More Commonly Used Conventions Lesson 5

LESSON 5
Blackwood and Gerber
General Concepts
General Introduction
Group Activities
Sample Deals
232 More Commonly Used Conventions in the 21st Century
General Concepts
Blackwood and Gerber

This is the first of two lessons on slam bidding conventions. This lesson covers the Blackwood
and Gerber conventions. Cuebidding will be discussed in the next lesson. Most of the students will
be familiar already with at least the rudiments of the Blackwood convention, but this lesson discusses
a number of areas in which even experienced partnerships can have misunderstandings.
To keep the interest of those who already may be familiar with Blackwood, the introduction poses
a challenge that isn’t answered until the very end of the lesson.
Bidding
The standard form of Blackwood is discussed. There is no mention of variations such as Key
Card Blackwood. Both Key Card Blackwood and Roman Key Card Blackwood are outlined in the
Appendix, but they are not recommended for casual partnerships. If anything, such variations would
be more relevant in the next lesson, Finding Key Cards, but they are outside the scope of this series.
The emphasis is on the correct use of Blackwood, a convention frequently misused.
The standard form of the Gerber convention is introduced, along with appropriate guidelines for
its use. It is emphasized that Gerber is used in concert with Blackwood, not as a substitute.
Here are the topics covered:
The First Ingredient — Combined Strength

This introduces the concept that approximately 33 combined points are required for a small
slam and 37 points for a grand slam. Quantitative slam bidding in notrump and suit contracts
is outlined. Avoid getting into a discussion of Blackwood at this point.
The Second Ingredient — Trump Fit

This section emphasizes the importance of uncovering the strain in which the final contract
will be played before the bidding gets too high. Many students rush into the Blackwood
convention before settling on the best strain.
The Third Ingredient — Controls

This section looks at the importance of first-and second-round controls, after the first two
conditions have been satisfied. Here the Blackwood convention is introduced as a method for
determining the number of aces and kings held by the partnership.
Lesson 5 — Blackwood and Gerber 233
Showing a Void
One method for showing a void when responding to Blackwood is discussed. The participants
may find this a bit confusing, so you should point out that the guidelines are in the textbook.
You can suggest that they ignore this extension if they prefer, since it doesn’t arise very
often. The important point to make is that when responding to Blackwood, a void cannot be
counted as an ace.
Stopping in 5NT
When a minor suit has been agreed upon as the trump suit, it’s easy to get beyond a safe level
when using Blackwood. It is key to show how to stop in 5NT after using Blackwood. The
value of Blackwood is keeping the partnership out of an unmakeable slam.
Handling Interference over Blackwood

Two common methods for handling interference are DOPI and DEPO. They are concepts that
could be skipped if the class appears to be struggling. ROPI (Redouble = 0; Pass = 1) isn’t
discussed. Ignoring a double of Blackwood will suffice for most students.
When Is 4NT Blackwood?

It’s important to understand that 4NT isn’t always Blackwood. In addition to the quantitative
use of 4NT, the earlier lessons on the Michaels cuebid and the unusual notrump have already
provided examples of other uses of 4NT.
The Gerber Convention

The Gerber convention is introduced to cover those situations where a jump to 4NT would
be quantitative.
When Is 4 Gerber?
This is another important section. The standard guideline is used — a jump to 4 is Gerber
after a natural 1NT or 2NT bid. Partnerships can have additional agreements, but this keeps
things fairly straightforward. The common agreement that 4 is Gerber following a 2
Stayman inquiry is also introduced. This brings the discussion back full circle to the chal-
lenging auction introduced at the beginning of the lesson.
Play & Defense

The focus of all four deals is slam bidding conventions, and there are no difficult play concepts.
The auctions should be challenging enough. If the students can get to the right level in each case,
they will be rewarded.
The first deal includes a variation. Have the participants make the suggested change and then
rebid the hand.
General Introduction
To capture the group’s interest, you might start the lesson like this:
“In the next two lessons, we’ll focus on slam bidding. You want to make
the most of your luck when the partnership has most of the strength, so it’s
worth the effort to spend some time on this subject.
“If you’re traveling to the bridge game with your partner, probably the only
discussion you will have about slam bidding is, ‘Do you play the Black-
wood convention?’ Once you agree on that, you move on to other subjects.
When you sit down to play, however, you may soon discover that your brief
discussion hasn’t covered all of the basics.
“The cards are sorted into suits. Construct the following hand in front of
South.
“In spades: the ace, the ten and two low cards.
“In hearts: the ace, the queen and two low cards.
“In diamonds: two low cards.
“In clubs: the ace, the queen and a low card.”
West North East South South

1NT  A 10 x x
Pass 2 Pass 2 AQxx
Pass 4NT Pass ? xx
AQx
Check that each table has the correct starting hand set up dummy style in front of South.
“What is South’s opening bid? (1NT.) With a balanced hand and 16 high-
card points, open 1NT even with the low doubleton in diamonds.
“West passes, and North responds 2. What does South do after East
passes? (2.) North’s 2 response is Stayman, so you dutifully bid one
of your four-card major suits. With two four-card majors, common practice
is to bid the suits up the line, 2.
“West passes, and North jumps to 4NT. East passes. Discuss with the
others at your table what call South makes now.”
Give the students a couple of minutes to discuss whether 4NT is Blackwood or quantitative. You’ll
probably find that there is some disagreement over the meaning of 4NT. Don’t give an answer at this
point. Instead, say something like this:
“When it comes to slam bidding, there’s lot of room for discussion. We’ll
revisit this hand later in the session, after we’ve discussed some of the es-
sential ingredients for slam bidding.”
Group Activities
The First Ingredient — Combined Strength

Introduction
“There are three main ingredients for bidding a slam, and the first of these
is combined strength. You don’t usually think about bidding a slam, unless
there is some indication that the partnership has enough combined strength
to be in the slam zone. The standard guidelines are:
• 33 or more combined points for a small slam.
• 37 or more combined points for a grand slam.
“If you are thinking of bidding a slam in notrump, the points are mostly
high-card points, although you can still include length points when you have
a five-card or longer suit. In a suit contract, distribution will play a much
larger role, and you will be valuing shortness — singletons and voids.
“On some deals, all you need is this first ingredient. You can simply bid a
slam based on power.”
Instructions
“Change the South hand.
“In spades: take away a low card.
“In hearts: take away a low card.
“In diamonds: add the queen and a low card.

1NT Pass 6NT  A 10 x
AQx
Qxxx
AQx
“Your partnership has agreed to use a range of 15 to 17 HCP for 1NT

openings. Suppose North deals and opens the bidding 1NT. What does
South respond? (6NT.) You have 18 high-card points and North has at
least 15 HCP, giving the partnership a combined total of 33 or more points,
putting you in the slam zone. Since North has a maximum of 17 HCP, the
partnership has at most 35 combined points, leaving you in the range for a
small slam, but not a grand slam.
“Does South know in what strain to play the contract? (Yes.) With a
balanced hand and no four-card major, you plan to play the contract in
notrump.
“Does South need any further information from opener before deciding
on the contract? (No.) It won’t do any good to ask about aces. If North
doesn’t have an ace, you would still bid the slam, since you can afford to
lose one trick. If North does have an ace, giving your side all of the aces,
you still don’t have enough combined strength to bid a grand slam — even if
you also have all of the kings. Whether or not North has an ace, you should
be in a small slam.
“It might seem that there is no harm in asking about aces on the way to
slam, but it merely provides additional opportunities for something to go
wrong. If you were to bid 4NT, for example, thinking that would be asking
for aces, partner might pass. A raise of 1NT to 4NT is not the Blackwood
convention — it’s a quantitative raise, inviting opener to bid slam with a
maximum for the 1NT opening. Even if you were to bid 4, the Gerber
convention that will be discussed shortly, there’s the possibility that West
could make a lead-directing double, getting East off to the only lead that
might defeat the slam.
“In summary, if you aren’t interested in the answer, don’t ask the ques-
tion!
“Suppose North–South use a range of 20 or 21 points for a 2NT open-
ing. North deals and opens the bidding 2NT. What is South’s response?
(7NT.) Again, there’s no need to get any additional information before
making your decision. Partner has at least 20 HCP. Adding that to your 18
points gives a combined total of 38 points, more than enough for a grand
slam. Simply jump right to 7NT.
“In clubs: take away the queen and add a low card.

1NT Pass 4NT  A 10 x
AQx
Qxxx
Axx
“With 16 high-card points, South is all set to open 1NT, but North beats
South to it. What does South respond to North’s opening bid of 1NT?
(4NT.) You have more than enough to take the partnership to game, but not
quite enough to commit the partnership to slam. If North has only 15 HCP,
the combined partnership total will be 31 points. If North has 17 HCP,
however, there will be 33 combined points, enough for slam.
“The way to invite opener to slam is to raise 1NT to 4NT. This is a quan-
titative, or invitational, raise. It asks opener to bid slam with a maximum,
17 HCP. With a minimum, 15 HCP, opener passes and the partnership will
rest safely at the four level. With 16 HCP, opener should generally err on
the side of caution and pass but, with a good 16 HCP — some 10’s and 9’s
or a five-card suit — opener could accept the invitation and bid slam.
“The raise from 1NT to 4NT does not ask for the number of aces. We’ll look
at how to ask for the number of aces over an opening notrump bid a little
later. Instead, it’s similar to the raise from 1NT to 2NT, inviting game.”
With a more experienced group, you can add that opener doesn’t have to accept the invitation
by bidding 6NT. Opener has the option of bidding four-card suits “up the line” at the five level or
jumping to the six level in a five-card suit. This may allow the partnership to reach slam in an eight-
card fit when 12 tricks aren’t available in notrump. Using this approach, opener’s bid at the five level
is not showing the number of aces held — although inexperienced partnerships might interpret the
bid in that manner.
“Suppose North opens the bidding 2NT, showing 20 or 21 high-card
points. What does South respond? (5NT.) Combined with South’s 16 HCP,
the partnership has at least 36 combined points, enough for a small slam, but
might have 37 combined points, enough for a grand slam. To invite opener to
bid a grand slam, responder raises to 5NT. Unlike the raise to 4NT, the raise
to 5NT is forcing. Opener is expected to bid a small slam with a minimum,
20 HCP, and a grand slam with a maximum, 21 HCP.”
Again, with an experienced group, you could point out that opener doesn’t have to bid 6NT or
7NT. Opener has the option of bidding a suit at the six or seven level, looking for an eight-card fit.
“Although the idea of quantitative bidding is usually applied to a notrump
contract, it also can be used for a suit contract.
“In spades: add the king, the jack and a low card.
“In diamonds: take away all four cards.
“In clubs: add a low card.

1 Pass 1  A K J 10 x x
Pass 2 Pass 6 AQx
—
Axxx
“Suppose North opens the bidding 1. What does South respond?
(1/2.) With 18 high-card points and a six-card suit, you could make a
jump shift to 2, but that takes up a lot of bidding room which you might
need to explore for the best contract. Unless North has a fit with spades, you
might belong in clubs, notrump or even hearts. It’s probably more practical
to respond 1. That’s forcing and leaves plenty of room to explore. You
can show your additional strength later in the auction.
“Suppose South responds 1 and North raises to 2. Now what does
South bid? (6/5/3.) The practical bid at this point is probably a simple
jump to 6. You know the partnership is close to the combined values for
slam, since North has 13 to 16 points in this auction. If you want to be a
little more cautious, you could make a quantitative jump to 5, inviting
North to bid slam with more than a bare minimum.
“It is possible that you can make a grand slam with this hand, but it will be
very difficult to find out. You could start exploring with a bid such as 3,
but unless your partnership has very sophisticated slam bidding methods,
you are unlikely to be able to find out if North has exactly the cards you
need to make a grand slam. A jump to 6, based on pure power, is prob-
ably the best you can do. It doesn’t always pay to be too refined. If you don’t
give the opponents too much information, they may help you out with the
opening lead or later plays.”
Summary
“The first ingredient for bidding a slam is sufficient combined strength:
• 33 points for a small slam.
• 35 points for a grand slam.
“Sometimes that will be enough, and you can bid or invite slam based on
power alone.”
The Second Ingredient — Trump Fit

Introduction
“When you can determine that the partnership holds 33 or more points,
you know the partnership should be considering a slam. On most hands,
however, combined strength isn’t the only ingredient you need.”
Instructions
“In spades: take away the king and the jack; add the queen.
“In hearts: take away the ace.
“In diamonds: add the ace and the king.

1 Pass ?  A Q 10 x x
Qx
AK
Axxx
“Suppose this is your hand. Partner, North, opens the bidding 1, and
East passes. Does South know whether the partnership belongs in the
slam zone? (Yes.) You have 19 high-card points plus 1 length point for the
five-card suit. North has a minimum of 13 points, so the partnership has a
combined total of at least 33 points. You know right away that the partner-
ship should be considering a slam level contract.
“Can South bid slam right away based on the combined strength? (No.)
Can South launch right into the Blackwood convention to ask for the
number of aces? (No.) Although you know the partnership belongs in the
slam zone, you still do not know where. Suppose you bid 4NT right away,
asking for the number of aces held by North, and North responded 5. You
would know now that the partnership has all of the aces but you wouldn’t
know whether the partnership belonged in 6, 6, 6NT or even 6. You
would be missing the second key ingredient to slam bidding — a suitable
trump fit. You must know where you are going to play the slam, before you
can jump to slam or use any of the slam-bidding conventions.
“In fact, on this hand, you also wouldn’t know whether the partnership
belonged in a small slam or a grand slam, since you don’t have enough
information about North’s strength.
“Instead of launching into slam bidding right away, what should South
respond? (1/2.) With 20 points, you have enough strength to jump
shift into 2 but that’s probably not a good idea. You would use up bidding
room on a hand that might require a lot of investigation to determine the
best strain for the contract. Instead, a simple forcing response of 1 should
suffice for now. Once you’ve found out more about opener’s hand, you can
show the extra strength later.
“To see why finding a fit takes priority over bidding a slam, leave the South
hand as it is and construct the following hand in front of North.
“In spades: the king and a low card.
“In hearts: the ace, the jack, the ten and four low cards.
“In diamonds: the queen, the jack and a low card.
“In clubs: the jack.
North West North East South South

Kx 1 Pass 1  A Q 10 x x
 A J 10 x x x x Pass 2 Pass (6) Qx
QJx AK
J Axxx
“What would North open ? (1.) With 12 high-card points plus 3 length
points for the seven-card suit, North would open the bidding 1.
“What does South respond? (1.) The 1 response is forcing, giving
North a chance to further describe the hand.
“What does North rebid? (2.) North shows a minimum opening bid
with six or more hearts by rebidding 2.
“Is South in a better position now to consider a slam contract? (Yes.)
Now South knows that the partnership has at least an eight-card heart fit,
so the partnership can play in that suit. South also knows that North has
a minimum opening bid, so the partnership probably doesn’t belong in a
grand slam. We’ll look at more sophisticated slam bidding methods a little
later, but South could reasonably jump right to 6 at this point, based on
the partnership’s combined strength and combined fit.
“6 is an excellent contract. You should take at least 12 tricks and may
take all 13 tricks if the K is favorably placed. 6NT, however, is a poor
contract. If the opponents lead a club and the heart finesse loses, you may
be defeated several tricks.
“Change the North hand.
“In spades: add the jack and a low card.
“In hearts: take away the jack and a low card.

KJxx 1 Pass 1  A Q 10 x x
 A 10 x x x Pass 2 Pass (6) Qx
QJx AK
J Axxx
“What would North open? (1.) North would open the long suit, 1.
“What does South respond? (1.) A response of 1 leaves North plenty
of room for a good bidding conversation.
“What does North rebid? (2.) With four-card support and a minimum
opening bid, North would raise to the two level.
“Does South now have enough information to consider bidding a slam?
(Yes.) North has shown a minimum opening bid, so South knows the part-
nership probably belongs in a small slam rather than a grand slam. The
partnership has uncovered a fit in spades, so the partnership can play with
that suit as trump. In effect, South now has enough information to jump to
6 and to expect that to be a reasonable contract. South might want to use
some slam-bidding conventions along the way, but they are unlikely to add
much useful information.
“Notice that 6 is an excellent contract on these combined hands. South
might even take all 13 tricks by ruffing the club losers in dummy and dis-
carding the heart loser on dummy’s extra diamond winner. 6 would not
be a good contract. You would need a favorable lie of the missing hearts.
Similarly, 6NT does not work well. After a club lead, you have almost no
chance to take 12 tricks.”
Summary
“The second important ingredient for slam bidding is to determine the strain
you want to play in — a trump fit or notrump — before launching into slam.
Once you know you have the required strength and a suitable strain, you are
two-thirds of the way along.”
The Third Ingredient — Controls

Introduction
“While having enough combined strength and an agreed trump suit may be
enough for a slam, on many hands there is a third consideration.”
Instructions
“Pick up the North and South hands and sort the cards back into suits.
Construct the following hand in front of South.
“In spades: the king, the queen and two low cards.
“In hearts: the king, the queen, the jack and two low cards.
“In diamonds: a low card.
“In clubs: the ace, the king and the jack.

1 Pass ? KQxx
KQJxx
x
AKJ
“Suppose North deals and opens the bidding 1. Are the first two in-
gredients for slam taken care of? (Yes.) In support of spades you have 19
high-card points plus 3 dummy points for the singleton diamond. There’s
more than enough combined strength for at least a small slam. There’s also
an excellent trump fit in spades, so you know where the contract can be
played.
“Apart from the possibility of missing a grand slam, is there anything
to prevent South from jumping right to 6? (Yes.) If you are missing
two aces, the opponents can take the first two tricks. That will defeat the
slam, before declarer has a chance to develop extra winners on which to
discard losers.
“Leave the South hand in place and construct a hand in front of North.
“In spades: the ace, the jack, the ten and three low cards.
“In hearts: a low card.
“In diamonds: the king, the queen and the jack.
“In clubs: the queen and two low cards.
North West North East South SOUTH

 A J 10 x x x 1 Pass 4NT KQxx
x Pass 5 Pass 5 KQJxx
KQJ Pass Pass Pass x
Qxx AKJ
“What would North open? (1.) With 13 high-card points plus 2 length
points for the six-card suit, North has more than enough to open the bidding
at the one level, 1.
“If South were to take the partnership right to 6, what would be
the result? (Down one.) The defenders have two aces to take to defeat
the contract. Even if they don’t take their aces right away, they’ll still have
another chance.
“Notice that you have lots of tricks. You have six spade tricks; you can
develop at least two tricks in hearts and two tricks in diamonds; you have
three tricks in clubs. That’s 13 winners. Unfortunately, you have to lose
two tricks in the process of developing your winners and that’s no good in
a slam contract.
“The problem is that the partnership has wasted values in the heart and
diamond suits. South’s K, Q and J are not of much value opposite
North’s singleton heart. You could still take 11 tricks in a spade contract
without them. Similarly, North’s K, Q and J are wasted opposite
South’s singleton diamond. Declarer could take 11 tricks in spades holding
three low diamonds by ruffing two of the losing diamonds in the dummy.
“Change the North hand, giving North 2 fewer points.
“In diamonds: take away the king, the queen and the jack; add the ace and
two low cards.

x Pass 5 Pass 6 KQJxx
Axx Pass Pass Pass x
Qxx AKJ
“What would North open? (1.) Although North has 2 fewer high-card
points, North would still open 1. There are 11 high-card points plus 2
length points for the six-card suit.
“How would North–South fare in a slam contract if these are the com-
bined hands? (Make 6.) Declarer would only have to lose the A. The
two diamond losers could be ruffed in dummy or discarded on dummy’s
extra heart winners.
“The difference between these hands and the previous hands is the controls
held by North and South. A control is a holding that prevents the opponents
from taking too many tricks in a suit.
• An ace is a first-round control, since it prevents the opponents from
taking the first trick in a suit.
• A king is a second-round control, since it prevents the opponents from
taking the first two tricks in a suit — or at least gives you a chance of
stopping the opponents from taking the first two tricks in a suit.
• In a trump contract, a void acts like an ace, since it gives you first round
control of the suit — and often more control than that. A singleton acts
like a second-round control, since it prevents the opponents from taking
the first two tricks in a suit.
“When you bid a slam, you would like to make sure your side has a sufficient
number of controls to prevent the slam from being defeated right off the top,
before you have an opportunity to do something about your losers.
• In a small slam, you need first-round controls in three suits and at least
second-round control in the fourth suit.
• In a grand slam, you need first-round control in all four suits.
“Having enough controls to bid a slam doesn’t guarantee that you will
make the slam. It only means that you will have a reasonable chance. You
still may have work to do — losers to eliminate and finesses to take — but
at least the opponents can’t defeat you right away by taking their winners.
The first two ingredients for slam bidding — enough combined strength
and a suitable strain — should help ensure you have a play for slam once
you gain the lead.
“How do you find out whether you have enough controls to bid a slam?
This is where the Blackwood convention comes into play. Easley Black-
wood popularized the concept that when a partnership feels there is enough
combined strength for slam and a trump suit has been agreed upon, a bid of
4NT asks how many aces partner holds. Partner responds as follows:
• 5 shows zero aces or all four aces
• 5 shows one ace
• 5 shows two aces
• 5 shows three aces
“The reason that 5 doubles up to show either zero or four aces is to leave
5NT available to ask for kings. The 4NT bidder should be able to determine
whether partner holds no aces or all four aces since there is a 16-point dif-
ference.
“If the partnership holds all of the aces and you are interested in a grand
slam, a bid of 5NT asks how many kings partner holds:
• 6 shows no kings
• 6 shows one king
• 6 shows two kings
• 6 shows three kings
• 6NT shows four kings (there’s no need to reserve this bid to ask
about queens!)
“Let’s see how the Blackwood convention would help.
“After North opens 1, what call does South make? (4NT.) An immedi-
ate jump to 4NT over an opening suit bid is the Blackwood convention. By
inference, it implies agreement with opener’s suit as the trump suit, since
responder hasn’t bothered to investigate other possibilities.
“What response does North make to the 4NT bid? (5.) A response of
5 shows two aces.
“What call does South make after hearing the 5 response? (6.)
Now South has all of the information necessary to bid 6. South knows
the partnership has enough combined strength to belong in the slam zone.
South knows the partnership has a suitable trump fit in spades. Finally, South
knows the partnership is missing only one ace. Whichever ace it is — the
A, the A or the A — the defenders won’t be able to take more than
one trick before declarer gains control.
“Change the North hand back to the previous example.
“In diamonds: take away the ace and two low cards, and add the king, the
queen and the jack.

x Pass 5 Pass 5 KQJxx
KQJ Pass Pass Pass x
Qxx AKJ
“North opens the bidding 1, and South again jumps to 4NT. What
response does North make? (5.) With one ace, North responds 5.
“What call does South make after hearing North’s response? (5.)
Knowing the partnership is missing two aces, South signs off by returning
to the agreed trump suit at the five level, 5.”
Summary
“The Blackwood convention is designed to help the partnership discover
whether it is missing too many controls — aces or kings — to bid a slam.
It is not a convention to get you to good slams. The first two ingredients —
combined strength and a suitable trump fit — are more important in that
aspect. Instead, it is a convention to keep you out of bad slams, when you
have the first two ingredients but are missing the third ingredient.”
➥ “Let’s do Exercise 1 in the student text to

review what we have just discussed.”
Exercise One — Responding to Blackwood

What call does East make with each of the following hands after the auction goes as shown?
1) West North East South K83

1 Pass 3 Pass  A J 10 5
4NT Pass ?  Q 10 7 4
J8
2) West North East South AQJ5

Pass 1NT Pass  K 10 7
4NT Pass ?  A 10 9
K63
3) West North East South A963

1 Pass K75
1 Pass 2 Pass  K Q 10 3
4NT Pass 5 Pass J2
5NT Pass ?
4) West North East South KQ984

1 Pass 1 Pass 3
3 Pass 4NT Pass K4
5 Pass ? AKJ82
5) West North East South 4

1 Pass 2 Pass  A K 10
3 Pass 4NT Pass KJ9873
5 Pass ? AK3
Exercise One Answer — Responding to Blackwood

1) 5. This response shows one ace.
2) 6NT. West’s 4NT bid is quantitative (invitational). With a maximum for the 1NT opening bid,
East accepts West’s invitational raise.
3) 6. After East shows the number of aces in response to 4NT, West asks for the number of kings.
The 6 response shows two kings.
4) 5. Two aces are missing, so East signs off at the five level in the agreed trump suit.
5) 6. Only one ace is missing, so East bids slam in the agreed trump suit.
Blackwood and Voids

Introduction
“The basic mechanics of the Blackwood convention are quite straightfor-
ward, but sometimes situations arise that require more partnership agree-
ments.”
Instructions
“Pick up both the North and South hands and sort the cards back into suits.
Construct the following hand in front of North.
“In spades: the queen and three low cards.
“In hearts: the queen, the jack and two low cards.
“In diamonds: the ace, the queen, the jack and two low cards.
North West North East South

Qxxx 1 Pass 1
QJxx Pass 3 Pass 4NT
AQJxx Pass ?
—
“What does North open? (1.) With 12 high-card points plus 1 for the
five-card suit, you have enough to open the bidding 1.
“East passes, South responds 1 and West passes. What call does North
make now? (3.) With four-card support for South’s suit, you can revalue
the hand using dummy points. That gives you 12 high-card points plus 5
points for the club void — 17 points, a medium-strength hand. That’s enough
to make a jump raise to 3.
“East passes, and South jumps to 4NT, the Blackwood convention.
Should North count the void as a second ace when responding? (No.)
Although a void serves the same purpose as an ace in a trump contract, as
a first-round control, don’t count it as an ace when responding to Black-
wood.
“To see why, leave the North hand as it is and construct a hand in front of
South.
“In spades: a low card.
“In hearts: the ace, the king and three low cards.
“In diamonds: the king and a low card.
“In clubs: the ace, the king, the jack and two low cards.
North South
West North East South
Qxxx x
1 Pass 1
QJxx AKxxx
Pass 3 Pass 4NT
AQJxx Kx
Pass 5/6 Pass 6
— AKJxx
Pass Pass Pass

“Put yourself in the South position. North opens 1, you respond 1 and
North jumps to 3. Since you have the first two ingredients for slam, you
jump to 4NT, the Blackwood convention, to check for aces.
“If North responds 5, treating the club void as a second ace, what
might South be tempted to do? (Bid 7.) From your perspective, the
partnership holds all of the aces. You might be tempted to bid a grand slam.
This would not be a great success!
“Counting a void as an ace when responding to Blackwood doesn’t work
well. You need to have an agreement with your partner before showing a
void when responding to Blackwood. We’ll look at one possible agreement,
although it might be a good decision to simply ignore voids completely.
The partnership can decide how much complexity it wants. One possible
agreement is the following:
• With no aces, respond 5 — don’t show the void.
• With one ace and a void:
• Jump to the six level in the void suit if it is lower
ranking than the trump suit.
• Jump to the six level in the trump suit if the void is
higher ranking than the trump suit.
• With two aces and a void, bid 5NT.
“Some partnerships have other agreements, such as showing the number
of aces at the six level with a void. The partnership needs to agree on the
specific method used. If the partnership has this agreement, let’s see how it
would be used on these hands.
“What would be North’s opening bid? (1.)
“What would South respond? (1.)
“What would be North’s rebid? (3.)
“What would be South’s next call? (4NT.)
“What would North respond to the Blackwood convention? (6.) With
one ace and a void in a lower-ranking suit than the trump suit, North jumps
to the six level in the void suit, clubs.
“Based on this information, what call would South make? (6.) South
knows that the partnership is missing an ace, either the A or A, so South
settles for a small slam in hearts. North’s club void will not be useful.
“You can see why it might not be a good idea to use methods where North–
South would get to the six level when North has no aces and a void — the
partnership would be overboard with no way to back out. With no aces and
a void, you usually can’t afford to show the void in response to Blackwood.
You would have to have other methods to show the void earlier in the auc-
tion. We’ll be discussing this in the next lesson.
“Even with one ace and a void, there is some danger in jumping to the six
level. You should only show a useful, or potentially useful, void. North
doesn’t know that South has the A and K, so the club void is potentially
useful. If the auction had gone differently, with South showing values in the
club suit, North should probably ignore the club void, since it isn’t likely to
be useful — the partnership will have wasted values in the club suit.
“In spades: take away all of the cards.
“In clubs: add the queen and three low cards.

— 1 Pass 1 x
QJxx Pass 3 Pass 4NT AKxxx
AQJxx Pass 6 Pass 7 Kx
Qxxx Pass Pass Pass AKJxx
“What would North open? (1.) With 12 high-card points plus 1 length
point for the five-card suit, North would still open 1.
“What would South respond? (1.) South’s initial response is un-
changed.
“What would North rebid? (3.) North can count 5 dummy points for
the spade void. Combined with the 12 high-card points, this is enough to
give a jump raise to 3.
“What would South bid next? (4NT.) Opposite North’s jump raise, South
is interested in slam and uses the Blackwood convention to check that the
partnership isn’t missing two aces.
“What is North’s response to Blackwood? (6.) With one ace and a
higher-ranking void than the trump suit, North jumps to slam in the agreed
trump suit, 6.
“Why doesn’t North simply jump to slam in the void suit? (May be too
high.) When the void is in a higher-ranking suit than the trump suit, it would
be illogical to jump to the six level in the void suit. The partnership could
not stop at the six level in the agreed trump suit.
“While there is the possibility of some ambiguity when using this method of
responses, the Blackwood bidder will usually be able to determine the void
suit based on the earlier auction. On this auction, it is clear that North’s void
is in the spade suit, since that is the only higher-ranking suit than hearts.
“Based on this information, what call does South make? (7.) From
North’s jump to 6, South knows North holds one ace — which must be
the A — and a void in spades. That’s enough information to make 7 a
reasonable gamble. South should bid the grand slam.”
Some of the students may be worried about a heart loser or a club loser in 7. That is a real
possibility, but a loser in either suit is unlikely. Since North has no high cards in spades, it’s hard to
imagine a hand for North that would have enough for a jump to 3 without both the Q and the
Q. Even if the Q is missing, the partnership will have a nine-card heart fit, so the grand slam
will at least have a reasonable chance of making. If the Q is missing, South may be able to ruff the
losing clubs in dummy, if North has only a doubleton, or discard the losing clubs on extra diamond
winners. At worst, the grand slam might depend on a finesse, a reasonable gamble. Without very
sophisticated methods, it would be impossible to get any better guarantee of a grand slam contract.
On the actual combined hands, the grand slam is very secure — only an unlikely club ruff on the
opening lead would defeat it.
“Would you bid the grand slam with the South hand? If you wouldn’t — per-
haps because you are worried that there has been some misunderstanding
and partner’s jump to 6 means something else — then you probably should
be ignoring this added complication for voids. Ignore your voids when
responding to Blackwood and you’ll be fine on most deals. It takes a firm
partnership agreement and lots of faith in partner to use such methods, and
they don’t come up that often. Another consideration to weigh is whether
you want to invest the extra memory work for such infrequent situations. It
might be more appropriate to keep it simple.”
Summary
“When partner bids Blackwood and you hold a void, don’t treat it as an ace.
Either ignore the void completely or, if you have discussed such responses
with partner, use your agreed methods. The agreement suggested here is:
• With no aces, respond 5 — don’t show the void.
• With one ace and a void:
• Jump to the six level in the void suit if it is lower ranking than
the trump suit.
• Jump to the six level in the trump suit if the void suit is higher
ranking than the trump suit.
• With two aces and a void, bid 5NT.
“This convention isn’t a good idea unless you’re playing in a regular part-
nership.”

Exercise Two — Blackwood and Voids

1) West North East South  K 10 7 4

Pass 1 Pass KJ85
1 Pass 4 Pass —
4NT Pass ? AKJ83
2) West North East South —

1 Pass Pass AJ96
1 Pass 4 Pass KQ943
4NT Pass ? KQ86

1 Pass 1 Pass  Q 10 8 7 2
1 Pass 3 Pass  10 9 7 3
4NT Pass ? —
4) West North East South  K 10 2

1 Pass 1 Pass AKJ875
3 Pass 4NT Pass A
6 Pass ? KQ6
5) West North East South  A 10 7 4

1 1 QJ83
1 4 4 Pass —
4NT Pass ? AQJ74
Exercise Two Answer — Blackwood and Voids

1) 6. The jump to 6 shows exactly one ace and a diamond void.
2) 6. The jump to the six level in the agreed trump suit shows one ace and a higher-ranking void.
In this situation, West will know the void is in spades.
3) 5. Simply show one ace. The club void isn’t likely to be useful, since clubs is one of West’s
suits.
4) 7. West’s response has shown one ace and a higher-ranking void. West must hold the A and
a void in spades. There shouldn’t be any losers in a 7 contract, since the spade losers can be
ruffed in the dummy.
5) 5NT. This response shows two aces and a void. That may be enough for West to go for a grand
slam.
Stopping in 5NT
Introduction
“When you use 4NT as the Blackwood convention to ask for the number
of aces, a continuation of 5NT is used to ask for the number of kings. The
5NT bid is used only when the partnership holds all of the aces and a grand
slam is a possibility. Sounds straightforward enough, but you may have to
be careful when the agreed trump suit is clubs or diamonds.”
Instructions
“Pick up both the North and South hands and sort the cards back into suits.
Construct the following hand in front of North.
“In spades: the king and a low card.
“In hearts: the king, the queen and a low card.
“In diamonds: the king and the queen.
“In clubs: the ace, the queen, the ten and three low cards.

Kx 1 Pass 3
KQx Pass 4NT Pass 5
KQ Pass 5 Pass 5NT
 A Q 10 x x x Pass Pass Pass
“What would North open? (1/2NT.) With 19 high-card points plus 2

points for the six-card club suit, the hand isn’t quite strong enough for an
opening bid of 2. You might open 2NT, although the hand isn’t quite
balanced because there are two doubletons. 1 would be a reasonable
opening bid.
“Suppose North opens 1, East passes and South makes a limit raise to
3. West passes. What call does North make? (4NT.) North might settle
for 3NT or 5, but slam looks like a reasonable proposition. It’s difficult
to imagine a hand for South’s limit raise that doesn’t have at least one ace
and, if South holds two aces, slam can’t be any worse than a finesse. North
can check for aces by bidding Blackwood.
“Suppose North bids 4NT and South responds 5. What call does North
make? (6.) Since partner holds two aces, 6 should be a good spot. The
partnership is missing one ace.
“Now, suppose North bids 4NT and South responds 5. What call does
North make? (5.) The 5 response reveals that two aces are missing.
North can’t bid 6, since that contract is unlikely to have any chance.
Unfortunately, it’s no longer possible to sign off in 5. The only possible
resting spot at this point is 5NT. There should be a play for 11 tricks in a
notrump contract if all the partnership is missing is two aces.
“Can North bid 5NT? (No.) If North bids 5NT, that would be a continu-
ation of the Blackwood convention, asking South to show the number of
kings held. That would get the partnership into even more trouble.
“The standard agreement in this situation is that the bid of the cheapest suit
at the five level that could not possibly be meant as a trump suit asks partner
to bid 5NT. Then you can pass. Let’s go over the complete auction.
“North opens the bidding 1, and South raises to 3. North bids 4NT,
and South responds 5. What call does North make? (5.) A bid of
5 by North can’t be a suggestion to play with hearts as a trump suit. The
partnership has already found a club fit. Instead, it is a request for South
to bid 5NT.
“What call does South make? (5NT.) As requested, South bids 5NT.
“What call does North make? (Pass.) North can now pass 5NT and hope
for the best.”
Summary
“When you bid 4NT as the Blackwood convention, you can’t rebid 5NT as
a signoff. To stop in 5NT, you have to bid a suit at the five level that can’t
be a suggested trump suit. This asks partner to bid 5NT, and you can now
pass.
“When a minor suit has been agreed upon as the trump suit, think twice
before launching into the Blackwood convention. Make sure you are pre-
pared for any response partner might make. You don’t want to get beyond
the agreed trump suit and find you have nowhere to go.”
Handling Interference over Blackwood

Introduction
“When your side is looking for slam, it’s unlikely the opponents will be in
the auction, since they won’t hold very many points. Nonetheless, with very
distributional hands, it’s possible that the opponents may compete, both to
interfere with your auction and, perhaps, to find a profitable sacrifice. When
the opponents interfere with your Blackwood auction, it’s a good idea to
have some agreements to handle the situation.”
Instructions
“In spades: add a low card.
“In hearts: add a low card.
“In diamonds: take away the king and the queen; add two low cards.
“In clubs: take away two low cards.

Kxx 1 Pass 1
KQxx 2 2 4 4NT
xx 5 ?
 A Q 10 x
“What would North open? (1.) With a balanced hand too weak to open
1NT, North would open 1.
“East passes, and South responds 1. West overcalls 2. What call
does North make? (2.) West’s overcall doesn’t prevent North from
making the intended response, 2, showing heart support and a minimum
opening bid.
“East makes a jump raise to 4, and South bids 4NT. What does North
intend to respond to South’s 4NT bid? (5.) South’s 4NT is Blackwood,
and a response of 5 would show one ace.
“Before North has an opportunity to bid 5, West bids 5. Now what
does North do? West has taken away your response. With no agreement, you
could pass, leaving the next decision to South, or you could make a penalty
double of 5. However, that won’t give South the information needed to
determine whether or not to bid slam.
“It is a good idea for the partnership to have some agreement about the
meaning of calls when the opponents interfere over Blackwood. A common
conventional agreement is to play DOPI when the opponents interfere at
the five level:
• Double shows O (zero) aces.

• Pass shows I (one) ace.
• The next available bid (step) shows two aces; the next available bid
(step) shows three aces; and so on.
“Using DOPI, what would North’s call be over West’s 5 bid? (Pass.)
Pass would show one ace.
“Suppose North passes, East passes and South doubles. Now what call
does North make? (Pass.) South is the captain after using Blackwood.
North’s response has told partner how many aces the partnership holds. It’s
now up to South to decide what to do. South knows how many combined
aces the partnership holds; North does not. North should respect South’s
decision. South may be doubling because the partnership is missing three
aces. Or the partnership may be missing two aces and South has decided
that the penalty for defeating 5 will be better than bidding 5. Similarly,
if South decides to bid 5 or 6, North should pass, accepting South’s
decision.
“In clubs: take away the ace and add the king.

KQxx 2 2 4 4NT
xx 5 Double
 K Q 10 x
“What would North open? (1.) With 13 high-card points, North would
open 1.
“East passes, South responds 1 and West overcalls 2. What is North’s
rebid? (2.)
“East jumps to 4, South bids 4NT and West bids 5. What call does
North make? (Double.) Double shows zero aces. Now it will be up to South
to decide on the best North–South contract.
“In hearts: take away the king and add the ace.
“In clubs: take away the king and the queen and add the ace and a low
card.
AQxx 2 2 4 4NT
xx 5 5
 A 10 x x
“What would North open? (1.) With 13 high-card points, North would
open 1.
“East passes, South responds 1 and West overcalls 2. What is North’s
rebid? (2.)
“East jumps to 4, South bids 4NT and West bids 5. What call does
North make? (5.) Double would show no aces; pass would show one
ace; the next available step, 5, shows two aces. After this response, South
can set the contract.”
With a more advanced group, you could discuss what to do if West doubled 4NT instead of
bidding 5. Without discussion, the partnership could simply ignore the double. However, many
partnerships play ROPI — redouble shows zero aces; pass shows one ace; the next available step,
5, shows two aces. Under that agreement, North would bid 5 if West doubled.
“If the opponents’ interference leaves you no room to stop safely at the five
level, the conventional agreement is to switch from DOPI to DEPO:
• Double shows an Even number of aces — zero, two or four.
• Pass shows an Odd number of aces — one or three.
“There is some ambiguity in this arrangement, but you don’t have much
room left without committing the partnership to the slam level. Partner will
usually be able to figure out which number of aces you have, since there is
an 8-point difference between one ace and three aces.
“Let’s see how we might put this agreement to work with this hand.
“North opens 1. South responds 1 and West overcalls 2. North
bids 2, East jumps to 4 and South bids 4NT. West now jumps to 6.
What call does North make? (Double.) With two aces, you would double,
showing an even number. Hopefully, South will be able to tell from your
earlier bidding that you have two aces rather than zero. South will know you
can’t have four aces, because you wouldn’t have shown a minimum opening
bid by raising to only 2 when holding four aces.
“Now it will be up to South to decide whether to bid a small slam, a grand
slam or simply pass and defend for penalties.”
Summary
“It is useful to have an agreement about what to do when the opponents
interfere over partner’s 4NT bid. A common agreement is to use DOPI and
DEPO. If you don’t have this agreement, double is simply for penalty and
other bids are natural — not the standard responses to Blackwood. It’s a
good idea to discuss this with partner before it happens at the table. It won’t
come up that often, but when it does, it may be worth a lot of points to be
on firm ground about your agreements.”
When Is 4NT Blackwood?

Introduction
“A bid of 4NT is not always the Blackwood convention. It’s important for
the partnership to agree on when 4NT is a conventional bid asking for aces
and when it has some other meaning. The general agreement is that 4NT is
only Blackwood if the partnership has clearly agreed upon a trump suit —
either directly or by inference.”
Instructions
“In spades: take away the king.
“In diamonds: add the king.

xx 1 Pass 1
AQxx Pass 2 Pass 4NT
Kxx Pass ?
 A 10 x x
“What would North open? (1.)
“Assume the opponents are silent and South responds 1. What would
be North’s rebid? (2.)
“South now jumps to 4NT. What call does North make? (5.) South’s
4NT bid is clearly Blackwood, since you have agreed on hearts as the trump
suit. You would respond 5, showing two aces.
“Suppose North opens the bidding 1 and South responds 1. What
would be North’s rebid? (1.) You would continue bidding suits up the
line, looking for a fit.
“South now jumps to 4NT. What is North’s call? (5.) The standard
agreement is that South’s 4NT bid is Blackwood. Hearts is the agreed trump
suit by inference.
“If North opens 1 and South jumps to 4NT right away, that would be the
Blackwood convention. Presumably, South has a big fit with clubs and needs
to know how many aces you have in order to decide on slam. South might
have something else in mind, such as bidding slam in notrump after hear-
ing how many aces you hold, but you must assume for now that the agreed
trump suit is clubs. South has taken over captaincy by using Blackwood,
and your responses are dictated by the convention.
“Suppose South opens the bidding 1. What response does North
make? (2/2NT.) Your response will depend on the methods you are using
to show a game-forcing raise in hearts. If you aren’t using a conventional
raise, you might respond 2, planning to show the heart support next. If
you are using the Jacoby 2NT, then you would jump to 2NT to show a forc-
ing raise in hearts.
“Suppose North uses the Jacoby 2NT in response to South’s 1 bid and
South now bids 4NT. What is North’s call? (5.) South’s bid is Black-
wood, since your artificial 2NT bid confirmed hearts as the trump suit. You
would show your two aces by bidding 5.
“Now suppose North opens the bidding 1 and South responds 1.
What’s North rebid? (1NT.) With a minimum balanced hand, you would
rebid 1NT.
“Over North’s 1NT rebid, South jumps to 4NT. What call does North
make? (Pass.) In this situation, no trump suit has been agreed upon. South’s
4NT bid is a natural, invitational bid, showing a hand too strong to stop in
3NT, but not quite strong enough to bid slam. It’s similar to the direct raise
of 1NT to 4NT. With a minimum-strength hand of 13 points, you should
probably decline the invitation by passing.
“If South wants to find out about aces after this start, South would first
have to set the trump suit. With a slam-going hand and a strong spade suit,
South should first jump shift to 2. South can then rebid the spades to set
the trump suit and later bid 4NT, which would clearly be Blackwood. With
a slam-going hand with spades and clubs, South might start with a jump
shift in spades and then show club support. After that, 4NT would clearly
be Blackwood with clubs as the agreed trump suit.”
With a more experienced group, you could discuss how South might set clubs as the trump suit
after responding only 1. Over North’s 1NT rebid, South might have to make a forcing bid, such
as 3 or 3, then show the club support and then bid 4NT as Blackwood. Alternatively, if the
partnership uses a method such as new-minor forcing over opener’s 1NT rebid, South can agree on
clubs by first bidding 2 and then bidding clubs. Setting the trump suit before bidding Blackwood
can sometimes be quite complicated.
“Suppose East opens the bidding 4, South overcalls 4NT and West
passes. What call does North make? (5/6.) In this sequence, most
partnerships would treat South’s 4NT as the unusual notrump, showing a
two-suited hand, likely with both minors. North should be picking a minor
suit, not showing the number of aces held. Actually, since partner is will-
ing to compete to the five level over East’s preemptive 4 opening, North
should probably be bidding slam in a minor, 6, with this much strength
— or making an even stronger bid in search of a grand slam.”
Summary
“When it’s unclear whether 4NT is Blackwood, there can be uneasiness
among the players at the table. One partner will often take a long time to
make a call, and everyone will know it’s one of those ‘Is it or isn’t it?’ situ-
ations. To avoid this, make your decision in a reasonable tempo. If in doubt,
treat 4NT as Blackwood and hope for the best.
“Some partnerships prefer to play that 4NT is always Blackwood. That’s
technically incorrect but may put the partnership more at ease.”

Exercise Three — Using Blackwood

1) West North East South 32

1 Pass KQ985
2 Pass 3 Pass AQ
4NT Pass 5 Pass  Q 10 7 6
5 Pass ?
2) West North East South J83

1 Pass 3 4 KJ83
4NT 5 ? 94
AQ83

2 Pass AKQ963
2 Pass 2 Pass KQJ3
3 Pass 4NT Pass A
5 Pass ?
4) West North East South  K Q 10 8 7 3

1 1 1 4 6
4 Pass 4NT 5 AKJ4
5 Pass ? K9
5) West North East South K4

1 Pass 3 Pass K3
4 Pass 4NT Pass K6
5 Pass ?  A K J 10 9 7 4
Exercise Three Answer — Using Blackwood

1) 5NT. West’s 5 bid can’t be a suggestion to play with that suit as trump. It is a request for East
to bid 5NT. West can then pass to allow the partnership to play in 5NT.
2) Pass. When the opponents interfere over Blackwood, pass shows one ace when playing DOPI.
3) 5NT. The partnership has all of the aces, so a grand slam is possible. East bids 5NT to ask about
the number of kings West holds. If West holds one king, East should be able to take 13 tricks; if
not, East will settle for a small slam.
4) 6. Playing DOPI, West’s 5 bid shows two aces. Pass would show none; double would show
one; the first available step would show two.
5) 5. The partnership is missing two aces, and it’s too late to stop in 5. East bids 5, a suit
that can’t be a possible trump suit in light of the previous auction. This asks West to bid 5NT,
which East will pass.
The Gerber Convention

Introduction
“4NT is the Blackwood convention after a trump suit has been agreed upon.
A jump to 4NT is not Blackwood when there is no agreement on trump.
When there is no suit agreement, however, you still may need to know how
many aces and kings partner holds before bidding a slam. This requires
another convention.”
Instructions
“In spades: take away a low card.
“In hearts: take away the queen.
“In diamonds: add the queen, the jack and two low cards.
“In clubs: take away the ten and a low card.

x 1NT
Axx Pass ?
KQJxxxx
Ax
“Suppose South opens the bidding 1NT. Does the partnership have
enough combined strength for the slam zone? (Yes.) North has 14 high-
card points plus 3 points for length in diamonds. The partnership has a
combined total of 32 to 34 points, putting it in the slam zone.
“Does North have a suitable trump fit? (Yes.) South has at least two dia-
monds, so you have a nine-card or longer diamond fit.
“What is the only thing holding North back from simply jumping to
6? (Controls.) You could be missing two aces, so you should check for
controls before bidding slam.
“Would a jump to 4NT be Blackwood? (No.) A jump to 4NT would be a
quantitative, invitational, raise, asking South to bid slam with a maximum
or pass with a minimum.
“One possibility would be to first agree on diamonds as the trump suit. That
would be easy if a jump to 3 is forcing in the partnership methods. If
South raises, you could bid 4NT, and South would play that as Blackwood.
If South bids 3NT over 3, the situation becomes a little murkier. If you
then bid 4NT, South might take that as a quantitative raise and pass with
a minimum hand. You could try rebidding 4 to confirm that you want to
play in diamonds, but if South were to raise to 5, you would no longer
be able to bid Blackwood.
“Many partnerships don’t play a jump to 3 as a forcing bid. They might
play it as an invitational bid with a six-card diamond suit, for example. This
may make it difficult, or impossible, to agree on diamonds as a trump suit

before bidding 4NT.
“To simplify matters, John Gerber of Houston, Texas suggested using a jump
to 4 to ask for aces when partner has opened the bidding 1NT or 2NT.
This agreement is appropriately named the Gerber convention.
“In response to 4, partner bids as follows:
• 4 shows zero aces or all four aces.
• 4 shows one ace.
• 4 shows two aces.
• 4NT shows three aces.
“The responses follow the same pattern as the Blackwood convention, with
the cheapest step showing no aces or all four aces, the next step showing
one ace and so forth. Following the same reasoning as the Blackwood con-
vention, the response of 4 doubles up to show either zero or four aces in
order to leave 5 available to ask for kings. Presumably, the 4 bidder
can determine whether partner holds no aces or all four aces since there is
a 16-point difference.
“After hearing partner’s response to the 4 bid, any bid except 5 is a
sign-off bid. If the partnership holds all of the aces and there is interest in
a grand slam, a bid of 5 asks how many kings partner holds:
• 5 shows no kings.
• 5 shows one king.
• 5 shows two kings.
• 5NT shows three kings.
• 6 shows four kings.
“Let’s see how the Gerber convention would work on this hand.
“South opens the bidding 1NT. What response does North make? (4.)
A jump to 4 is the Gerber convention, asking about the number of aces
South holds.
“Suppose South responds 4. What call does North make now? (5/
4NT.) The 4 response shows no aces. That means that the partnership is
missing two aces. You would now bid 5. 5 is a sign-off bid and South
is expected to pass.
“If you are playing matchpoint duplicate, you might bid 4NT instead of 5.
4NT would be a sign-off bid, not Blackwood, since you have already asked
about the number of aces. 4NT might look a little risky when you have such
an unbalanced hand, but since you know you were thinking of playing at
the slam level, the partnership should have enough combined strength to
take at least 10 tricks in notrump. It’s unlikely that you are missing much
other than the two aces.
“It’s important to know that 4NT is a sign-off bid after using the Gerber
convention. If the agreed suit were clubs instead of diamonds, you could not
bid 5 as a sign-off bid. 5 would ask about the number of kings. When
the agreed suit is clubs, you must prepare to play in 4NT if the partnership
is missing two aces. It’s similar to the situation when you need to stop in
5NT after using the Blackwood convention.
“Suppose South opens 1NT, North responds 4 and South bids 4. Now
what call does North make? (6.) South’s 4 response shows one ace,
so the partnership is missing only one ace. Whether South holds the A or
the A, slam should be a reasonable proposition, so you can jump to 6.
“Suppose South opens 1NT, North responds 4 and South bids 4.
Now what call does North make? (5.) South’s 4 bid shows two aces,
so the partnership has all four aces. You might still settle for 6, but if
South has enough kings, you might be able to make a grand slam. It can’t
hurt to bid 5.
“Suppose North bids 5 and South responds 5. Now what call does
North make? (6/Pass.) If South has no kings, you might be worried about
making slam. You could pass and settle for game in 5. Even if South has
no kings, however, there should be a reasonable play for slam. South must
have almost all of the missing queens and jacks to have enough to open
1NT! It would be timid not to bid 6.
“Suppose North bids 5 and South responds 5. Now what call does
North make? (6.) If partner has two aces and one king, 6 should defi-
nitely be a reasonable contract.
“Suppose North bids 5 and South responds 5. Now what call does
North make? (6NT/6.) If partner has two aces and two kings, 6 is
virtually guaranteed. In fact, you should have 12 top winners. 6NT is safer
than 6, and the score is worth more.”
If the students have difficulty seeing that there will be 12 winners, have them construct a hand
for South with two aces and two kings — any two of the three kings — and count the tricks.
“Suppose North bids 5 and South responds 5NT. Now what call does
North make? (7NT/7.) South shows three kings. Now you can count 13
top tricks. You might as well bid 7NT rather than 7. That way, there’s no
possibility the opponents can get a surprise ruff in a suit, and you’ll also
get the top score available.
“Incidentally, if South does bid 5NT, you know every single high card in part-
ner’s hand — the A K, the K, the A and the K. Partner can’t have
any queens or jacks, since partner has already shown 17 high-card points!”
Summary
“Gerber is not an alternative to Blackwood; it is used in concert with Black-
wood. You use the Blackwood convention when a trump suit has been agreed
upon. Use the Gerber convention directly over a natural notrump bid by part-
ner. In some situations Blackwood applies; in others, Gerber applies. Either
Blackwood or Gerber will be appropriate on a given hand, not both.”
When Is 4 Gerber?
Introduction
“It’s a good idea to have a clear partnership agreement about when 4 is
Gerber. The usual agreement is:
• If partner’s last bid was a natural 1NT or 2NT, then a jump to 4 is
Gerber.”
Instructions
“In spades: add the ace.
“In hearts: add the queen.
“In diamonds: take away the queen and two low cards.
“In clubs: add the queen.

Ax 2NT Pass 4
AQxx
KJxx Pass ?
AQx
“What would North open? (2NT.) With a balanced hand and 20 high-card
points, open 2NT.
“Suppose the opponents are silent and South jumps to 4. What call
would North make? (4NT.) Since 2NT is a natural opening bid, partner’s
jump to 4 is the Gerber convention, asking for aces. With three aces,
respond 4NT.
“Suppose South now bids 5. What call does North make? (5.) 5
is a continuation of the Gerber convention, asking for the number of kings.
With one king, you would bid 5.
“If South now bids 6, what call does North make? (Pass.) South’s 6
is a sign-off bid. It doesn’t ask for the number of queens. South has placed
the contract after checking for aces and kings. You’ve described your hand,
so there’s no reason to overrule South’s decision.
“In diamonds: take away the king and add a low card.
“In clubs: take away the ace and add a low card.

Ax 1 Pass 1
AQxx Pass 1NT Pass 4
Jxxx Pass ?
Qxx
“What would North open? (1.) With 13 points and no five-card major,
open the longer minor, 1.
“The opponents pass throughout. South responds 1. What is North’s
rebid? (1NT.) With a minimum balanced hand, rebid 1NT.
“South now jumps to 4. What does North bid? (4.) South has jumped
to 4 over a natural notrump bid by you, so 4 is the Gerber convention.
With two aces, you respond 4.
“If South had jumped to 4NT over your 1NT rebid, what would North
do? (Pass.) 4NT would not be Blackwood, since there has been no agreement
on the trump suit. Instead, it would be a quantitative raise, inviting you to bid
slam with more than a minimum. With only 13 points, pass, declining the
invitation. You can see that it’s important to have an agreement on whether
Gerber or Blackwood applies in this situation — otherwise, there could be
all sorts of confusion.
“In spades: add a low card.
“In diamonds: take away the jack.

Axx 1
AQxx Pass 3 Pass 4
xxx Pass ?
Qxx
“Suppose South opens the bidding 1. What response does North
make? (3.) With 12 high-card points, you don’t have quite enough to
make a forcing raise in hearts, although that would not be unreasonable. A
limit raise to 3 probably describes your hand best.
“Suppose North makes a limit raise to 3 and South bids 4. Is that
the Gerber convention? (No.) 4 isn’t Gerber because it isn’t a jump over
a natural notrump bid. After a trump suit has been agreed upon, partner
would use Blackwood, a jump to 4NT, to ask for the number of aces.
“The meaning of 4 will be discussed in more detail in the next lesson.
For now, all that is important is that 4 isn’t Gerber.”
4 would actually be a cuebid in this sequence. North could sign off in 4 or go beyond game
and cuebid 4. There’s no need to go into a detailed discussion with the students. There are some who
will feel that it’s cheaper to use Gerber rather than Blackwood in sequences such as this. That isn’t
standard practice, and it is not recommended. If the partnership has enough combined strength to be
considering slam, the contract should be safe at the five level. As discussed in the previous section,
Blackwood and Gerber aren’t interchangeable. Either one or the other applies in any given auction.
“There is one exception to the guideline that 4 is Gerber only if it is used

directly over a natural 1NT or 2NT bid. A common partnership agreement
is that after a 1NT opening bid, if responder uses the Stayman convention
first and then jumps to 4, then 4 is the Gerber convention.
“Change the North hand back to the hand we had at the start of the les-
son.
“In spades: add the ten.
“In diamonds: take away a low card.
“In clubs: take away a low card and add the ace.

 A 10 x x 1NT Pass 2
AQxx Pass 2 Pass 4
xx Pass ?
AQx
“What would North bid? (1NT.) A balanced hand with 16 high-card

points. Open 1NT.
“South responds 2. What call does North make? (2.) With two four-
card majors, common practice is to respond up the line and bid 2.
“After North’s 2 rebid, South jumps to 4. Now what call does North
make? (4NT.) The agreement is that the jump to 4 following the use of
the Stayman convention is the Gerber convention, asking for aces. With
three aces, you would respond 4NT.
“Finally, let’s go back to the challenge we presented at the start of this les-
son.
“Suppose North opens 1NT, South bids 2 and North responds 2.
South jumps to 4NT. What call does North make? (5/6.) Since 4
would be asking for the number of aces, 4NT isn’t the Blackwood conven-
tion. Instead, it’s a quantitative raise, similar to the direct raise of 1NT to
4NT. South has 16 or 17 points and is inviting you to bid slam.
“Why did South bid using the Stayman convention before jumping to 4NT?
South must have a four-card major suit. It isn’t hearts. As you’ve just seen,
if South held four hearts, South could jump to 4 to find out about aces.
By inference, South must have a hand with four spades and 16 or 17 points.
First South checked for a spade fit. When you didn’t bid spades, South then
made a quantitative invitation to slam.
“Since you now know there is an eight-card spade fit, you can bid 5 if
you are feeling conservative, or you can bid 6 if you want to accept the
slam invitation.”
Summary
“As you can see from this last example, it’s important to agree when Gerber
applies and when Blackwood applies. On this last hand, if North thinks 4NT
is Blackwood, North might make the same 5 bid, showing three aces.
However, South may be under the impression that partner is declining the
slam invitation and signing off in 5.
“The standard agreement is that a jump to 4 is the Gerber convention:
• If it is made over a natural 1NT or 2NT bid by partner or
• If it is made after using the Stayman convention.
“The partnership may have other agreements, but they require additional
discussion.”

Exercise Four — The Gerber Convention


1NT Pass ? 3
KQJ8763
KQ6
2) West North East South KJ8

2NT Pass AQ87
4 Pass ? KQ62
AJ
3) West North East South QJ84

Pass 1NT Pass A8
2 Pass 2 Pass  A 10 7 5
4 Pass ? AJ3
4) West North East South KJ962

1 Pass AQ
2 Pass 3NT Pass QJ3
4 Pass ?  K Q 10
5) West North East South AK74

1NT Pass 2 Pass KQ83
2 Pass ?  K J 10 2
5
Exercise Four Answer — The Gerber Convention

1) 4 (Gerber). The partnership should have enough combined strength for a slam contract, if it
holds enough first-round controls. East uses the Gerber convention to ask for the number of aces
West holds.
2) 4. This response shows two aces. 4 would show none; 4 would show one.
3) 4NT. This response shows three aces.
4) 4. East gives preference to diamonds. West’s 4 isn’t Gerber because it wasn’t a jump after a
natural 1NT or 2NT bid.
5) 4 (Gerber). Use the Gerber convention to ask for aces. 4NT would be quantitative.
SAMPLE DEALS – LESSON 5*

General Guidelines for Teachers: The focus of all four deals in this lesson is
slam bidding conventions. The auctions should prove to be quite challenging.
If the students can get to the right level in each case, they will be rewarded.
Bid and Play —Deal 1: Using Blackwood
Guidelines for Teachers: On this first deal, the students will use Blackwood
to explore for slam. A variation of the hand is offered where the students can
make the suggested changes to the hands and then bid them again.
Introduction
“Let’s play a deal that demonstrates the use of Blackwood to find a trump
fit and to bid a grand slam.”
Instructions
“North is the dealer. Take your hands and start the bidding. Stop when
you have completed the auction.”
(E–Z Deal Cards: #5, Deal 1 — Dealer, North)
Dealer: North —
Vul: None QJ82
 10 4 3
AKQ973
A9543 N QJ762
65 9
W E
J85 9762
 10 5 4 S J82
 K 10 8
 A K 10 7 4 3
AKQ
6
Suggested Bidding
When it appears that all of the tables have completed the auction, review how the bidding
should have gone.
* The explanation of each deal is the same as the material in the student text. Teachers should use this information as
a starting point for an interactive discussion with the students covering the main points of the hand.

1 Pass 1/2
Pass 3 Pass 4NT
Pass 6 Pass 7
Pass Pass Pass
“North opens the bidding in the longest suit and East passes. With 19 high-
card points and a six-card suit, South knows the partnership is in the slam
range. The first priority, however, is to find a trump fit. South could make a
jump shift into 2, but a response of 1 is forcing and leaves more room
to explore for the best strain.
“Assuming South bids only 1 and West passes, North’s hand can be
revalued in support of hearts. Counting 12 high-card points plus 5 dummy
points for the spade void, the hand is worth 17 points, enough for a jump
raise to 3.
“Once the partnership has agreed upon the trump suit, South can use the
Blackwood convention to check for the number of aces. South doesn’t
want to be in a slam if two aces are missing. If the partnership is missing
one ace, a small slam is the best spot. If North has two aces, South can
investigate a grand slam.
“North has one ace and a potentially useful void in spades. North shows
this by jumping to 6 — showing one ace and a higher-ranking void. If
South interprets this correctly, South will know that North holds the A
and a spade void. That should be enough for a grand slam. South will be
able to ruff the spade losers with dummy’s trumps. Trusting partner, South
bids 7.”
When everyone understands the proper bids and the final contract, the students can proceed to
play out the cards in a contract of 7 by South.
Suggested Opening Lead

“Turn up all of the cards and put each hand dummy style at the edge of the
table in front of each player. Let’s review the play and defense.
“West is on lead against 7. If North–South have not already supplied an
explanation of the auction, West can ask for one. West is probably aware
that the A will be ruffed but should lead it anyway. It’s always possible
that the opponents have had a misunderstanding. If the A is ruffed,
it’s unlikely to matter. East–West probably don’t have much else if the
opponents have bid a grand slam.”
Suggested Play
“South should have little difficulty taking all of the tricks in a heart contract.
Any spade losers can be ruffed in dummy or discarded on the extra club
winners in dummy.”
Suggested Defense
“There’s nothing East —West can do to prevent declarer from taking 13
tricks in a heart contract.”
Bid and Play — Variation of Deal 1 – Blackwood and Voids

Introduction
“Let’s construct a variation of this hand.
“From the North hand, take the 10, the 4 and the 3 and give them
to East.
“From the East hand, take the 7, the 6 and the 2 and give them to
North.”
Instructions
“North is still the dealer. Take out your hands and let’s see how the bidding
will go this time. Stop when you have completed the auction.”
Dealer: North 762

Vul: None QJ82
—
AKQ973
A9543 QJ
N
65 9
J85 W E  10 9 7 6 4 3 2
 10 5 4 S J82
 K 10 8
 A K 10 7 4 3
AKQ
6
Suggested Bidding
should have gone.
1 Pass 1/2
Pass 3 Pass 4NT
Pass 6 Pass 6
Pass Pass Pass
“The bidding goes the same way in this version of the deal. The only
difference is that North has a diamond void rather than a spade void. South
uses the Blackwood convention to check for the number of aces.
“North has one ace and a potentially useful void in diamonds. North can
show this by jumping to 6 — showing one ace and a void in diamonds.
South now knows that the partnership is missing either the A or the
A. South settles for a small slam in hearts by bidding 6. North accepts
partner’s decision.”
play out the cards. Have all tables play a contract of 6 by South.

“Turn up all of the cards and put each hand dummy style at the edge of
the table in front of each player. Let’s review the play and defense.
“West is on lead against 6. West has to decide whether to lead the A or
pick another suit. Some players always lead an ace against a slam contract.
A better approach is to listen to the auction before deciding what to lead. On
this auction, the opponents have bid very strongly, so it’s quite likely they
can take 12 or all 13 tricks. Leading the A is probably the best chance
for the defense. It’s possible, though unlikely, that the opponents have bid
to slam missing both the A and the K. A more likely possibility is that
East started with a singleton spade. West may be able to give East a ruff by
leading the A and a second round of spades.”
Suggested Play
“South should have little difficulty making the slam whether or not West
leads the A. If West doesn’t lead the A, declarer can take all 13 tricks
by discarding dummy’s spades on the A K Q and then ruffing spade
losers in dummy or discarding them on dummy’s extra club winners.”
Suggested Defense
“There’s nothing East–West can do to prevent declarer from taking 12
tricks in a heart contract. The A turns out to be the best lead. Otherwise,
declarer can take all 13 tricks.”
Bid and Play — Deal 2: Signing Off with Blackwood
Guidelines for Teachers: On this second deal, East can visualize slam if
West holds two aces, so East uses Blackwood to check.
Introduction
“Let’s play a deal where slam appears to be possible if the partnership has
the right controls.”
Instructions
“East is the dealer. Take your hands and start the bidding. Stop when you
have completed the auction.”
(E–Z Deal Cards: #5, Deal 2 — Dealer, East)
Dealer: East  10 5 2
Vul: N–S QJ842
 J 10 5 3 2
—
J84 N AKQ
73 K9
W E
KQ6 8
 A J 10 6 2 S KQ98543
9763
 A 10 6 5
A974
7
Suggested Bidding
should have gone.
1 Pass
3 Pass 4NT Pass
5 Pass 5 Pass
5NT Pass Pass Pass
“East isn’t quite strong enough for a conventional (artificial) 2 opening
and starts the auction with 1, planning to show the extra strength later.
South passes, and West makes a limit raise to 3. West has 11 high-card
points and five-card support.
“East can visualize a slam if West holds two aces, so East jumps to 4NT,
the Blackwood convention. West’s 5 response shows one ace. East knows
the partnership can’t make a slam.
“Unfortunately, West’s 5 response puts the partnership beyond the safe
resting spot of 5. East can’t bid 5NT, since that would ask for the number
of kings. Instead, East bids 5, a suit in which the partnership can’t
possibly want to play. This asks West to bid 5NT. When West bids 5NT,
East passes. 5NT may not be a safe contract, but it may have a chance. East
can expect West to hold some strength in diamonds, since there isn’t room
for much else if West has enough strength for a limit raise. Since two aces
are missing, 6 would have no chance.”
play out the cards in a contract of 5 by East.

“South is on lead and has a difficult choice. The usual lead against a
notrump contract would be the 5, fourth highest from the stronger of the
four-card suits. From the auction, South has a clue that North doesn’t have
much, because East–West were trying to get to slam. South might prefer
the safer lead of a spade, hoping to give nothing away and make declarer
do all of the work to take 11 tricks.”
Suggested Play
“The 5NT contract is a challenge. If South leads a heart, East will have an
easy time. East can win the K and then quickly take seven club tricks
and three spade tricks to make the contract.
“If South leads a spade, declarer has to find an 11th trick. The best choice
is to lead a diamond, hoping South has the A. If North has the A,
declarer will have to hope that North also holds the A. Otherwise, the
contract will be defeated by several tricks. North could return a heart,
trapping East’s K. East is safe. South holds both aces and can’t prevent
declarer from taking 11 tricks — three spades, one diamond and seven
clubs. A lucky escape for East–West.”
Suggested Defense
“Due to the unfortunate location of the A, the defenders can’t do anything
to prevent declarer from taking 11 tricks.”
Bid and Play — Deal 3 – Blackwood, DOPI, DEPO
Guidelines for Teachers: This deal provides an opportunity for the teacher
to let the students have a little fun. Highly distributional hands are always
interesting.
Introduction
“Let’s play a deal where the distribution produces a lively auction.”
Instructions
“South is the dealer. Take your hands and start the bidding. Stop when
you have completed the auction.”
(E–Z Deal Cards: #5, Deal 3 — Dealer, South)
Dealer: South 85

Vul: E–W KQJ9865
—
 J 10 8 7
QJ9764 N  A K 10 3 2
A 2
W E
J843 AKQ962
A4 S 5
—
 10 7 4 3
 10 7 5
KQ9632
Suggested Bidding
When it appears that all of the tables have completed the auction, review how the bidding should
have gone. East uses Blackwood to check for aces, but South, with a great fit with North’s hearts,
provides some interference to make the auction interesting.
Pass
1 3/4 4NT 5
5 Pass 7 Pass
Pass Pass
“South doesn’t have the right type of hand to open the bidding. South can’t
open a weak two-bid when the six-card suit is clubs, and with a void and a
side four-card major, it would be a bit off-center to open 3. West’s hand
is too strong for a weak two-bid in spades, so West starts with 1. With a
good seven-card suit, North can make a weak jump overcall to 3. North
is unlikely to be defeated more than two tricks, considering the nice side-
suit holding in clubs. Some players might even venture 4 with the North
hand.
“With an excellent fit for spades and a good hand, East uses the Blackwood
convention to ask how many aces West holds. By inference, the jump
to 4NT agrees on spades as the trump suit. East doesn’t want to show
the diamond suit or do something else, because the opportunity to use
Blackwood may not be there when the bidding comes back around. There
should be no losers in spades or diamonds, so a small or grand slam will
hinge on the number of aces held by West.
“With an excellent fit for North’s hearts — North is showing seven of them
— South should take some action over the 4NT bid to make the auction
more difficult for the opponents. With such a good distributional hand,
South might even envision the partnership making 5 if North is short in
diamonds. South should bid at least 5. An adventuresome South might
jump to 6 to put more pressure on East–West.
“If South does bid 5, West can bid 5 to show two aces in response to
Blackwood. Playing the DOPI convention, a double would show no aces, a
pass would show one ace and the next available step, 5, would show two
aces. If South jumps to 6, West could double to show an even number
of aces if the partnership is using DEPO — double even, pass odd. East
would now have to guess whether West held no aces (highly unlikely) or
two aces (most likely). If South chooses to bid 5 rather than 5, West
would bid 5 to show two aces when playing the DOPI convention.
“Over West’s 5 bid, North should pass, having already described the
hand with the preemptive jump overcall. Assuming East trusts West’s 5
bid to be the DOPI conventional response, East can now jump to 7.
The partnership should have no losers. Even if West doesn’t hold the Q,
the partnership has at least a ten-card fit, which should be good enough.
A jump to 7NT would be possible, but could lead to disaster if West is
short in diamonds and there are diamond losers. Getting to a grand slam in
spades over the opponents’ interference should be good enough.”
play out the cards.

“North is on lead and will probably start with the K, although this probably
won’t develop a trick for the defense. East–West are unlikely to bid a grand
slam in spades without the A, so North might consider leading a club.
It is always possible that the opponents have had a misunderstanding and
are missing an ace. That’s a little unlikely, since South might have made a
Lightner double asking for an unusual lead holding a minor-suit ace or a
void. North’s opening lead won’t make much difference.”
Suggested Play
“There’s nothing to the play. Declarer can draw trumps and claim all of the
tricks.”
Suggested Defense
“North–South can’t prevent East–West from making a grand slam. The
best North–South can do is to throw up interference and hope that East–
West land in the wrong contract.
“North–South will do very well if allowed to play in a heart contract, even
if they are doubled. They are unlikely to lose more than two tricks — the
A and the A — since East–West are unlikely to find their club ruff.”
Bid and Play — Deal 4 – Gerber Over Notrump
Guidelines for Teachers: This hand introduces Gerber over Notrump and
the idea that 4NT would now be quantitative.
Introduction
“Let’s play a deal where the Gerber convention allows the partnership to
check for aces and kings at a lower level.”
Instructions
“West is the dealer. Take your hands and start the bidding. Stop when you
have completed the auction.”
(E–Z Deal Cards: #5, Deal 4 — Dealer, West)
Dealer: West  K 10 6
Vul: Both AK83
A2
K974
Q9852 N J73
QJ92  10 7 5 4
W E
 10 3 64
S
62  Q J 10 8
A4
6
KQJ9875
A53
Suggested Bidding
should have gone.
Pass 1NT Pass 4
Pass 4 Pass 5
Pass 5NT Pass 7NT
Pass Pass Pass
“With a balanced hand and 17 high-card points, North opens 1NT. East
passes. South can visualize a slam if the partnership isn’t missing two aces.
South uses Gerber, a jump to 4, to ask for the number of aces. A jump
to 4NT would be a quantitative (invitational) jump and not the Blackwood
convention.
“After West’s pass, North bids 4, the third step, to show two aces — 4,
the first step, would show no aces or all four aces; 4 would show one
ace.
“South now knows the partnership holds all of the aces and can try for
bigger things by bidding 5 to ask for the number of kings. North responds
5NT, the fourth step, to show three kings — 5 would show no kings; 5
would show one king; 5 would show two kings; and 6 would show all
four kings.
“South now can be certain that the partnership has all 13 tricks, the A
and the K, the A and the K, seven diamond tricks and the A and
K. South can bid a grand slam. Although South was originally planning
to play with diamonds as the trump suit, South might as well bid the slam
in notrump. That contract is worth more than 7 and is slightly safer —
no possibility of the opponents getting a ruff on the first trick.”
play out the cards in a contract of 7NT by North.

“East is on lead and would start with the Q, top of a sequence.”
Suggested Play
“There isn’t much to the play. North has 13 sure tricks: two spades, two
hearts, seven diamonds and two clubs.”
Suggested Defense
“If North–South reach 7NT, East–West will just have to wait for the next
deal.”

More Commonly Used Conventions Lesson 5

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LESSON 5

Blackwood and Gerber

Blackwood and Gerber

The First Ingredient — Combined Strength

The Second Ingredient — Trump Fit

The Third Ingredient — Controls

Handling Interference over Blackwood

When Is 4NT Blackwood?

The Gerber Convention

Play & Defense

West North East South South

The First Ingredient — Combined Strength

West North East South South

“Your partnership has agreed to use a range of 15 to 17 HCP for 1NT

West North East South South

West North East South South

The Second Ingredient — Trump Fit

West North East South South

North West North East South South

North West North East South South

The Third Ingredient — Controls

West North East South South

North West North East South SOUTH

North West North East South South

North West North East South South

➥ “Let’s do Exercise 1 in the student text to

Exercise One — Responding to Blackwood

1) West North East South K83

2) West North East South AQJ5

3) West North East South A963

4) West North East South KQ984

5) West North East South 4

Exercise One Answer — Responding to Blackwood

Blackwood and Voids

North West North East South

North West North East South South

➥ “Let’s do Exercise 2 in the student text to

Exercise Two — Blackwood and Voids

1) West North East South  K 10 7 4

2) West North East South —

3) West North East South A763

4) West North East South  K 10 2

5) West North East South  A 10 7 4

Exercise Two Answer — Blackwood and Voids

North West North East South

“What would North open? (1/2NT.) With 19 high-card points plus 2

Handling Interference over Blackwood

North West North East South

• Double shows O (zero) aces.

North West North East South

When Is 4NT Blackwood?

North West North East South

➥ “Let’s do Exercise 3 in the student text to

Exercise Three — Using Blackwood

1) West North East South 32

2) West North East South J83

3) West North East South A9

4) West North East South  K Q 10 8 7 3