CELL DIVISION

& INHERITANCE
Prepared by:
PROF. LOVELYN B. BALBEDINA
THEORY OF EVOLUTION by SIMPSONS FAMILY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FW-uW71-DHU
OBJECTIVES
1. Differentiate between sex chromosomes and autosomes in a diploid
animals;
2. Compare and contrast the cell cycle activities in an embryonic cell and
body cells;
3. Explain why the events of mitotic cell division result in daughter cells
being identical to parent cells;
4. Explain why meiotic cell division produces haploid cells after the
division processes;
5. Explain the features of DNA that allow it to perform all its functions;
6. Discuss the inheritance pattern and mechanisms in animals.
LET’S REVIEW!!!

GENETICS 101
What do you know about GENETICS? What is Genetics?

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Who started the Genetics Revolution by formulating genetic mechanisms of how traits are passed on
through his peas experiments?

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What do you call the two types of chromosomes in human?

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How many chromosomes does our human body have?

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What are the two types of cell divisions?

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 OBJECTIVE 1
Differentiate between sex
chromosomes and autosomes
in a diploid animals
CHROMOSOME

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbA-pHyirzo
CHROMOSOME
▪ Most of the life of cell, chromosomes are in a highly dispersed state called
chromatin

▪ Chromatin consists of DNA and histone proteins

▪ Chromatin composed of inactive region called heterochromatic region and

active sites called euchromatic regions

▪ Nucleosome composed of DNA wraps in a coil around the proteins

CHROMOSOME
▪ Chromosomes are present in set (pair)

▪ Most animals have two sets (2N) of chromosomes and is called a diploid
organisms

▪ Some animals have one set (N) of chromosome and is called a haploid
organisms

▪ Very few animals have more than the diploid number of chromosomes, a
condition called polyploidy
What sex chromosome determines the maleness or femaleness of the
progeny?

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SEX CHROMOSOME and
AUTOSOME
KARYOTYPE

▪ Contains full set of DNA

(genes) from mother
and father
▪ Homologous
chromosomes
▪ Chromosomes 1 to 22
that are alike are called
autosomes
▪ Chromosomes 23 is
called sex chromosome
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBq1ULWJp_M
SEX CHROMOSOME and
AUTOSOME
▪ Number of chromosomes is
constant within a species,
chromosome number varies
greatly among species

▪ Chromosome test provides

insight on the abnormalities in
chromosome number and
structure

https://www.web-books.com/MoBio/Free/images/Ch1Ct1.gif
SEX CHROMOSOME and
AUTOSOME
 OBJECTIVE 2
Compare and contrast the cell
cycle activities in an
embryonic cell and body cells
What are the two general phases of the cell cycle?

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 CELL CYCLE

https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=EmY8CHkWrAw

Quiescent state

https://useruploads.socratic.org/yJ6nLpJyRKKVzLteVBM8_d62a6708a4a3942f21e003500ddf9664.png
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5vAO_f2LDQ
CELL CYCLE
▪ Cell Cycle is the life of a cell, from its beginning until it divides to produce the
new generation of cells

▪ Mitosis is the distribution of chromosomes between two daughter cells

▪ Cytokinesis is the portioning of the cytoplasm between two daughter cells

▪ Interphase is the time between the end of cytokinesis and the beginning of the
next mitotic cell division

▪ Gap Phase (Resting phase) is not at replicative state and performing some cell
duties
CELL CYCLE
▪ INTERPHASE
- It covers 90% of the cell activity
- Composed of G1, S, and G2 phases
- G1 is a period of cell growth, S (Synthesis) is when the cell makes an exact
copy of its DNA, and G2 is condensation of the chromosomes to prepare for
mitotic cell division

▪ MITOTIC PHASE (M-PHASE)

- Mitotic phase is divided into five phases: P – M – A – T
- Cytokinesis is the final phase of cell division, which involve division of
cytoplasm forming a cleavage furrow
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/HumanEmbryogenesis.svg/1200px-HumanEmbryogenesis.svg.png
CELL CYCLE

ch?v=tH1SJpg0DU8
https://www.youtube.com/wat
CELL CYCLE
▪ At Meiosis I, the cell contains a diploid cell and has homologous chromosomes

▪ The important event in this phase is the synapsis forming tetrad (four
chromosomes) where crossing over happens and thus exchange of genetic
materials within the homologues

▪ Genetic Recombination is the new chromosomes resulted from the synapsis

event and provide genetic variation
CELL CYCLE
▪ At Meiosis II, resembles an ordinary mitotic division (PMAT) except that the
number of chromosomes are reduced in half or haploid

▪ The final product of this process are four new cells and are called the gametes or
sex cell
 OBJECTIVE 3
Explain why the events of
mitotic cell division result in
daughter cells being identical
to parent cells
 MITOSIS

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mitosis_Stages.svg/2560px-Mitosis_Stages.svg.png

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwAFZb8juMQ
 OBJECTIVE 4
Explain why meiotic cell
division produces haploid
cells after the division
processes;
MEIOSIS

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Meiosis-illustration-without-accompanying-verbal-explanation-Campbell-Reece-2002_fig2_237595654

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pvwIsDE6eg
 OBJECTIVE 5
Explain the features of DNA
that allow it to perform all its
functions;
DNA

https://allinonehighschool.com/dna-organization-and-the-cell-cycle/
DNA
▪ Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
- Genetic material must be able to code for the sequence of amino acids in
proteins and control protein synthesis
- Genetic material must be able to replicate itself prior to cell division
- Genetic material must be in the nuclei of eukaryotic cell
- Genetic material must be able to change over time to account for evolutionary
change

▪ Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

- Produce in the nucleus and move to the cytoplasm
- Participates in protein synthesis
DNA

https://www2.nau.edu/lrm22/lessons/dna_notes/DNA_ribbon.jpg
What are the most important structured of the DNA?

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DNA
DNA

https://www2.nau.edu/lrm22/lessons/dna_note
DNA
Difference between the DNA and RNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Both contain nucleotide (Nitrogen-containing compound, Pentose-
Phosphate)
Nitrogen containing compounds are Nitrogen containing compounds are
Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, and Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, and
Thymine Uracil
Deoxyribose sugar Ribose sugar
Double stranded molecule Single stranded molecule
DNA replication Protein synthesis
DNA
▪ Genetic material can change, thus increases genetic variability (variation)

▪ Genetic variation includes (1) alterations in the base sequence of DNA and
changes that alter the structure of number of chromosomes

▪ Point mutation is where changes in nucleotide sequence happens that may

result to replacement, addition, or deletion of nucleotides
DNA
▪ Variation in chromosome number results to formation of polyploidy and
aneuploidy

▪ Variation in chromosome structure may result to different sequence of genes,

multiple copies of genes, or missing genes
 OBJECTIVE 6
Discuss the inheritance
pattern and mechanisms in
animals.
WHO AM I?
GREGO R ME NDE L

▪ Inheritance

▪ Heredity

▪ Genes
INHERITANCE PATTERN
▪ PRINCIPLE OF SEGREGATION
- The principle states that pairs of
genes are distributed between
gametes during gamete formation
- Fertilization is the process of
random combination of gametes
- Parental generation passed its
genes to offspring (progeny)
- Alleles is the genes that determine
the expression of particular traits
INHERITANCE PATTERN
▪ INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
- During gamete formation, pairs of
factors segregate independently of
one another
- Genetic recombination explains the
pattern
- Independent assortment of
maternal and paternal
chromosomes results to genetic
variation (crossing over), thus
creates diversity
https://drawittoknowit.com/course/cell-biology/glossary/cellular-anatomy-physiology/independent-assortment
 ▪ Miller, S.A. and Harley, J.P. (2016). Zoology
Tenth Edition, McGraw-Hill Education, 2
Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121, ISBN:
978-0-07-783727-3

▪ Reece et al. (2014). Campbell Biology,

REFERENCES Tenth Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.

ISBN 10: 1-269-75796-2

▪ Anestis et al. (2016). 5 Steps to A5 AP*

Biology, McGraw-Hill Education, ISBN:
978-0-07-185033-9