Upgrade YOUR ENGLISH C1/C2

Upgrrad
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C1/C2 STUDENT’S BOOK
YOUR ENGLISH
YOUR ENGLISH
Upgrade is an exciting new multi-level course for students who are studying English

C1/C2
from A1 through to C2 level of the Common European Framework of Reference. The
series develops students’ language level while capturing their interest and motivating
them through real-life content.

Upgrade aims not only to develop students’ linguistic skills, but also to prepare
students for exams at B2 and C2 levels.

Each level of Upgrade is structured around the Student’s Book that contains ten
Kate Newbury
Steve Bowden

STUDENT’S BOOK
theme-related core units with five reviews as well as a Grammar Reference, a Writing
Bank and a Speaking Bank to support students during their studies. A strong skills
syllabus runs through Upgrade which actively improves students’ performance in
reading, writing, listening and speaking.

Upgrade offers a complete package of print and digital materials, which provides
maximum flexibility for different learning situations.

Key Features of Upgrade:

• ten theme-related units, each containing carefully developed tasks designed to
improve students’ reading, writing, listening and speaking skills as well as to build on
their vocabulary and grammar
• five progress reviews, one after every two units, to consolidate the vocabulary and
grammar being taught
• a Grammar Reference to support the grammar theory presented in each unit
• a Writing Bank and a Speaking Bank to support students’ productive skills
• cross-platform interactive IWB and e-book which can be used on all learning devices

Upgrade Your English C1/C2 Student’s Book

Upgrade Your English C1/C2 Workbook
Upgrade Your English C1/C2 e-book
Upgrade Your English C1/C2 Teacher’s Book
Upgrade Your English C1/C2 Class Audio CDs
Upgrade Your English C1/C2 Interactive Whiteboard Software

STUDENT’S BOOK
 CONTENTS

UNIT Reading Vocabulary Grammar

1 multiple choice • words related to change • present tenses
• finding evidence in the text • prepositions, collocations & • past tenses, used to & would
Time To Change and not relying on personal expressions, commonly confused
pages 4-13
beliefs or experience words

2 missing paragraphs • words related to technology • future I

• using reference words, • word formation, collocations & • future II
Tomorrow’s World paraphrasing and examples expressions, phrasal verbs
pages 14-23
to help you

Progress Review 1 pages 24-25

3 multiple matching • words related to influential • gerund & infinitive
• identifying and comparing people • there, it
Powerful People opinions expressed by • word formation, prepositions,
pages 26-35
different writers phrasal verbs

4 multiple matching • compound adjectives and words • modals: ability, permission, requests,
• underlining justification in related to work offers & suggestions
What do you do? the text • prepositions, collocations & • modals: obligation, prohibition,
pages 36-45
expressions, commonly confused necessity, possibility, deduction, advice
words & criticism
Progress Review 2 pages 46-47
5 multiple choice (separate • words related to memory and • relative clauses
texts) memories • pronouns
Do you remember ...? • being careful of distractors • word formation, commonly
pages 48-57
confused words, collocations &
expressions,

6 multiple choice • words related to hoaxes, • conditional sentences

• checking that the options mysteries and other strange • wishes & regrets, hypothesising &
Are you serious? you think are wrong are phenomena imagining
pages 58-67
actually wrong • phrasal verbs, prepositions, word
formation
Progress Review 3 pages 68-69
7 missing paragraphs • words related to lifestyle and • participle clauses
• being prepared to change well-being • emphasis
A Way Of Life your mind about your choice • collocations & expressions,
pages 70-79
phrasal verbs, commonly confused
words

8 multiple choice • words related to making a • comparison

(separate texts) difference • qualifiers
A Helping Hand • managing your time • prepositions, word formation,
pages 80-89
effectively collocations & expressions

Progress Review 4 pages 90-91

9 multiple choice • words related to diet and health • reported speech
• changing questions into • word formation, commonly • reporting verbs
What’s cooking? statements to help you confused words, phrasal verbs
pages 92-101
identify the correct answer

10 multiple matching • words related to environmental • the passive: tenses, gerunds,

• paying attention to small concerns infinitives & modals
A Greener World details • prepositions, collocations & • the passive: impersonal & personal
pages 102-111
expressions, commonly confused structures, causative forms
words
Progress Review 5 pages 112-113
Grammar Reference pages 114-131
Irregular Verbs pages 132-133
Writing Bank pages 134-140
Speaking Bank pages 141-142
Speaking Information pages 143-147
2
Listening Speaking Writing
note taking discussion and decision making essay
• identifying and understanding • talking about change, especially relocating • understanding content and style
paraphrasing • asking for someone’s opinion, commenting on • using formal, impersonal language
it and expressing reservations

multiple matching long turn and discussion letter

• interpreting tone of voice, • talking about technology • writing to a newspaper
inflection, etc as well as content • organising what you say • giving your opinion about a general topic
to determine meaning and describing an experience

multiple choice (extracts) comparing photos essay

• being aware of distractors • talking about role models and influential • developing your argument
people • using examples to support your point
• talking about similarities and differences

independent multiple choice discussion and decision making report

statements • talking about work • evaluating the facts
• eliminating options that are • making deductions and critising • describing the original situation,
wrong or only partly true changes and results as well as giving
recommendations

multiple choice long turn and discussion review

• answering the question in • talking about memory and memories • sentence building
your own words to avoid being • paraphrasing • using writing devices to create complex
distracted sentences

multiple choice (responses) comparing photos article

• determining function and • talking about deception and human • modifying statements and developing
meaning intervention your ideas
• speculating • using adverbs, quantifiers and modal verbs
to modify statements

note taking discussion and decision making essay

• predicting what kind of • talking about aspirations and attitudes towards • summarising and identifying key points
information is needed and life • reacting to opinions expressed
identifying part of speech • asking someone to repeat or explain what they
said
multiple matching discussion and decision making letter
• identifying and underlining key • talking about charities and volunteering • style and tone
words • presenting advantages and pointing out • making negative criticism sound more
disadvantages polite

multiple choice (extracts) long turn and discussion essay

• concentrating on the meanings • talking about food and related health issues • guiding your reader
rather than the way things are • introducing a general comment and giving an • using linking words and phrases
phrased example

multiple choice comparing photos proposal

• identifying what the question is • talking about environmental concerns • using the passive
focusing on • talking about and reacting to what you see, • using formal language
making inferences

3
 Time To Change
 · What different kinds of change do people experience in life?
· What is the next major change that you think you will go through?
· Is it important to accept and adapt to change? Why/Why not?

Reading
1 Work with a partner. Look at the pictures. Do you
know what they show? Do you know which part of
the world they have in common?

2 Quickly read the text. Which of the pictures are

mentioned? What are the pictures examples of? A C
Label them with these words.
• cultural learning
• European explorer
• genetic adaptation
• Inuit culture

Why humans are B D

champions of change
Humans are undoubtedly better at adapting to their fashions and even building methods could be passed,
surroundings than any other living creature. Proof of or transmitted, from mind to mind through imitation.
this is the fact that as a species, we inhabit every corner Some scientists see a similarity between genes and
of the earth. Although it is true that other species also memes. Both are kinds of information passed down
live in these places, none of them inhabits as many through the generations; the latter of course allowing
places as we do. But what makes humans the world faster adaptation than the former.
champions of adaptation? Are we more intelligent and
This is really the crux of the matter when we compare
more capable of finding solutions to the difficulties
ourselves to other species. Although other living
that each environment throws at us? Not necessarily.
creatures have exhibited cultural transmission, the
One idea puts cultural adaptation forward as the
examples are very few and far between compared with
explanation. It argues that our ability to learn from
what humans can achieve. In addition, other creatures
others and to transmit knowledge, wisdom and skills
do not pass on the same kind of knowledge that we do.
means we are able to adapt to, and therefore survive
Some species may learn, for example, how to find shelter
in, new surroundings far more quickly than biological
or hunt for food through imitation, but this behaviour
adaptation would allow. It has even been argued that this
could be learnt by the individual on their own. Other
process has replaced biological adaptation.
species lack the ability to pass on knowledge about their
Some people believe that the mechanism which drives surroundings that has been accumulated over time. As
our ability to adapt at the cultural level is not very a result, many species become extinct as their natural
different from that which causes us to adapt at the habitat shrinks and they are unable to adapt to new ones.
biological or genetic level. In his 1976 book, The Selfish
Of course, this accumulation of cultural knowledge does
Gene, the evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins
not happen overnight. It happens over generations and
coined the term ‘a meme’ to convey, as he put it, ‘a unit
relies not only on the sharing of knowledge, but also
of imitation’. He abbreviated ‘mimeme’ from the Ancient
on the improvement of the existing technologies from
Greek root meaning ‘imitated thing’, and suggested
one generation to the next. Consider, for example, the
that as a unit of culture, memes such as tunes, ideas,
Inuit of the Canadian Arctic, who are living in some
4
 Upgrade
Make sure you find evidence in the text and don’t rely on personal
beliefs or experiences when you answer multiple-choice questions.
The questions are about the text, and the writer’s opinion, which not
all readers will agree with!

3 Read the article again and choose the best answer A, B, 4 

In the third paragraph, the writer explains that the
C or D. difference between humans and other species is that
A humans develop more quickly than other species.
1 
What does the writer say about cultural adaptation in
B  humans benefit from things previous
the first paragraph?
generations learnt.
A  It proves humans are cleverer than other living
C cultural transmission is unique to humans.
creatures.
D humans cannot survive in shrinking habitats.
B It is less useful than biological adaptation.
C It has speeded up biological adaptation.
5 Why does the writer mention the Inuit?
D It has enabled humans to inhabit diverse
A They are an example of how cultural evolution
environments.
works.
B They live in extremely unpleasant surroundings.
2 
What is said about the word ‘meme’ in the second
C They show how one culture spreads to another.
paragraph?
D They share their knowledge with Europeans.
A The Ancient Greeks invented it.
B A scientist created it.
6 What is the point of the final paragraph?
C A book was written about it.
A It is impossible to go against nature.
D Biologists discovered it.
B The ability to learn from others ensures human
survival.
3 
In what way do memes resemble genes, according to
C All species are equal in the struggle to survive.
the second paragraph?
D Life on earth is changing constantly.
A They are transferred biologically.
B They spread at similar rates.
C They contain similar information. 4 Complete the sentences with these words from the
D They create the possibility for change. article.

abbreviate accumulate achieve

acquire adopt convey

of the harshest conditions on earth. Their survival

has depended on their knowledge of seal behaviour, 1 
The explorer managed to
their ability to fashion tools for hunting, to sew warm important survival skills from the Inuit.
clothes and to build shelters to keep out winter storms. 2 
People often send flowers to loved ones as a way to
They designed a covered seal-skin boat which was later their feelings.
adopted by Europeans and Americans and retains the
Inuit name: kayak. Each subsequent generation did not 3 
The anthropologist hopes to
have to ‘reinvent’ these methods of survival; they simply a breakthrough in her research.
learnt them from older generations and in fact, this 4 
It’s common for lots of people with long names to
accumulated knowledge could not have been invented by them to something shorter.
one individual.
5 
When their experiment failed, the team decided to
A tragic illustration of how crucial cultural adaptation a new strategy.
is can be seen in Sir John Franklin’s well-equipped 6 
It took time to the evidence
expedition to find the Northwest Passage back in 1845. It
linking vitamin deficiency and disease.
ended in disaster. He and his crew died when their ship
was ice-bound for two winters. The region, however,
had been inhabited by the Inuit for over 700 years. They
5 Work in pairs or small groups and think of examples
had access to rich sources of food and their culture
of how humans and other species have adapted to
flourished. The reason the British explorers died was
these environments.
because they lacked the local knowledge necessary to
survive in such a harsh environment and could not have • a desert
acquired it in such a short period of time. As the writer • a tropical rainforest
HG Wells famously said, ‘Adapt or perish, now as ever, is • a polar region
nature’s inexorable imperative.’ Culture appears to be the
key to man’s ability to heed this advice. • a mountainous region

5
 VOCABULARY
1 Complete the sentences with these words. 4 Complete each group of sentences with the correct
form of these verbs. Each group must use the same
adapt adjusted affect altered diversified verb. How does the meaning of the verb in each
replace shrink transform sentence change? Find other uses for these verbs in
a dictionary.

1 
Simply painting the room a different colour will drive manage pass see
totally it.
2 
The company’s original product wasn’t selling so 1 a C
 an you the point I’m trying
they and started making a to make?
range of items.
b I’m the doctor tomorrow.
3 
A business needs to be flexible so it can
c I’ve always him as a reliable
to the changing demands of
person.
the market.
2 a Just stop the car for a minute to let that
4 
It took Damien a while, but he eventually
ambulance .
to living alone.
b A lot of years have since I
5 
You have to be careful when you wash woollen
last saw him.
clothes so that they don’t .
c It’ll be disastrous if the government
6 
The power supply on the laptop was badly
this law.
damaged, so I had to it with a
new one. 3 a He never to finish in time.
7 
Discovering how to work with metal b I used to have trouble my
the course of history. stress levels.
8 
I don’t know why you are telling me this – it doesn’t c How do you without a
me. mobile phone?
4 a The new supermarket many
smaller shops out of business.
2 Look at the verbs in 1 again and write the nouns. b Danielle was by the desire
Write sentences using each one in your notebook. to impress her parents.
c The increasing number of vehicles on the roads
up the demand for oil.
3 Circle the correct words. Write sentences in your
notebook using the words you didn’t circle.
1 
Everyone was amazed by the diversity /
transformation they saw in John after the
operation.
2 
Office chairs are often replaceable / adjustable
so that you can find the most comfortable working
position.
3 
Scientists now agree that evolution is the reason we
have such diverse / alterable species of life forms.
4 
Do you know of a shop where I can take this jacket
to have some adaptations / alterations made to it?
5 
When cheaper imports started arriving from abroad,
the demand for locally-made products shrank /
affected.
6 
The punishment he received had very little effect /
affect on him.

6
 unit 1

Prepositions Collocations & Expressions

5 Complete the text with these prepositions. You 6 Complete the sentences with these words. Can you
will need to use some of them more than once. work out what the expressions in bold mean?

as from in of on out over to change hands heart mind pace places

scenery subject ways

The Inuit 1 
Kyle didn’t want the conversation to turn to money
so he quickly changed the .
The Inuit, formerly called Eskimos, were long 2 
Early computers are collectable and they can
believed to have been a group of people who change for a lot of money.
3 
We went for a drive in the country for a change of
settled 1 the Arctic following their
.
migration from Mongolia. Travelling people at that 4 
If he doesn’t want to get thrown out of college, he’s
time relied 2 a long-gone geological going to have to change his .
phenomenon known 3 the Bering Land 5 
I’ve changed my – I’m not
Bridge. This enabled people to walk from Asia to going to buy a new phone. I’ll keep this one for a
while longer.
North America, but it disappeared when the sea
6 
I know he’s rich, but he has to cope with a
levels in the area rose. A more recent theory, based huge amount of stress. I wouldn’t change
4
analysis of bone, tooth and hair with him for anything.
samples from archaeological remains, suggests 7 
The old woman was planning to leave all her money
that the Inuit are related to people who migrated to her family, but at the last minute she had a change
of and left it to charity instead.
from what is now modern-day Siberia 5 8 
Things are moving too slowly. We need to have a
Alaska around 6,000 years ago. change of if we’re going to get
this project finished on time.
Whatever their origins, the Inuit have proved to
9 
I know you love the cinema, but couldn’t we do
be a tough and resilient people. They managed something else for a ?
to adapt 6 some of the worst living
conditions in the world, building homes that Commonly Confused Words
keep 7 the cold and finding extremely
7 Complete the groups of sentences with the words in
inventive solutions 8 the problem of bold in the correct form.
the limited food supply in the frozen north. 1 fashion build manufacture
9
time, the Inuit have adopted many a  The company small electrical items.
customs and traditions from the lands where b  Stone-age people a variety of
they live. Despite that, many of them still hunt different tools out of rocks.
and fish, and they still possess skills that make c  a house yourself saves you money,
but you might have problems.
them capable 10 surviving long and
2 adopt adapt adept
dangerous expeditions. Although they depend a  They turned their backs on their traditions and
11
food sources high in protein and fat, the customs of the people in the area.
those who keep to a more traditional diet suffer b  Victor became at horse riding and
12
fewer health problems than people he did it whenever he could.
eating imported foodstuffs. c  Change will always happen, so sensible people
learn to to it.
3 inhabit reside stay
a  I once lived in London, but I only
for a few months.
b  Scientists know a lot about the climate during the
time when dinosaurs the Earth.
c  Many people from the tribe no longer
in their place of origin.
4 accumulate gather collect
a  Would you mind Danny from
school today?
b  The bills seem to just so that I don’t
know which one to pay first.
c  In the evenings, we would all in our
favourite café.
7
 GRAMMAR
2 Circle the correct words.
Present Tenses
1 
Where’s Jake? I’ve waited / I’ve been waiting for
Present simple & present continuous, present perfect him since three o’clock!
simple & present perfect continuous
2 
The Inuit need / are needing all of their skills to
survive in their harsh environment.
1 Read these sentences and write the names of the
tenses that are in bold. 3 
Has Tina found / Has Tina been finding that HG
Wells novel that you told her about yet?
1 
Their survival has depended on their ability to
4 
I do / I’m doing my best, but I simply cannot adjust
fashion tools for hunting and to build shelters to
to living in a big city.
keep out winter storms.
5 
They still haven’t been completing /

haven’t completed the alterations to Julia’s
2 
Humans are undoubtedly better at adapting to their wedding dress.
surroundings than any other living creature.
6 
Those men have fished / have been fishing for
hours and they’re ready to go home.
3 
Consider, for example, the Inuit of the Canadian 7 
Stella stays / is staying with friends for now, but she
Arctic, who are living in some of the harshest really wants a flat of her own.
conditions on earth.
8 
Hans checked online and he says that the train
to Bonn leaves / is leaving at three o’clock every
4 
Humans have been adapting to their environments afternoon.
since the beginning of time.

3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets.
Use the correct present tense.
Read 1.1-1.6 of the Grammar Reference before you do the tasks.
1 
In countries like Canada and the US, the leaves on
the trees (change)
colour dramatically in autumn.
2 
Jennifer (not be)
to visit me lately. I think she’s had too much revising
to do.
3 
They (not work)
on their anthropology project for long, have they?
4 
Please don’t talk to me while I
(read). It makes it too difficult for me to
concentrate.
5 
My friends and I
(not travel) to other countries very often, but when
we do, we always learn about the culture.
6 
You (manage) to
finish all of your homework already! Well done, Fran!
7 
I (search) for my
car keys all morning. Do you have any idea where
they might be?
8 
My brother
(always take) my iPod without asking me first – it
drives me mad!

8
 unit 1

6 Complete the second sentence so it has the same

Past Tenses, used to & would meaning as the first sentence, using the word in
bold. You must use between three and six words,
Past simple & past continuous, past perfect simple &
including the word given.
past perfect continuous
1 
The Smiths started renting a flat in 2010. Then in
4 Read these sentences, focusing on the tenses in
2015, they bought this house. been
bold, and match them to their uses.
The Smiths
1 
One Inuit was hunting for seals while the five years before they bought this house.
others were building a kayak.
2 We haven’t stayed at that hotel for years. was
2 
The women had been working in the fields
The last time we
all day and looked very tired.
years ago.
3 
Eli looked up, saw the deer in the distance
3 Peter made dinner. Then his wife came home. by
and fired his rifle.
Peter
4 
Valerie had collected the children from
his wife came home.
school by the time I arrived home.
4 
I had a job in Leeds in 2012 and Steve had a job in
Glasgow. while
a 
actions that happened one after the other in the
I was working in Leeds in 2012
past, for example when telling a story
in Glasgow.
b 
an action or situation that finished before a
5 Maria called during breakfast. having
particular time in the past
We
c 
two or more actions that were in progress at the
Maria called.
same time in the past
6 Kaylee was still at college when I met her. finished
d 
an action that happened repeatedly or over a period
of time in the past and had a result that was  aylee
K
visible in the past college when I met her.
7 I’d never heard about Charles Darwin and natural
Used to & would selection before. ever
5 Read about used to and would and complete the It was the first time I
sentences. In which sentence are both used to and about Charles Darwin and
would correct? Why? natural selection.
8 The Inuit would fashion clothes from sealskin. to
 e can use used to for actions that we did regularly in
W
the past and for states that existed in the past. The Inuit
We can use would only for actions that we did regularly clothes from sealskin.
in the past. We don’t use it for past states. 9 
The nurse didn’t take my temperature until I had
1 
My sister think that every tribe taken off my jumper. before
was from Africa. The nurse waited until I had taken off my jumper
2 
Their habitat be bigger in my
the past. temperature.
3 
They gather in one of the 10 Dad wouldn’t go to bed until he had showered. use
local cafés. Dad
go to bed until he had showered.
Read 1.7-1.14 of the Grammar Reference before you
do the task.

9
 Upgrade
LISTENING
In some listening tasks, you have to complete a number
1 Understanding paraphrasing is a useful skill when of statements with information that you hear. Although
reading in or listening to English. Read these the statements will paraphrase what the speaker says,
sentences and choose the option that has the same the meaning will be the same. The words you need to
meaning as the words in bold. write will usually be words that you hear.
1 
They acknowledge that it is a difficult change to
make, so they will do everything they can to help. 2 Now paraphrase these sentences so the meaning
a disagree stays the same, using what you learnt in 1 to help you.
b don’t know 1 You are under no obligation to accept the changes.
c recognise

2 
Do you think he’ll accept the proposal?
a agree to
b understand 2 Relocating abroad is a highly stressful experience.
c consider
3 
If he doesn’t want to relocate, we’ll have to let him
go and hire someone else. 3 Acknowledge the signs of oncoming change.
a change jobs
b stay here
c move to a different place
4 Don’t allocate blame unless you know all the facts. 4 Allocating blame is not a positive action.
a say whose fault it is
b say you didn’t do it
c say it’s nobody’s fault
5 
Making alterations to your expectations can relieve
5 
Making new friends relieved her feelings of some of your stress.
loneliness.

a increased
b experienced again
c reduced 6 
You can’t make any progress unless you adapt to the
6 
This is the new reality and there’s no escaping new reality.
from it.
a the way things are now
b what things might be
c how things may turn out
7 
We can’t make progress when he keeps blocking all
3  Listen to Ryan Crosby, a family counsellor, giving
advice on how to cope with the stress of change.
the decisions we make.
Complete sentences 1-8 with a word or a short
a cover the distance
phrase.
b succeed
c move forward 1 
Ryan mentions as an example
8 
Did you make alterations to the document to reflect of a more serious change in someone’s life.
the new rules? 2 
Ryan says that even positive change can be
a innovations for us.
b changes 3 
According to Ryan, refusing to acknowledge change
c differences is an involuntary we use.
4 
Ryan does not advise thinking about
when you want to make
progress.
5 
Ryan points out that ignoring the
that accompanies change will lead to bigger
problems in the future.
6 
Ryan explains that getting on with everyday tasks
will be good for your .
7 
Ryan describes the past as a to
emphasise that we should stop thinking about it.
8 
Ryan believes that we should think of our mistakes
as a to help us avoid repeating
them.

10
 unit 1

SPEAKING
1 Ask and answer these questions with a partner. 3 Work with a partner. When a person decides to
• W hat is the biggest change you’ve had to go relocate for a few years for business purposes,
through in your life up to now? different aspects of their life are affected in
Did you find it hard to adjust to the new reality? different ways. First discuss the positive and
negative changes that relocation may bring to each
• How do you feel about meeting people from aspect of their life. Then decide which two aspects
different countries and cultures? play the most important role in the relocation
• How important is speaking the language when you being successful or not.
live in another country?
adjusting
moving
2 Work with a partner. Read the Upgrade tip and What are the
to a new
house environment
the phrases in Express Yourself! Then read the
positive and at work
instructions below and develop your conversation.
negative changes
Practise asking for your partner’s opinion,
commenting on it and expressing your reservations.
associated with
Then swap roles and develop another conversation. leaving relocating for
friends business purposes moving
Student A: A good friend of yours moved to another and for a few years? your
town recently. You feel that his or her behaviour towards extended immediate
you has changed a lot since then. Describe one of the family family
changes you have noticed and how it has affected behind adjusting to a
you. Ask for Student B’s opinion. When you have heard different culture
their opinion, accept part of what they are saying, but and/or climate
express some reservations.
Student B: A good friend of Student A’s moved to 4 Work in pairs to discuss these questions.
another town recently. Student A feels that his or
her behaviour towards them has changed a lot since • S ome people relocate for a shorter period of time
(eg six months to a year) and decide not to take their
then. You do not fully agree with how Student A has
spouse and children with them. How does this affect
interpreted his or her friend’s change in behaviour. Give
everyone in the family?
your opinion and comment on what Student A says.
• Would you be willing to relocate? Why/Why not? If
so, which aspects of relocating would you find the
most difficult to deal with?
Upgrade • If you could choose a country to relocate to
When you are involved in a collaborative task with a permanently, where would you go? What are the
partner, you will need to give your opinion and ask for reasons for your choice?
theirs. You may sometimes agree or disagree with what
they say, and other times you may agree in part and
want to express your reservations. Even when you have
a lot to say on a subject, it is important to share the Express yourself!
time equally. Ask for their opinion, listen carefully to
what they say and comment on it. Asking for someone’s opinion
What’s your opinion on ...?
What would you say about ...?
Would you agree that ...?
k about ...
I’m interested to hear what you thin
Commenting on what someone says
That’s an interesting point.
...
What you say is interesting because
.
I’d never thought about ... in that way
Expressing reservations
You have a point, but ...
I see what you mean, but ...
etting ...
That’s how I feel, but I think we’re forg
poin t out that ...
I agree, but I want to

11
 WRITING
2 The opening paragraph of your essay must
Essay: Understanding content and style introduce the issue raised in the task and the
options you have chosen. You should write in an
Underlining important information in essay tasks not only
objective way, without referring to yourself. Read
helps you to fully understand the essay topic and ensure
this introduction written in answer to the writing
that your writing is relevant, but it also gives you a quick
task in 1 and circle the most suitable alternatives.
way to refer back to the question while you are writing. In
this way, you can be more certain that you have covered
every point and followed every instruction.  It is generally agreed / I agree with the recent
1

radio discussion that the government needs to

find methods to change the way people eat in order
1 Read this essay task and answer the questions by to reduce health problems. 2 The question is /
underlining the parts of the task that give you the I would like to discuss whether it would be better
information. Then complete the task summary to discourage the general public from consuming
below. unhealthy food and drinks by making them more
 our class has listened to a radio programme about how
Y expensive or by introducing stricter laws for the
the government could change people’s eating habits in food industry.
order to improve the nation’s health. You have made the
notes below.
3 Now read the rest of the essay written in answer to
Methods to change eating habits the task in 1 and answer the questions.
• tax on fattening food
• education  t first sight, it seems a good idea to increase the
A
• stricter laws Some opinions expressed in the price of food that contains high levels of sugar and
discussion:
fat. People would be forced to reduce the number of
‘Paying more for junk food might snacks and drinks they buy because they would not
make people think twice.’
be able to afford them. This would certainly result in
‘I still don’t know which vegetables reducing the number of visits to the doctor and in
contain the most iron!’
less weight gain. However, what happens if people
‘Food producers put in too many continue buying their normal amounts of unhealthy
unhealthy ingredients.’
treats and end up with less money to spend on fresh
fruit and vegetables?
 rite an essay discussing two of the methods in your
W
 n the other hand, if the food industry and the
O
notes. You should explain which method would be more
ingredients they use were more strictly controlled,
effective, giving reasons to support your opinion.
people would not be able to buy things that are
You may, if you wish, make use of the opinions not good for them. It could be argued that people
expressed in the discussion, but you should use your should be allowed to make their own choices, but
own words as far as possible. governments need to take the lead in protecting
public health, as some did by banning smoking.
1 What was the radio programme about? Not only could the government introduce new laws
about fat and salt levels, but it could also control the
2 
Match the opinions expressed with the methods.
use of chemicals in food production.
3 
How many methods do you have to discuss?
 n balance, it would appear that regulating the
O
4 
You must recommend one of the methods. What supply of food options would be more effective than
criteria will you use to choose which one? attempting to influence consumer choice.
5 
What must you use in your essay to support your
opinions?
6 
What should you do when including any of the 1 Think about the content of the essay. Has the writer
opinions expressed? a  discussed the pros and cons of
both methods?
b  mentioned a third method from
Task summary: The essay should discuss the task?
1
methods which could be
c  given reasons for their final choice
used by 2 to
3 of method?
2 Think about the style of the essay. Has the writer
,
a used a question to make a point?
explaining which method would be more
4
. b used the word ‘I’ when expressing
opinions?

12
 unit 1

4 Essays require you to express your opinions in 6 Write an essay in 220-260 words in answer to the
formal, impersonal language as in 2. Rewrite these task in 5. Use your plan and Express Yourself! to help
opinions in your notebook in a more suitable style you. When you have finished your essay, check your
using Express Yourself! to help you. work carefully.
1 
For a start, I think most of us think it’s up to the
government to help people who come to live and Plan
work in our country get used to our way of life. Paragraph 1: The issue
2 
My friends and I know that lots of immigrants have My two chosen ways
great skills they can use. They just need a bit of help Paragraph 2: Choice 2, pros & cons
to get started. Paragraph 3: Choice 1, pros & cons
Final paragraph: The most helpful choice
5 Read this essay task and underline the important
information as you did in 1. Decide which options
you would choose to discuss and then copy the plan Upgrade
into your notebook and complete it with notes for
your essay. Take time to read the essay task carefully, underlining
or highlighting important information.
 our class has listened to a panel discussion about how
Y Introduce the issue and your two choices in the first
governments can help immigrants adjust to their new paragraph.
cultural environment. You have made the notes below: Use an objective, impersonal writing style, avoiding
emotional language.
Ways to help newly-arrived immigrants
• education
• community events Some opinions expressed in
• advice centres the discussion: Express yourself!
‘Language is just the first
thing you need to learn.’ Introducing points
‘Smiling people can make In the first place, ... / At first sight ...
you feel so welcome.’ With regard to ..., / Regarding ...,
‘There are so many questions However, ... / On the other hand, ...
that need answering.’ In contrast, ...
On balance, ...
ration, ...
Taking all these points into conside
 rite an essay discussing two of the ways in your notes.
W
You should explain which way would be more helpful, Making points in general terms
...
giving reasons to support your opinion. It is generally agreed/accepted that
e/ac cep t that ...
You may, if you wish, make use of the opinions Many/Most people would agre
expressed in the discussion, but you should use your It is obvious that ...
own words as far as possible.
There is no doubt that, ...
It is a fact that ...
It is difficult to say ...
The question is ...
It is questionable whether ...
It could be argued that ...
It seems/would appear that ...
Verbs – Nouns
support – support
guide – guidance
assist – assistance
provide – provision
progress – progression
enable – enablement
benefit – benefit
integrate – integration
In context
to adapt to new ways of living
to adopt a new lifestyle
to adjust your way of thinking

13
 A Greener World

Helping
 · How important is the natural environment
in our daily lives?
· Do you think it’s possible to protect the

the world to
environment and at the same time improve
people’s standard of living?
· What can be done to help cities go green?

Reading go green
1 Look at the pictures of renewable energy sources.
Label them with these words. As the global demand for energy continues to
rise, the need for cleaner alternatives to fossil
fuels becomes greater. Here are four places that
biomass geothermal hydroelectric solar wind
are pioneers in the quest for a greener future.

1 2 A Greensburg, Kansas
was transformed
Greensburg on the Kansas prairie,
afte r a massive
into America’s greenest town
left 95 per cen t of the buildings in the
tornado in 2007
town destroyed.
left, but of those
About half the 1,400 townspeople
ts decided to rebuild
who remained, a group of residen
of ene rgy- savi ng technologies
the town, making use
le ene rgy. A 12.5 MW wind farm, which
and renewab
’s elec tricit y, was built
supplies 300 per cent of the town
town . The exce ss electricity
3 4 a short distance from the
is pumped into the Kan sas grid .
tch and the most
Greensburg was rebuilt from scra
techniques were
modern, energy-efficient building
con centration of gold
applied. As a result, the greatest
ign rate d build ings in the US are
and platinum eco-des
government buildings
to be found there, including large
lted in an annual
which are rated platinum. This resu
e than $20 0,000 and a
saving for the town of mor
reduction in its ene rgy nee ds.

5
B Iceland
ed from renewable
All of Iceland’s electricity is generat
ectric dams and the
sources; 75 per cent from hydroel
uniq ue position on one
rest from geothermal energy. Its
of the eart h, the mid-Atlantic
of the major fault lines
that it is perf ectly plac ed to make use of
ridge, means
h. Icela nd, once
this heat which comes from the eart imported
pea t and exp ens ive
completely dependent on tran sform
this heat to
coal from Europe, has harnessed bore
ped dow n
its power supply. When water is pum
crust of the earth, it
holes drilled 1-2 miles into the thin
ssur e stea m, whic h is used to turn
2 Read the text to find out which kind of energy is returns as high-pre
y. This heat is also
mentioned in each paragraph. turbines and so generate electricit
cap ital, Reykjavik.
used directly in the streets of the
sno w and ice in winter by a
They are kept free from
ergr oun d hea ted wate r pipe s.
system of und

102
 Upgrade
When you do a multiple matching task, be aware that you
will find similar words and ideas in more than one text,
but only one text will say the same as the statement. Pay
attention to small details that make the difference.

3 Read the text again to find the following

information.
Which place
will be an example that others can follow? 1
exploits its unusual geographical location
for renewable energy sources? 2
used to buy fuel from other countries? 3
aims to cover its future needs using energy
from the wind and sun? 4
uses clean energy sources to combat
dangerous driving conditions? 5
C Copenhagen  has had its efforts to reduce emissions officially
Europe’s Green 6
Copenhagen, awarded the title of recognised?
trail in redu cing carbon
Capital 2014, is blazing a had its energy source disrupted by a natural
s to bec ome carb on neutral by 2025.
emissions. It aim disaster? 7
its emissions and
To do this, it is expected to halve
rgy than it consumes. creates much more energy than it needs? 8
produce more renewable ene
swit chin g from coa l to biomass
Measures will include has a strategy to reduce traffic emissions? 9
ts. The ultimate
in the capital’s heat and power plan turned a natural disaster into an opportunity
den t of fossil fuels by
goal of the city is to be indepen for green town planning? 10
that the city can reduce its
2050. It is also believed
ptio n by focu ssin g on improving building
energy consum
standards and energy efficiency. 4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of
ility initiative plays
In addition, the capital’s green mob these words. All the words you need to write appear
bec ome carbon neutral.
a major part in its ambition to in the text.
ann oun ced to hav e half the city’s
In 2015, a plan was
s. As well as
street lamps replaced with LED bulb commit consume depend exceed
help keep cyclists safe
saving energy, these lamps will half renew
of a hug e inve stment in
at night. The move is part
ctur e to enc oura ge eve n more bicycle
bicycle infrastru
cle- frien dly cities. 1 
Wind and water are
use in one of the world’s most bicy
the exp ans ion of the public sources of energy.
The measure, along with cent
is part of the plan for 75 per
transport system, rt or 2 
Global fuel increases
pub lic tran spo
of all journeys to be on foot, or by tribu te to every year.
rt solu tion s con
bicycle by 2025. Such transpo ene rgy,
ed enti rely on rene wab le 3 
By saving energy, the family managed to
a vision of a city bas
ied.
and one that could be widely cop their fuel bill.
4 
Too much food is thrown
away by supermarkets.
D Fukushima 5 
The city made a(n) to
1 tsunami, which build cycle lanes to help cut pollution.
After being devastated by the 201
chi Nuclear Power
led to radiation leaks from the Daii 6 
Cycling to work makes employees
aim s to rebuild itself
Plant, the district of Fukushima of public transport.
bea con . Jap an was seriously
as a renewable energy
which resulted in
damaged by the nuclear disaster
being switched 5 Work in pairs or small groups to present some of the
nuclear reactors across the country
in carb on emissions as the environmental challenges that face citizens of towns
off. This led to a steep rise
reve rt to foss il fuel s. and cities in your country. Put forward some ideas for
country had to
Fukushima’s solving these problems. Consider these issues:
A commitment has been made by
to prov ide its two milli on residents
government • waste management
sou rces by 2040.
with electricity from renewable • transport
r and wind plan ts are planned.
Community-scale sola • buildings
turbines with a
The goal is to have 143 floating wind
0. • energy
capacity of 1GW installed by 202

103
 VOCABULARY
1 Complete the compound nouns in the sentences 3 Circle the correct words to complete the phrases
with these words. in bold. Write sentences in your notebook with the
other words.
acid banks efficiency footprint 1 
Clean energy projects are designed to decline /
fossil plants reduce carbon emissions.
2 
It’s all very well asking private individuals to adapt /
1 Bottle are a way of making it adopt green practices, but what about industries –
easy for ordinary people to recycle glass items. don’t they do far more damage?
2 
When dangerous chemicals enter the atmosphere, 3 
With pollution, deforestation and depletion
they can fall back down to earth in the form of of resources, it is hard to maintain / exert an
rain. ecological balance.
3 
One of the things people consider when buying 4 
Because soil pollution is a major issue, it is important
household appliances like washing machines is that we continue in our efforts to dispose / recycle
their energy because people non-biodegradable products.
care about their electricity bills as well as the 5 
Volunteering and giving money are the two best
environment. ways to donate / contribute to conservation
projects.
4 
Those who are interested in going green believe we
6 
Efforts have been made to promote / advertise
should stop using fuels – that is
self-sufficiency so that we place less of a strain on
to say coal, gas and oil. limited resources.
5 
We are now able to measure the negative effect we 7 
Recycling helps to divert / detract waste from
have on our planet, sometimes known as our carbon landfills, where it can take hundreds of years to
. decompose.
6 
Traditional power which
run on coal or lignite are very unpopular with
environmentalists as they produce thick, poisonous 4 What are the biggest environmental concerns
smoke. where you live? What can be done about them? Use
language from the exercises on this page.

2 Read the sentences and underline two words in each

which have similar meanings. Can you explain the
differences between them?
1 
Renewable energy and sustainable forests are two of
the main priorities for a green planet.
2 
One of the problems with modern production
methods is their use of hazardous chemicals since
we really cannot tell yet just how detrimental to the
health they might be.
3 
The prevalent heavy metals from the factory have
nearly wiped out the once prolific species of fish in
the lake.
4 
Current campaigns that are attracting attention aim
to conserve water and preserve the natural beauty
of the area.
5 
Fishermen have reported severely depleted fish
stocks in our seas, with some species believed to be
completely exhausted.
6 
Work in the area disrupted power and water supplies
and disturbed the natural habitats of indigenous
birds.
7 
Local industry not only pollutes the air, but it also
contaminates the water in the river.

104
 unit 10

Prepositions 7 Complete these sentences using words from 6. There

may be more than one possible answer.
5 Complete the text with these prepositions. You will
need to use some of them more than once. 1 
If we all less energy, it would make a
big difference to the planet.
around behind by down for in off 2  pollution has been blamed for killing
on out to up with off large numbers of fish.
3 
Every single one of us should take responsibility for
the amount of waste that we throw
Electricity and you away.
 lthough electricity is a clean source of energy when
A 4 
The cost of waste in official landfills
it enters your home, if it comes from traditional power leads to some countries disposing of it illegally.
plants, it has already caused a great deal of pollution 5 
Opponents of energy claim that the
1
the time it reaches you. The very least turbines destroy the view, kill birds and keep local
you should aim 2 is to waste as little of residents awake with their noise.
it as possible. The good news is that helping the planet 6 
If we don’t take steps to pollution, the
will put you 3 a position to save money balance of the ecosystem could be pushed beyond
4
your electricity bills with very little the point at which it can be repaired.
effort. In winter, turn your heating 5 by
a few degrees and put on an extra pullover. Consider
switching 6 gas as a cheaper alternative. Commonly Confused Words
Fill the gaps 7 draughty doors and
8 Complete the groups of sentences with the words in
windows, and close the curtains to keep the heat
bold in the correct form.
8
and the cold 9 . Air
conditioning guzzles electricity, so in summer, use 1 raze raise rise
a fan instead. With both heating and cooling, make a  The campaign is to awareness
sure you switch appliances 10 when you of the environmental impact of building in the
leave the room – and close the door 11 green belt.
you! An electric water heater can run 12 b  With the continuing heavy rains, there is a danger
a big bill, so use it only when you have to. Turn it that the water level in the river will
13
about twenty minutes before you plan even further, presenting a threat of serious
to have a shower. Finally, changing your light bulbs will flooding in the area.
also save money – simply replace them 14
c  Plans to the historic house to the
economy bulbs when you buy new ones.
ground and build a car park in its place were
rejected.
2 damage destroy devastate
Collocations & Expressions a  Local farmers were to learn that
the new railway line would be passing through
6 The verbs and adjectives in the tables collocate with
their land.
energy, pollution or waste. Complete the tables using
each noun twice. b  The nuclear power station was slightly
in the fire and remained closed for
Verb Noun Adjective Noun several weeks to allow extensive safety checks to
fight nuclear be carried out.
limit renewable
c  The discovery that the company had been
monitor 1 solar 4
dumping waste illegally totally its
reduce thermal
reputation.
tackle wind
3 gas smog steam
clean up domestic
a  , a form of air pollution, is
dump hazardous
the combination of smoke and fog in the
eliminate 2 industrial 5
atmosphere.
process nuclear
produce toxic b  Many types of power station rely on turning
water into , which then drives
conserve atmospheric
turbines.
consume marine
expend 3 noise 6 c  99% of the air that we breathe is made up of
harness radioactive two ; nitrogen and oxygen.
waste soil

105
 GRAMMAR
3 Rewrite these sentences in your notebook using the
The passive: tenses, gerunds, infinitives passive.
& modals
1 
They have constructed many oil rigs in the Atlantic
1 Read these passive sentences paying attention to Ocean.
the words in bold and circle the correct words to 2 
Many people want the government to extend the
complete the rules. public transport system.
a New power plants have started being built. 3 
They should do something about the contaminated
b A new type of wind farm might be designed. lake.
c 
We want sustainable energy to be utilised. 4 
They will have wiped out many species by the end of
d A new cycling lane is being considered. the decade.
e The ecology club was organised by the school. 5 
They will ban the use of this type of fuel in several
f 
Wind turbines often get destroyed in hurricanes. countries next year.
g Non-renewable resources were being depleted. 6 
The factory owner doesn’t like the local residents
h Lots of forests have been decimated. telling him what to do.
i 
The solar panels will have been delivered by Friday. 7 
Something injured a volunteer at the beach clean-up
j Gas leaks are going to be repaired later. yesterday.
k The power lines had been cut with a knife. 8 A pull cord starts the generator.
l 
Bicycle infrastructure will be reviewed next week. 9 
They would rather people viewed them as activists,
not protestors.
We form the passive voice of tenses with the verb to be 10 
They discussed energy efficiency at last night’s
and the 1 past / present participle of the main verb. In meeting.
everyday speech, we can use the verb 2 to get / to have
instead of to be to talk about something unpleasant
that happens by accident or unexpectedly. When it is
important to mention the agent in a passive sentence,
we use the word 3 with / by + name/noun. When we want
to mention the tool, object or instrument that was used
for something, we use the word 4 by / with.

2 Read the sentences in 1 again and answer the

questions.
1 
In which sentence is the tool, object or
instrument used mentioned?
2 In which sentence is the agent a name/noun?
3 
In which sentence is the passive voice of
a gerund used?
4 
In which sentence is the passive voice of
a bare infinitive used?
5 
In which sentence is the passive voice of
a full infinitive used?

Read 10.1 of the Grammar Reference before you do the task.

106
 unit 10

The passive: impersonal & personal

structures, causative forms
Impersonal & personal structures
4 We often use reporting verbs in an impersonal or
a personal passive structure to express an opinion
in a more convincing and formal way. We form the
impersonal passive structure with it + passive verb +
that + clause. We form the personal passive structure
with noun + passive verb + full infinitive. Read these
sentences paying attention to the words in bold. Are
they examples of the impersonal passive structure (I)
or the personal passive structure (P)?
1 It is known that we consume far too much
energy.
2 It is supposed that pollution levels pose
certain health risks.
3 Making sea water fit for human consumption
is considered to be too expensive.
4 Natural gas is thought to be a clean and
efficient fuel.

Causative forms
5 Read the rules and the sentences paying attention to
the words in bold. Then tick the sentences which are
correct. Cross out the incorrect sentences and then 6 Rewrite the sentences in two ways using impersonal
rewrite them correctly in your notebook. and personal passive structures. Write the sentences

We use the causative form have + object + past in your notebook.
participle to talk about something that we arrange for
1 People say that toxic waste is dumped into the sea.
someone else to do for us. We often use get instead of
have. We can also use have + object + past participle 2 People think marine pollution is created by humans.
to talk about something unpleasant that happens to 3 People know that going green is imperative to
someone. We cannot use get instead. survival.
We use the causative form have + object + bare 4  Sources report that there is a huge garbage patch
infinitive to say we make someone do something. We located in the north Pacific.
use the causative form get + object + full infinitive to say 5  People believe that tackling pollution is the
we have persuaded someone to do something. government’s responsibility.
1 Some cities have had the street lights replaced.
2 She got her water supply tested by an
7 Rewrite the sentences in your notebook using a
inspector.
causative form.
3 I got my hair pulled during the protest.
4 Dale won’t get his electricity meter read 1 
The gardener is cleaning the glass in Milly’s greenhouse.
today. 2 
The protestors persuaded the workers to stop
5 Penelope had her recycling bins cleaned cutting down trees.
by the council. 3 
The authorities made the factory owner clean up
6 The police officer had me to pick up my litter. the river.
7 Finally, I managed to have my sister to use 4 
The architect will design an eco-friendly building
a cleaner form of energy to heat her house. for us.
8 I will have my secretary call you about the 5 Brittany’s arm was hurt at the landfill site.
date of the meeting. 6 They won’t dig our well until next week.
9 They couldn’t have the authorities to close 7 
We couldn’t persuade the council to use green energy.
down the nuclear plant. 8 
The police have made my neighbour stop burning
Read 10.2-10.5 of the Grammar Reference before you do rubbish in his back garden.
the tasks.
107
 LISTENING
1 Label the pictures with these words. What effect do 3  You will hear a discussion in which a father,
these things have on energy consumption? Ethan, and his daughter, Jane, talk about the impact
cooling has on energy consumption. For questions
air-conditioning central heating insulation 1-6 choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best
refrigeration solar panels urbanisation according to what you hear.

1 What is Ethan’s reaction to the article?

1 4 A He feels upset and pessimistic.
B He thinks it’s too extreme in its view.
C He finds it unsettling, but also thought-provoking.
D He doesn’t believe the information is true.

2 What fact about cooling does Ethan find strange?

A It affects global temperatures
B It makes the planet warmer
C It harms the environment
D It is essential in some places
2 5
3 Why does Ethan mention China?
A as proof that countries use energy for cooling
B because it uses more energy than Africa does
C to show that air-conditioning is popular there
D  as an example of urbanisation creating higher
energy demands
4 
In Singapore, Ethan and Jane escaped the
uncomfortable outdoors
A by using specially constructed tunnels.
3 6 B by spending most of the time in the hotel.
C by using an air-conditioned vehicle.
D by only leaving the hotel at night.

5 
Ethan believes that the use of temperature control
A is harmful to people’s health.
B is acceptable in some places only.
C should be limited to people who are ill.
D is one of life’s necessities.

6 What does Ethan say about existing buildings?

A They use modern insulation techniques.
Upgrade B They would benefit from certain changes.
In this type of task, questions can focus on the gist or C They should be painted green.
a detail of what is being said as well as require you to D They do not require much cooling.
infer the speaker’s feelings or opinion about something.
It is helpful if you can identify which of these things the
question is asking you to do so that you know what kind
of input you should be focusing on while you listen.

2 Read the questions in 3. What does each individual

question require you to do: identify the gist, identify
a detail, infer someone’s feelings or infer someone’s
opinion?

108
 unit 10

SPEAKING
1 Ask and answer the questions with a partner.
Upgrade
• Can you think of any alternative ways of keeping cool
when it’s hot? How effective are they compared to When asked to compare and contrast two pictures it is
air-conditioning? important to remember that you are definitely not being
asked to describe them either generally or in detail. What
• What is your profile as an energy consumer? Are you you can do is refer to what is happening and try to infer the
wasteful or careful? Why? broader topic they allude to.
• If you could make one change to your house or If looking at the picture provokes any kind of immediate
lifestyle to be more energy efficient, what would you reaction on your part, it is a good idea to say it.
choose to do?

3 Follow the instructions and complete the task with

2 Sometimes we react quite strongly to images and your partner. One of you will be Student A and the
the broader topic or issue they represent. We can other will be Student B. Use the words and phrases
express these feelings in a variety of ways. Work with in Express Yourself! to help you.
a partner and look at the pictures. Talk about what
they represent and how what you see makes you Part A
feel. Make as many different statements as you can, Student A: Look at the pictures on page 147. They
using expressions from Express Yourself! show activities that have a negative impact
on the environment. Compare two of the
pictures and say how these activities harm
the environment. What alternatives can
you suggest?
Student B: What can be done to educate people
about these activties?

Part B
Student B: Look at the pictures on page 147. They
show actions and activities that are
beneficial to the environment. Compare
two of the pictures and say how they help
the environment. Which of the two has a
greater impact? Why?
Student A: Which of the actions and activities in the
pictures do you do on a daily basis? Do you
consciously do anything else to help the
environment?

4 Work with a partner to discuss these questions.

Express yourself! • W hy do you think we are still reliant on fossil fuels for
most of our energy production?
Talking about what you see • What do you think of environmental activists? Do
The (first) picture shows ... you think their actions influence the decisions made
The (second) picture represents ... by governments?
It is clear from this picture that ... • Are you hopeful or pessimistic about the
Reacting to what you see environmental future of the planet? Why?
It is shocking/inspiring to see that ...
/happy.
Scenes like this make me angry/upset
hop eful /optim istic /pes simistic/
In general I feel
worried/concerned/etc because ...
n I see ...
I can’t help but get angry/smile whe
Making inferences
an
What we see in the (first) picture is
example of ...
We can infer from the picture that ...
see ...
It is quite common/rather unusual to
so I guess/assume that ...

109
 WRITING
3 Read the proposal that was written in answer to the
Proposal: Using the passive task in 2 and underline six passive forms used by
the writer. Are the proposals similar to the ones you
When you write proposals, your ideas will sound more
thought of?
impressive if you present them in a confident and business-
like way. Using passive verb forms ensures a neutral,
impersonal tone of voice, for example, action should be taken
instead of you should take action. You will often need to
combine the passive with modal verbs such as must, should
Proposal for new leisure
and could. facilities in the town
Introduction
This proposal aims to outline ways of developing the town’s
1 Rewrite the following sentences in your notebook in old airfield to provide leisure facilities for residents of all
the passive. ages.

1 You should do it as soon as possible. Current situation

The town suffers from a lack of open spaces at the moment,
2 The council could also have the town library which means that residents have few places to enjoy a
modernised. natural, green environment. More importantly, young
3 The planning committee needs to bring new life to children are often forced to play in the streets, which is
the area. extremely dangerous, while young teenagers are bored and
have nowhere to go.
4 Not only could you clean the old canal, but you
could also landscape the area. Play facilities
In order to provide a safe environment for the town’s
 5 If you implement these proposals, the situation will children, it is vital that secure play areas are constructed.
improve. These should consist of separate, fenced-in areas for
different age groups. A sandpit, swings and jungle-gym
equipment could be provided for young children, while older
2 In order to get relevant ideas for your proposal, read children would benefit from a skateboard track, a bicycle
the task carefully before you start writing. circuit, full-size football pitches and a basketball court.
Read this writing task and work with a partner to A park and café
discuss the questions about it. A park with an open field area as well as landscaped
flower gardens would be popular with many people
You see the following notice in your local newspaper: including walkers, joggers and people exercising their dogs.
Moreover, an artificial lake with a café area would provide a
Your town has very few open green areas. Now, the pleasant meeting place for friends and families.
local council has agreed to fund the development Recommendations
of the town’s disused airfield to create a large green If these proposals are implemented, the safety risks for the
leisure area for the whole community. The town town’s children will be greatly reduced. In addition, a wide
range of the town’s residents will use the leisure facilities.
planning department has invited local residents to
I recommend that a study is carried out as soon as possible
send in proposals outlining ways to utilise the space into the feasibility of putting these proposals into action.
and explaining the benefits for the local community.

4 Complete this analysis of the reasons and overall

1 What does the council want to achieve? benefits the writer gives to convince the council to
2 Who should benefit from it? act on the proposals.
3 
What is the current situation in the town? What
problems might this be causing? Proposal Play facilities A park and café
4 
What could you propose that might help solve these Reason To provide a safe Would be
problems? How would your proposals help? environment for popular with
children walkers, joggers,
dog-owners,
families and
friends
Overall
benefit
(Paragraph 5)

110
 unit 10

5 Proposals are written in formal language. Expand 7 Read this writing task and ask yourself the questions
your vocabulary by matching the verbs below with from 2. Then copy the plan into your notebook
their meanings. Then use them in the correct form, and complete it with notes for your proposal. The
passive or active, in the following sentences. number of headed paragraphs you write will depend
on how many ideas you have.
1 implement a to build
2 install b to place in position You see the following notice in your local newspaper:
3 divert c to pull down
Your local town centre is very busy. The council has
4 convert d to supply
decided to provide funds to improve the town centre
5 provide e to put into action in order to make it a safer and healthier place. The
6 construct f 
to change or transform council has invited local residents to send in proposals
7 demolish g 
to send something/ outlining what action should be taken, explaining the
somebody in a different benefits it would have for the citizens.
direction

8 
Traffic lights should at the Plan
entrance to the town and heavy lorries should
Title
away from the town centre.
Introduction
9 
The main shopping street could
State the aim of your proposal.
into a pedestrianised area.
Current situation
10 
A pedestrian bridge could over
Give a brief description of the current situation and
the busy main road.
any problems caused.
11 
The old factory on the edge of town could
Heading 1
in order to
Discuss your first proposal & benefits.
a cheap parking area away from the centre.
Heading 2
12 
Plans for cycle lanes should as
Discuss your second proposal & benefits.
soon as possible to encourage people to leave their
cars at home. Recommendations
Recommend the implementation of your proposals,
highlighting the overall benefits for the town.
6 Discuss in class the possible benefits to the town’s
residents that would result from each of the
proposals 8-12 in the task in 5.
8 Write your proposal in 220-260 words in answer to
the task in 7. Use your plan and Express Yourself!
to help you. When you have finished writing your
Express yourself! proposal, check your work carefully.

personal health tram/bus route

public health public transport Upgrade
pollution levels the High Street
exhaust fumes main road Lay out your report with headings to make it clear
poisonous/toxic ring road/bypass and easy to read.
road traffic accidents light traffic ≠ heavy traffic Use passive verb forms to avoid referring to the
pedestrian crossing the flow of traffic council as ‘you’.
pedestrian bridge a roundabout Remember to show the benefits of your proposals. They
pedestrianised area traffic lights may seem obvious, but you still need to write them.
pavement speed restrictions
cycle/bus lanes
Adjectives – Nouns
beneficial – benefits advantageous – advantages
feasible – feasibility
In context
It is vital/essential that
to be knocked down by a car/bus
to put ideas into action
to implement plans

111
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