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    Geiger-Muller Tube (GM Tube)

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    bdb6wxhyxf
    The Geiger-Muller tube is a device that detects ionizing radiation. It contains low pressure gas such as helium, neon, or argon. A thin mica window allows ionizing particles to enter the tube and interact with the gas. An electric field between an anode and cathode causes a cascade of ions when a particle interacts with the gas, generating an electric pulse that is detected. Geiger tubes are useful for detecting radioactive materials but have a dead time between detections. Safety precautions are needed when using one due to potential radiation exposure.

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    Geiger-Muller Tube (GM Tube)

    Uploaded by

    bdb6wxhyxf
    20 views12 pages
    The Geiger-Muller tube is a device that detects ionizing radiation. It contains low pressure gas such as helium, neon, or argon. A thin mica window allows ionizing particles to enter the tube and interact with the gas. An electric field between an anode and cathode causes a cascade of ions when a particle interacts with the gas, generating an electric pulse that is detected. Geiger tubes are useful for detecting radioactive materials but have a dead time between detections. Safety precautions are needed when using one due to potential radiation exposure.

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    Geiger-Muller tube (GM tube)

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    The Geiger-Muller tube is a device that detects ionizing radiation. It contains low pressure gas such as helium, neon, or argon. A thin mica window allows ionizing particles to enter the tube and interact with the gas. An electric field between an anode and cathode causes a cascade of ions when a particle interacts with the gas, generating an electric pulse that is detected. Geiger tubes are useful for detecting radioactive materials but have a dead time between detections. Safety precautions are needed when using one due to potential radiation exposure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views12 pages

    Geiger-Muller Tube (GM Tube)

    Uploaded by

    bdb6wxhyxf
    The Geiger-Muller tube is a device that detects ionizing radiation. It contains low pressure gas such as helium, neon, or argon. A thin mica window allows ionizing particles to enter the tube and interact with the gas. An electric field between an anode and cathode causes a cascade of ions when a particle interacts with the gas, generating an electric pulse that is detected. Geiger tubes are useful for detecting radioactive materials but have a dead time between detections. Safety precautions are needed when using one due to potential radiation exposure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 12

    Geiger-Muller tube

    (GM tube)
    Minh Huy, Aaryav, Siddhart
    How Geiger-Muller tube components
    ● Contains Gasses like helium, neon or argon gasses at low pressure
    ● By reducing the pressure below atmospheric, the strength of the electric field necessary to reach
    the Geiger-Mueller region, and hence the required operating voltage, is lowered.
    ● Thin mica window is there to allow even the lowest ionizing particle to enter so it can detect like
    alpha particle
    ● There is an aluminum covering to stop the alpha, beta and gamma from escaping, it stops the
    gasses from escaping as well
    ● Anode attracts positive protons while cathode attracts electrons
    ● There is an empty circuit inside as well
    Diagram of Geiger-Muller tube
    How does Geiger-Muller tube works?
    Geiger Mueller (GM) tube needs a certain high voltage level to operate. These detectors convert gamma
    radiation quanta into electric pulses that are processed by the electronics circuit

    When a charged particles of gamma radiation enters the tube, the argon gas becomes ionized, negative
    electron goes to positive electrode (cathode) while protons gets attracted to negative electrode (anode)
    this triggers a whole avalanche of ions between the electrodes

    Then due to this it creates an electric pulse that flow through the empty circuit and gets detected to the
    scale meter or rate-meter ( sometimes even a speaker)

    However, because of the large avalanche induced by any ionization, a Geiger counter takes a
    long time (about 1 ms) to recover between successive pulses. Therefore, Geiger counters
    cannot measure high radiation rates due to the “dead time” of the tube.The GM Counter can
    count about 5000 particles / sec. The counting rate depends upon the death and recovery time
    of G M Counter. After death time the tube takes another 200 sec to regain the original working
    condition. This time is called recovery time of the counter.
    Electron Avalanche

    An electron avalanche is a process in which a number of free electrons in a transmission


    medium are subjected to strong acceleration by an electric field and subsequently collide with
    other atoms of the medium, thereby ionizing them (impact ionization). This releases additional
    electrons which accelerate and collide with further atoms, releasing more electrons—a chain
    reaction. In a gas, this causes the affected region to become an electrically conductive plasma.
    The avalanche effect was discovered by John Sealy Townsend in his work between 1897 and
    1901, and is also known as the Townsend discharge.
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZETSfwdCVI
    Uses of Geiger-Muller tube

    Geiger-Muller tube can be used for:

    ● To detect radioactive rocks and minerals in the course of mineral prospecting or as a mineral
    collector
    ● To check for environmental levels of radioactivity near a nuclear power facility.
    ● To test for danger amidst a nuclear accident or leakage of radioactive coolant.
    ● To check for radioactive contamination of clothing and shoes in your workplace.

    If there is 1 or 2 emissions that’s normal but if it’s like 200 it’s highly radioactive (measured per minute)

    NOTE- it does not measure the dose of radiation, it just measures if there is radiation.
    History of Geiger-Muller tube

    The German physicist Hans Wilhelm Geiger is best known as the inventor of the Geiger counter to
    measure radiation. In 1908, Geiger introduced the first successful detector of individual alpha particles.
    Later versions of this counter were able to count beta particles and other ionizing radiation. The
    introduction in July 1928 of the Geiger-Müller counter marked the introduction of modern electrical
    devices into radiation research.
    Safety Precautions

    ● Do not let anything touch the window. It is very fragile.


    ● Do not ever apply a high voltage beyond the plateau region, as the tube will be damaged.
    ● If the area is suspected to have high radiation, wear hazmat suit
    ● Wear gloves (obvious)
    ● Wear goggles
    Questions
    What type of radiation can Geiger-Muller tube
    pick up?
    A) Alpha particles
    B) Beta particles
    C) Gamma rays
    D) All of the above
    What Gasses are there in GM tube?

    A) Argon
    B) Neon
    C) Helium
    D) All of the above

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