Fluid Mechanics and Machines: BMEE204L

Module 2
❖ System – A fixed identifiable quantity of mass.
❖ Open system – Both mass and energy transfer takes place.
❖ Closed system – Only energy transfer takes place.
❖ System boundaries which may be a fixed or movable one and separates the
system from the surroundings.
❖ It is difficult to focus attention on a fixed identifiable quantity of mass in flow
of fluids through compressors, turbines, pipelines, nozzles etc. – System
Approach
❖ For analysis, it is thus more convenient to focus attention on a volume in space
through which the fluid flows – Control Volume Approach.
❖An open system, or a control volume, as it is often called, is a
properly selected region in space.
❖It usually encloses a device that involves mass flow such as a
compressor, turbine, or nozzle.
❖Flow through these devices is best studied by selecting the region
within the device as the control volume.
❖Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control
volume.
❖A large number of engineering problems involve mass flow in and
out of a system and, therefore, are modeled as control volumes.
❖ A water heater, a car radiator, a turbine, and a compressor all involve mass
flow and should be analyzed as control volumes (open systems) instead of
as control masses (closed systems).
❖ Control volume – an arbitrary volume in space through which fluid flows.
Methods of description of fluid motion
LAGRANGIAN METHOD
Here the observer concentrates on the movement of a single
particle and the changes in its path, velocity and acceleration are
studied.
EULERIAN METHOD
Here the observer concentrates on a point in the fluid system
where the characteristics of the fluid are studied.
❖ The subject called kinematics concerns the study of motion. In fluid
dynamics, fluid kinematics is the study of how fluids flow and how to
describe fluid motion.
❖ From a fundamental point of view, there are two distinct ways to
describe motion.
❖ The first and most familiar method is to follow the path of individual
objects.
❖ Newton’s laws are used to describe the motion of such objects, and we can
accurately predict where they go and how momentum and kinetic energy are
exchanged from one object to another.
❖The kinematics of such experiments involves keeping track of the
position vector of each object and the velocity vector of each
object, as functions of time.
❖When this method is applied to a flowing fluid, we call it the
Lagrangian description of fluid motion after the Italian
mathematician Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736–1813).
❖Lagrangian analysis is analogous to the system analysis that
you learned in your thermodynamics class; namely, we follow a
mass of fixed identity.
❖ First of all we cannot easily define and identify particles of fluid as they move
around.
❖ Secondly, a fluid is a continuum (from a macroscopic point of view), so
interactions between parcels of fluid are not as easy to describe as are
interactions between distinct objects like billiard balls.
❖ Furthermore, the fluid parcels continually deform as they move in the flow.

With a small number of objects, such as billiard balls on a In the Lagrangian description, one must
pool table, individual objects can be tracked. keep track of the position and velocity of
individual particles.
Kinematics of Fluid Flow
Kinematics of Fluid Flow
Kinematics of Fluid Flow
Kinematics of Fluid Flow
Kinematics of Fluid Flow
Kinematics of Fluid Flow
Kinematics of Fluid Flow
Kinematics of Fluid Flow
Kinematics of Fluid Flow
Kinematics of Fluid Flow
Problem 1
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 2
Problem 2
Problem 2
Streamline, Pathline, Streakline
• Streamline, pathline, streakline, and timeline form convenient tools to describe and
visualize a flow. They are defined below.
A streamline is an imaginary line drawn through a flowing fluid so that the tangent to it at any
point gives the direction of the flow velocity at that point. Since a fluid is composed of fluid
particles, the pattern of flow of fluid may be represented by a series of streamlines, obtained by
drawing a series of curves through the flowing fluid such that the velocity vector at any point is
tangential to the curves.
A stream tube is a tube imagined to be formed by a
group of streamlines passing through a small closed
curve, which may or may not be circular as shown in fig.
Flow in pipes and nozzles are examples of
stream tubes. The concept of stream tube is quite
useful in analyzing several fluid flow problems,
since the entire flow field may be divided into a
large number of stream tubes, thus yielding a
clear picture of the actual pattern of flow.
Streamline, Pathline, Streakline

Path Lines - The path followed by a fluid particle in motion.

A path line is the line traced by a single fluid particle as it moves over a period of time.
Thus, a path line indicates the direction of velocity of the same fluid particle at successive
instants of time. While a streamline shows the direction of velocity of a number of fluid
particles at the same instant of time.

A fluid particle always moves tangent to the streamline thus, for steady flow, the path
lines and streamlines are identical.
Streamline, Pathline, Streakline
Streak Line – A line created by particles in a flow that have previously passed through a common
point.
In experimental work, often a color or dye or some other substance (such as smoke in the case of
gases) is injected into the flowing fluid, in order to trace the motion of the fluid particles. The
resulting trail of color is known as a streak line.

In steady flow, since there is no change in the flow pattern, a streak line is the same as a streamline
and the path line of a particle. In unsteady flow, a streak line at an instant is the locus of endpoints of
particle paths (or path lines) that started at the instant the particle passed through the injection point.
Velocity Potential Function and Stream function
Velocity Potential Function and Stream function
Velocity Potential Function and Stream function
Velocity Potential Function and Stream function
Velocity Potential Function and Stream function
Equipotential Line and Line of Constant Stream function
Equipotential Line and Line of Constant Stream function
Relation Between Velocity Potential Function and Stream
function
Problem 3
Problem 3
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 4
Problem 5
Problem 5
Problem 5
Problem 5
Reynold’s Transport Theorem (RTT)
• A system is a quantity of matter of fixed identity. No mass can cross a system
boundary.

• A control volume is a region in space chosen for study. Mass can cross a control
surface (the surface of the control volume).

• The fundamental conservation laws (conservation of mass, energy, and momentum)

apply directly to systems.

• However, in most fluid mechanics problems, control volume analysis is preferred

over system analysis (for the same reason that the Eulerian description is usually
preferred over the Lagrangian description).

• Therefore, we need to transform the conservation laws from a system to a control

volume. This is accomplished with the Reynolds transport theorem (RTT).
Reynold’s Transport Theorem (RTT)
Reynold’s Transport Theorem (RTT)
Reynold’s Transport Theorem (RTT)
Fluid Mechanics and Machines:
BMEE204L
Module 3
Continuity equation
Continuity equation
Continuity equation
Continuity equation
Continuity equation
Euler equation of motion
Euler equation of motion
Euler equation of motion
Bernoulli’s equation from Euler equation of motion
Bernoulli’s equation from Euler equation of motion
Problem 6
Problem 6
Problem 6
Problem 7
Problem 8
Problem 8
Problem 8
Problem 9
Problem 9
Problem 9
The principal application of Bernoulli’s equation
Venturi-meter
Venturi-meter
Venturi-meter
Venturi-meter
Problem 10
Problem 10
Problem 10
Problem 11
Problem 11
Problem 11
Orifice meter
Orifice meter
Orifice meter
Orifice meter
Orifice meter
Orifice meter
Problem 12
Problem 12
Problem 12
Problem 13
Problem 13
Problem 13
Pitot Tube
The momentum equation
Application of momentum equation
Application of momentum equation
Problem 14
Problem 14
Problem 14
Problem 14
Problem 14
Problem 15
Problem 15
Problem 15
Problem 15
Navier Stoke Equation
• The Navier-Stokes equations, which are partial differential
equations, are used in fluid mechanics to describe the flow
of viscous fluids.
• These equations are generalizations of the ones Leonhard
Euler created in the eighteenth century to describe the flow
of incompressible and frictionless fluids.
• Navier-Stokes energy equation provides the basic
explanation of energy associated with the flow behavior.
Navier Stoke Equation
Conservation of Mass

Conservation of Momentum

Conservation of Energy
Differential form of Navier Stoke Equation
Conservation of Mass

Conservation of Momentum

Here
Thank You