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    200A HW5 Solutions

    Uploaded by

    Catherine Whitewood
    This problem derives the dispersion relation for waves propagating along a chain of identical pendulums connected by springs. Small oscillation approximations are used to write the Lagrangian in terms of the transverse displacements from equilibrium. The resulting equations of motion yield a plane wave solution with dispersion relation ω±(q) = ±√(g4k/l)sin2(qa/2) + (g2k/l). Periodic boundary conditions require the wavenumber q to take discrete values of 2πn/Na, giving allowed frequencies of ω2(n) = (g4k/l)sin2(πn/N) + (g2k/l). The lowest frequency occurs for n = 0

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    200A HW5 Solutions

    Uploaded by

    Catherine Whitewood
    30 views18 pages
    This problem derives the dispersion relation for waves propagating along a chain of identical pendulums connected by springs. Small oscillation approximations are used to write the Lagrangian in terms of the transverse displacements from equilibrium. The resulting equations of motion yield a plane wave solution with dispersion relation ω±(q) = ±√(g4k/l)sin2(qa/2) + (g2k/l). Periodic boundary conditions require the wavenumber q to take discrete values of 2πn/Na, giving allowed frequencies of ω2(n) = (g4k/l)sin2(πn/N) + (g2k/l). The lowest frequency occurs for n = 0

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    7. 200A HW5 Solutions

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    This problem derives the dispersion relation for waves propagating along a chain of identical pendulums connected by springs. Small oscillation approximations are used to write the Lagrangian in terms of the transverse displacements from equilibrium. The resulting equations of motion yield a plane wave solution with dispersion relation ω±(q) = ±√(g4k/l)sin2(qa/2) + (g2k/l). Periodic boundary conditions require the wavenumber q to take discrete values of 2πn/Na, giving allowed frequencies of ω2(n) = (g4k/l)sin2(πn/N) + (g2k/l). The lowest frequency occurs for n = 0

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    30 views18 pages

    200A HW5 Solutions

    Uploaded by

    Catherine Whitewood
    This problem derives the dispersion relation for waves propagating along a chain of identical pendulums connected by springs. Small oscillation approximations are used to write the Lagrangian in terms of the transverse displacements from equilibrium. The resulting equations of motion yield a plane wave solution with dispersion relation ω±(q) = ±√(g4k/l)sin2(qa/2) + (g2k/l). Periodic boundary conditions require the wavenumber q to take discrete values of 2πn/Na, giving allowed frequencies of ω2(n) = (g4k/l)sin2(πn/N) + (g2k/l). The lowest frequency occurs for n = 0

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Elizabeth Wicks
    Phys 200A
    November 18th, 2013
    Problem Set 5

    Problem 7 (Fetter and Walecka 4.13)

    Refer to Figure 23.1 on page 101 of Fetter and Walecka for a picture. We have a long chain of identical
    pendulums connected by springs. In equilibrium, all the pendulums are vertical and the springs unstretched
    at length a. Therefore a is the horizontal distance separating the tops of the pendulums. Define θi as the angle
    from the vertical for the ith pendulum, and ηi as the transverse displacement from the equilibrium position.
    Now we can write a Lagrangian. Using the small oscillation approximation, we will express everything in
    terms of ηi .

    For small displacements, we can see from the picture that


    ηi
    = sin θi ≈ θi .
    l
    This also gives

    η˙i = lθ˙i .
    Using these approximations, we obtain:

    N
    X N
    X N
    X
    1 1 1
    T = mvi2 = m(lθ˙i )2 = mη˙i 2 .
    i=1
    2 i=1
    2 i=1
    2
    N
    X N
    X   N
    X η  X N
    1 2 i mg 2
    Vgrav = mgl(1 − cos θi ) = mgl θ = mgl = η .
    i=1 i=1
    2 i i=1
    2l 2
    i=1
    2l i
    N
    X 1
    Vspr = k(ηi+1 − ηi )2 .
    i=1
    2

    Note: The displacement from equilibrium of a spring is (d − d0 )i = (ηi+1 − ηi ) + O(η 4 ), so we simply


    ignore the higher order terms since ηi is small.

    Now we have our Lagrangian completely in terms of the coordinates ηi .


    N
    X 1 1 mg 2
    L= mη˙i 2 − k(ηi+1 − ηi )2 − η .
    i=1
    2 2 2l i
    We obtain the equations of motion for each ηi :
     mg 
    mη¨i + 2k + ηi − k(ηi+1 + ηi−1 ) = 0.
    l
    As suggested in Fetter and Walecka (p.115), the reasonable solution to try is

    ηj = Aei(qxj −ωt) ,
    where xj = ja and A is some constant. This is the plane wave normal mode with wavenumber q and
    frequency ω that propagates along the chain. Plugging this in to the equation of motion yields
     mg 
    −mω 2 ηj + 2k + ηj − k(eiqa + e−iqa )ηj = 0.
    l

    1
    Since ηj 6= 0, we have

    g 2k
    ω2 = + (1 − cos(qa))
    l m
    g 2k   qa 
    = + 2 sin2
    l m 2
    g 4k  qa 
    = + sin2 .
    l m 2
    This gives us the dispersion relation

    r  qa 
    g 4k
    ω+ (q) = + sin2
    l m 2

    r  qa 
    g 4k
    ω− (q) = − + sin2 .
    l m 2
    See attached sheet for plots of the dispersion relation.

    If we assume periodic boundary conditions, we put restrictions on q. Periodic boundary conditions require
    that ηj = ηj+N for all j. Using the plane wave definition for ηj , we have the requirement
    2πn
    eiqN a = 1 ⇒ q =
    Na
    for some n ∈ Z.
    Now the allowed frequencies are
    g 4k  πn 
    ω 2 (n) = + sin2 .
    l m N

    We can see that if n = 0 we have the lowest frequency


    g
    ω02 =
    ,
    l
    which is the oscillation frequency of a single pendulum without any springs attached. pThis frequency
    corresponds to the physical situation of all the pendulums swinging in unison at frequency g/l.

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