EFFECT OF FENUGREEK SEEDS ON HEALTH AND VARIOUS

DISEASES

TECHNICAL REPORT

MASTERS OF SCIENCE

IN

NUTRITION AND DIETETICS

Submitted by:- Ishika Shankar Submitted by :- DR. Sadia

Singh Chishty

DEPARTMENT OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

JAMIA HAMDARD, NEW DELHI – 110062

2022- 2024
 Table of contents

Topic Page no

Introduction. 1-2
Traditional use. 2-3
Composition. 3-4
Mechanism. 4-5
Antioxidant effect. 5-6
Role in respiration. 6
Role in Bone/osteoporosis. 6-7
Role in reproductive system. 7
Anti gastric ulcer and anti gallstones effect. 7-9
Effect on total body and organ weight. 9-11
Anti-Diarrhoeal activity. 11
Conclusion. 11
References. 12-13
EFFECT OF FENUGREEK SEED (Trigonnella-Foenum-Graecum) ON
HEALTH AND VARIOUS DISEASES

INTRODUCTION
For many past years of mankind, plants were used as a source to alleviate or cure chronic
illness such as diabetes, hypolipidemic, anti- arthritic, cardiovascular diseases, cancer,
antibacterial etc. These herbal plants are rich in pharmacologically active compounds and
hence these medications are used in worldwide in many years. Fenugreek is an annual
crop plant, and the biological name is Trigonella foenum graecumis family 'Fabaceae', its
commonly name is "Methi" [ Wani SA 2016].

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It is an herb cultivated for its seeds majorly in Mediterranean countries. In India, it is
mainly cultivated in regions of Rajasthan (maximum production), Tamil Nadu, Gujarat,
Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. Apart from the flavouring properties of its
seeds, it has been able to mark its presence in Ayurvedic system of medicines since ages,
owing to its nutritional and therapeutic benefits. It is a rich source of fibres, proteins,
vitamin A and C, iron and calcium. It is a highly recommended medicinal plant for
treatments of various disfunctions and diseases, as recorded in history of Ayurveda.
Being rich in photochemical like phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins, it has been
tagged as antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, hypocholesterolaemic, antioxidant and
immunological booster. [Ravi Kumar P. 1999]

Fenugreek play a vital role in the inhibition of inflammation and, fenugreek seeds by
determining the lipid peroxidation and cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitory activities of
their several types of extract. The extracts inhibited lipid peroxidation, cyclooxygenase
enzyme - 1 and cyclooxygenase enzyme -2. Also, the hepatoprotective effect of the
ethanolic extract of Fenugreek seeds against CCI4 induced liver damage in rats was
examined. Result revealed that extract of Fenugreek seeds showed highly
hepatoprotective effect against carbon tetrachloride induced necrosis with less effect
against fatty changes, also the immunomodulatory activity of ethanolic extract of
Fenugreek was studied for phagocytic activity, cell mediated, and humoral immune
system based on mice model. It showed considerably high phagocytic index against
control group, demonstrating stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system. [Agrawal BB
2006]

It plays a significant role in the management of cancer through modulating various cell
signalling pathways. As it inhibits cell proliferation as well as induce apoptosis in
squamous cell carcinoma [Dey 2012].

TRADITIONAL USE OF FENUGREEK SEEDS

In Ayurvedic, fenugreek seed has higher medicinal values as well as in Greek and Latin
pharmacopoeia. But the modern vaidyas seem to be using more for digestive and
respiratory problems. In ancient Egypt Methi was used to increase milk flow and to ease
childbirth and still modern Egyptian women are using it today to relieve menstrual
cramps. Also making Hilba tea out of it to ease other kinds of abdominal pain. The Chinese
too use it for treating abdominal pain. In India (methi ka saag) is very commonly used as
a winter vegetable and its seeds are used year-round as a flavouring agents for various
dishes[ Basch.E 2003].

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They are seeds are often eaten raw as sprouts and used medicinally it is used for different
purposes in different parts of the world. It is used as a cooking spice in European
countries, and it remains a popular ingredient in curry powder, pickles and spices
mixtures in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and other countries. Fenugreek has been used in
the folk medicine for the treatment of cellulitis, boils and tuberculosis. In 19th century.it
was used as a key ingredient in patent medicine for dysmenorrhea and post-menopausal
symptoms. It's also been recommended for promotion of lactation. It's also used as orally
insulin substitute for reduction in blood glucose[Basch.E 2003].

COMPOSITION OF FENUGREEK SEED

Fenugreek seed are rich sources of various essential compounds, and these components
play a significant role in the diseases cure and management through regulation various
biological activities. The ingredients found in fenugreek seed are galactomannan,
sapogenin, trigonelline, and hydroxy-isoleucine that have the anti-diabetic properties as
well as show's role in the treatment of breast cancer[S Rizvi and N mishra 2013].

Fenugreek holds 23-26% protein, 6-7% fat as well as 58% carbohydrates of Which
around 25% is dietary fibre. And seeds are a rich source of fibre, mainly non-starch
polysaccharides. Moreover, seed of fenugreek are rich ni proteins such as globulin,
lecithin and albumin and also contain iron, comprising 33 mg/100g dry weight and
unsaturated fatty acids, flavonoids, and poly-phenolic substances and vitamins and
calcium [ R.Yang and H Wang 2014].

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MECHANISM OF ACTION FENUGREEK
Fenugreek seed is a rich source of antioxidant and such potentiality inhibit the
pathogenesis through free radical scavenging activity. Fenugreek therapeutic role
evidence as pretreatment of herbal extract restored activities of all the enzymes and
therefore displayed a total protective effect on additive effect of cyclophosphamide and
I-buthionine-SR-sulfoximine. Restoration of glutathione by extract treatment might show
a significant role in backing cyclophosphamide-induced apoptosis and free radical-
mediated lipid peroxidation in urinary bladder. Chronic inflammation may increase the
risk of various diseases, such as cancers, rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases.
However, its regulation is a key step towards inhibition of pathogenesis. In this context,
fenugreek play pivotal role in the inhibition of pathogenesis through its anti-
inflammatory activity. Fenugreek seed proved role in the inflammation as inhibition of
Edema by the plant extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg/ kg and activity of the plant at
doses of 100 and 200 was not significantly different from those of ibu protein and
dexamethasone.[Goyal s, and Gupta N 2016]

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 Among the prepared formulations of the plant, 3 and 5% creams of the fenugreek showed
the most inhibition of Edema which were not significant from hydrocortisone ointment.
Fenugreek seed also shows an important role in the management of diabetes, and it was
explained as mechanism of action of seeds of fenugreek was investigated in alloxan
induced sub-diabetic. The treatment showed substantial reduction of the glucose
tolerance curve as well as improvement in the glucose induced insulin response,
proposing that the hypoglycaemic effect might be mediated via stimulating insulin
synthesis and/or secretion from the beta pancreatic cells of Langerhans [Goyan s, and
Gupta N 2016].

Moreover, fenugreek seeds play role in the inhibition of tumour growth through
modulating various activities including cell signalling pathways. Fenugreek extract
showed role in the decrease of the cell viability and cause the induction of early apoptotic
changes including flipping of phosphatidylserine as well as decrease of mitochondrial
membrane potential. Fenugreek seed also play role in management of various diseases
through hepatoprotective, anti-microbial, Cardioprotective and neuroprotective effects [
Goyal S, and Gupta N 2016].

TRIGONELLA IN DISEASE

ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS OF TRIGONELLA

Being an obligatory aerobe, humans consume a lot of oxygen to live and survive, to derive
energy by the oxidation of food molecules. This oxidation process is tightly regulated;
however, some spills do occur due to many factors. Additionally, the body has devised
method where it utilizes reactive oxygen species as a communicator of important
messages to regulate biochemical and molecular events in cells. The excessive production
of oxidants in body is normally taken care of by the native antioxidant mechanisms;
however, in certain conditions these mechanisms become overwhelming for the cells
leading to inflammation, tissue damage and disease [Baquer etal,2011].

A number of antioxidants have been tried clinically to prevent oxidative stress-induced

pathogenesis, but they have not been successful because they tend to become pro-oxidant
at the clinically effective doses. This has led to the search of plant-derived antioxidants,
which are also non-toxic. A number of plant-derived antioxidants are flavonoids, which
have been shown to be effective in biological systems in reducing oxidative stress
[Baquer etal,2011].

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Further,Annida et al. [2005] showed that supplementation of fenugreek leaves reduces
oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The antioxidant effect,
determined by measuring Thio-barbituric acid-reactive substances and reduced
glutathione levels and activities of catalase and SOD in liver, heart and kidney in diabetic
rats, showed that in diabetic rats supplementation of fenugreek leaf powder, on the one
hand, significantly lowered lipid peroxidation and, on the otherhand, significantly
increased the antioxidant system (Annida etal., 2005)In another study, daily oral
administration of Trigonella seed-derived soluble dietary fibre to type-2 diabetic rats for
28 days enhanced total antioxidant status besides decreasing serum glucose(Hannan etal.
2007). However, it is not clear whether the antioxidative effect of SDF is secondary to
decreased glucose levels.

Hence treatment with Trigonella seed has been shown to restore the altered activity of
cellular antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase,
catalase and glutathione peroxidase in tissue such as heart, muscle and brain during
diabetes[ Annida et al. 2005]

ROLE OF RESPIRATION
A study was performed to determine the efficiency of Tregonella foenum graceum
(fenugreek) seeds in mild asthma. The participants were divided to three groups
randomly. One group received fenugreek syrup, one received honey syrup and the third
got placebo. Duration of treatment was four weeks. Quality of life, Lung function tests and
IL-4 levels were evaluated before and aftertreatment. After study there was substantial
increase in quality of the life as well as lung function tests and IL-4 levels in fenugreek
and honey groups. Moreover, FEV1 level was better more than 1 in fenugreek group.
Treatment was well tolerated. No serious side-effect were reported during the study. The
study shows a positive impact of fenugreek seed in respiration as it improves
lung functions and there were no side effects [ Majid Emtiazy 2018]

ROLE IN BONE/OSTEOPOROSIS
The effects of fenugreek seed on bone mechanical properties in rats with normal and
decreased estrogenic level (developing osteoporosis) was investigated. Result revealed
that fenugreek seed added to food did not meaningfully affect bone mineralization and
serum turnover markers, independently of the estrogen status. It inclined to increase the
strength of the tibial metaphysis (cancellous bone) in non-ovariectomized rats and
increased the strength of the femoral diaphysis (compact bone) in ovariectomized rats.
[Folwarona 2014].

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The role of dietary Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract on bone structure and
mechanical properties in ovariectomized rats were examined. Results revealed that
maximum flexor load to break femur bone was meaningfully low in ovariectomized rats
in comparison with control rats. Supplementation with Trigonella foenum graecum
pointedly improved the maximum flex or load and tibia dry weight compared to
ovariectomized untreated rats. Trigonella frenum graecum administration also
meaningfully conserved the trabecular and cortical bone thickness compared to
ovariectomized rats. Overall, this finding advocates that dietary intake of Trigonella
foenum graecum seeds can improve the bone structure and biomechanical properties in
ovariectomized rats demonstrating that Trigonella foenum graecum may be an
alternative treatment approach to prevent the menopause induced osteopenia .The
author found the both positive and negative impact as low dietary intake of
fenugreek seed may cause slight favourable skeletal effects, while at high doses
it might damage the skeletal system [ K.Anjaneyulu 2018]

ROLE IN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The effects of fenugreek seeds on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea among students was
examined. Unmarried Students were arbitrarily allocated to two groups who got fenugreek or
placebo. Result demonstrated that pain severity at baseline did not differ suggestively between
the two groups. Pain severity was meaningfully reduced in both groups after the intervention;
however, the fenugreek group experienced significantly larger pain reduction. Moreover,
systemic symptoms of dysmenorrhea decreased in the fenugreek seed group[ Sima younesy
2014].

ANTI-GASTRIC ULCER AND ANTI-GALLSTONES EFFECT OF FENUGREEK

SEEDS
Fenugreek seeds are commonly used as a condiment to flavour curries and other recipes
and are known for nutritive and digestion stimulation properties. In the Indian system of
traditional medicine, Ayurveda, fenugreek seeds have been used to treat several
gastrointestinal disorders [ Puri 1998]

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However experimental evidence has been lacking. In a recent study, [Pandit et al.2002]
Showed antiulcer, potential of fenugreek seeds. The effect of fenugreek seeds is
comparable to omeprazole, a known proton pump blocker used in the treatment of
gastrointestinal problems such as gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, gastric and
duodenum ulceration, and gastritis. In rodent model of ethanol induced gastric ulcer, the
aqueous extract and a gel fraction isolated from fenugreek that is attributed to its anti-
secretory action as well as effects on mucosal glycoproteins. Further, ethanol induced
lipid peroxidation and subsequent mucosal injury is prevented by fenugreek seed extract
by enhancing antioxidant potential of the gastric mucosa. Investigation have also shown
antioxidant potential of aqueous extract of Trigonela seeds [ Anuradha & Ravi Kuroar
1998]

As fenugreek seeds are known to possess prominent level of flavonoids, and [ Saurez et
al. 1996] Have demonstrated flavonoids protective role in the mucosa by preventing
various necrotic agents induced lesions formation, this speculation could be valid.

However, more experimental evidence is warranted. Further, the anti-lithogenic effect of

dietary fenugreek seeds have been shown by many investigators (Reddy & Srinivasan,
2009; 2011). Lithogenic conditions were induced in mice by feeding them a high (0.5%)
cholesterol diet (HCD) for 10 weeks without or with supplementation of fenugreek (12%)
or onion (2%) or both. Fenugreek, onion, and their combination reduced the incidence of
cholesterol gallstones by 75, 27 and 76%, respectively, showing highest anti-lithogenic
influence of fenugreek alone, and the presence of onion showed no augmentation to this
effect. Consequently, the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio reduced significantly in serum,
liver, and bile. Changes in the hepatic enzyme activities (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl
coenzyme A reductase, cholesterol-7a-hydroxylase, and cholesterol-27-hydroxylase)
induced by HCD showed significant reversal by fenugreek (Reddy & Srinivasan, 2009).

Further, increased accumulation of fat in the liver and inflammation of the gallbladder
membrane produced by HCD decreased significantly by fenugreek as well as its
combination with onion (Reddy & Srinivasan, 2011a). As cholesterol gallstones are
known to be controlled by pro- and anti-crystallizing factors present in bile [ Reddy and
Srinivasan (2011b)] examined the effect of dietary fenugreek on the composition of bile
in rats fed for 10 weeks with a high cholesterol diet. Fenugreek supplementation of HCD
decreased the cholesterol, total protein, glycoprotein, lipid peroxides and cholesterol
saturation index in bile, and increased the bile flow rate, and cholesterol nucleation time.

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Fenugreek also significantly increased biliary phospholipid and total bile acid, indicating
that beneficial antilithogenic effect of dietary fenugreek could be due to decreased
cholesterol content of bile and modulation of the nucleating and antinucleating proteins,
which are known to regulate cholesterol crystallization (Reddy & Srinivasan, 20116). As
fenugreek seed is known for its hypo-cholesterolmic properties, dietary supplementation
should have a beneficial role in the prevention and treatment of cholesterol gallstones.
Fenugreek seed powder when fed along with lithogenic diet (0.5% cholesterol) for 10
weeks it significantly lowered the incidence of CGS in mice (Reddy & Srinivasan, 2009).
The anti-lithogenic influence of fenugreek is attributed to its hypo-cholesterolmic effect
as it significantly decreased serum cholesterol level as well as hepatic cholesterol in these
high cholesterol-fed animal

EFFECTS OF FENUGREEK ON TOTAL BODY AND ORGAN WEIGHT

Obesity is one of the major risk's factors for morbidity and mortality. Obesity may be
defined as abnormal growth of adipose tissue. Some researchers indicated that fenugreek
seed extract supplementation in reducing the body and adipose tissue weight. The
probable mechanism of fenugreek decreasing the total body and adipose tissue weight)
fenugreek flushes out the carbohydrates from the body before they enter the
bloodstream resulting ni weight loss. Fenugreek seeds contain a high proportion (40%)
of soluble fibber. This fibber forms a gelatinous structure (like gaur gum) which may have
effects on slowing the digestion and absorption of food from the intestine and create a
sense of fullness in the abdomen, thus suppresses appetite and promotes weight loss. In
conclusion this plant is effective on blood lipids and sugar and on some bacterial strains,
antioxidant activity of fenugreek causing protective of organs and inhibition of entrance
diseases to body, too decreases body fats and is effective on obesity [Hannam OM 2003].

During in vivo screening for anti-obesity foods, an extract of fenugreek seed was found to
have a potent suppressive effect on obesity in mice on a high-fat diet. ∞ Fenugreek
(Trigonella foenum graecum L) is a leguminous plant extensively cultivated in India, the
Mediterranean, and Africa. It is traditionally used as a medical herb and a spice.
Previously, a fenugreek extract has been reported to have an effect in improving diabetes
and hypocholesterolaemia.” [Khosla P Gupta 19951]

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Fenugreek seed was extracted with ethanol and the solution was evaporated. The extract
significantly reduced the body weight gain induced by a high-fat diet. These obese model
mice were fed a high-fatdiet containing 30% casein, 40% beef tallow, 11% cornstarch.
5% cellulose, 9% sucrose, 1% vitamins, and4% minerals. Female ddY mice (4 weeks old)
were used. Animal studies were done according to the 1980 guideline entitled
Notification No 6 of the Prime Minister's office of Japan. Fenugreek seed extract
administrated groups were fed a high-fat diet containing 0.3% and 1% fenugreek seed
extract in place of 0.3% and 1% casein, because it is known that a minor change in casein
content does not affect body weight gain. A low-fat diet contained 30% casein, 5% beef
tallow www), 11% cornstarch, 40% cellulose, 9% sucrose, 1% vitamins, and 4%
minerals. The fenugreek seed extract did not affect food intake [ Han L, K Kimura 1999]

Feeding the high-fat diet markedly increased tissue weight in adipose tissue compared to
the low-fat diet. The fenugreek seed extract (1% and 0.3%) significantly reduced adipose
tissue weights. Liver weight was also decreased by it (1%) .Although the extract did not
affect solid liver weight excepting lipids, liver triglycerides decreased. These results
suggest that fenugreek seed extract decreased lipid accumulation in the liver induced by
a high-fat diet. On the other hand, the extract did not affect the tissue weights of the
kidney and spleen. It affected lipidic tissue selectively. These results indicate that the
body weight reduction was caused by inhibition of fat accumulation but not by the
toxicity of the extract.For clarifying the mechanism of the body weight reduction, the
effect of the fenugreek seed extract on absorption of triglyceride in the intestines was
investigated by a lipid-loading test. Female ddY mice (7 weeks old) were used. After
fasting for 24h, the mice were administrated 0.2ml of corn oil with the extract solution or
vehicle (distilled water). The fenugreek seed extract decreased the plasma triglyceride
gain caused by corn oil administration [ P. U. Rao etal. wear].

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The extract used in this study contained about 20% 4-hydroxyisoleucine. Hence 4-
hydroxyisoleucine was also investigated using the same experiments, as described above.
4-Hydroxyisoleucine decreased the plasma triglyceride gain caused by com oil
administration, but 4-hydroxyisoleucine did not reduce the body weight gain induced by
a high-fat diet. These results suggest that 4-hydroxyisoleucine is one of the effective
compounds ni fenugreek seed extract, but not the only one. It has been reported that
fenugreek seed contains some bioactive compounds, for example, amino acids,
galactomannan, "flavonoids, and saponins. Itis necessary to isolate active compounds in
the fenugreek seed extract. The study of active compounds is now being pursued in our
laboratory. Furthermore, these results suggest that inhibition of lipid absorption is not
enough to prevent obesity. This suggests the hypothesis that prevention of obesity by
fenugreek seed extract is caused not only by inhibition of lipid absorption but also in
other ways [ Petil P. R and Sauvaire 1995]

ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY
Fenugreek is important and useful to identify plants with anti-diarrheal activity. The
study evaluates the effect of methanol and aqueous extracts of Trigonella foenum-
graecum for its anti-diarrheal activity. The anti-diarrheal activity of methanol and
aqueous extracts of was evaluated using castor oil induced diarrhoea. The effect of
methanol and aqueous extracts on gastrointestinal tracts motility after charcoal meal
administration and PGE2 induced intestinal fluid accumulation. The plant extracts
showed significant inhibitor activity against castor oil induced diarrhoea and PEG2
induced enter pooling tested at 250mg/kg. The methanolic extract showed P<0.01 and
aqueous extract (P<0.05) reduction in gastrointestinal motility [khosla p 1995].

CONCLUSION
Over the last few years, several studies have been carried out on the medicinal and
functional properties of fenugreek seeds which have shown that Fenugreek are rich in
fibre, protein, and due to its valuable bioactive components has promising therapeutic
and application. Antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, hypoglycemic activity,
hypocholesterolemic activity are the major medicinal properties of the fenugreek
demonstrated in various studies. Based on these several healthful benefits, fenugreek can
be recommended and be a part of our daily diet and incorporated into foods in order to
produce functional food.

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