Lesson 1 Introduction to Literature readers identify with what they read through values

learned.” -JF Loria

What is Literature?
Importance of studying Literature
1. Deriving from the Latin littera, “a letter of the
alphabet,” literature is first and foremost humankind’s ❑To benefit from the insight of others
entire body of writing.
❑To open our minds to ambiguities of meaning
2. It is a “slice of life”.
❑To explore other cultures and beliefs
3. It is a body of written works.
❑To appreciate why individuals are the way they are
4. Writings having excellence of form or expression and
expressing ideas of permanent or universal interest ❑To exercise our brain

5. It is a body of work, either written, oral, or visual ❑To encourage us to question “accepted” knowledge
containing imaginative language that realistically
portrays thoughts, emotion, and experiences of the ❑To appreciate the contributions literature has made
human condition. to history

6. It is a product of a particular culture that concretizes ❑To see human tragedy

man’s array of values, emotions, actions and ideas.
❑To strengthen our mastery of the language
7. It is a creation of human experiences that tells about
❑To recognize language devices and appreciate their
people and their world.
emotional power
Literature is an art that reflects the works of
❑To see the admirable in everyday life
imagination, aesthetics and creative writing which are
distinguished for the beauty of style or expression. ❑To know that we are not alone
What is the importance of Literature?
❑To refine our judgement
Importance of studying Literature Studying Literature is
❑To learn to support our points of view and trust our
like looking at the mirror of life where man’s
own interpretations
experiences, his innermost feelings and thoughts are
reflected. ❑To develop our empathy for those who are unlike us
❑To expand our vocabulary
Importance of studying Literature Through Literature,
we learn the culture of people across time and space. ❑To improve our writing skills
Importance of studying Literature Through Literature, ❑To learn to use our language well
we understand not only the past life a nation but also
its present. ❑To improve our reading comprehension

Importance of studying Literature We become familiar Literary Standards

not only with the culture of neighboring countries but
also with that of others living very far from us. 1. Universality Literature appeals to everyone,
regardless of culture, race, gender and time.
Importance of studying Literature “Perhaps what makes
literature a more delightful and enriching study than 2. Artistry Literature has an aesthetic appeal and thus
the rest that deal with the past is its potential of making possesses a sense of beauty.
 3. Intellectual Value Literature stimulates critical 7. Impressionistic Approach Literature is viewed to
thinking that enriches mental processes of abstraction, elucidate “reacting-response” which is considered as
and reasoning. something very personal, relative and fruitful. It seeks
to see how the piece has communicated.
4. Subjectiveness Literature unravels and conjures
man’s emotional power to define symbolisms, nuances, Lesson 2 Classifications of Literature
implied meaning and images.
Classifications of Literature
5. Spiritual Value Literature elevates the spirit and the
soul and thus has the power to motivate and inspire, There are 2 key words in this topic:
drawn from suggested morals of different literary - Genre
genres. - Literature
6. Permanence Literature endures across time and What is literature?
draws out the time factor: timelines and timelessness.
- Literature, in its broadest sense, consists of any
7. Style Literature presents peculiar way/s on how man written productions.
sees life as evidenced by the formation of his ideas, - It refers to those deemed to have artistic or
forms, structures and expressions which are marked by intellectual value, or which deploy language in
their memorable substance. ways that differ from ordinary usage.
How are we going to study Literature? - In Western Europe prior to the eighteenth
century, literature as a term indicated all books
Through the help of Literary Approaches and writing. (Leitch et al., The Norton
Anthology of Theory and Criticism, 28)
1. Formalistic Approach Literature is viewed - The value judgment definition of of literature
intrinsically, independent of the author, age or any considers it to cover exclusively those writings
extrinsic factor. It focuses more on “literary elements”. that possess high quality or distinction, forming
2. Moral or Humanistic Approach Literature is viewed part of the so-called Belles-lettres ('fine writing')
to discuss man and its nature. It naturally presents man tradition. (Eagleton, Literary theory: an
as essentially rational, endowed with intellect and introduction, 9
freewill. - This sort of definition is that used in the
Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
3. Historical Approach Literature is seen both as a (1910-11) where it classifies literature as:
reflection and product of the times and circumstances
in which it was written. "the best expression of the best thought reduced
to writing."
4. Sociological Approach Literature is viewed as the
expression of man within a given social situation which - Problematic in this view is that there is no
is reduced. objective definition of what constitutes
"Literature".
5. Cultural Approach Literature is seen as one of the - Anything can be literature, and anything which
manifestation and vehicle of a nation’s/race’ culture is universally regarded as literature has the
and tradition. potential to be excluded, since value judgments
can change over time.
6. Psychological Approach Literature is viewed as the
expression of “personality” of “inner drives” or What is Genre?
“neurosis”. It includes the psychology of the author,
characters, and even the psychology of its creation. - is any category of literature, music, or other
forms of art or entertainment, whether written
 or spoken, audio or visual, based on some set of Narrative Poetry - lt is a form a poetry that tells a story,
stylistic criteria. often making use of the voices of a narrative and of
- Genres form by conventions that change over characters as well. The entire story is usually written in
time as new genres are invented and the use of metered verse.
old ones is discontinued.
- Often, works fit into multiple genres by way of It has 3 kinds:
borrowing and recombining these conventions. Epics - A long narrative poem written in elevated style,
- Genre began as an absolute classification in which heroes of great historical or legendary
system for ancient Greek literature. Poetry, importance perform valorous deeds. (e.g. Beowulf)
prose, and performance each had a specific and Mock-epic - are typically satires or parodies that mock
calculated style that related to the theme of the common Classical stereotypes of heroes and heroic
story. literature. (e.g Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock)
Ballad - a poem or song narrating a story in short
There are 3 Genres of Literature
stanzas. Traditional ballads are typically of unknown
- Poetry authorship, having been passed on orally from one
- Prose generation to the next as part of the folk culture. (The
- Drama Second Coming William Butler Yeats (1865-1939))

Poetry - is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and Descriptive and Didactic Poetry
rhythmic qualities of language.
- Both lyric and narrative poetry can contain
Poetry has 3 different kinds: lengthy and detailed descriptions (descriptive
poetry) or scenes in direct speech (dramatic
- Lyric Poetry; poetry).
- Narrative Poetry; and - The purpose of a didactic poem is primarily to
- Descriptive and Didactic Poetry.
teach something.
Lyric Poetry - It is a comparatively short, non-narrative Prose - written or spoken language in its ordinary form,
poem, in which a single speaker presents a state of without metrical structure
mind or emotional state.
There are 2 kinds of Prose:
It has 4 kinds:
- Fiction
Elegy - a poem of serious reflection, typically a element
- Non-Fiction
for the dead
Fiction - lt is a literature written in a form of prose,
Ode - a poem in which a person expresses a strong especially short stories and novels, that describes
feeling of love or respect for someone or something. imaginary events and people.
Sonnet - a fourteen -line poem written in iambic
pentameter, which employ one of several rhyme There are 2 kinds of Fiction literature:
schemes and adhere to a tightly structured thematic
organization. Realistic Fiction - is a genre consisting of stories that
could have actually occurred to people or animals in a
Dramatic Monolouge - a poem in the form of a speech believable setting.
or narrative by an imagined person, in which the
Fantastic Fiction -a type of fiction that ideologically and
speaker inadvertently reveals aspects of their character
while describing a particular situation or series of aesthetically subordinates reality to imagination by
events. depicting a world of marvels that is contrasted to
everyday reality and to accepted views of what is Melodrama - Melodrama is an exaggerated drama,
credible. which is sensational and appeals directly to the senses
of audience. Just like the farce, the characters are of
Non-Fiction - Prosed writing which is based on facts,
single dimension and simple, or may be stereotyped.
real events, and real people such as biography and
history. Fantasy - It is a complete fictional work where
characters virtually display supernatural skills. It is more
There are 4 kinds of Non-fiction literature: appealing to children as fairies, angels, superheroes,
Biographies - is a detailed description of a person's life. etc., are embedded in the plot. Use of magic, pseudo
It involves more than just the basic facts like education, science, horror, and spooky themes through various
work, relationships, and death, but also portrays a kinds of technical devices create a perfect world of
subject's experience of these life events. fantasy. The modern version of drama incorporates a
great deal of special effects.
Autobiographies - is a written account of the life of a
person written by that person. Elements of Fiction Part 1

Essays - is, generally, a piece of writing that gives the Fiction

author's own argument - but the definition is vague, - Literature in the form of prose, especially short stories
overlapping with those of an article, a pamphlet, and a and novels, that describes imaginary events and people.
short story. Articles a piece of writing included with - It uses imaginary events and characters. In the 21st
others in a newspaper, magazine, or other publication.
century, they are usually adopted into movies.
Humour - situations, speech, or writings that are Elements of Fiction
thought to be humorous
Characters
Drama - a piece of writing that tells a story and is
performed on a stage. ❑They are the people whom the story revolves
around.
There are 6 kinds of Drama:
❑They are usually the recipients and cause of different
- Comedy;
conflicts.
- Tragedy;
- Farce; ❑They can be good and bad
- Melodrama; Fantasy; and Musical.
❑Some stay and some go away during any part of the
Comedy - Comedies are lighter in tone than ordinary story
writers, and provide a happy conclusion. The intention
of dramatists in comedies is to make their audience Why are characters important?
laugh. Hence, they use quaint circumstances, unusual
❑Something to invest in
characters and witty remarks.

Tragedy - Tragic dramas use darker themes such as ❑Someone to care about
disaster, pain and death. Protagonists often have a ❑Someone to root for
tragic flaw-a characteristic that leads them to their
downfall. Characterization

Farce - Generally, a farce is a nonsensical genre of ❑It is the creation or the construction of a fictional
drama, which often overacts or engages slapstick character.
humor. It's basically, what you call a "Parody"
❑It is how characters are described.
❑It is the description of the character’s features,
attitudes or as a whole.
❑ It helps the readers understand the actions of the
❑It is the description of the character’s features, characters deeply.
attitudes or as a whole.
❑ It gives the readers understand the different
Two Types of Characterization motivations and downsides of a character.

Direct Characterization ❑ It helps the readers understand the actions of the

characters deeply.
- the writer makes direct statements about a
character's personality and tells what the ❑ It gives the readers understand the different
character is like. motivations and downsides of a character. SO Elements
- . Think adjectives of Fiction Setting SO Setting
Descriptions
❑It is where the story takes place.
Indirect Characterization
❑It helps the readers give context in analyzing the
- the writer reveals information about a text.
character and his/her personality through that
character's thoughts, words, and actions, along
with how other characters respond to that
❑It is where the story takes place.
character, including what they think and say
about him/her. ❑It helps the readers give context in analyzing the text
- Think verbs .
Actions A Setting:

Two major types of Characters: ❑Can be large and all encompassing

1.Protagonist ❑Can be very intimate areas.

2. Antagonist ❑Can be any time of the day.

Protagonist - It is one of the major characters in the ❑Can be any season (natural).
story. It receives the blow from the antagonist.
Antagonis - It is the one in conflict with the protagonist. Why setting is important?
It give the protagonist the sense of terror and
❑ It shapes the tone and mood of the story.
realization
❑ It gives the readers a vivid mental picture of the
The Four Aspects of Characterization
world your characters move in.
1. Static Character VS Dynamic Character
PLOT
2. Flat Character VS Round Character
❑It is the series of events that happen in story.
Why is characterization important?
❑Commonly known as the “flow” and the arrangement
❑ It helps the readers visualize and relate to the of the story.
characters.
Different Types of Plot
❑ It gives the readers a time to examine the characters,
thus creating “healthy bias”. ❑Conventional Plot
❑Episodic Plot Different types of Point of View

❑Flashback ❑View First Person Point of View

❑In Medias Res ❑Second Person Point of View

Conventional Plot - A conventional plot allows a ❑Third Person Point of View

straight or linear flow of events that has a start, a
• Limited
middle part, and a conclusion.

Parts of a Conventional Plot • Omniscient

1. Exposition It provides background information • Limited Omniscient

needed to make sense of the action, describes the First Person Point of View
setting and introduces the main characters.
- We are seeing events through the eyes of the
2. Conflicts It is the moment of great tension among character telling the story. SO
characters.
Second Person Point of View
Climax The turning point, a moment of great tension
that fixes the outcome - The narrator is speaking to YOU. This isn’t very
common in fiction, unless the narrator is trying
Resolution The fixing or the resolution of the different to talk to the reader personally.
conflicts - We see second-person point of view mostly in
Dénouement It is where the action falls off as the plot’s poems, speeches, instructional writing, and
complications are sorted out and resolved. persuasive articles.

Episodic Plot They are plots that still functions as Third Person Point of View
conventional plots but they come in series. - The narrator is describing what’s seen, but as a
spectator.
Flashback The author shares to the reader an event that
has happened in the past. This past event is where the - If the narrator is a character in the story, then
story focuses on. we are reading what he or she observes as the
story unfolds.
Medias Res The author chooses to start the story in the
middle of a situation. The current situation of the Three Types of Third Person Point of View
context is not explained. The beginning of the story is ❑ Limited
already established with the conflicts, thus, the
exposition does not exist ❑ Omniscient

Why is having a Plot important? ❑ Limited Omniscient

It organizes the thoughts, ideas and events, thus making Limited Third Person Point of View - In limited
the readers enjoy reading without confusion third-person, the narrator sees only what’s in front
of him/her, a spectator of events as they unfold and
Point of View SO Point of View
unable to read any other character’s mind.
❑It answers the question “Who is telling the story?” or
Omniscient Third Person Point of View - An
“Who is the narrator?”.
omniscient narrator sees all, much as an all knowing
god of some kind. He or she sees what each
 character is doing and can see into each character’s Man VS Man
mind.
❑The protagonist encounters conflict that are
Limited Omniscient Third Person Point of View - caused by another human being.
The limited omniscient third-person narrator can
only see into one character’s mind. He/she might Man VS Self
see other events happening, but only knows the
❑The character experiences internal conflict. It is a
reasons of one character’s actions in the story.
battle with his/her own “demons”.
Why is having a Point of View important?
Man VS The Society
❑ It will help the readers determine the generic
❑The character experiences a dilemma with the
views and personal biases that are offered in the
people around him, having a hard time coping with
story
the norm.
❑ It helps limit the knowledge about character, and
Man VS Circumstances
at the same time.
❑The character struggles with events or situations
❑ It helps explain the contribution of each
that happens to him, like accidents, death and loss.
character and event in the story.
Man VS Nature
Elements of Fiction Conflict
❑The character struggles between forces of nature
Conflict
like storms, floods, landslides, mudslides and
❑conflict is a literary element that involves a avalanches.
struggle between two opposing forces, usually a
Man VS Supernatural
protagonist and an antagonist.
❑The struggle happens between the character and
INTERNAL VS. EXTERNAL CONFLICT
a paranormal being, a curse, and the like.
- An internal conflict is a struggle within the mind
Man VS God
of a character. It can be mental or emotional.
- An external conflict is a struggle that occurs ❑It is usually a struggle that roots from a sin. God is
between a character and an outside force. blamed by the character who usually exhibits
spiritual frailty and backsliding.

Different Types o Conflict Deux Ex Machina

❑ Man VS Man ❑ “divine intervention”

❑ Man VS Self ❑ a seemingly unresolvable problem was abruptly

resolved in an unexpected or unlikely occurrence.
❑ Man VS The Society
Why is having a Conflict important?
❑ Man VS Circumstances
❑ It gives “spice” and excitement to the story.
❑ Man VS Nature
❑ It gives readers something to look forward to
❑ Man VS The Supernatural
and something to worry about
❑ Man VS God
 1st Semester Preliminary Reviewer in  To explore other cultures and beliefs

World Literature To appreciate why individuals are the way
they are
MODULE 1:  To exercise our brain
WHAT IS LITERATURE?  To encourage us to question “accepted”
1. Deriving from the Latin littera, “a letter of the knowledge
alphabet,” literature is first and foremost  To appreciate the contributions literature has
humankind’s entire body of writing. made to history
2. It is a “slice of life”.  To see human tragedy
3. It is a body of written works.  To strengthen our master of the language
4. Writings having excellence of form or  To recognize language devices and appreciate
expression and expressing ideas of permanent their emotional power
or universal interest  To see the admirable in everyday life
5. It is a body of work, either written, oral, or  To know that we are not alone
visual containing imaginative language that  To refine our judgement
realistically portrays thoughts, emotion, and  To learn to support our points of view and
experiences of the human condition. trust our own interpretations.
6. It is a product of a particular culture that  To develop our empathy for those who are
concretizes man’s array of values, emotions, unlike us
actions and ideas.  To expand our vocabulary
7. It is a creation of human experiences that  To improve our writing skills
tells about people and their world.  To learn to use our language well
 To improve our reading comprehension

Literary Standards
 Literature is an art that reflects the works of
imagination, aesthetics and creative writing 1. Universality
which are distinguished for the beauty of style  Literature appeals to everyone,
or expression regardless of culture, race, gender
 What is the importance of Literature? and time.
 Studying Literature is like looking at the mirror 2. Artistry
of life where man’s experiences, his innermost  Literature has an aesthetic appeal
feelings and thoughts are reflected. and thus possesses a sense of
 Through Literature, we learn the culture of beauty.
people across time and space. 3. Intellectual
 Through Literature, we understand not only the  Value Literature stimulates critical
past life of a nation but also its present. thinking that enriches mental
 We become familiar not only with the culture of processes of abstraction, and
neighboring countries but also with that of reasoning.
others living very far from us. 4. Subjectiveness
“Perhaps what makes literature a more delightful  Literature unravels and conjures
man’s emotional power to define
and enriching study than the rest that deal with the
symbolisms, nuances, implied
past is its potential of making readers identify
meaning and images.
with what they read through values
5. Spiritual Value
learned.”
 Literature elevates the spirit and
-JF Loria the soul and thus has the power to
motivate and inspire, drawn from
 To benefit from the insight of others
suggested morals of different
 To open our minds to ambiguities of meaning
literary genres.
 6. Permanence MODULE 2:
 Literature endures across time and CLASSIFICATION OF LITERATION
draws out the time factor: timelines There are 2 Key Words in this topic:
and timelessness.
7. Style  Genre; and
 Literature presents peculiar way/s  Literature
on how man sees life as evidenced What is Literature?
by the formation of his ideas,
forms, structures and expressions  Literature, in its broadest sense, consists of any
which are marked by their written productions.
memorable substance.  It refers to those deemed to have artistic or
intellectual value, or which deploy language in
How are we going to study Literature?
ways that differ from ordinary usage.
- Through the help of Literary Approaches  In Western Europe prior to the eighteenth
century, literature as a term indicated all books
1. Formalistic Approach and writing. (Leitch et al., The Norton Anthology
 Literature is viewed intrinsically, of Theory and Criticism, 28)
independent of the author, age or any  The value judgment definition of literature
extrinsic factor. It focuses more on considers it to cover exclusively those writings
“literary elements”. that possess high quality or distinction, forming
2. Moral or Humanistic Approach part of the so-called Belles-lettres ('fine writing')
 Literature is viewed to discuss man and tradition. (Eagleton, Literary theory:
its nature. It naturally presents man as introduction, 9) an
essentially rational, endowed with  This sort of definition is that used in the
intellect and freewill. Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
3. Historical Approach (1910-11) where it classifies literature as:
 Literature is seen both as a reflection o "the best expression of the best
and product of the times and thought reduced to writing”
circumstances in which it was written.  Problematic in this view is that there is no
4. Sociological Approach objective definition of what constitutes
 Literature is viewed as the expression of "literature".
man within a given social situation  Anything can be literature, and anything which
which is reduced is universally regarded as literature has the
5. Cultural Approach potential to be excluded, since value judgments
 Literature is seen as one of the can change over time.
manifestation and vehicle of a
What is Genre?
nation’s/race’ culture and tradition.
6. Psychological Approach  is any category of literature, music, or other
 Literature is viewed as the expression of forms of art or entertainment, whether written
“personality” of “inner drives” or or spoken, audio or visual, based on some set of
“neurosis”. It includes the psychology of stylistic criteria.
the author, characters, and even the  Genres form by conventions that change over
psychology of its creation. time as new genres are invented and the use of
7. Impressionistic Approach old ones is discontinued.
 Literature is viewed to elucidate  Often, works fit into multiple genres by way of
“reacting-response” which is considered borrowing and recombining these conventions.
as something very personal, relative
 Genre began as an absolute classification
and fruitful. It seeks to see how the
system for ancient Greek literature. Poetry,
piece has communicated.
prose, and performance each had a specific and
 calculated style that related to the theme of the has no pulse nor will; The ship is anchor'd safe
story and sound, its voyage closed and done;
From fearful trip, the victor ship, comes in with
There are 3 Genres of Literature
object won;
 Poetry Exult, O shores, and ring, O bells!
 Prose But I, with mournful tread, Walk the deck my
 Drama Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead
Poetry
b. Ode
 ‣ is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and Ode on Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of
rhythmic qualities of language.
Early Childhood by William Wordsworth.
 e.g.
o Shall I compare thee to a summer's There was a time when meadow, grove, and stream,
day? Thou art more lovely and more
temperate: Rough winds do shake the The earth, and every common sight
darling buds of May And summer's
lease hath all too short a day To me did seem

Poetry has 3 different kinds: Apparelled in celestial light,

 Lyric Poetry; The glory and the freshness of a dream.

 Narrative Poetry; and
It is not now as it hath been of yore;--
 Descriptive and Didactic Poetry
1. Lyric Poetry Turn wheresoe'er I may,
 It is a comparatively short, non- narrative poem,
in which a single speaker presents a state of By night or day,
mind or emotional state
 It has 4 kinds: The things which I have seen I now can see no more
a. Elegy a poem of serious reflection, typically
a lament for the dead. c. Sonet
b. Ode - a poem in which a person expresses a Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
strong feeling of love or respect for
someone or something. Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
c. Sonnet - a fourteen-line poem written in
iambic pentameter, which employ one of Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
several rhyme schemes and adhere to a
And summer's lease hath all too short a date:
tightly structured thematic organization.
d. Dramatic Monolouge - a poem in the form Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
of a speech or narrative by an imagined
person, in which the speaker inadvertently And often is his gold complexion dimmed
reveals aspects of their character while
describing a particular situation or series of And every fair from fair sometime declines,
events
By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed:
 Example of Lyric Poetry
a. Elegy But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose
O Captain! My Captain!
possession of that fair thou ow'st,
My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale
and still; My father does not feel my arm, he Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
 When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st, next as part of the folk culture. (The
Second Coming William Butler Yeats
So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, (1865-1939))
3. Descriptive and Didactic Poetry
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee
 Both lyric and narrative poetry can contain
d. Melodic Drama lengthy and detailed descriptions
(descriptive poetry) or scenes in direct
And indeed there will be time To wonder, 'Do I dare?' speech (dramatic poetry)
and, 'Do I dare?  The purpose of a didactic poem is primarily
to teach something.
Time to turn back and descend the stair,
Descriptive Poetry
With a bald spot in the middle of my hair--
Smoke
(They will say: 'How his hair is growing thin!')
Light-winged Smoke, Icarian bird, Melting thy pinions in
My morning coat, my collar mounting firmly to the chin thy upward flight, Lark without song, and messenger of
dawn, Circling above the hamlets as thy nest; Or else,
My necktie rich and modest, but asserted by a simple
departing dream, and shadowy form Of midnight vision,
pin--
gathering up thy skirts; By night star-veiling, and by day
(They will say: 'But how his arms and legs are thin!') Darkening the light and blotting out the sun; Go thou
my incense upward from this hearth, And ask the gods
Do I dare to pardon this clear flame
Disturb the universe? Didactic Poetry
In a minute there is time Tis hard to say, if greater Want of Skill Appear in Writing
or in Judging ill,
For decisions and revisions which a minute will reverse
But, of the two, less dang'rous is th' Offence, To tire our
2. Narrative Poetry
Patience, than mis-lead our Sense: Some few in that,
 It is a form a poetry that tells a story, often
making use of the voices of a narrative and but Numbers err in this, Ten Censure wrong for one
of characters as well. The entire story is who Writes amiss; A Fool might once himself alone
usually written in metered verse. expose, Now One in Verse makes many more in Prose.
 It has 3 kinds:
An excerpt from An Essay on Criticism by Alexander
a. Epics - A long narrative poem
written in elevated style, in which Pope
heroes of great historical or
4. Prose
legendary importance perform
 written or spoken language in its ordinary
valorous deeds. (e.g. Beowulf)
form, without metrical structure.
b. Mock-epic are typically satires or
 e.g.
parodies that mock common
Classical stereotypes of heroes and "The woods look lovely against the setting darkness and
heroic literature. (e.g Alexander as I gaze into the mysterious depths of the forest, I feel
Pope's The Rape of the Lock) like lingering here longer. However, I have pending
c. Ballad a poem or song narrating a appointments to keep and much distance to cover
story in short stanzas. Traditional before I settle in for the night or else I will be late for all
ballads are typically of unknown
of them."
authorship, having been passed on
orally from one generation to the There are 2 kinds of Prose:
  Fiction  a piece of writing that tells a story and is
o It is a literature written in a form of performed on a stage.
prose, especially short stories and  e.g
novels, that describes imaginary events Miranda Priestly: Do you know why I hired you? I
and people. always hire the same girl- stylish, slender, of
o There are 2 kinds of Fiction literature: course... worships the magazine. But so often, they
1. Realistic Fiction - is a genre turn out to be- I don't know- disappointing and,
consisting of stories that could um... stupid. So you, with that impressive résumé
have actually occurred to
and the big speech about your so-called work ethic-
people or animals in a
1, um- I thought you would be different. I said to
believable setting.
myself, go ahead. Take a chance. Hire the smart, fat
2. Fantastic Fiction -a type of
fiction that ideologically and girl. I had hope. My God. I live on it. Anyway, you
aesthetically subordinates ended up disappointing me more than, um- more
reality to imagination by than any of the other silly girls.
depicting a world of marvels - Meryl Streep (The Devil Wears Prada,
that is contrasted to everyday 2006)
reality and to accepted views of  There are 6 kinds of Drama:
what is credible 1. Comedy;
 Non-Fiction  Comedies are lighter in tone
o Prosed writing which is based on facts, than ordinary writers, and
real events, and real people such as provide a happy conclusion.
biography and history The intention of dramatists in
o There are 4 kinds of Non-fiction comedies is to make their
literature: audience laugh. Hence, they
1. Biographies - is a detailed use quaint circumstances,
description of a person's life. It unusual characters and witty
involves more than just the remarks.
basic facts like education, work, 2. Tragedy;
relationships, and death, but  Tragic dramas use darker
also portrays a subject's themes such as disaster, pain
experience of these life events. and death. Protagonists often
2. Autobiographies - is a written have a tragic flaw-a
account of the life of a person characteristic that leads them
written by that person. to their downfall
3. Essays is, generally, a piece of 3. Farce;
writing that gives the author's  Generally, a farce is a
own argument but the nonsensical genre of drama,
definition is vague, overlapping which often overacts or
with those of an article, a engages slapstick humor.
pamphlet, and a short story.  It's basically, what you call
4. Articles a piece of writing "Parody"
included with others in a 4. Melodrama;
5. newspaper, magazine, or other  Melodrama is an exaggerated
publication. drama, which is sensational
6. Humour - situations, speech, or and appeals directly to the
writings that are thought to be senses of audience. Just like
humorous the farce, the characters are
5. Drama of single dimension and
 simple, or may be ways of aristocratic life. She alienates
stereotyped herself from other people, which also
5. Fantasy; and Musical. affects even demography. She is soon
 It is a complete fictional work found dead and after a few days, a
where characters virtually locked door is forced open. There they
display supernatural skills. It found a decaying body of a man who is
is more appealing to children believed to be the love of her life, but
as fairies, angels, there is more. They found an
superheroes, etc., are indentation of a head on the pillow and
embedded in the plot. Use of a long strand of hair that they believe
magic, pseudo science, belonged to Emily
horror, and spooky themes 4. Title: Rashomon Author: Ryunosuke Akutagawa
through various kinds of  This is a story about a samurai who had
technical devices create a just gave up his title and is having a
perfect world of fantasy. The hard time getting over it. He then meets
modern version of drama an olf woman who tests his valiance
incorporates a great deal of and chivalry
special effects.
Elements of Fiction

1. Characters
MODULE 3:  They are the people whom the story revolves
ELEMENTS OF FICTION around.
There are 2 Key Words in this topic:  They are usually the recipients and cause of
different conflicts
Fiction
 They can be good and bad
 Literature in the form of prose, especially short  Some stay and some go away during any part of
stories and novels, that describes imaginary the story
events and people Why are characters important?
 it uses imaginary events and characters. In the
21st century, they are usually adopted into  Something to invest in
movies  Someone to care about
 Someone to root for
Example of Novels
 It is the creation or the construction of a
1. Title: The Perks if Being a Wallflower Author: fictional character.
Stephen Chbosky  It is how characters are described.
 This is a story about a typical teenager  It is the description of the character’s features,
from school who experiences a coming- attitudes or as a whole.
of-age upon meeting a schoolmate  It is the description of the character’s features,
2. Title: Everything, Everything Author: Nicola attitudes or as a whole.
Yoon
Two Types of Characterization
 This is a novel about a sick teenager
who finds meaning in life through love Direct Characterization
and the appreciation of everything
around her  the writer makes direct statements about a
3. Title: A Rose for Emily Author: William Faulkner character's personality and tells what the
 It is a story about Emily, an aristocrat character is like
who has a hard time accepting new  Think adjectives.
trends and still chooses to live in the old  Descriptions
Indirect Characterization  This character undergoes no change
in thought or personality when
 the writer reveals information about a involved in conflict
character and his/her personality through that ii. A Dynamic Character
character's thoughts, words, and actions, along 1. undergoes a change as a result of
with how other characters respond to that learning from conflict
character, including what they think and say 2. o A dynamic character starts the
about him/her. story one way and then will have
 Think verbs. a revelation that changes his or
 Actions her views
2. Flat Character VS Round Character
Examples of Characterization
i. FLAT
Direct Characterization  A Flat Character is one who has
only 1 or 2 character traits
 Gary is a nice and caring person.  These characters have no depth
 Gary can sometimes be very mean or rude. and usually fit a simple role
 Showing  Examples: Bad guy. class clown,
cute girl, etc.
Indirect Characterization
ii. ROUND
• Gary watched his little brother for two  A Round Character is one who has
hours while their mother was ill, taking many character traits
care of his every need. He did this  His personality has various qualities
without being asked and he did not ask and is complex, more like a real
for anything in return. person
 "The next thing I know, Gary was tearing up my  Most main characters are round
rose garden," said Beatrice his elderly Why is characterization important?
grandmother as she gave her statement to the
police. She was still badly shaken after the  It helps the readers visualize and relate to the
attack. characters.
 Telling  It gives the readers a time to examine the
characters, thus creating “healthy bias”.
Two major types of Characters:
 It helps the readers understand the actions of
1. Protagonist the characters deeply.
 It is one of the major characters in the  It gives the readers understand the different
story. It receives the blow from the motivations and downside of the character
antagonist.
Setting
2. Antagonist
 It is the one in conflict with the  It is where the story takes place.
protagonist. It give the protagonist the  It helps the readers give context in analyzing the
sense of terror and realization. It can be a text.
single person or a group.  Can be large and all encompassing
The Four Aspects of Characterization  Can be very intimate areas.
 Can be any time of the day.
1. Static Character VS Dynamic Character  Can be any season (natura)
i. STATIC OR DYNAMIC o Large and all
 A Static Character remains the same o Very intimate areas
throughout the story o Any time of the day
o Any season
 o Any season (man-made
o Any type of climate
o Abstract setting

Why is Setting important?

 It shapes the tone and mood of the story.

 It gives the readers a vivid mental picture of the
world your characters move in.