to catch the exception.
Answer: b) The transaction is committed, and the program terminates with an error message.
Lecture 12: Introduction to NoSQL Databases and MongoDB
**12.1 Introduction to NoSQL Database**
1. What does "NoSQL" stand for in the context of databases?

a) Notable SQL
b) Non-Structured Query Language
c) Non-Sequential Query Logic
d) Not Only SQL
Answer: d) Not Only SQL
2. Which of the following statements best describes the main purpose of NoSQL databases?
a) To exclusively handle structured data with SQL queries
b) To provide a standardized data model for all types of databases
c) To handle large volumes of unstructured or semi-structured data
d) To replace traditional relational databases entirely
Answer: c) To handle large volumes of unstructured or semi-structured data
3. In the context of NoSQL databases, what is the primary focus in terms of data scalability?
a) Horizontal scalability
b) Vertical scalability
c) Sequential scalability
d) Concurrent scalability
Answer: a) Horizontal scalability
4. Which aspect of NoSQL databases allows them to be more flexible and adaptable to changing data
requirements?
a) Strict schema enforcement
b) ACID transactions
c) Dynamic data schema
d) Fixed data types
Answer: c) Dynamic data schema
5. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of NoSQL databases?

a) Horizontal scalability
b) Relational data model
c) High availability
d) Fault tolerance
Answer: b) Relational data model
6. Which type of data is typically best suited for storage and retrieval in a NoSQL database?
a) Highly normalized and structured data
b) Hierarchical data with complex relationships
c) Simple and structured tabular data
d) Unstructured or semi-structured data
Answer: d) Unstructured or semi-structured data
7. Which database model does NoSQL deviate from, allowing for more flexible data representation?
a) Hierarchical model
b) Network model
c) Relational model
d) Object-oriented model
Answer: c) Relational model
8. What is the primary advantage of using NoSQL databases for big data applications?
a) Strict data consistency and immediate data availability
b) Strong adherence to ACID properties for data transactions
c) High scalability and distributed architecture support
d) Support for complex SQL queries and joins
Answer: c) High scalability and distributed architecture support
9. Which aspect of NoSQL databases makes them suitable for applications with rapid data growth and
variable data structures?
a) Strong consistency model
b) Static and predefined schema
c) Strict data validation and enforcement
d) Schema flexibility and easy data schema evolution
Answer: d) Schema flexibility and easy data schema evolution
10. What type of NoSQL database is designed to provide the most efficient storage and retrieval of
key-value pairs?
a) Document store
b) Column-oriented store
c) Graph database
d) Key-value store
Answer: d) Key-value store
**12.2 Features of NoSQL Database**
1. Which feature of NoSQL databases allows for flexible and schema-less data representation?
a) ACID transactions
b) Fixed data types
c) Dynamic data schema
d) Strong consistency model
Answer: c) Dynamic data schema
2. What does the term "eventual consistency" mean in the context of NoSQL databases?
a) The database will eventually reach a consistent state after a transaction.
b) Data consistency is guaranteed for all read and write operations.
c) Data consistency is always ensured immediately after each write operation.
d) The database may have temporary inconsistencies, but they will be resolved over time.
Answer: d) The database may have temporary inconsistencies, but they will be resolved over time.
3. Which feature of NoSQL databases allows for easy horizontal scaling across multiple nodes?
a) Fixed data schema
b) ACID transactions
c) BASE model
d) Horizontal partitioning
Answer: d) Horizontal partitioning
4. In the context of NoSQL databases, what is the purpose of sharding?

a) To ensure strong consistency for all data operations
b) To distribute data across multiple nodes or servers
c) To enforce a rigid and predefined data schema
d) To provide complex query capabilities using SQL
Answer: b) To distribute data across multiple nodes or servers
5. Which feature of NoSQL databases allows for easy and efficient storage of large volumes of
unstructured data?
a) Strong consistency model
b) Hierarchical data model
c) Column-oriented storage
d) Document-oriented storage
Answer: d) Document-oriented storage
6. What does the BASE acronym stand for in the context of NoSQL databases?
a) Basic, Atomic, Scalable, Eventually consistent
b) Balanced, Atomic, Strict, Eventual
c) Basic, Atomic, Strong, Eventually consistent
d) Balanced, Atomic, Scalable, Eventual
Answer: a) Basic, Atomic, Scalable, Eventually consistent
7. Which type of NoSQL database is best suited for applications that require high-performance retrieval
of data by key?
a) Column-oriented store
b) Graph database
c) Key-value store
d) Document store
Answer: c) Key-value store
8. What is the primary advantage of using the BASE model over the ACID model in NoSQL databases?
a) Strong data consistency at all times
b) Simplicity in data modeling and query language
c) Lower latency and higher availability of data
d) Compatibility with traditional relational databases
Answer: c) Lower latency and higher availability of data
9. Which feature of NoSQL databases allows for easy data distribution and replication across multiple
nodes?
a) Sharding
b) Fixed data schema
c) Strong consistency model
Answer: a) Sharding
10. In NoSQL databases, which model prioritizes availability and partition tolerance over strict
consistency during network failures?
a) ACID model
b) BASE model
c) CAP theorem
d) RDBMS model
Answer: c) CAP theorem
**12.3 Structured vs. Semi-structured and Unstructured Data**
1. What is the main characteristic that distinguishes structured data from semi-structured and
unstructured data?
a) Structured data has a fixed schema,
while semi-structured and unstructured data do not.

b) Structured data is stored in relational databases, while semi-structured and unstructured data are
not.
c) Structured data contains only numerical values, while semi-structured and unstructured data
contain text and multimedia.
d) Structured data is typically larger in size compared to semi-structured and unstructured data.
Answer: a) Structured data has a fixed schema, while semi-structured and unstructured data do not.
2. Which of the following data formats is commonly associated with structured data?
a) JSON
b) XML
c) CSV
d) Text documents
Answer: c) CSV
3. In the context of data, what does "schema-on-read" mean, particularly for semi-structured and
unstructured data?
a) The data is automatically transformed into a predefined schema during the read operation.
b) The data is read as-is without any schema transformation or validation.
c) The schema is dynamically generated during the write operation and enforced during reads.
d) The data is stored in multiple schemas, and the appropriate one is chosen during the read operation.
Answer: b) The data is read as-is without any schema transformation or validation.
4. Which type of data is most likely to be stored in a traditional relational database as structured data?
a) Images and multimedia files
b) Log files and system data
c) Employee records and sales transactions
d) Social media posts and web pages
Answer: c) Employee records and sales transactions
5. What is an example of semi-structured data format commonly used to represent hierarchical data?
a) CSV
b) JSON
c) Text documents
d) Relational tables
Answer: b) JSON
6. In the context of data storage, what is the main challenge of handling unstructured data?
a) Ensuring data consistency and integrity
b) Designing an appropriate schema for the data
c) Choosing the right data format for storage
d) Efficiently querying and indexing the data
Answer: b) Designing an appropriate schema for the data
7. Which of the following best describes the characteristics of unstructured data?

a) Data with a fixed schema and well-defined relationships
b) Data stored in traditional relational databases
c) Data that lacks a predefined schema and does not fit neatly into tabular structures
d) Data with complex relationships that can be represented using foreign keys
Answer: c) Data that lacks a predefined schema and does not fit neatly into tabular structures
8. Which data type is most suitable for representing a multimedia file such as an image or video?
a) Structured data
b) Semi-structured data
c) Unstructured data
d) Hierarchical data
Answer: c) Unstructured data
9. In a NoSQL database, which type of data is most commonly represented using JSON or BSON
formats?
a) Structured data
Answer: b) Semi-structured data
10. Which data type is characterized by its fixed schema and organized into tables with rows and
columns?
a) Structured data
Answer: a) Structured data
**12.4 Difference between RDBMS and NoSQL Databases**
1. What is the main difference between traditional RDBMS and NoSQL databases in terms of data
modeling?
a) RDBMS uses a dynamic data schema, while NoSQL databases use a fixed schema.
b) RDBMS enforces strict data consistency, while NoSQL databases prioritize availability and
partition tolerance.
c) RDBMS is designed for unstructured data, while NoSQL databases are designed for structured
data.
d) RDBMS represents data in tabular form with fixed columns, while NoSQL databases use flexible
data formats like JSON.
Answer: d) RDBMS represents data in tabular form with fixed columns, while NoSQL databases use
flexible data formats like JSON.
2. Which of the following data models is typically used by traditional RDBMS?

a) Key-value store
b) Document store
c) Hierarchical model
d) Tabular or relational model
Answer: d) Tabular or relational model
3. In terms of scalability, what is a key advantage of NoSQL databases over traditional RDBMS?
a) RDBMS can scale horizontally across multiple nodes, while NoSQL databases cannot.
b) RDBMS can automatically handle sharding, while NoSQL databases require manual configuration.
c) NoSQL databases can easily scale horizontally across multiple nodes, while RDBMS has
limitations in this area.
d) NoSQL databases can only scale vertically, while RDBMS can scale both horizontally and
vertically.
Answer: c) NoSQL databases can easily scale horizontally across multiple nodes, while RDBMS has
limitations in this area.
4. Which type of databases is better suited for handling complex relationships between data entities?
a) RDBMS with structured tables and foreign key constraints
b) NoSQL databases with flexible data schemas and sharding capabilities
c) Both RDBMS and NoSQL databases are equally capable of handling complex relationships.
d) RDBMS with unstructured data storage capabilities
Answer: a) RDBMS with structured tables and foreign key constraints
5. What is the primary focus of RDBMS in terms of data consistency?

a) Eventual consistency
b) Immediate consistency for all data operations
c) Strong consistency only for read operations
d) Strong consistency for all data operations
Answer: d) Strong consistency for all data operations
6. In terms of data querying, what is the key difference between RDBMS and NoSQL databases?
a) RDBMS uses a flexible query language like MongoDB's query language.
b) NoSQL databases use SQL for querying data, just like RDBMS.
c) RDBMS uses SQL for querying data, while NoSQL databases have their own query languages
specific to their data model.
d) Both RDBMS and NoSQL databases use the same query language for data retrieval.
Answer: c) RDBMS uses SQL for querying data, while NoSQL databases have their own query
languages specific to their data model.
7. Which of the following is an advantage of RDBMS over NoSQL databases when it comes to data
consistency?
a) RDBMS guarantees immediate consistency for all data operations.
b) RDBMS can automatically handle sharding for horizontal scaling.
c) RDBMS has better support for unstructured data storage.
d) RDBMS allows for more flexible data schema evolution.
Answer: a) RDBMS guarantees immediate consistency for all data operations.
8. What is a typical use case for a NoSQL database?

a) Online transaction processing (OLTP) applications with complex joins and transactions.
b) Data warehousing and business intelligence applications.
c) Web applications with high read and write throughput and flexible data models.
d) Applications that require strict data consistency and
strong ACID transactions.

Answer: c) Web applications with high read and write throughput and flexible data models.
9. Which of the following is a disadvantage of NoSQL databases compared to traditional RDBMS?

a) NoSQL databases are less suitable for handling complex relationships between data.
b) NoSQL databases cannot scale horizontally across multiple nodes.
c) NoSQL databases lack support for distributed transactions.
d) NoSQL databases have limited support for unstructured data storage.
Answer: a) NoSQL databases are less suitable for handling complex relationships between data.
10. What is a common characteristic of RDBMS that makes it a preferred choice for applications
requiring strict data consistency and integrity?
a) Horizontal scalability across multiple nodes
b) Eventual consistency model
c) ACID transactions
d) BASE model
Answer: c) ACID transactions
**12.5 CAP Theorem, BASE Model**
1. According to the CAP theorem, a distributed database system can prioritize at most how many out of
the three properties: Consistency, Availability, and Partition Tolerance?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) None
Answer: b) Two
2. In the CAP theorem, what does "Consistency" refer to?

a) The guarantee that every read operation receives the most recent write data.
b) The ability to distribute data across multiple nodes in the database system.
c) The ability to handle network partitions gracefully.
d) The availability of data at all times without any downtime.
Answer: a) The guarantee that every read operation receives the most recent write data.
3. What does "Availability" mean in the context of the CAP theorem?

a) The ability of the system to remain operational and serve requests even during network partitions.
b) The guarantee that every read operation receives the most recent write data.
c) The ability to distribute data across multiple nodes in the database system.
d) The ability to handle network partitions gracefully.
Answer: a) The ability of the system to remain operational and serve requests even during network
partitions.
4. In the CAP theorem, what is "Partition Tolerance"?

a) The guarantee that every read operation receives the most recent write data.
b) The ability of the system to remain operational and serve requests even during network partitions.
c) The ability to distribute data across multiple nodes in the database system.
d) The ability to handle network partitions gracefully.
Answer: d) The ability to handle network partitions gracefully.
5. What is the primary goal of the BASE model in distributed databases?

a) To provide strong consistency at all times.
b) To ensure immediate data availability without any downtime.
c) To prioritize availability and partition tolerance over strong consistency.
d) To enforce strict data schema and validation for all operations.
Answer: c) To prioritize availability and partition tolerance over strong consistency.
6. In the BASE model, what does "Basically Available" mean?

a) The system remains available for read and write operations at all times.
b) The system becomes temporarily unavailable during network partitions.
c) The system guarantees strong consistency for all read and write operations.
d) The system may have temporary periods of unavailability but eventually returns to a consistent
state.
Answer: a) The system remains available for read and write operations at all times.
7. What is the primary advantage of using the BASE model over the ACID model in distributed
databases?
a) Strong consistency at all times
b) Immediate data availability without any downtime
c) Lower latency and higher availability of data
d) Compatibility with traditional relational databases
Answer: c) Lower latency and higher availability of data
8. In the CAP theorem, if a distributed database prioritizes Consistency and Partition Tolerance, what
happens to Availability during network partitions?
a) Availability is guaranteed even during network partitions.
b) Availability may be compromised during network partitions.
c) Availability becomes irrelevant in this scenario.
d) Availability becomes unpredictable and may vary during network partitions.
Answer: b) Availability may be compromised during network partitions.
9. In the BASE model, what does "Soft State" refer to?

a) The system's ability to recover quickly from network partitions.
b) The system's ability to provide strong consistency for all read operations.
c) The system's data is allowed to change over time even without new updates.
d) The system's ability to handle soft deletes of data.
Answer: c) The system's data is allowed to change over time even without new updates.
10. In the context of the CAP theorem, which property is most crucial for distributed databases that
need to handle network partitions?
a) Consistency
b) Availability
c) Partition Tolerance
d) Eventual consistency
Answer: c) Partition Tolerance
**12.6 Categories of NoSQL Databases: Key-Value Store, Document Store, Column-Oriented,

Graph**
1. In a key-value store NoSQL database, how is data typically accessed?

a) By using complex SQL queries
b) By specifying the row and column identifiers
c) By executing graph-based traversal operations
d) By creating hierarchical relationships among data entities
Answer: b) By specifying the row and column identifiers
2. What is the primary advantage of using a key-value store NoSQL database?

a) Ability to handle complex data relationships and graph-based queries
b) Automatic sharding and horizontal scalability across multiple nodes
c) Dynamic schema for flexible data representation
d) Fast and efficient storage and retrieval of simple data structures
Answer: d) Fast and efficient storage and retrieval of simple data structures
3. In a document store NoSQL database, how is data represented and stored?

a) In a tabular format with rows and columns
b) As collections of documents in JSON or BSON format
c) In a column-oriented storage format
d) As key-value pairs with binary values
Answer: b) As collections of documents in JSON or BSON format
4. What is the key advantage of using a document store NoSQL database?

c) Ability to enforce strict data consistency and ACID transactions
d) Flexible and schema-less data representation with support for hierarchical data structures
Answer: d) Flexible and schema-less data representation with support for hierarchical data structures
5. In a column-oriented NoSQL database, how is data physically stored?

a) In rows, with related data elements stored together
b) In a key-value format with simple data structures
c) In tables, similar to traditional relational databases
d) In columns, with related data elements stored together
Answer: d) In columns, with related data elements stored together
6. What is the primary benefit of using a column-oriented NoSQL database for certain types of queries?
a) Fast and efficient storage and retrieval of simple key-value pairs
b) Ability to handle complex data relationships and graph-based queries
c) Efficient storage and retrieval of large datasets with aggregated data
d) Support for dynamic data schema and easy data evolution
Answer: c) Efficient storage and retrieval of large datasets with aggregated data
7. In a graph database, how is data represented and stored?

a) In a tabular format with rows and columns
b) As collections of documents in JSON or BSON format
c) In a column-oriented storage format
d) As nodes and edges with relationships between them
Answer: d) As nodes and edges with relationships between them
8. What is the main advantage of using a graph database?

c) Fast and efficient storage and retrieval of simple key-value pairs
d) Support for dynamic data schema and easy data evolution
Answer: a) Ability to handle complex data relationships and graph-based queries
9. Which type of NoSQL database is most suitable for representing highly connected and related data,
such as social networks or recommendation systems?
a) Key-value store
b) Document store
c) Column-oriented database
d) Graph database
Answer: d) Graph database
10. What type of data is best suited for storage in a key-value store NoSQL database?
a) Hierarchical data with complex relationships
b) Highly structured and tabular data
c) Simple data with a unique key identifier
d) Unstructured text and multimedia data
Answer: c) Simple data with a unique key identifier
**12.7 Introduction to MongoDB**
1. MongoDB is a NoSQL database that falls under which category of NoSQL databases?
a) Key-value store
b) Document store
c) Column-oriented database
d) Graph database
Answer: b) Document store
2. What data format does MongoDB use for representing documents?

a) JSON
b) CSV
c) XML
d) YAML
Answer: a) JSON
3. In MongoDB, a collection is analogous to what concept in traditional relational databases?

a) Table
b) Column
c) Row
d) Index
Answer: a) Table
4. What is the primary advantage of using MongoDB over traditional relational databases?
a) Strong data consistency at all times
b) Support for complex SQL queries and joins
c) Automatic sharding for horizontal scalability
d) Flexible schema and easy data representation with JSON documents
Answer: d) Flexible schema and easy data representation with JSON documents
5. Which programming language is commonly used for interacting with MongoDB?

a) Java
b) C#
c) Python
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
6. What is the role of BSON in MongoDB?

a) It is the primary query language used to retrieve data from the database.
b) It is a binary representation of JSON-like documents used for data storage and transmission.
c) It is a mechanism for defining database schemas and data relationships.
d) It is a NoSQL query language specific to MongoDB.
Answer: b) It is a binary representation of JSON-like documents used for data storage and
transmission.
7. In MongoDB, what is a unique identifier assigned to each document within a collection?

a) Key
b) Index
c) Shard
d) ObjectID
Answer: d) ObjectID
8. What is the purpose of the "_id" field in MongoDB documents?

a) It is a reserved field that must be included in all documents.
b) It is a unique identifier for each document within a collection.
c) It is a primary key used for indexing and efficient data retrieval.
d) It is a foreign key used to establish relationships between collections.
Answer: b) It is a unique identifier for each document within a collection.
9. Which of the following is true about MongoDB's horizontal scaling capability?

a) MongoDB automatically handles sharding and horizontal scaling.
b) MongoDB does not support horizontal scaling across multiple nodes.
c) MongoDB requires manual configuration for sharding and horizontal scaling.
d) MongoDB only supports vertical scaling by adding more resources to a single node.
Answer: a) MongoDB automatically handles sharding and horizontal scaling.
10. What is the primary use case for MongoDB in real-world applications?
a) Storing complex graph data with many interconnected nodes.
b) Analyzing large datasets and performing complex data aggregation.
c) Web applications with high read and write throughput and flexible data models.
d) Storing simple key-value pairs for efficient data retrieval.
Answer: c) Web applications with high read and write throughput and flexible data models.
**12.8 Features of MongoDB**
1. What is the storage architecture used by MongoDB for data storage?

a) Columnar storage
b) Document-based storage
c) Key-value storage
d) Hierarchical storage
Answer: b) Document-based storage
2. In MongoDB, what is a document?

a) A unique identifier for each record in a collection
b) A set of related records stored in a table-like structure
c) A representation of data in key-value pairs
d) A set of fields and values, similar to a JSON object
Answer: d) A set of fields and values, similar to a JSON object
3. What is a replica set in MongoDB?

a) A set of related documents stored in a collection
b) A mechanism for enforcing schema validation in the database
c) A group of MongoDB instances that store the same data for high availability and fault tolerance
d) A query language used for data retrieval from MongoDB
Answer: c) A group of MongoDB instances that store the same data for high availability and fault
tolerance
4. Which feature of MongoDB allows for automatic data distribution and load balancing across
multiple nodes?
a) Sharding
b) Indexing
c) Replication
d) Aggregation
Answer: a) Sharding
5. What is the purpose of an index in MongoDB?

a) To enforce data validation rules for fields in a collection
b) To define the primary key for a collection for efficient data retrieval.
c) To group related documents together in a collection.
d) To allow for complex joins and data aggregation operations.
Answer: b) To define the primary key for a collection for efficient data retrieval.
6. How does MongoDB handle data consistency in a replica set?

a) MongoDB does not provide data consistency in a replica set.
b) All replicas in the set have eventual consistency, ensuring data synchronization over time.
c) MongoDB uses the CAP theorem to prioritize data consistency in the replica set.
d) One replica is designated as the primary, and all writes go to this node, ensuring strong
consistency.
Answer: d) One replica is designated as the primary, and all writes go to this node, ensuring strong
consistency.
7. What is a sharded cluster in MongoDB?

a) A group of related collections stored in the same database.
b) A set of replicas that store the same data for high availability.
c) A cluster of MongoDB instances distributed across multiple nodes for horizontal scaling.
d) A set of MongoDB instances used for data analysis and aggregation operations.
Answer: c) A cluster of MongoDB instances distributed across multiple nodes for horizontal scaling.
8. Which feature of MongoDB allows for performing complex data aggregation operations, such as
grouping and computing averages?
a) Indexing
b) Replication
c) Sharding
d) Aggregation Framework
Answer: d) Aggregation Framework
9. How does MongoDB ensure high availability in a replica set?

a) By automatically handling data sharding across multiple nodes.
b) By enforcing strict data consistency for all write operations.
c) By allowing for immediate data availability at all times.
d) By electing a primary node that handles all write operations and can be automatically replaced if it
fails.
Answer: d) By electing a primary node that handles all write operations and can be automatically
replaced if it fails.
10. What is the role of the secondary nodes in a MongoDB replica set?
a) To store data for high availability and fault tolerance, but not handle write operations.
b) To act as the primary node for all write operations in case of primary node failure.
c) To handle read operations, but not write operations, to distribute the load from the primary node.
d) To automatically handle data sharding and horizontal scaling across multiple nodes.
Answer: a) To store data for high availability and fault tolerance, but not handle write operations.
**12.9 MongoDB Command Interface and MongoDB Compass**
1. Which command is used to create a new database in MongoDB?

a) INSERT DATABASE
b) CREATE DATABASE
c) USE DATABASE
d) db.createDatabase()
Answer: d) db.createDatabase()
2. In MongoDB, which command is used to create a new collection within a database?

a) CREATE COLLECTION
b) INSERT COLLECTION
c) USE COLLECTION
d) db.createCollection()
Answer: d) db.createCollection()
3. Which MongoDB command is used to insert a new document into a collection?

a) ADD DOCUMENT
b) CREATE DOCUMENT
c) INSERT DOCUMENT
d) db.collection.insertOne()
Answer: d) db.collection.insertOne()
4. What is MongoDB Compass?

a) A command-line interface for interacting with MongoDB databases.
b) A web-based interface for MongoDB database administration.
c) A query language for performing complex data aggregations in MongoDB.
d) A built-in script editor for creating stored procedures in MongoDB.
Answer: b) A web-based interface for MongoDB database administration.
5. Which of the following statements is true about MongoDB Compass?
a) It is a NoSQL query language specific to MongoDB.
b) It is a graphical user interface (GUI) for visualizing and interacting with MongoDB data.
c) It is used for sharding and horizontal scaling of MongoDB databases.
d) It is primarily used for importing and exporting data to and from MongoDB.
Answer: b) It is a graphical user interface (GUI) for visualizing and interacting with MongoDB data.
6. Which MongoDB command is used to update a document in a collection?

a) UPDATE DOCUMENT
b) MODIFY DOCUMENT
c) ALTER DOCUMENT
d) db.collection.updateOne()
Answer: d) db.collection.updateOne()
7. What is the purpose of the "find" command in MongoDB?

a) To find and delete a document from a collection.
b) To find and update a document in a collection.
c) To find and retrieve documents from a collection.
d) To find and insert a new document into a collection.
Answer: c) To find and retrieve documents from a collection.
8. Which MongoDB command is used to remove a document from a collection?

a) DELETE DOCUMENT
b) REMOVE DOCUMENT
c) ERASE DOCUMENT
d) db.collection.deleteOne()
Answer
: d) db.collection.deleteOne()
9. What is the primary benefit of using MongoDB Compass for database administration?
a) It provides a command-line interface for faster and more efficient database operations.
b) It allows for direct interaction with MongoDB databases through SQL queries.
c) It offers a visual and user-friendly interface for database management and data exploration.
d) It automatically handles sharding and horizontal scaling for large-scale databases.
Answer: c) It offers a visual and user-friendly interface for database management and data
exploration.
10. Which MongoDB command is used to perform a query and retrieve multiple documents from a
collection?
a) db.collection.find()
b) db.collection.query()
c) db.collection.retrieve()
d) db.collection.select()
Answer: a) db.collection.find()
Lecture 13: MongoDB Documents and Collections
**13.1 RDBMS & MongoDB Analogies: Relations/Tables => Collections; Tuples/Records =>
Documents**
1. In MongoDB, what is the equivalent of a table in a relational database?

a) Rows
b) Columns
c) Collections
d) Documents
Answer: c) Collections
2. What term is used in MongoDB to refer to individual data entries, similar to rows in a relational
database?
a) Tables
b) Rows
c) Collections
d) Documents
Answer: d) Documents
3. In a relational database, what is a tuple?

a) A group of related tables
b) A collection of related columns
c) An individual data entry within a table
d) A synonym for a relational database
Answer: c) An individual data entry within a table
4. What is the relationship between tables and collections in MongoDB?

a) Tables are subsets of collections.
b) Tables are equivalent to collections.
c) Collections are subsets of tables.
d) Collections are equivalent to rows.
Answer: b) Tables are equivalent to collections.
5. In MongoDB, how are related data items stored together?

a) As separate tables in the same database
b) As separate collections in different databases
c) As separate documents within the same collection
d) As separate fields within a document
Answer: c) As separate documents within the same collection
6. Which analogy correctly represents the relationship between a relational database and MongoDB's
document-based storage?
a) Database => Table; Collection => Row; Document => Column
b) Database => Collection; Collection => Table; Document => Row
c) Database => Collection; Collection => Row; Document => Column
d) Database => Table; Collection => Column; Document => Row
Answer: b) Database => Collection; Collection => Table; Document => Row
7. In MongoDB, what is the equivalent of a column in a relational database?

a) Tables
b) Fields
c) Rows
d) Collections
Answer: b) Fields
8. What term is used in MongoDB to refer to a specific data attribute within a document?
a) Rows
b) Tables
c) Fields
d) Collections
Answer: c) Fields
9. In MongoDB, how are related documents grouped together within a collection?

a) As separate collections in the same database
b) As separate fields within a document
c) As separate rows in the same table
d) As separate tables in different databases
Answer: b) As separate fields within a document
10. What is the key characteristic of MongoDB's document-based storage that makes it different from
traditional relational databases?
a) Support for complex joins and foreign key constraints
b) Ability to handle structured data with fixed schemas
c) Storage of related data in separate tables
d) Flexible schema and nested data structures
Answer: d) Flexible schema and nested data structures
**13.2 JSON and BSON Documents**
1. What is JSON short for in the context of MongoDB?

a) Java Standard Object Notation
b) JavaScript Object Notation
c) JSON Object Naming
d) Java Serialization Object Notation
Answer: b) JavaScript Object Notation
2. What data format is commonly used for representing documents in MongoDB?

a) CSV
b) XML
c) JSON
d) YAML
Answer: c) JSON
3. What is the primary advantage of using JSON for data representation in MongoDB?
a) It is a binary format that reduces storage size.
b) It enforces strict data validation and schema constraints.
c) It allows for efficient indexing and querying of data.
d) It provides a flexible and human-readable data format.
Answer: d) It provides a flexible and human-readable data format.
4. What does BSON stand for in the context of MongoDB?

a) Binary Object Notation
b) Binary Serialized Object Notation
c) Binary Standard Object Notation
d) BSON is not related to MongoDB.
Answer: b) Binary Serialized Object Notation
5. How does BSON differ from JSON?

a) BSON is a text-based data format, while JSON is a binary format.
b) BSON is optimized for storage and data transmission, while JSON is optimized for human
readability.
c) BSON supports more data types and is more space-efficient than JSON.
d) BSON has a simpler syntax compared to JSON.
Answer: c) BSON supports more data types and is more space-efficient than JSON.
6. Why is BSON preferred over JSON for internal data storage within MongoDB?
a) BSON is faster to process and query than JSON.
b) BSON is easier to write and read than JSON.
c) BSON provides better support for complex data structures and data types.
d) BSON is more secure and resistant to data corruption.
Answer: c) BSON provides better support for complex data structures and data types.
7. Which data format is generally used for data transmission and interchange with external systems in
MongoDB?
a) CSV
b) JSON
c) BSON
d) XML
Answer: b) JSON
8. In MongoDB, what is the key advantage of using BSON over JSON for storage and data
transmission?
a) BSON provides a more compact representation of data, reducing storage requirements.
b) BSON allows for faster query processing due to its binary format.
c) BSON enforces strict schema validation for data consistency.
d) BSON provides support for additional data types not available in JSON.
Answer: a) BSON provides a more compact representation of data, reducing storage requirements.
9. What data type is not supported by JSON but is available in BSON?

a) Integer
b) Boolean
c) String
d) Binary data
Answer: d) Binary data
10. Which format is considered more efficient for data storage in MongoDB: JSON or BSON?
a) JSON, because it provides better readability and compatibility with other systems.
b) BSON, because it supports more data types and reduces storage size.
c) Both JSON and BSON have the same storage efficiency in MongoDB.
d) It depends on the use case and specific requirements of the application.
Answer: b) BSON, because it supports more data types and reduces storage size.
**13.3 Performing CRUD (CREATE, READ, UPDATE, DELETE) Operations**
1. In CRUD operations, what does "C" stand for?

a) Create
b) Convert
c) Copy
d) Clear
Answer: a) Create
2. Which CRUD operation is used to insert new data into a MongoDB collection?
a) CREATE
b) READ
c) UPDATE
d) DELETE
Answer: a) CREATE
3. What is the primary method in MongoDB for creating new documents in a collection?
a) db.collection.insertOne()
b) db.collection.createDocument()
c) db.collection.createOne()
d) db.collection.newDocument()
Answer: a) db.collection.insertOne()
4. In MongoDB, what is the primary method for reading data from a

collection?
a) db.collection.readOne()
b) db.collection.fetchAll()
c) db.collection.find()
d) db.collection.retrieve()
Answer: c) db.collection.find()
5. Which CRUD operation is used to retrieve data from a MongoDB collection?

a) CREATE
b) READ
c) UPDATE
d) DELETE
Answer: b) READ
6. How is data queried in MongoDB to perform read operations?

a) By using SQL queries
b) By specifying conditions in the find() method
c) By using the retrieve() method with filtering options
d) By defining the document schema for validation
Answer: b) By specifying conditions in the find() method
7. What is the primary method for updating data in a MongoDB collection?

a) db.collection.edit()
b) db.collection.updateOne()
c) db.collection.modify()
d) db.collection.change()
Answer: b) db.collection.updateOne()
8. In MongoDB, how are updates specified when using the updateOne() method?
a) As a new document to replace the existing document
b) As a JSON-like object with the updated fields and values
c) As a SQL-like query statement with SET and WHERE clauses
d) As a binary BSON document for efficient data transfer
Answer: b) As a JSON-like object with the updated fields and values
9. Which CRUD operation is used to delete data from a MongoDB collection?

a) CREATE
b) READ
c) UPDATE
d) DELETE
Answer: d) DELETE
10. What is the primary method for deleting data from a MongoDB collection?
a) db.collection.removeOne()
b) db.collection.erase()
c) db.collection.deleteOne()
d) db.collection.drop()
Answer: c) db.collection.deleteOne()
**13.4 UPSERT**
1. What does UPSERT stand for in the context of MongoDB and databases?
a) Upgrading and Sorting
b) Update and Select
c) Update or Insert
d) Upside and Downside
Answer: c) Update or Insert
2. In MongoDB, what does the UPSERT operation do?
a) It updates an existing document if it exists or inserts a new document if it does not exist.
b) It performs an update and a select operation simultaneously.
c) It retrieves data from one collection and inserts it into another collection.
d) It creates an index for faster data retrieval.
Answer: a) It updates an existing document if it exists or inserts a new document if it does not exist.
3. Which MongoDB method is used to perform the UPSERT operation?

a) db.collection.upsertOne()
b) db.collection.updateOne()
c) db.collection.insertOrUpdate()
d) db.collection.findOneAndUpdate()
Answer: b) db.collection.updateOne()
4. When using the updateOne() method with UPSERT, what happens if the document being updated is
not found?
a) An error is thrown, and the operation fails.
b) The method inserts a new document with the specified update criteria.
c) The method returns a warning message, but the operation continues.
d) The method updates all documents in the collection to match the update criteria.
Answer: b) The method inserts a new document with the specified update criteria.
5. In UPSERT, what determines whether an update or insert operation will be performed?

a) The presence of an index on the collection
b) The type of update criteria specified in the method call
c) The availability of system resources during the operation
d) The user's preference as specified in the MongoDB configuration
Answer: b) The type of update criteria specified in the method call
6. What is the key benefit of using UPSERT in MongoDB?

a) It allows for faster data retrieval by automatically creating indexes.
b) It simplifies data synchronization between multiple MongoDB instances.
c) It provides a convenient way to handle update and insert operations in a single step.
d) It enforces data consistency and integrity by preventing duplicates in the collection.
Answer: c) It provides a convenient way to handle update and insert operations in a single step.
7. When using the updateOne() method with UPSERT, can multiple documents be inserted if no
matching document is found?
a) Yes, the method can insert multiple documents.
b) No, the method only inserts a single document.
c) It depends on the available system resources.
d) It depends on the value of the "multi" option provided in the method call.
Answer: b) No, the method only inserts a single document.
8. Which option should be set to enable UPSERT behavior when using the updateOne() method?
a) set
b) update
c) insert
d) upsert
Answer: d) upsert
9. In UPSERT, if an insert operation is performed, does the new document automatically get an
ObjectID?
a) Yes, all documents in a collection have an ObjectID by default.
b) No, the new document must explicitly specify an ObjectID field.
c) It depends on the MongoDB configuration.
d) It depends on the availability of system resources during the operation.
Answer: a) Yes, all documents in a collection have an ObjectID by default.
10. What happens if the update criteria in UPSERT does not match any existing document or index in
the collection?
a) The update operation fails, and an error is thrown.
b) The method inserts a new document with the specified update criteria.
c) The method updates all documents in the collection to match the update criteria.
d) The method returns a warning message, but no action is taken.
Answer: b) The method inserts a new document with the specified update criteria.
Lecture 14: MongoDB Operators, Sorting, and Indexing
**14.1 MongoDB Operators**
1. Which MongoDB operator is used to match documents where a specified field is equal to a certain
value?
a) $eq
b) $ne
c) $in
d) $exists
Answer: a) $eq
2. What is the purpose of the $ne operator in MongoDB?

a) It matches documents where a specified field is equal to a certain value.
b) It matches documents where a specified field is not equal to a certain value.
c) It matches documents where a specified field contains any of the values in a given array.
d) It matches documents where a specified field exists.
Answer: b) It matches documents where a specified field is not equal to a certain value.
3. Which MongoDB operator is used to match documents where a specified field exists?
a) $eq
b) $ne
c) $in
d) $exists
Answer: d) $exists
4. What does the $in operator do in MongoDB?

a) It matches documents where a specified field is equal to a certain value.
b) It matches documents where a specified field is not equal to a certain value.
c) It matches documents where a specified field contains any of the values in a given array.
d) It matches documents where a specified field exists.
Answer: c) It matches documents where a specified field contains any of the values in a given array.
5. Which MongoDB operator is used to combine multiple conditions with an AND logical operation?
a) $and
b) $or
c) $not
d) $nor
Answer: a) $and
6. What does the $or operator do in MongoDB?

a) It performs a logical NOT operation on a specified condition.
b) It combines multiple conditions with an OR logical operation.
c) It matches documents where a specified field contains all the values in a given array.
d) It matches documents where a specified field is not equal to any value in a given array.
Answer: b) It combines multiple conditions with an OR logical operation.
7. Which MongoDB operator is used to perform a logical NOT operation on a specified condition?
a) $and
b) $or
c) $not
d) $nor
Answer: c) $not
8. What is the purpose of the $nor operator in MongoDB?

a) It performs a logical NOR operation on multiple conditions.
b) It combines multiple conditions with a NOR logical operation.
c) It matches documents where a specified field is not equal to any value in a given array.
d) It matches documents where none of the specified conditions are met.
Answer: d) It matches documents where none of the specified conditions are met.
9. Which MongoDB operator is used to update the value of a field in a document?
a) $set
b) $unset
c) $inc
d) $push
Answer: a) $set
10. What does the $unset operator do in MongoDB?

a) It updates the value of a field in a document.
b) It removes a specified field from a document.
c) It increments the value of a numeric field in a document.
d) It adds a new element to an array field in a document.
Answer: b) It removes a specified field from a document.
**14.2 Sorting**
1. Which method is used to perform sorting in MongoDB?

a) sort()
b) order()
c) arrange()
d) organize()
Answer: a) sort()
2. What is the default sort order in MongoDB if no sort() method is specified?

a) Ascending order (1)
b) Descending order (-1)
c) Random order
d) Unsorted
Answer: d) Unsorted
3. How can you specify the sort order as descending in MongoDB?

a) sort(-1)
b) sort(1)
c) sort(desc)
d) sort(asc)
Answer: a) sort(-1)
4. What is the MongoDB query to sort documents by a field named "age" in ascending order?
a) db.collection.find().sort("age": 1)
b) db.collection.find().sort({"age": -1})
c) db.collection.find().sort({"age": asc})
d) db.collection.find().sort("age": "asc")
Answer: a) db.collection.find().sort("age": 1)
5. How can you sort documents by multiple fields in MongoDB?

a) Use the sort() method multiple times for each field.
b) Specify an array of fields in the sort() method.
c) Use the sort() method with multiple field names separated by commas.
d) It is not possible to sort by multiple fields in MongoDB.
Answer: b) Specify an array of fields in the sort() method.
6. What is the primary purpose of sorting in MongoDB?

a) To organize documents based on their field values.
b) To group related documents together.
c) To perform complex data aggregations.
d) To enforce data validation rules.
Answer: a) To organize documents based on their field values.
7. Which of the following methods is used to specify the sort order as ascending in MongoDB?
a) sort("asc")
b) sort(1)
c) sort("ascending")
d) sort("A")
Answer: b) sort(1)
8. How does sorting affect the original order of documents in a collection in MongoDB?
a) Sorting changes the order of documents permanently in the collection.
b) Sorting changes the order of documents temporarily for the current query only.
c) Sorting has no effect on the order of documents in the collection.
d) Sorting randomizes the order of documents in the collection.
Answer: b) Sorting changes the order of documents temporarily for the current query only.
9. What is the syntax for specifying multiple sort criteria in MongoDB?

a) sort("field1", "field2")
b) sort({field1: 1, field2: -1})
c) sort(1, -1)
d) sort(["field1", "field2"])
Answer: b) sort({field1: 1, field2: -1})
10. Can you sort documents in MongoDB based on computed values or expressions?
a) Yes, using the sort() method with JavaScript functions.
b) No, sorting is only possible based on the existing field values.
c) Yes, by defining custom sorting algorithms in the MongoDB configuration.
d) No, MongoDB does not support sorting based on computed values.
Answer: b) No, sorting is only possible based on the existing field values.
**14.3 Indexing**
1. What is the purpose of indexing in MongoDB?

a) To sort documents in a collection.
b) To enforce data validation rules.
c) To define the primary key of a collection.
d) To improve query performance by optimizing data retrieval.
Answer: d) To improve query performance by optimizing data retrieval.
2. Which type of index is
created by default for the "_id" field in a MongoDB collection?

a) Compound index
b) Unique index
c) Sparse index
d) Single field index
Answer: b) Unique index
3. How can you create a compound index on multiple fields in MongoDB?

a) index({field1, field2})
b) createIndex("field1", "field2")
c) db.collection.createIndex({field1: 1, field2: 1})
d) db.collection.createCompoundIndex({field1, field2})
Answer: c) db.collection.createIndex({field1: 1, field2: 1})
4. In MongoDB, how does indexing affect write operations (e.g., insert, update, delete)?
a) Indexing slows down write operations but improves read operations.
b) Indexing has no impact on write operations.
c) Indexing speeds up write operations but may slow down read operations.
d) Indexing ensures data consistency and prevents write operations from occurring.
Answer: c) Indexing speeds up write operations but may slow down read operations.
5. What is the primary benefit of using an index in a MongoDB collection?
a) It enforces data validation rules and constraints.
b) It reduces the storage size of the collection.
c) It prevents duplicate documents from being inserted.
d) It accelerates data retrieval for queries on indexed fields.
Answer: d) It accelerates data retrieval for queries on indexed fields.
6. Which method is used to create an index on a specific field in MongoDB?

a) createIndex()
b) makeIndex()
c) index()
d) ensureIndex()
Answer: a) createIndex()
7. How can you remove an index from a MongoDB collection?

a) removeIndex()
b) deleteIndex()
c) dropIndex()
d) destroyIndex()
Answer: c) dropIndex()
8. What is the key advantage of using a unique index in MongoDB?

a) It ensures that the indexed field contains unique values across all documents in the collection.
b) It allows for faster data retrieval but requires more storage space.
c) It automatically sorts the collection based on the indexed field.
d) It allows for efficient querying on multiple fields simultaneously.
Answer: a) It ensures that the indexed field contains unique values across all documents in the
collection.
9. In MongoDB, can you create an index on a nested field or a field within an embedded document?
a) No, MongoDB only supports indexing on top-level fields.
b) Yes, MongoDB allows indexing on nested fields to improve query performance.
c) Yes, but only if the nested field is of type "string" or "numeric."
d) It depends on the MongoDB version being used.
Answer: b) Yes, MongoDB allows indexing on nested fields to improve query performance.
10. What happens if a query is executed on a non-indexed field in a MongoDB collection?

a) The query performs a full collection scan, which can be slow for large collections.
b) The query automatically creates an index on the field before execution.
c) The query is rejected, and an error is thrown since indexing is mandatory in MongoDB.
d) The query returns no results, as non-indexed fields cannot be queried.
Answer: a) The query performs a full collection scan, which can be slow for large collections.
Lecture 15: Introduction to Big Data and Big Data Systems
**15.1 Introduction to Big Data**
1. What is Big Data?

a) Data that is too large to fit into a single computer's memory
b) Data that is difficult to process and analyze
c) Data that is generated at a high velocity and volume
d) Data that exceeds the storage capacity of a traditional database
Answer: c) Data that is generated at a high velocity and volume
2. What are the three main characteristics of Big Data?

a) Volume, Velocity, Variety
b) Velocity, Variety, Value
c) Volume, Variety, Veracity
d) Volume, Velocity, Value
Answer: a) Volume, Velocity, Variety
3. Which of the following is NOT a primary challenge of Big Data?

a) Data storage and retrieval
b) Data security and privacy
c) Data analysis and visualization
d) Data generation and transmission
Answer: d) Data generation and transmission
4. What technology is commonly used to process and analyze Big Data?

a) Relational databases
b) Mainframe computers
c) Cloud computing
d) Single-threaded processors
Answer: c) Cloud computing
5. Which industry is NOT commonly associated with generating Big Data?

a) Healthcare
b) Finance
c) Retail
d) Small businesses
Answer: d) Small businesses
6. What is the primary goal of processing Big Data?

a) To generate more data
b) To make data accessible to the public
c) To gain valuable insights and make informed decisions
d) To prioritize data storage over data analysis
Answer: c) To gain valuable insights and make informed decisions
7. Which of the following statements is true regarding Big Data and traditional data processing?
a) Big Data processing requires more time and resources than traditional data processing.
b) Traditional data processing is better suited for handling large volumes of data.
c) Big Data processing is limited to structured data only.
d) Big Data processing does not involve real-time analysis.
Answer: a) Big Data processing requires more time and resources than traditional data processing.
8. What is one of the key drivers behind the growth of Big Data?
a) The decline in data sources and sensors
b) The reduced need for data storage solutions
c) The increase in internet usage and connected devices
d) The lack of interest in data-driven decision making
Answer: c) The increase in internet usage and connected devices
9. How does Big Data differ from traditional data processing in terms of data sources?
a) Big Data relies on structured data from well-defined sources, while traditional data processing
handles diverse data from various sources.
b) Big Data and traditional data processing both rely solely on internal data sources within
organizations.
c) Big Data involves processing data from a single source, while traditional data processing deals
with data from multiple sources.
d) Big Data does not rely on data sources; it generates data on its own through AI algorithms.
Answer: a) Big Data relies on structured data from well-defined sources, while traditional data
processing handles diverse data from various sources.
10. What is the main purpose of using distributed systems in Big Data processing?
a) To increase the complexity of data analysis
b) To reduce the need for data storage
c) To enable parallel processing and handle large volumes of data
d) To limit the data variety in the analysis process
Answer: c) To enable parallel processing and handle large volumes of data
**15.2 Characteristics of Big Data and Examples**
1. Which characteristic of Big Data refers to the sheer volume of data generated and collected?
a) Velocity
b) Variety
c) Volume
d) Veracity
Answer: c) Volume
2. Which of the following is an example of Big Data in the context of the Velocity characteristic?
a) A large collection of structured data in a relational database
b) Real-time social media streams generating massive amounts of unstructured data
c) A diverse dataset containing information from multiple sources
d) Data with high accuracy and reliability
Answer: b) Real-time social media streams generating massive amounts of unstructured data
3. The Variety characteristic of Big Data refers to:

a) The speed at which data is generated and collected.
b) The diverse types and formats of data, including structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data.
c) The accuracy and reliability of data.
d) The sheer volume of data generated and collected.
Answer: b) The diverse types and formats of data, including structured, semi-structured, and
unstructured data.
4. Which of the following is an example of Big Data in the context of the Variety characteristic?
a) Sensor data from a single device
b) Customer information stored in a traditional relational database
c) Log files containing text data
d) A small collection of numerical data
Answer: c) Log files containing text data
5. What does the Veracity characteristic of Big Data refer to?

a) The speed at which data is generated and collected.
b) The diverse types and formats of data.
c) The accuracy and reliability of data.
d) The sheer volume of data generated and collected.
Answer: c) The accuracy and reliability of data.
6. An example of Big Data in the context of the Veracity characteristic would be:
a) A large collection of sensor data from a single device.
b) A dataset containing information from multiple sources with varying degrees of accuracy.
c) Real-time social media streams generating massive amounts of unstructured data.
d) A small collection of numerical data from a controlled environment.
Answer: b) A dataset containing information from multiple sources with varying degrees of accuracy.
7. Which characteristic of Big Data is associated with the speed at which data is generated and
collected?
a) Velocity
b) Variety
c) Volume
d) Veracity
Answer: a) Velocity
8. An example of Big Data in the context of the Volume characteristic would be:
a) A diverse dataset containing information from multiple sources.
b) A large collection of sensor data from a single device.
c) Real-time social media streams generating massive amounts of unstructured data.
Answer: b) A large collection of sensor data from a single device.
9. Which characteristic of Big Data is associated with the diversity of data types and formats?
a) Velocity
b) Variety
c) Volume
d) Veracity
Answer: b) Variety
10. An example of Big Data in the context of the Velocity characteristic would be:
a) A dataset containing information from multiple sources with varying degrees of accuracy.
b) A diverse dataset containing information from multiple sources.
c) A large collection of sensor data from a single device.
Answer: c) A large collection of sensor data from a single device.
**15.3 Properties of Big Data**
1. Which property of Big Data refers to the ability to process and analyze data in real-time or near-real-
time?
a) Scalability
b) Velocity
c) Variety
d) Latency
Answer: b) Velocity
2. What does the property of "Scalability" mean in the context of Big Data?
a) The ability to handle increasing amounts of data with ease.
b) The ability to process data with high accuracy and reliability.
c) The ability to store data in a variety of formats.
d) The ability to process data in real-time.
Answer: a) The ability to handle increasing amounts of data with ease.
3. Which property of Big Data is associated with the accuracy and reliability of the data?
a) Scalability
b) Velocity
c) Variety
d) Veracity
Answer: d) Veracity
4. The property of "Latency" in Big Data refers to:

b) The speed at which data is generated and collected.
c) The time delay between data generation and its processing or analysis.
d) The ability to store data in a variety of formats.
Answer: c) The time delay between data generation and its processing or analysis.
5. Which property of Big Data is associated with the diversity of data types and sources?
a) Scalability
b) Velocity
c) Variety
d) Veracity
Answer: c) Variety
6. The property of "Interoperability" in Big Data refers to:

c) The ability to integrate and interact with various data formats and sources.
Answer: c) The ability to integrate and interact with various data formats and sources.
7. Which property of Big Data is associated with the ability to process data in real-time or near-real-
time?
a) Scalability
b) Velocity
c) Variety
d) Latency
Answer: b) Velocity
8. The property of "Resilience" in Big Data refers to:

c) The ability to recover and continue processing after failures or disruptions.
Answer: c) The ability to recover and continue processing after failures or disruptions.
9. The property of "Granularity" in Big Data refers to:

c) The level of detail or resolution at which data is collected and analyzed.
Answer: c) The level of detail or resolution at which data is collected and analyzed.
10. What does the property of "Velocity" refer to in Big Data?

b) The speed at which data is generated and collected.
c) The level of detail or resolution at which data is collected and analyzed.
d) The ability to process data with high accuracy and reliability.
Answer: b) The speed at which data is generated and collected.
**15.4 Typical Components of a Big Data System**
1. What is the primary function of a Data Source in a Big Data system?

a) To store and manage the processed data.
b) To process and analyze the raw data.
c) To collect and generate the raw data.
d) To visualize and present the data to end-users.
Answer: c) To collect and generate the raw data.
2. Which component of a Big Data system is responsible for storing and managing large volumes of
data?
a) Data Source
b) Data Processor
c) Data Storage
d) Data Visualization
Answer: c) Data Storage
3. What is the role of a Data Processor in a Big Data system?

a) To collect and generate the raw data.
b) To store and manage the processed data.
c) To process and analyze the raw data.
Answer: c) To process and analyze the raw data.
4. Which component of a Big Data system is responsible for presenting the data in a meaningful and
understandable way?
a) Data Source
b) Data Processor
c) Data Storage
d) Data Visualization
Answer: d) Data Visualization
5. What is the primary purpose of Data Integration in a Big Data system?

c) To combine and unify data from various sources and formats.
Answer: c) To combine and unify data from various sources and formats.
6. Which component of a Big Data system is responsible for ensuring data security and privacy?
a) Data Source
b) Data Processor
c) Data Storage
d) Data Security
Answer: d) Data Security
7. What does the Data Visualization component in a Big Data system provide?
a) Data storage and management functionalities.
b) Real-time data processing and analysis capabilities.
c) Tools and techniques to process and analyze the raw data.
d) Graphs, charts, and dashboards to present the data in a visual format.
Answer: d) Graphs, charts, and dashboards to present the data in a visual format.
8. Which component of a Big Data system is responsible for ensuring data consistency and integrity?
a) Data Source
b) Data Processor
c) Data Storage
d) Data Governance
Answer: d) Data Governance
9. What is the role of Data Governance in a Big Data system?

c) To process and analyze the raw data.
d) To ensure data consistency, quality, and compliance with regulations.
Answer: d) To ensure data consistency, quality, and compliance with regulations.
10. What is the purpose of Data Storage in a Big Data system?

b) To process and analyze the raw data.
c) To store and manage the processed data.
Answer: c) To store and manage the processed data.

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DATABASE TECHNOLOGIES MCQ BANK

Total No. Of MCQs : 670

Lecture 1: Introduction to DBMS

1. What does the term "DBMS" stand for?

Answer: b) Database Management System

2. In a relational database, what is a "table"?

Answer: b) A collection of related records

3. What is the purpose of a "primary key" in a database table?

Answer: b) It ensures that each row in the table is unique.

4. What is the role of a "foreign key" in a database table?

Answer: a) It is used to establish relationships between tables.

Answer: a) Structured Query Language

7. In a database, what does the term "query" mean?

Answer: c) A request for retrieving specific data from the database

8. What is the purpose of a "transaction" in a database?

10. What is the purpose of an "index" in a database?

**1.2 Types of DBMS: Relational, Object-Relational, and NoSQL Databases**

Answer: c) Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

Answer: a) Support for complex data types and objects

Answer: b) NoSQL Database Management System

Answer: b) NoSQL databases provide a flexible schema for dynamic data.

Answer: c) Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

Answer: d) Hierarchical Database Management System

Answer: c) Object-Oriented Database Management System (OODBMS)

Answer: c) To handle complex data objects with attributes and methods

NoSQL Database Management System

Answer: c) Object-Oriented Database Management System (OODBMS)

21. MySQL is an example of which type of database management system?

Answer: a) Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

Answer: d) Storing and managing structured data with tables

Answer: b) High concurrency and data volume

25. In which industry or domain is MySQL commonly used?

Answer: a) Financial services and banking

Answer: d) Windows, macOS, and Linux

27. MySQL is well-suited for web-based applications because:

Answer: d) It supports multiple user access and concurrent connections.

Answer: b) Cost-effectiveness, as it is free to use and distribute

29. In which programming language is the MySQL database software written?

30. Which organization originally developed MySQL?

**1.4 MySQL Clients: Monitor, Shell, Workbench**

Answer: c) Connect to the database and execute SQL queries interactively

Answer: c) It enables users to create and edit database schemas visually.

Answer: b) MySQL Shell

Answer: a) Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)

Answer: c) Telnet protocol

38. MySQL Workbench supports which popular operating systems?

Answer: d) Windows, macOS, and Linux

Answer: c) Command-line interface (CLI) and graphical user interface (GUI)

and table relationships

Answer: b) Real-time monitoring of server performance and resource utilization

41. What is the purpose of a data model in database design?

Answer: b) To define the structure and format of data in the database

Answer: a) Conceptual data model

Answer: a) Tables, columns, and data types

Answer: c) Physical data model

Answer: a) Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)

47. In a conceptual data model, entities are represented as:

Answer: c) Physical data model

49. The conceptual data model serves as a communication tool between:

1.2 Types of DBMS: Relational, Object-Relational, and NoSQL Databases

1.4 MySQL Clients: Monitor, Shell, Workbench

2.2 Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)

2.3 Codd’s 12 rules for RDBMS

2.4 Introduction to SQL

2.5 Categories of SQL Commands: DDL, DML, DCL, DTL/TCL

3.2 Normalization and the Need for Normalization