CONCEPT OF SANADANA DHARMA

Sanatana Dharma, often referred to as Hinduism, is more than just a religion; it’s a
complex and comprehensive way of life that has evolved over thousands of years in the
Indian subcontinent. The term “Sanatana Dharma” translates to “eternal order” or “eternal
law.” It includes a broad range of philosophies, beliefs, rituals, and practices that have been
ingrained in the Indian culture and society for millennia.

At its core, Sanatana Dharma emphasizes the eternal truths and universal principles
that govern existence. These truths are not confined to a single scripture or a founder but are
derived from a huge collection of ancient texts, including the Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad
Gita, and various other philosophical and spiritual treatises.

Key concepts within Sanatana Dharma include:

1. Dharma: The moral and ethical duties and responsibilities that individuals must
fulfil in their lives, encompassing righteousness, duty, justice, and social obligations.

2. Karma: The principle of cause and effect where one’s actions good or bad have
consequences that affect their present and future experiences.

3. Samsara: The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. According to this belief, an
individual’s soul (atman) reincarnates until it achieves spiritual liberation (moksha) by
breaking free from this cycle.

4. Moksha: The ultimate goal, liberation from the cycle of rebirth, and union with the
divine or the ultimate reality.

5. Ahimsa: The principle of non-violence and respect for all forms of life.

6. Yoga: Practices and disciplines aimed at spiritual growth and self-realization,

encompassing physical postures (asanas), breath control (pranayama), meditation, and ethical
principles.

Sanatana Dharma is characterized by its diversity, tolerance, and inclusivity, allowing

individuals to follow various paths to spiritual fulfilment. It accommodates a multitude of
beliefs, rituals, gods, and philosophies, creating a rich tapestry of spiritual practices and
traditions. It’s important to note that Sanatana Dharma is not a solid belief system but rather a
union of diverse ideas and practices that have evolved and adapted over ages, influencing
various aspects of life including art, culture, social norms, and spirituality in the Indian
subcontinent.

INTRODUCTION TO SANATANA DHARMA

Sanatana Dharma is founded upon a few core concepts:

1. Eternal Truths: Sanatana Dharma doesn’t have a single founder or a fixed set of
doctrines. Instead, it draws from a huge collection of scriptures, including the Vedas,
Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, and Puranas, among others. These texts contain philosophical
insights, spiritual wisdom, and guidelines for living a righteous life.

2. Dharma: Central to this tradition is the concept of Dharma, which refers to the
moral and ethical duties that individuals must uphold. It includes righteousness, duty, justice,
and social obligations. Living in accordance with Dharma is considered crucial for
maintaining cosmic order and personal well-being.

3. Karma and Reincarnation: Sanatana Dharma emphasizes the law of Karma, where
one’s actions (good or bad) have consequences that influence future experiences. It also
embraces the belief in Samsara, the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, where the soul (atman)
undergoes multiple lifetimes until it attains liberation (moksha).

4. Moksha: The ultimate goal in Sanatana Dharma is Moksha, liberation from the
cycle of reincarnation. It involves transcending worldly attachments and achieving union with
the divine or ultimate reality.

5. Pluralism and Diversity: One of the defining features of Sanatana Dharma is its
inclusivity and openness to various beliefs and practices. It accommodates various paths to
spirituality, allowing individuals to choose their own ways to connect with the divine.

Sanatana Dharma includes a wide range of rituals, ceremonies, festivals, and spiritual
practices. It celebrates the diversity of gods and goddesses, acknowledging the presence of
the divine in multiple forms and aspects of life.

Over thousands of years, Sanatana Dharma has evolved and adapted, absorbing
influences from various cultures and belief systems. Its influence extends beyond religious
practices and fills Indian art, literature, philosophy, ethics, and societal norms, contributing
significantly to the cultural stuff of the region. It’s important to understand that Sanatana
Dharma is not a rigid or dogmatic system; rather, it’s a dynamic and evolving tradition that
continues to inspire millions around the world with its depth of wisdom and spiritual insights.

ROOTS AND CONCEPTS OF SANATANA DHARMA

Here are some foundational roots and key concepts:

1. Vedas: The Vedas are among the oldest sacred texts and form the foundational
scriptures of Sanatana Dharma. Comprising hymns, rituals, and philosophical teachings, they
consist of four main texts Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda. The Vedas
contain hymns dedicated to various deities, as well as discussions on rituals and philosophical
studies.

2. Upanishads: These texts explore profound philosophical concepts found within the
Vedas. The Upanishads explore into the nature of reality, the self (atman), and the ultimate
truth (Brahman). They discuss the concepts of karma, rebirth, and the paths to spiritual
liberation (moksha).

3. Bhagavad Gita: A part of the epic Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita is a dialogue
between Lord Krishna and the warrior prince Arjuna. It encompasses discussions on duty
(dharma), righteousness, the nature of the self, and the paths to spiritual realization. The Gita
is revered for its teachings on fulfilling one's duties without attachment to the results.

4. Philosophical Systems: Sanatana Dharma comprises several philosophical schools

or darshanas, including Vedanta, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, and Mimamsa. These
schools offer diverse perspectives on metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics.

5. Dharma and Karma: Dharma refers to the moral and ethical duties that individuals
must follow to in their lives. It encompasses righteousness, social responsibilities, and ethical
conduct. Karma, the law of cause and effect, specifies that one’s actions have consequences,
determining their present and future experiences.

6. Moksha: The ultimate goal of life in Sanatana Dharma is liberation (moksha) from
the cycle of birth and death (samsara). Attaining moksha involves transcending worldly
attachments, realizing the true nature of the self and achieving union with the divine or
ultimate reality.
 7. Ahimsa and Pluralism: Ahimsa, or non-violence, is a fundamental principle in
Sanatana Dharma, emphasizing respect for all forms of life. The tradition also embraces
pluralism, acknowledging the diversity of beliefs, practices, and paths to spiritual realization.

These concepts and roots form the foundational pillars of Sanatana Dharma. Over
centuries, the tradition has assimilated various cultural, regional, and philosophical
influences, contributing to its multifaceted nature and making it a vibrant and adaptable
spiritual tradition.

VIEW OF INDIAN LEADERS ABOUT SANATANA DHARMA

Indian leaders have held diverse views about Sanatana Dharma, reflecting the various
perspectives within the country’s socio-political background. Many leaders have respected
and acknowledged the importance of Sanatana Dharma in shaping India’s cultural identity,
ethical values, and philosophical heritage.

1. Mahatma Gandhi: Gandhi respected the principles of Sanatana Dharma, emphasizing its
core values of truth (Satya), non-violence (Ahimsa), and moral righteousness (Dharma). He
believed that these principles were not only essential for personal conduct but also for social
and political change. Gandhi’s support for non-violent resistance (Satyagraha) was deeply
rooted in his understanding of these principles.

2. Swami Vivekananda: A prominent spiritual leader and advocate of Hindu philosophy,

Swami Vivekananda played a crucial role in popularizing Vedanta and the spiritual heritage
of India. He saw in Sanatana Dharma a universal message of tolerance, inclusivity, and the
potential to contribute to global harmony.

3. Jawaharlal Nehru: India’s first Prime Minister, Nehru, however not openly religious,
appreciated the cultural and philosophical depth of Sanatana Dharma. He emphasized the
need to combine India’s spiritual heritage with modern scientific and rational thinking for the
country’s progress.

4. B.R. Ambedkar: An architect of the Indian Constitution and a social reformer, Ambedkar
had a critical perspective on certain aspects of Hinduism. While acknowledging the richness
of Indian culture, he criticized caste-based discrimination and advocated for social reforms to
address inequality.
5. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel: Patel, a key figure in India’s independence movement,
appreciated the cultural unity that Sanatana Dharma fostered across the country. He
recognized the need to preserve India’s rich heritage while fostering national integration.

6. Aurobindo Ghosh: Sri Aurobindo, a philosopher, poet, and nationalist, explored into the
spiritual and philosophical aspects of Sanatana Dharma. He intended a synthesis of Eastern
spirituality and Western scientific thought for human evolution and societal transformation.

Indian leaders, despite their various political and ideological stances, have often recognized
the profound influence of Sanatana Dharma on India’s cultural code and moral values.
They’ve sought to either draw inspiration from its principles or reform certain aspects to align
with the modern world’s needs, contributing to the on-going dialogue about India’s spiritual
and cultural heritage.

MERITS AND DEMERITS OF SANATANA DHARMA

Sanatana Dharma, like any spiritual or cultural tradition, possesses both merits and demerits.
Understanding these can offer a more comprehensive view of its impact and implications.

Merits:

1. Philosophical Depth: Sanatana Dharma offers a profound philosophical understanding of

life, reality, and the self. Its rich texts delve into intricate concepts like the nature of
existence, ethical living, and the pursuit of spiritual liberation (moksha).

2. Spiritual Pluralism: One of its significant strengths is the acceptance of diverse beliefs and
practices. Sanatana Dharma acknowledges multiple paths to spiritual realization, fostering
tolerance and inclusivity.

3. Cultural Heritage: It has contributed immensely to India’s cultural heritage, shaping art,
literature, music, dance, and societal norms. Its festivals, rituals, and traditions are vibrant
and reflect the deep spirituality ingrained in Indian culture.

4. Ethical Framework: The emphasis on Dharma (righteousness) and Karma (law of cause
and effect) provides a moral compass for individuals, guiding ethical conduct and social
responsibilities.

5. Influence on Yoga and Meditation: Sanatana Dharma has been instrumental in the
development of practices like yoga and meditation, which have gained global recognition for
their physical, mental, and spiritual benefits.
Demerits:

1. Caste System and Social Hierarchies: Historically, the caste system within Hinduism has
led to discrimination and social stratification. This hierarchical social structure has been a
significant challenge in achieving social equality and justice.

2. Gender Inequality: Traditional interpretations of religious texts and practices have, at

times, perpetuated gender biases and inequalities in roles and opportunities for women.

3. Ritualistic Practices and Superstitions: Some aspects of Sanatana Dharma have been
criticized for emphasizing ritualistic practices without understanding their deeper
significance. This has sometimes led to superstitions and dogmatic adherence to rituals.

4. Interpretation and Misuse of Scriptures: Misinterpretation or selective use of scriptures has

led to misunderstandings and conflicts within the tradition. This has occasionally been
exploited for personal or political gain.

5. Resistance to Change: The conservative approach towards certain traditions has hindered
necessary social reforms, causing resistance to adapt to modern societal needs.

Recognizing both the merits and demerits of Sanatana Dharma allows for a balanced
perspective. Many proponents advocate retaining its rich spiritual and cultural aspects while
addressing and reforming its drawbacks to create a more inclusive, equitable, and progressive
society.

PHIOSOPHICAL DIFERENCE BETWEEN PHILOPSOPHY OF SANATANA

DHARMA AND PHILOSOPHY OF CHRISTIANITY

The philosophical differences between Sanatana Dharma (Hinduism) and Christianity stem
from diverse theological foundations, cosmological views, and approaches to the ultimate
truth. Here are some key differences:

1. Concept of God:

- Sanatana Dharma: Hinduism encompasses a diverse range of beliefs regarding the divine.
It includes monotheistic aspects (Brahman as the ultimate reality), polytheistic elements
(multiple gods and goddesses), and pantheistic notions (seeing the divine in all existence).

- Christianity: Christianity is primarily monotheistic, believing in one God who is the

creator of the universe and is represented in the Holy Trinity- Father, Son (Jesus Christ), and
Holy Spirit.
2. Nature of Reality:

- Sanatana Dharma: Hindu philosophy often discusses the concept of Maya (illusion) and
the transient nature of the physical world. It asserts that the ultimate reality is beyond the
material realm and can be realized through spiritual practices.

- Christianity: Christianity perceives the world as a creation of God and focuses on

salvation through faith in Jesus Christ. The emphasis is on the material world as a place
where one's choices impact their eternal destiny.

3. Salvation and Liberation:

- Sanatana Dharma: The ultimate goal is liberation (moksha) from the cycle of rebirth
(samsara) by realizing one's true nature and merging with the divine. This involves
transcending worldly attachments and achieving spiritual enlightenment.

- Christianity: Salvation in Christianity is achieved through faith in Jesus Christ as the Son
of God and saviour. It involves repentance, acceptance of Jesus’ sacrifice for redemption, and
the promise of eternal life in Heaven.

4. Scriptural Authority:

- Sanatana Dharma: Hinduism has a vast array of scriptures, including the Vedas,
Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, and others. These texts are revered but allow for diverse
interpretations and paths to spiritual realization.

- Christianity: The Bible, comprising the Old Testament and the New Testament, is
considered the inspired word of God and serves as the ultimate authority guiding Christian
beliefs and practices.

5. Approach to Ethics and Morality:

- Sanatana Dharma: Ethics and morality are guided by the concept of Dharma, which
encompasses righteous conduct, duty, and societal responsibilities. It emphasizes personal
growth and adherence to principles rather than strict commandments.

- Christianity: Christianity emphasizes adherence to a set of moral commandments derived

from the teachings of Jesus Christ. Love, compassion, forgiveness, and adherence to the Ten
Commandments are central to Christian ethics.

These differences highlight distinct approaches to understanding the divine, the nature of
existence, salvation, and ethical principles between Sanatana Dharma and Christianity.
Despite these contrasts, both traditions seek to provide guidance for leading a virtuous life
and attaining a higher spiritual goal.

SOUTH INDIAN LEADERS ON SANATANA DHARMA

Several South Indian leaders have held diverse perspectives on Sanatana Dharma,
recognizing its cultural significance, spiritual depth, and influence on the region's heritage.
Here are views from some prominent South Indian leaders:

1. C. Rajagopalachari: A statesman and the first Indian Governor-General of independent

India, Rajagopalachari was deeply rooted in Indian culture and spirituality. He appreciated
the ethical and philosophical aspects of Sanatana Dharma and advocated for its teachings in
shaping a morally strong society.

2. E.V. Ramasamy (Periyar): Periyar, a social reformer and politician, was critical of certain
aspects of Hinduism, particularly its caste-based discrimination and social inequalities. He
aimed for social reforms that challenged orthodox practices within Sanatana Dharma to create
a more egalitarian society.

3. K. Kamaraj: A freedom fighter and Chief Minister of Madras State (now Tamil Nadu),
Kamaraj recognized the cultural importance of Sanatana Dharma but also supported
education reforms that aimed to modernize and provide equal opportunities to all sections of
society.

4. **M. Karunanidhi: As a prominent leader in Tamil Nadu politics, Karunanidhi

acknowledged the cultural significance of Hinduism in South India but advocated for
rationalist views and social reforms. He encouraged a more progressive outlook within the
framework of the tradition.

5. N.T. Rama Rao: A legendary actor and former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, N.T.
Rama Rao, acknowledged the importance of Hindu traditions in South India and often took
part in religious ceremonies and cultural events, respecting the spiritual sentiments of the
people.

While these leaders may have had differing opinions regarding specific aspects of Sanatana
Dharma, they recognized its cultural significance in shaping South Indian identity. Some
advocated for reforms to address social issues within the tradition, while others emphasized
the need to preserve and promote its cultural heritage. Overall, their views reflect a mix of
appreciation, reform, and support for the values embedded in Sanatana Dharma within the
context of South India.

LEADERS OF KERALA AND TAMIL NADU AND KARNATAKA AND ANDHRA

ABOUT SANATANA DHARMA

Let’s explore the views of notable leaders from Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra
Pradesh concerning Sanatana Dharma:

Kerala:

1. E. M. S. Namboodiripad: A prominent Communist leader in Kerala and the first Chief

Minister of the state, Namboodiripad acknowledged the cultural significance of Sanatana
Dharma but often had critical views regarding certain religious practices and the caste
system. He advocated for social reforms and secular governance.

Tamil Nadu:

1. M. G. Ramachandran (MGR): A revered actor and former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu,
MGR respected the cultural traditions of Sanatana Dharma and often participated in religious
events. He also promoted social welfare policies.

2. J. Jayalalithaa: Jayalalithaa, another influential Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, recognized

the cultural and religious heritage of Sanatana Dharma. She supported initiatives to preserve
Tamil culture while also advocating for social welfare programs.

Karnataka:

1. B. S. Yediyurappa: A political leader and former Chief Minister of Karnataka,

Yediyurappa has been seen as a proponent of Hindu traditions and has participated in
religious ceremonies. He has been associated with the promotion of cultural and religious
practices in the state.

Andhra Pradesh:

1. N. Chandrababu Naidu: A former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, Naidu acknowledged

the cultural significance of Hindu traditions, including Sanatana Dharma, while advocating
for modernization and development in the state. He aimed for a balance between preserving
cultural heritage and promoting progress.

2. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy (YSR): YSR, a former Chief Minister, respected the religious
sentiments of the people in Andhra Pradesh. He supported the preservation of cultural and
religious practices while also emphasizing social welfare programs.

These leaders, though from different political ideologies, have recognized the cultural
importance of Sanatana Dharma in shaping the identity and heritage of their respective states.
While some focused on preserving cultural traditions, others aimed for a balance between
cultural preservation and social progress, advocating for reforms where necessary. Their
views on Sanatana Dharma often reflected a blend of respect for tradition and the need for
social development.