hives

⑤
↳
largest gland of the
body ( . i. a
-1.5kg)
abdominal
comity
below
In
diaphragm
•

liver to
( attaches
diaphragm)
-
diaphragm

(joints /separates
÷
.
2
of
lobes

lived

1.
D- gon bladder
hepatic structural { functional unit lives
of
-

lobule

}¥¥ad
EE-I.ua#a-gte--
# •

÷
*

Glisson capsule ① ⑨
-
FA0RtEEu

↳ thin connective ②- E-
tissue sheath
is
""

surrounding hepatic % -

Glisson
lobule capsule

•
Portal toward
at the
↳
angle of
Glisson capsule .

vein
of hepatic artery hepatic portal
contains -
branches ,
,

bile duet

Hepatocytes
•

↳ arranged in radial plates

canaliculi
•
secrete bite juice in bile

sinusoids
btw hepatocytes peaks
.

↳
empty
contains
spaces
•

Kupffeés cells (
macrophages] q adipocytes
⑥ Gall bladder
muscular
↳ thin
sac

storing capacity )
.

-50mL
•
stores bite juice ( so

Duct tunes
of gallbladder Pancreas
system , 9 *

left hepatic lake

÷÷::÷I ÷E_¥-•¥÷EEÉ÷Eo←
÷÷÷:÷
"

:µ←
:*
right hepaticfuct duct
common hepatic

Juice
cystic
.am.

main functional
duct

sphincters of oddi %€ato - Pancreatic duct ( winof

Pancreatic duct/ Ampulla t
swing
,

cam or
carries

)
ampulla) Ampulla of Vater pancreatic

Non-functional
-
Twice
sphincters of Boyden
duct Santorini
( guard common bile
duet of V

Pancreatic
Bile Twice 9
Bite Juice
↳ pH : 7 I -8.2
.

•
No
digestive enzymes .

pigments
}
contains Bile
synthesized from (broken RBD
-
Heme
•

↳ Bilirubin
↳ psiliverdin
•
Bite salts

}
↳ Na taurocho Late
-

synthesized from
↳ Na -

glycocho late cholesterol .

 Functions
•

of diner

↳ glucose
.
metabolism
(glycogenesis glycogendysis , ,

gluconeogenesis)
Fat
•

storage
•

Erythropoiesis (only during embryonic staged

chests
of
NBC
•
Breakdown
Ferritin
•
Ison
storage -

synthesis
•
area

Bite
juice synthesis
•

-
Blood proteins synthesis

wddeyeis ↳ring Tonsils are 4types and

arranged in a

[
like manner
ring
.

Lymphoid
tissue =/ Adenoids / Nasopharyngeal
tonsils → near
nasopharynx
→
near Eustachian tube
=
→ 8 → near
palate
=

•0
the
→
at
-

post V3
-

part
of
tongue

Tonsillitis tonsils
Inflammation
oftonsils
-

Removal
Tonsil ectomy of
-
 Digestion of food
Mastication ( food
① Mouth → •

chewing
) of
( saliva) .

30.1 . stomach >

Maltose

Cpolysacchj salivary amylase cdisacch )

Grass food mixed with saliva
Bolus
of
v

② peristalsis (muscular movement

oesophagus
•

Bolus
✓

③ stomach →
food stored for 4-5 hours proteins
(gastric juice pepsinogen µ¥PePÉ_ ↳ Proteases ,
Peptones
→
Rennin
chyme Psorennin
( partially food)
digested
Bite Juice Bite salts
small Intestine → →
④
•

•
pancreatic Juice → Pancreatic enzymes
•
Intestinal Juice → Intestinal enzymes

only absorption
⑤ Intestine
large
→

Faeces

④ Rectum→
storage of faeces
⑦ faeces
of
Arms → removal
 cavity
① Buccal
30% Starck
( saliva
by Ptyalin ↳
-

'

salivary glands) maltose

pH :
6.88

② oesophagus •
No
digestion ( No enzymes]
Rennin present
③ stomach
② Psorenmin
( Gastric juice
- ① Pepsinogen "
oniyininfants
kygastriegeands ↳ Rennin
.

<
pepsin
pH 18 A
Heptanes
:
coaasein
Proteins
c-a-Paracaseinakproteos.es
(
,
protein
milk

Fats
③ Gastric lipase ↳ g. a-
, glycerol
Lines
④ • "°
enzymes
yay
( Bile Juice by
-

hepatocytes)
•
Bile salts
↳
pH
•

• 7.1-8-2
emulsified fats living droplets
⑤ Pancreas
① Trypsin
(pancreatic juice ThyPÑmGen Enterokinase
>
pancreatic
by
-

acing
pH 7.1-8.3 ② chymotypsinogen
③ Pro -

carboxypeptidase
Jypsñ(
:

Ticket checker
<

carboxypeptidase
>
London
At
chymotrypsin A
TCCALN Milk ~ peptides Dipeptide ,

proteins
coagulation amino
acids
 canal
Hormones
of alimentary
"

÷:÷÷÷÷¥÷:*
secretion
gastric juice

PeptideDuodenum
Inhibitory
or
- .
+ duodenal glands
Inhibits

÷÷÷÷¥÷:÷÷÷
""
secretion to
•
releases bicarbonates t Pancreozymin
in Pancreatic
juice .
stimulates Pancreas to secrete
Tses
'
bile secretion
q release Pancreatic enzyme
•

secretion
tses
gastric contraction gallbladder
•

9
•

of
motility to release bile juice

movement
bureaus entering of wiki
CID - Vaso active

+ Inhibitory pep.fi#
•

dilates the
peripheral blood vessels
• Inhibits
gastric juice secretion

Exopeptietase Endopeptidase
→
o_O-0-0-0
-0% No -0-0*-0-00
a

bond at the bond

• breaks down the •
breaks down peptide
terminals .
within the protein .

amino peptidase ( at N terminal

Eg E¥ pepsin trypsin chymotrypsin etc
-

terminal
,

carboxypeptidase cat c-
 strain Nutrients
Abs
of Lacteal

Bhodycapikaey
Lumen Epithelium Ciymph
capillary
÷÷
{
① glucose Nat

÷¥÷:§÷
,

"
galactose
secondary
active

""
② Fructose .

diffusion

carbohydrates
Nat

L÷• ÷÷[jI!om
③ amino
acids
secondary
active dissension
÷
transport .

( lipoproteins)
Proteins f-

④ Fats

g.
•
•

•
→

e
Fatty
t
a.
÷¥÷;÷•
Bite 00
glycerol
☒ £
salts 00 Micelle
o
G-aUy- a- g 00
coated
Glycerol
withe Bidesalts

¥ÉÉ¥¥E±÷¥÷÷:S
Transport
epithelium
i
.am .

C÷÷t→ :* ]
1) ↳ simple diffusion
••••§
•
>
↳ Facilated dissension
% :# •

② Active
1) : :C :+→:;:•T)
• •
cenagyreauired)
?⃝
 glucose galactose

&
2° active
•

¥
,

Nat transport
•
Fructose → Facilitated diffusion Blood
capillaries
•
Amino acid 2° active transport
µ at

}
•
Lipids → simple diffusion "

lacteal
"

absorbed Micelle
(
"

chylomioons
as

transported
"
as

GI tract
Absorption in
digf .
parts of mouth
drugs ( ofside
Mouth in mucosa
F-
→

and lower
of
tongue
→ stomach - Alcohol , water ,

sugars,
Nacl drugs , simple

⇐÷÷÷÷::÷÷:*
crust -

of digestion is

glycerol ,
completed

④
↳ Max
,
in duodenum

vitamins

. Water
etc
)

absorption
.

occurs here
Ileum →
vit Biz Bite salts , water
,

§ }-
colon

Intestine wa⑨
vitamins
large
Nadi
drugs , by
Produced bacteria
by
.
Ingestion
*
mastication / swallowing
&
Digestion
+
Assimilation
Absorption →

I. unabsorbed food
egestion
-

↳ 1500mL•
food enters LI
daily .

Colon absorbs wa⑨ ions

↳osmosis ↳ active transport

• Bacteria E. coli
( Escherichia cold in colon produces
Vit B Bz K B
, , , , 12

Left out food forms coherent faeces

solidifies
.

L
v
30% dead 2-3-1 .

bacteria
got ? ✓
Joy Proteins
io-zoy.io
.

roughage tnt
( fibres] Inorganic
substances
•

faeces remains stored in rectum .

•
Foul smell
of faeces is due to (
skatole 3- methyl
)
Indole
by decomposition
of Tryptophan
Brown colony faeces is due to stercobilin pigment
of
•

by the breakdown
of
bile
pigment
.
 Meconium 1st faeooescsraun greeny born
baby
of
•
→ -
new

is formed amniotic
fluid
by swallowing ofgland
of
4 Secretion Brunner's .

nutrients
Energy yielding Net value
,

Gross value
( physiologicalvalued
↳
carbohydrates 4.1kcal 18 4kcal
1g
proteins s . •
skcailg 4
Keady
Fats Chip ids 9.45kcal
Ig 9 kcal
Ig
Proteins
order nutrients carbohydrates > tats >
of
utilising →

lentils ,
Que -

consumption of log butter 50g rice 100g , ,

200 mL water
g spinach
.

100
,

Net value
calculate and calorific
.

gross
→
=

9.45
butter G-at) × 9 90 10X
Hhb - 10 =

4=200 90×4.1
Rice ( Carls ) 50 ×

100×4=40-1 100×5-65
lentils ( proteins -

690
86405
kcailg kcallg .

spinach -
0
)
(Roughage
water -
o
 and Disorders *&
Deficiency
'
EM Protein Malnutrition
Energy
-

f
muscles , thin limbs,
① Kwashiorkor Protein deficiency
→
•

wasting of
( due to low protein
high calorie
,
Brain
development poor , Fats
diet) →
> y year age under skin, oedema
swelling
② Marasmus → Protein G
wasting muscles , thin limbs,
energy of
•

deficiency skin -

dry thin
q ,
wrinkles ,

( due Mental retardation

to low protein, low calorie .

diet
) < I
idevelopment
→ year age