Name: Level

Name:
Level:
RIA TRAINING MANUAL
Co. No. 636290-H
Table of contents.
Clause Description Pages

1……………………….. INTRODUCTION 5
1.1……………….. About this Training Manual 5
1.2……………….. IRATA Training Scheme Flowchart 6
2……………………….. PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT 7
2.1……………….. IRATA International System 7
2.2……………….. Legal framework 7
2.2.1………… U.K Legislation 7
2.2.1.1. Lifting Operating and Lifting Equipment Regulation (LOLER) 7
2.2.1.2. Working at Height Regulation 2005 8
2.2.1.3. Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulation 1992 8
2.2.1.4. Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulation 1998 (PUWER) 9
2.2.1.5. Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences
9
Regulation 2013 (RIDDOR)
2.2.1.6. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulation
9
2002 (COSHH)
2.2.1.7. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations
10
1999 (MHSWR)
2.2.2………… Malaysia Legislation 10
2.2.2.1. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 10 & 11
2.2.2.2. Guidelines for Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk
11
Control (HIRARC) 2008
2.2.2.3. Guidelines on First-Aid in the Workplace, 2004 12
2.2.2.4. The Factories and Machinery Act 1967 12
2.2.2.5. The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 13
2.3……………….. Risk Assessment and Method Statement 13
2.3.1………… Risk Assessment 13
2.3.2………… Method Statement 14
2.4……………….. Selection of access method 14
2.5……………….. Selection of Personnel and Competence 14
2.6……………….. Exclusion Zones and Protection of the Third Parties 15
2.7……………….. Planning for emergency 16
2.8……………….. Suspension intolerance / suspension trauma 16
3……………………….. EQUIPMENT (TASC 6.3) 17
3.1……………….. Selection of equipment 17
3.1.1………… EN Standards and CE Marking 17
3.1.2………… Equipment traceability 17
3.2 …………….. Care and Maintenance 18
3.2.1……….. Storage 18
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3.2.2………… Lifespan 18
3.2.3………… Equipment strength 18 & 19
3.3……………….. Inspection 19
3.4……………….. Rope access equipment setup 20
3.4.1………… Helmets 21
3.4.2………… Harness 21
3.4.3………… Ascenders 22
3.4.4………… Descenders 22
3.4.5………… Back-up device 23
3.4.6………… Connector 23 & 24
3.4.7………… Maillon 24
3.4.8………… Tape slings 24 & 25
3.4.9………… Wire Strops / Slings 25
3.4.10……….. Ropes 25 & 26
3.4.11……….. Pulley 27
3.4.12……….. Footloops / Etriers 27
3.4.13……….. Rope protector / Edge protector 27 & 28
3.4.14……….. Work seat / comfort seat 29
3.4.15……….. Fall arrest lanyards 30
4……………………….. RIGGING 31
4.1……………….. General 31
4.2……………….. Knot and rope handling 31
4.2.1………… Overhand knot 32
4.2.2………… Figure of eight on the bight 32
4.2.3………… Figure of nine on the bight 33
4.2.4………… Double figure of eight on the bight 33
4.2.5………… Barrel or scaffold knot 34
4.2.6………… Alpine butterfly 34
4.2.7………… Bowline 35
4.2.8………… Stopper knot 35
4.2.9………… Double fisherman knot 36
4.2.10……….. Coiling and bagging rope 36 & 37
4.3……………….. Anchor system 38
4.3.1………… Hazards avoidance 39
4.4……………….. Basic anchor system 40
4.5……………….. Y-hangs 40,41 &
42
4.6……………….. Re-anchor (Re-belay) 42
4.7……………….. Deviation 42 & 43
4.8……………….. Retrievable rigging (pull-through) 43
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4.9……………….. Work restraint line / horizontal lifeline 43 & 44

4.10……………… Fall arrest system 45
4.11……………… Work positioning 45
4.12……………… Tensioned lines 46
5……………………….. RIGGING FOR RESCEU AND HAULING 47
5.1……………….. Lowering system 47
5.2……………….. Hauling system 48
5.2.1…….. Hanging hold 48
5.3……………….. Cross haul 49
5.4……………….. Complex rescue systems 49
6……………………….. ROPE MANOEUVRES 50
6.1……………….. Beck-up devices 50
6.1.1………… Fall factor 50
6.2……………….. Descent 51
6.2.1………… Descent using ascending device 52
6.3……………….. Ascent 52
6.3.1………… Ascent using descending device 53
6.4……………….. Changeover 54
6.4.1………… Ascent to descent changeover 54
6.4.2………… Descent to ascent changeover 54
6.5……………….. Deviations 54
6.5.1……….. Single Deviation 54 & 55
6.5.2……….. Double Deviation 55
6.6……………….. Rope-to-rope transfers 56
6.6.1………… Rope-to-rope transfers: Ascending (small) 56
6.6.2………… Rope-to-rope transfer : Descending (small) 56
6.7……………….. Re-anchor (Re-belay) 57
6.7.1………… Small Re-anchor 57
6.7.2………… Large Re-anchor 58
6.8……………….. Passing mid-rope knot 58
6.9……………….. Edge obstructions at the top 59
6.10……………… Passing mid-rope protection 59
7……………………….. CLIMBING TECHNIQUE 60
7.1……………….. Horizontal aid climbing 60
7.2……………….. Vertical aid climbing 60
7.3……………….. Climbing with fall arrest equipment 60 & 61
7.3.1………… Clearance distance 62
8……………………….. ROPE RESCUE 63
8.1……………….. Rescue of casualty who is an descent mode 63
8.2……………….. Rescue from ascent mode (snatch rescue) 65
8.3……………….. Passing deviation with casualty 66
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8.3.1………… For passing a small or single deviation 66

8.3.2………… For passing a large or double deviation 66
8.4……………….. Rope-to-rope transfer with casualty 67
8.5……………….. Passing a small re-anchor with casualty 67
8.5.1………… Passing a large re-anchor with casualty (big loop rescue) 67 & 68
8.6……………….. Mid transfer rescue 68
8.7……………….. Passing mid-rope knot with casualty 69
8.8……………….. Use of tensioned ropes for rescue (tramway) 69 & 70
9………….……………. CLIMBING RESCUE 70
9.1……………….. Rescue from an aid climbing 70
9.2……………….. Rescue from fall arrest equipment 70
9.3……………….. Rescue from an aid climbing with the casualty on the short 71
connection
10…………………........ DEFINITIONS 72 to 74
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1. INTRODUCTION
IRATA International’s rope access system is a safe method of working at height, where ropes and
associated equipment are used to gain access to and egress from workplace, and to be supported
at it.
The advantage of using rope access methods lies mainly in the safety and speed with which
workers can get to or from difficult locations and then carry out their work, often with minimal
impact on other operation. Another major benefit is that the combination of the total man-hours
and the level of risk for particular task is often reduced when compared with other means of
access and their associated risks and cost.
The primary objective when using rope access methods is to plan, manage and carried out the
work with a goal of no accidents, incidents or dangerous occurrences, i.e. to ensure a safe system
work is maintained at all times, and with no damage to property or harm to the environment.
1.1. About this Training Manual
This manual is provided to supplement your IRATA Rope Access course. This manual is not
substitute for training should be used in conjunction with following documentation;
• IRATA International Code and Practice (ICOP)

• IRATA International Training Assessment and Certification Scheme (TECS)
• Equipment User Instructions.
Information for all candidate (IRATA Level 1, 2 & 3)
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1.2. IRATA Training Scheme Flowchart
Figure 1 – Flowchart showing qualification process
Requirements: minimum age of 18 years; no previous experience required; has an aptitude for working @ height
Minimum 4-days training course

1-day independence assessment
Revalidation of Level 1
Level 1
ROPEACCESS TECHICIAN
Minimum 12 months experience

and 1000 working hours logged,
before expired date

in rope access, rigging and
rescue. 1-day independence Revalidation of Level 2
assessment Before expiry date
Level 2
ROPEACCESS TECHICIAN After expiry date
See IRATA Document: 032
Minimum 12 months experience Procedures for IRATA

and 1000 working hours logged, registrations and direct entry
before expired date

in rope access, rigging and
rescue. 1-day independence Revalidation of Level 2
assessment Before expiry date
First aid training

After expiry date
Level 3 See IRATA Document: 032
ROPEACCESS TECHICIAN Procedures for IRATA

registrations and direct entry
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2. PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT (TACS 6.2)
2.1. IRATA International System
Industrial rope access has been developed by IRATA International for over 30 years to a point
where it is the chosen means of access for much of the work in the offshore oil and gas industry
as well as a range of projects in construction, civil engineering, the built and natural environment
and much more. Its success is based on thorough training and strict work guidelines that deliver
an unrivalled safe working record year after year. The environmental, efficiency and economic
benefits have resulted in growing international support for industrial rope access ahead of
alternative means of access.
IRATA International’s safe system of work comprises three main elements;
a) The International Code of Practice (ICOP)

b) The Training, Assessment and Certification Scheme (TACS)
c) Audited member companies and their operating procedures.
2.2. Legal Framework
2.2.1. U.K Legislation.
2.2.1.1. Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER)
LOLER applies to rope access because the term ‘load’ used in LOLER includes the lifting or
lowering of a person.
3 main aims of LOLER:
Lifting operations are properly planned and managed.

Lifting equipment is used in a safe manner.
Lifting equipment is thoroughly inspected at suitable intervals by a competent person.
Types of inspection under LOLER
- Pre-use
- 6 monthly
- Interim inspection
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2.2.1.2. Work at Height Regulations 2005
The Work at Height Regulation 2005, formally incorporated within the Construction (Health, Safety
and Welfare) Regulation 1996, amongst other Regulation, address all issue surrounding working
at height, in all industries. The Regulations set out the hierarchy of measures you should follow
when performing work at height. Following the risk assessment this hierarchy should allow you
select the most appropriate method for work at height. The overriding principle, so far as is
reasonable practicable, any person falling a distance likely to course personal injury.
Hierarchy of measures
Avoid - working at height if at all possible
Prevent - falls from height by utilizing:-
Collective measure -Safe Work Platforms/Mobile Elevated Work Plat
forms/Scaffolds
Personal measure - Work Restraint/ Work Positioning/Work Suspension
Minimize - the consequences of falls by utilizing:-
Collective measures - Airbags/ Safety Nets
Personal measures - Fall Arrest Equipment
At all stages give COLLECTIVE protective measures (e.g. scaffolding, guardrails, nets, airbags,
etc.) precedence over personal protective measures (e.g. safety harness).
2.2.1.3. Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulation 1992
Employers provide suitable and suffusion PPE

Employers provide training and information – sample of equipment instruction
PPE is inspected, maintained and stored properly
Employees use, not interfere and report defects of deficiencies in its use
Category of PPE;
a) Category 1: Minor Hazards e.g. glove
b) Category 2: Serious Hazards e.g. Boots, Helmets
c) Category 3: Serious Hazards, Deadly Hazards e.g. Protection again mortal danger
Most rope access equipment is Category 3. Category 3 must have CE mark and EN number.
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2.2.1.4. Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER)
Any equipment which is used by employee at work is covered under the regulation.
Employers must ensure that work equipment is;
a) Suitable for the intended use
b) Safe for use, maintained in a safe condition and, in certain circumstances, inspected to ensure
this remains the case;
c) Used only by people who have received adequate information, instruction and training;
d) Accompanied by suitable safety measures, e.g. protective devices, markings, warnings.
2.2.1.5. Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013

(RIDDOR)
The reporting of accidents and ill health at work is a legal requirement under the Reporting of
Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations, 2013 (RIDDOR 2013). The
regulations require that in the event of a fatal accident, major injury or dangerous occurrence, the
responsible person notifies the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) by the quickest practical
means and these incidents should be reported to the Incident Control Centre (ICC).
The report injuries that lead to an employee or self-employed person being away from work, or
unable to perform their normal work duties, for more than seven consecutive days as the result
of an occupational accident or injury (not counting the day of the accident but including weekends
and rest days). The report must be made within 15 days of the accident. Such reports should be
made to the ICC online.
Under EU law, employers and others with responsibilities under RIDDOR still have to keep a
record of all over-three-day injuries. The record required under the Social Security (Claims and
Payments) Regulations 1979, is enough to satisfy this requirement.
These regulations require any accident where the time lost by the injured person is over three
days, or where a serious incident (dangerous occurrence) has occurred, to be recorded. In
addition, information on the time lost by the injured person and others in the work team has to be
provided.
2.2.1.6. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulation 2002 (COSHH)
The COSHH regulations required employers to access the risk to their employees and to prevent
or adequately control those risks.
Eight (8) step to COSHH assessment;
1) Work out what hazardous substances are use in the work place and fine out the risk
from using these substances to people health.
2) Decide what precaution are needed before starting work with hazardous substances.
3) Prevent people being exposed to hazardous substances, but where this is not
reasonably practicable, control the exposure.
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4) Make sure control measures are used and maintained properly that safety procedure
are followed.
5) If required, monitor exposure of employees to hazardous substances.
6) Carry out health surveillance where your assessment has shown that it is necessary or
COSHH make specific requirement.
7) If required, prepare plan and procedures to deal the accidents, incidents and
emergencies.
8) Make sure employees are properly informed, trained and supervised.
2.2.1.7. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (MHSWR)
Any high risk job must have risk assessment carried out by competent person e.g. IRATA Safety
Supervisor or someone deemed by the company to be suitably trained and experiences.
2.2.2. Malaysia Legislation
2.2.2.1. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994
An Act to make further provisions for securing the safety, health and welfare of persons at work,
for protecting others against risks to safety or health in connection with the activities of persons
at work, to establish the National Council for Occupational Safety and Health, and for matters
connected therewith.
i) General Duties of Employees at Work

It shall be the duty of every employee while at work:
i) to take reasonable care for the safety and health of himself and of other persons who
may be affected by his acts or omissions at work.
ii) to co-operate with his employer or any other person in the discharge of any duty or
requirement imposed on the employer or that other person by this Act or any
regulation made thereunder;
iii) to wear or use at all times any protective equipment or clothing provided by the
employer for the purpose of preventing risks to his safety and health; and
iv) to comply with any instruction or measure on occupational safety and health instituted
by his employer or any other person by or under this Act or any regulation made
thereunder
ii) Notification of Accident, Dangerous Occurrence, Occupational Poisoning and

Occupational Disease, and Inquiry
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An employer shall notify the nearest occupational safety and health office of any accident,
dangerous occurrence, occupational poisoning or occupational disease which has occurred or is
likely to occur at the place of work.
Every registered medical practitioner or medical officer attending to, or called in to visit, a patient
whom he believes to be suffering from any of the diseases listed in the Third Schedule of the
Factories and Machinery Act 1967 [Act 139], or any disease named in any regulation or order
made by the Minister under this Act, or occupational poisoning shall report the matter to the
Director General.
2.2.2.2. Guidelines for Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC)
2008
The purpose is to provide a systematic and objective approach to assessing hazards and their
associated risks that will provide an objective measure of an identified hazard as well as provide
a method to control the risk. It is one of the general duties as prescribed under the Occupational
Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514) for the employer to provide a safe workplaces to their
employees and other related person.
Hazards: A source or a situation with a potential for harm in terms of human injury or ill health,
damage to property, damage to the environment or a combination of these.
Hazard control: The process of implementing measures to reduce the risk associated with a
hazard.
Hierarchy of control: The established priority order for the types of measures to be used to
control risks.
Hazard identification: The identification of undesired events that lead to the materialization of
the hazard and the mechanism by which those undesired events could occur.
Risk assessment: The process of evaluating the risks to safety and health arising from hazards
at work
Risk management: The total procedure associated with identifying a hazard, assessing the risk,
putting in place control measures, and reviewing the outcomes.
The process of HIRARC requires 4 simple steps:-
1) Classify work activities

2) Identify hazard
3) Conduct risk assessment ( analyze and estimate risk from each hazard), by calculating or
estimating:-
a. Likelihood of occurrence, and
b. Severity of hazard
Decide if risk is tolerable and apply control measures (if necessary)
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2.2.2.3. Guidelines on First-Aid in the Workplace, 2004
First-aid in the workplace includes the provision of first-aid facilities, services and personnel
required for the initial treatment of persons suffering from injury or illness at a workplace. It is the
immediate treatment or care given to a victim of an accident or sudden illness before qualified
health personnel attend to provide treatment.
The aims of first aid are to:
• Preserve life;
• Prevent illness or injury from becoming worse;
• Reduce pain;
• Promote recovery; and
• Care of unconscious.
An employer has a duty to provide information, instruction, training and supervision about first aid
facilities and services for employees.
2.2.2.4. The Factories and Machinery Act 1967

Section 25 of the Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (Act 139) and Regulation 38 of the Factories
and Machinery (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations 1970 state the scope of responsibility of
an occupier with regards to first-aid provision.
The scope includes:
• providing and maintaining a first-aid box or cupboard of such standard as may be
prescribed and ensuring the box is readily accessible at all times; Guidelines On First-Aid
In Workplace Department of Occupational Safety and Health 2
• assigning the responsibility to upkeep a first-aid box or cupboard to a responsible person,

and for a factory with more than 20 person employed, specifying that the responsible
person should be proficient in first-aid treatment; and
• providing and maintaining a first-aid room in a factory where more than 150 person are
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2.2.2.5. The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994
Section 15(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514) provides that every
employer and the self-employed person must ensure, so far as is practicable, the safety, health
and welfare at work of all his employees. The provision of first-aid facilities and first-aiders is in
compliance with the welfare component of this general duty of employers and self-employed
persons
A record of the casualty and treatment given by the first-aider should be made. This record shall
be kept by the employer for a period of five years.
The record should include information on:
• the immediate treatment;

• details about the incident/accident including information about the word process
involved;
• details about injury or work-related illness;
• any referral arrangements made, e.g. usage of local ambulance service, referral to local
hospital;
• subsequent casualty management.
This first-aider is responsible for maintaining the first-aid box. She/he should ensure that only first-
aid material is kept inside the box. She/he should check them periodically and ensure that the
contents of the box are regularly replenished. However, it must be remembered that the absolute
responsibility for maintaining first-aid facilities lies with the employer. Hence, the employer must
ensure that the first-aider carries out his/her assigned responsibility. The employer should review
annually the first-aid requirement to ensure that the services are adequate at all times.
2.3. Risk Assessment and Method Statement
2.3.1. Risk Assessment

A hazard is something that could cause harm to a person or property.
A risk is the likelihood of that harm actually occurring.
Five steps for risk assessment:
1) Identify the hazards in the workplace.
2) Identify who could be harmed and how.
3) Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions.
4) Record the findings, implement them and inform team members and others.
5) Review the risk assessment and revise it when necessary
For further information and sample risk assessment refer ICOP Annex A and Part 2.2.4
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2.3.2. Method Statement

A method statement is a document stating the detailed sequence of events necessary for the
safe execution of the task. It must be available on the job and everyone in the team must
understand it. Typical contents of a method statement include:
• Scope of works.
• Team structure and qualifications.
• Detailed sequence of events.
• Special equipment and plant, tools, etc.
• Arrangements for safeguarding personnel and third parties including the public.
• Details of PPE and the other risk control measures.
• Emergency considerations such as rescue, evacuation and fire procedures.
• Details of anchors and rope systems.
• Communications.
• Arrangements for waste and housekeeping.
• How hazardous substances will be controlled.
For further information on the contents of method of statement refer IRATA ICOP Annex B and
2.2.5
2.4. Selection of access method

When deciding that rope access is a suitable access method for the work to be carried out,
reference to the hierarchy of control measure taken from the Work at Height Regulations 2005
(WAHR) should be made.
For further information on assessing rope access as a suitable work method refer IRATA ICOP
2.2.3
2.5. Selection of Personnel and Competence

Refer IRATA ICOP Part 2, 2.3 and 2.4 for guidance on the selection of rope access technician.
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2.6. Exclusion Zones and Protection of the Third Parties
Exclusion zone may need be set up above, below or around rope

Third Parties access operations to protect people from exposed edges, drops
Protection object or protect the anchor system.
Protect below The site supervisor will identify the exclusion area below the
worksite worksite, set up any barriers or signage as required. Ensure
consideration is made for doorway access routes (emergency exits)
Set up protection for the anchor area. Consider protection for third
parties from the hazards created by worksite and any risk third
Protect anchor area
parties either accidently or purposefully effecting the ringed
equipment.
Any areas during the work where third parties may be effected we
Intermediate
be controlled as required.
protection
Set-up any debris netting where necessary.
All small tool and equipment we be attached to the harness via a

Tools / Equipment lanyards and / or suitable tool bag / bucket to will used to minimize
controlled the risk of dropped objects.
Large tools >8kg we be attached to a separate safety line.
Further information about exclusion zones can be found in IRATA ICOP 2.11.8
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2.7. Planning for emergency
Arrangement for emergency and first aid must be made during the planning stage of any rope
access operation. Full details of these arrangement must be included as part of the risk
assessment or method statement.
It is the responsibility of the IRATA Level 3 to take ownership of the rescue plan, communicate
the emergency arrangements to the work team, implement any pre-rigged or rig for rescue
system and ensure its effectiveness throughout the work task.
The rescue plan should include;
a) Designated anchor points;
b) Required equipment;
c) Team size;
d) Team competence;
e) Supervision arrangement;
f) A reliable communication system;
g) Step-by-step procedure for rescue;
h) First aid provision;
i) Contingency plan covering possible complications.
If working in remote locations the need for a more comprehensive first aid kit and advance training
maybe required, it maybe advantages to make special arrangements with the local emergency
services and inform them of your location.
2.8. Suspension intolerance / suspension trauma
Suspension intolerance is a condition in which a suspended person, e.g. in a harness, can

experience certain unpleasant symptoms, which can lead to unconsciousness and eventually
death. The reason for this is that the body is not tolerant of being in an upright position and
motionless at the same time. Persons likely to be affected are those who are suspended in a
generally upright position and who are motionless, for example, when seriously injured or
unconscious, or when fastened vertically in a stretcher.
Normal movement of the legs (e.g. When ascending, descending or working while suspended)
will activate the muscles, which should minimize the risk of excessive venous pooling and the
onset of pre-syncope. It is recommended that harness legloops are wide and well-padded, as this
should help to spread the load and reduce possible restrictions to blood-flow through the arteries
and veins in the legs. The use of a work seat should be considered if one position is expected to
be sustained for an extended period.
Refer IRATA ICOP Part 3, Annex G for more information.
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3. EQUIPMENT (TASC 6.3)
3.1. Selection of equipment
Rope access equipment should be chosen bases on an assessment of;

a) Suitable of equipment for the intended task and intended work environment
b) Intended purpose as specified by the manufacturer
c) The likelihood and consequences of misuse of equipment – including known incidents
d) Competent of the end user
e) Compatibility with existing equipment
f) Conferment with relevant standards
3.1.1. EN Standards and CE Marking
All PPE used in industrial rope access must meet required standards for use in the country they
are to be used in. Within the European Union a CE mark on a product indicates that the item has
been type tested and meets a minimum standard.
The EN number marked on an item indicates the relevant standard the items has been tested
against. Both EN and CE marks are not intended to be an indication of the quality of an item of
equipment.
3.1.2. Equipment traceability
All equipment, when used in industrial rope access must be traceable to inspection records and
certificate of conformity. Normally this is achieved by unit ID numbers of the equipment, whatever
method is used to identify equipment it is importance we do not alter, damage or affect the
performance of equipment.
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3.2. Care and maintenance
Consult the manufacturer’s recommendations on how best to care for and maintain your
equipment.
3.2.1. Storage
Equipment should be stored in the secure area where access is restricted to necessary competent
personnel only. Equipment should be stored in line with manufactures recommendation, normally
a cool, dry area away from direct sunlight. Care should be taken to ensure that there are no
potential cause of damage to stored equipment, e.g. chemical, sharp edges, heat etc.
3.2.2. Lifespan
Consult the manufactures recommendations for the item and equipment lifespan. In extreme
cases the life of the piece of equipment may be as short as it’s first used due to the environment
that is subjected to or any damage or degradation that may have occurred.
3.2.3. Equipment strength

BL = Breaking Load: The maximum load can be applied to an item of equipment before it breaks.
WLL = Working Load Limit: The maximum load, as determined by the manufacturer that an
item of equipment is designed to raise, lower or suspend.
SWL = Safe Working Load: The maximum load, as determined by the competent person that
an item of equipment is designed to raise, lower or suspend under particular condition.
It is normally recognized that the safe working load is 1 person or 2 person in an emergency. For
a more accurate calculation the below formula should be used;
Factor of safety (FOS);

Metal Items: 5:1
Textile Items: 10:1
SWL = BL
FOC
E.g.
Low Stretch Rope
BL = 3000kg SWL = 3000 = 300kg

10
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Steel Karabiner
BL = 2500kg SWL = 2500 = 500kg
5
Textile items have a higher Factor of Safety as they are more susceptible to wear, heat and
chemical damage, knotted rope are also up to 50% weaker depending upon which knot is used.
Never exceed the SWL of the weakest items of equipment in the rope access system.
3.3. Inspection
There are 3 type of inspection to which all rope access equipment should be subjected to. These
are the pre-use check, thorough examination and in certain circumstances an interim inspection.
Pre-use check
– Carried out by user of the equipment and consists of a visual, tactile and functional check. The
result of a pre-used check are normally recorded.
Thorough examination
– Carried out by company appointed competent person before equipment is used for a first time
and then at 6 month intervals. The result of a thorough examination should be recorded.
Interim inspection
– where equipment is used in arduous condition or exceptional circumstances are liable to
jeopardize safety, interim inspection can be carried out by a competent person in addition to the
pre use check and the thorough examination. Interim inspection should be recorded.
Further information regarding equipment inspection can be found in the manufacturer information
that should be supply with the items and the ICOP;
Annex H – Equipment inspection checklist
Annex I – List of information to be recorded following a detailed inspection of rope access
equipment.
Annex J – Resistance to chemical and other properties of some of the man-made fibers used in
the manufacture of rope access equipment.
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3.4. Rope access equipment setup
Helmets
ASCENDING DEVICE
Ascension / Jumar
(BACKUP
DEVICE)
ASAP
ASCENDING ABSORBICA
DEVICE
Croll
Full body harness
(DESCENDING
DEVICE) Carabiner
I’D
Footloop
Device lanyards
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3.4.1. Helmets
Helmets should be chosen that conform the style more

appropriate to rope access application than those of a standard
industrial helmets.
The helmets should provide resistance to side impact as well
as from above. It should have a fully adjustable cradle for
comfort and a Y shaped chinstrap to prevent accidental loss.
Helmet has no peak so as to give all round vision.
Conformity
EN 397; EN 14052 (Industrial)
EN 12849 (Mountaineering)
Additional information
ICOP section 2.7.12 (manufacturers’ user instruction)
3.4.2. Harness
Work positioning harnesses for rope access work may be a sit

harness or full body harness, depending upon the nature of the
work to be carried out and the regulations applicable where the
work is being undertaken.
As this is a mobile fall arresting device it must be connected to
sternal (chest) or dorsal (rear) attachment point to keep the user
upright in case of fall.
Conformity
EN 813: Sit harness
EN 358: Work positioning system
EN 361: Full body harness (max fall distance 0.6m and max
impact load 4kN for sternal attachment.
Manufacturers’ user instruction
ICOP section 2.7.3
ICOP Annex D
ICOP Annex J
3.4.3.
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3.4.4. Ascenders (Croll, Jumar)

Ascending devices are attached to the working line and are
used when the rope access technician wishes to climb up.
Actual strength on the rope of 4.2 – 6.5kN static loading before
sheath damage occurs.
The frame may be used to clip into, as eye strength varies from
5 -20kN.
Ascenders must not be used in a shock load situation as rope

damage or breakage may occur.
Conformity
EN 567: Mountaineering equipment (rope clamp)
EN 12841, Type B: Personal fall protection equipment – rope
access system – rope adjustment device.
ICOP section 2.7.6
3.4.5. Descenders (I’D,STOP)

Descending device are used to attach the rope access technician
to the working line and control the descent.
Special consideration should be given to the suitability and
performance of descending device during rescue, when potential
load could be significantly higher than the manufactures
maximum rated load.
Conformity
EN 12841, Type C; ISO 22159 – Personal fall protection
equipment – rope access system
For rescue only: EN 341. Note: Stop has EN 341 only, therefore
requires assessment of “foreseeable misuse” for normal
operations.
ICOP section 2.7.5
3.4.6.
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3.4.7. Back-up device (ASAP, Duck,)

Back-up devices are used to attach the rope access technician
to the safety line. In the event of a failure of the working line or
loss of control by the rope access technician, beck-up device are
intended to lock on to the safety line without causing catastrophic
damage to the safety line and also absorb the limited shock load
that might occur.
When used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions,
the combination of back-up device, connectors and harness
should be able to limit the force on the user to a maximum of
6.0kN in the event of a working line failure.
It is recommended that back-up devices used are of a type that
will not slip at a static load of less than 2.5kN to allow for two
persons to be supported from it, which may be necessary in the
rescue situation.
The Shunt slips when 2.5 – 3kN of force has been applied to it.
The Shunt performs better on 11mm kernmantel rope.
Conformity
EN 12841-A: Personal fall protection equipment – rope access
system (ASAP, DUCK)
When used in snatch rescue techniques the ASAP must be used
with ABSORBICA L57 absorbing lanyard.
EN 567: Shunt
Note: Shunt requires assessment of “foreseeable misuse” for
normal operations.
ICOP section 2.7.7
3.4.8. Connector
Connectors with gate locking mechanism such as a screwed
sleeve or an automatic locking mechanism are the only types that
can provide the required level of security for use in rope access.
Both steel and alloy can used in rope access. Karabiners should
have a minimum 2-way action gate locking mechanism such as
a screwed sleeve or automatic locking mechanism. Gates must
be screwed or secured shut when in use.
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Steel karabiners should be used when clipped to wire strops, bolts, cables or other anchorages
that could cause damage to an alloy karabiner.
Take care to load along the long axis (top to bottom) as opposed to across the minor axis (gate),
which is much weaker.
Karabiners are marked with the breaking load and not the safe working load used for lifting
equipment. Recommended minimum static strength for karabiner loaded across major axis with
gate closed is 20KN.
Conformity
EN 362: PPE against falls from height – For all type connector (including self-closing and self-
locking type)
ICOP section 2.7.4
ICOP Annex F 3.7
3.4.9. Maillon
Maillons may be substituted for karabiners where more
permanent or semi-permanent attachments are required or
where a multi-directional loading may occur. Use exclusively
certified Maillons, only those which are marked to this standard
are to be used for PPE.
They must be screwed completely shut i.e. no thread showing
before being loaded. If they are not screwed fully shut then they
will not achieve adequate strength.
Conformity
EN 362: PPE against falls from height – connector
EN 12275: Mountaineering equipment – connector – Safety
requirement and test methods
3.4.10. Tape sling

Tape sling are user to an anchor point when place on structure. They are normally made from
textile webbing and may have a protective sleeve to reduce damage to the sling. They need to be
kept and maintained in the same way as ropes.
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Breaking load is to be in excess of 22kN.
Knotted slings are weaker than if they are stitched. Only stitched
and certified slings can be used for PPE.
Conformity
EN 759: PPE against falls from height – anchor device –
requirements and test testing
ICOP section 2.7.8
ICOP Annex J
ICOP Annex F 3.8
3.4.11. Wire Strops/Slings

Wire strops are used to create an anchor point around a
structure. Wire strops are often encased within a protective
sleeve to protect the structure and strop from damage.
Wire strops should have minimum static strength of 15kN
Conformity
EN 795: Protection against falls from height – anchor device –
requirements and test testing
ICOP section 2.7.8
ICOP Annex F 3.8
3.4.12. Ropes
In the present state of materials science, only ropes made from polyester are suitable for anchor
lines for rope access. Other man-made materials might be useful in special situations but care
should be taken to verify their suitability for the intended use.
Ropes used in industrial rope access for personal protective equipment are of kernmantel (kern
= core and mantel = sheath) construction.
Knots weaken the rope by up to 50 %. Some knots weaken the rope less than others.
Mechanical and some other types should be detectable by visual and tactile checking (i.e. running
the rope through hands)
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Nylon is affected by UV light e.g. sunlight and heat above 80°C.
It has 10-15% loss of strength when wet, which is regained when dry. It is not affected by mildew
The static strength of the rope after terminations have been made is a minimum of 15kN.
Low stretch rope

The EN test is a minimum-breaking load of 22kN for type A of
ropes and a minimum of 5 fall factor 1 falls.
Impact forces of less than 5.3kN occur with a fall factor 0.3 with
100kg. The EN requirement is a maximum of 6kN.
Dynamic Rope
Dynamic single ropes are available in diameters of 10.5mm –
11mm are most suitable. The breaking load of a dynamic rope
is not given. The most important factor is the impact load.
Dynamic rope stretches typically up to 12% over its length, in
order to absorb and lessen the impact force of any fall. The EN
test is to hold 5 fall factor 2 falls with 80kg at an impact force of
less than 12kN by stretching and absorbing energy.
Device / Anchor Lanyards (Cow’s-tails)

Cow’s tails are used to connect the operative’s harness to the
safety or working rope (via the appropriate knots and suitable
attachment points). They should be able to withstand any
dynamic forces they may be subjected to, including those that
may occur as a result of a failure within the suspension system.
Cow’s-tails are made of single dynamic rope of 10.5 – 11mm Ø.
Cow’s-tails should not be covered along the length with electrical
tape, as there will be loss of dynamic performance.
Conformity
EN 1891: PPE against falls form height –
Low stretch kernmentel rope
EN 892: PPE against falls form height –
Dynamic kernmentel rope
ICOP section 2.7.2
ICOP Annex J
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Pulley
Pulley are used in a variety of rope access manoeuvres and to
reduce the friction of any rope running through it for example
when building hauling system, or when changing the direction of
moving rope. Rope access technicians should be aware of the
possible increase of loadings on anchor in some rigging
situations.
Conformity
EN 12278: Mountaineering equipment - Pulleys
ICOP section 2.7.13
3.4.13. Footloops / Etriers

Footloops are used in additional with a hand ascender when climbing rope. Etriers a used as a
multi steps footoop generally for aid climbing or when maintaining a comfortable work position
whilst suspended and also used for counterbalance technique during a rescue.
Footloops / etriers is not load bearing item of equipment.
Conformity
None – This item is not PPE
3.4.14. Rope protector / edge protector

The best form of protect rope protection is to rig ropes to avoid edges and hazardous objects,
where this not reasonable practicable suitable rope protection equipment must be used, e.g.
where it is not possible to arrange a natural free hang or use deviations or re-anchors, it is
essential that anchor lines are suitable protected against the hazard.
Rope must be protected from contact with sharp or abrasive surface or hot surface, at any time
during rope access activity.
Conformity Additional information
None. This item is not PPE Manufacturers’ user instruction
ICOP section 2.7.10

ICOP section 2.11.3
ICOP Annex P
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Hierarchy prevent damage to anchor lines
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3.4.15. Work seat / comfort seat

A work seat is used to provide comfort to a rope access technician when suspended for long
period of time. A work seat is not part of the fall prevention system.
Don’t used the work seat as the primary means of support.
Attachment points for work seat on Petzl AVAO harness
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Conformity
None.
ICOP section 2.7.11
3.4.16. Fall arrest lanyards

Fall arrest system should incorporate an energy dissipating element, component or feature to
keep the impact load (more accurately, the declaration) experienced by the user in a fall to an
acceptable level.
Double fall arrest lanyards are used to allow user to remain constantly attached while moving on
structure. It is importance that two single lanyards are not use to create a double lanyard as this
can potentially double the impact force generate by a fall.
Length and style of lanyards should be suitable for the task. The overall length of lanyard we be
determined by the energy absorber used, this must not exceed 2m including connector.
Conformity
EN 355: PPE against falls from height (energy absorbers)
EN 354: PPE against falls from height (Lanyards)
ICOP Annex E
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4. RIGGING (TACS 6.4)
4.1. General
Anyone using industrial rope access techniques (i.e. where the rope is used as the primary means
of support or positioning) must be attached to two independently attached ropes. The main
working rope will be used for primary support using a descender or ascenders, whilst the other
rope will be used as the safety or back-up rope. Each rope should have its own separate anchor
system. Ropes should be rigged so that if one rope should fail, a shock load would not be passed
on through the system.
4.2. Knot and rope handling

Knot form an importance and typically to form termination in textile anchor lines and there are
many that are suitable for use in rope access. They are used to attach ropes to anchor during
rigging and for attaching rope access personnel.
As such to ability to tie knots and have a fundamental knowledge of various knots and their uses
is essential. In the workplace, knots should only be tied by persons with a thorough knowledge of
knots and knot-tying techniques.
The tails of all knots should be at lease 100mm long, once the knot has been set (IRATA ICOP
2.11.5.4) and when using stopper knot on the ends of ropes the tails should be at lease 300mm
(IRATA ICOP 2.11.3.1.11).
The reduction in the strength of the rope caused by the knot varies, dependent upon the type of
knot and the accuracy and neatness with which it is tied. Typical strength losses, showing the
lower and upper values between a well-dressed knot and poorly-dressed knot;
a) Overhand on the bight: 32% to 42%
b) Barrel or scaffold knot: 23% to 33%
c) Figure of eight on the bight: 23% to 34%
d) Figure of nine on the bight: 16% to 32%
e) Figure of ten on the bight: 32% to 42%
f) Double figure of eight on the bight (bunny knot): 23% to 39%
g) Alpine butterfly: 28% to 39%
h) Bowline: 26% to 45%
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4.2.1. Overhand knot

The simplest knot that forms a secure loop in the rope. It is very easy to tie but very difficult to
undo after loading.
Uses: general hauling of work equipment
4.2.2. Figure of eight on the bight

Adding an extra half-turn to a double overhand knot creates a double figure-of-eight knot, a very
common knot in both rope access and mountaineering. It is strong and easier to undo than
overhand knot.
Uses: On device lanyards, attach on main anchor.
Figure 8 on a bight instruction Figure 8 follow through tying steps
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4.2.3. Figure of nine on the bight
KNOT
Another half-turn to the double figure-of-eight creates the double figure-of-nine. It is slightly
stronger again and even easier to undo.
Uses: Attach on main anchor point.
4.2.4. Double figure of eight on the bight (bunny knot)
This knot is useful as it creates two loops that can be used to equalize anchors. These can be
easily adjusted and it is widely used in both industry and caving to make loads equal when a rope
is secured to two anchors.
2
Uses: Attach on main anchor point / Y-hang
Tying a double figure 8 knot / bunny
4 knot
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4.2.6. Barrel or scaffold knot

This knot is use in the end of the device lanyard (cow’s tail) as is grip a karabiner tightly and
prevents it from being cross loaded. In testing a barrel knot has shown to have a greater shock
absorbing qualities then other knots used on the end lanyards. Great care must be taken when
using the barrel knot to ensure to has been tied the correct way so when the lanyards is weighted,
the knot tighten does not pull trough.
Uses: on device lanyards (Cow’s tail)
4.2.7. Alpine butterfly
This knot is use for isolate the damage / cut or abrasion in rope. This knot is frequently used as it
can be used to create a loop in the middle of a rope that, unlike the 'double figure-of-knots', can
accept loading in any orientation without deformation. It was tested for loop strength as with the
other termination knots. Loop strengths were comparable to the overhand knot.
Uses: isolate damaged section in ropes, ‘Y’ hangs, three way loading.
Technique 1 Technique 2
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4.2.8. Bowline
A common, versatile knot, quick to tie and very easy to undo. Must be dressed with additional
stopper knot to prevent slippage.
Uses: attaching around larger anchors.
Bowline Bowline on the bight
4.2.9. Stopper knot

The stopper knot will be in the end of every rope that is rigged. Usually tied approx. 300mm to
1000mm from the end of the rope.
Uses: prevent rope access technician’s abseiling off end the rope.
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4.2.10. Double fisherman knot

This knot is very difficult to untie if it has been heavily loaded.
Use: joining 2 ropes of identical diameter together.
4.2.11. Coiling and bagging rope

Coiling a rope.
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Coiling / butterfly coil
The most common way to coil a rope, start off with the
middle of the rope, the coil of rope can carried on your back
and is secured with a reef knot.
Daisy / Chain link

One of the advantages of daisy/chain linking
ropes is, if the ropes are wet and hung up in 1
this manner to dry, air can circulate around the
rope drying them.
There are several different ways of starting the

chain link, perhaps the most fool proof way of
getting it right, is to start off with the middle of 2
the rope:
1) tie on overhand knot, this also prevents

others from untying the rope from the
wrong side
3
2) pass a loop of rope through the
overhand knot loop to your hand
3) Repeat this process, until you come to
the end, to secure pass the tails of the
rope through the final loop.
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4.3. Anchor system

When selecting, positioning and using anchor, the principle of double protection applies and
therefore, at least two independent anchor, i.e. at least one for the working line and at least one
for the safety line, should always be used.
The strength of main anchor points should be at least as strong as that of the ropes attached to
them and not less than 15kN. To determine the minimum anchor strength requirement, IRATA’s
code of practice uses a safety factor of 2.5. The maximum permissible impact force on the user
in the event of a fall should not exceed 6kN; therefore, the static strength of all anchors, should
be at least 15kN. Deviation anchors and anchors placed simply to maintain the position of the
anchor lines may have a lower static strength than this, but should be sufficient for the load that
could be applied.
Anchor of the type that are fixed in masonry should only be installed (and inspected) by competent
persons, who are aware of the numerous safety issues, e.g. minimum distance required between
two fixed anchor, minimum distance from any edge, correct depth, solid or hollow masonry. Where
possible, anchors should always be installed so that they are loaded in shear.
Typical arrangements of anchor system include:
• Basic anchor system
• Small Y-hang
• Wide Y-hang
• Re-anchor
• Deviation
• Pull trough
• Work restrain / horizontal lifeline
• Tension rope
• Releasable anchor
• Vertical fall arrest line
Whatever type of system is rigged consideration must be given to avoiding sharp, hot or abrasive
surface. Where these cannot be avoid adequate rope protection must be installed. This rope
protection must be resilient enough to comfortably control the hazards.
Rope access technician and rescue services should be aware that additional anchors may be
required to facilitate workmate retrieval.
Refer IRATAT ICOP Annex F for more information.
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4.3.1. Hazards avoidance
Rig ropes
All equipment should be inspected every time it is used by the technician

Inspect
carried out the rigging under supervision of the IRATA level 3 supervisor.
equipment
IRATA supervisor should ensure that the RAMS are adhered to at all times
Method during the rope access operation. RAMS should be amended and agreed
Statement with the client before any work commences.
Anchor point should be selected by IRATA L3 supervisor in accordance

Select anchor with the RAMS. (Refer ICOP Annex F 2.7.9 and 2.11.2). Minimum strength
15kN and rescue load a minimum of two separate anchor per person
should be used.
Attach rope to Consideration should be made to any abrasion point on the anchor point
anchor and suitable attachment slings, strop or connector will be used.
Identify and Where possible ropes should be rigged to avoid any edges, where this not
install edge possible edge protection should be installed.
protection
Identify and Any abrasion point may effect to integrity of the rope should be, where
install mid rope practicable be avoided by re-anchor or deviation. If not, rope protector are
protection used to protect the rope. (1 protector for each rope)
Identify and The rope immediately above the technician descender and beck up device
install from any should be protected if the task involves the use of tools or equipment that
hazardous tool may affect it. (Cutting, welding, etc.)
or work
Identify and The rope below the technician should be protected from falling debris and
install from any being walked on. Good housekeeping and coiled or bagged ropes may be
hazardous used.
below work
area
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4.4. Basic anchor system

The basic anchor system may use two figure of eight on a bight and figure of nine on a bight knot.
As minimum a basic anchor system consist of two ropes, each with its
own connection. Wherever feasible, the two independent anchors, one
for working line and one for the safety line, and each with a static
strength of 15kN or more should be linked together for added security
4.5. Y-hangs
Where ropes are to be rigged from two separate structure element or bolt anchor, the rigging of
a Y-hang confers three advantages: precise positioning of rope, sharing of loads on the anchor
and reduce impact loads in the event of anchor failure.
Where the minimum recommended static strength of 15kN for the single anchor is not achievable,
it acceptable to link together a number of anchor of a lower static strength, e.g. by the use of a Y-
hang to effectively as a single independent anchor for either the working line or the safety line, as
long as a load on each group of anchor is equal sheared and combined static strength is a
minimum of 15kN.
Y-hang with Bunny knot Y-hang with Figure 8 and Alpine Butterfly knot
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Small Y-hang: Rigging Y-hang between anchors less than one (1) meter
Wide Y-hang: Rigging Y-hang between anchors more than one (1) meter – consequences of
failure of any one item needs to consider, e.g. used of four anchor rather than two.
The effects of the failure of one of the anchors (e.g. a swing likely to cause personal injury). This
potential can be lessened by using 2 anchors for each half the ‘Y’, thereby preventing a swing
should any one element of the system fail.
At angles less than 90⁰, the load placed on each anchor point is significantly less than the load
on the rope. At angles greater than 120⁰, the load placed on each of the anchor points is
significantly greater than the load placed on the rope. It is essential therefore, that rigging angles
should never exceed 120 ⁰, at which point the load placed on the rope is equal to the load placed
on both anchors points. Ideally an angle not exceeding 90⁰ should be achieved.
Note: By exceeding 160⁰ in a ‘Y’ hang, the WLL of a typical 10.5mm low Stretch Rope would
be exceeded when a load of 100kg is applied.
The formula for calculating the anchor point loading on ‘Y’ hang is as follows:
Load at each anchor = L ÷ Cosine ½ A Example;
2
Load = 100kg & A = 90 ̊
Anchor Anchor
Load = 100 ÷ cos 45

A⁰ 2
Load = 141.421
L 2
Load = 70kg (each anchor)
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Rigging angles & Sling use
4.6. Re-anchors (Re-belay)

Where the direction of the rope is required to be changed and it is not practicable to use a
deviation either to avoid abrasion or to afford the technician more efficient access, a re-anchor
may be installed. A re-anchor is a double anchor point part way down the drop into which the
ropes are attached. If the event of a failure of the re-anchor anchors could be a problem, then the
system should be set up as a rope to rope transfer using two separate twin rope anchor systems
at the top.
Rope may be re-anchored for a number of reasons, including positioning the rope of work,
avoiding hazards, or reduce rope stretch.
4.7. Deviation
Deviation are a method of rigging with allows re-direction of the path of ropes.
Deviation can be divided into two types:
1) To position the technician on the workface. In these cases a single deviation anchor may
be appropriate, i.e. where the consequence of anchor failure would be a small swing,
which has no potential for injury or rigging damage. A single deviation should not exceed
20° from the vertical.
2) Double-anchor deviations may be used to deviate the ropes by a greater angle and
distance than a single anchor deviation, and / or may allow the ropes and user to be
protected against more serious hazards such as a sharp edge or a large swing into a
structure. Such a deviation utilizes a double anchor system, with suitably rated anchors
and connection components, to provide protection against failure of any one item. Where
a large angle is created, users should consider whether a re-anchor may be more
appropriate.
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Deviation Force
4.8. Retrievable rigging (pull-through’)

This method considered temporary rigging for access or egress and therefore are not normally
considered appropriate for rescue.
It is important that that the rope technician carefully checks that he/she is connected to the correct
side of the system. Ropes on both sides must reach the ground.
Remove any stopper knots from the climbing side of rope before retrieving ropes. Rope protection
maybe required for the rope running over the anchor
4.9. Work restraint line / horizontal lifeline

Work restraint is a technique whereby a person is prevented by means a personal fall protection
equipment from reaching zones where the risk of a fall from height exists.
The main consideration when setting up a horizontal lifeline is the effect of angle loading on the
system in the event of it being loaded.
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Here are some points to consider when rigging a horizontal lifeline:
• Solid anchor points should be selected at each side of lifeline. Minimum 12kN
• Intermediates anchors placed maximum of 5m apart.
• The lifeline should run freely through the intermediate anchors (not knotted).
• The rope should be hand tensioned through the descender and locked off.
• The maximum allowable incline is 15°. Anything above 15° should be treated as a vertical
lifeline.
• The lifeline should be rigged as high as possible in relation to the user to minimize potential
falls.
• Maximum of 2 people per lifeline.
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4.10. Fall arrest system

Technique where a person can move around the work area freely
and in the event of a fall an energy absorbing lanyard with a full
body harness or device will safely arrest the fall. The Lanyard is
usually attached to the Sternal or Rear points.
4.11. Work positioning

Technique that enables a person to work supported in tension by
protective equipment in such a way that a fall from a height is
prevented or restricted.
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4.12. Tensioned lines

Ropes can be tensioned between two sets of anchors to facilitate horizontal or diagonal
movement. Additional working and safety lines are required to control movement when using
diagonal tensioned lines.
Horizontal tensioned lines
Diagonal tensioned lines
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5. RIGGING FOR RESCUE AND HAULING (TACS 6.5)

Option and methods for rescue should be considered at the planning stage and a site specific
rescue plan should be included in the safety method statement. Rope access technician should
be provided with the training and equipment necessary to implement the rescue.
Before commencing any rescue it is important that the cause of the casualty’s accident is fully
understood, so that these conditions do not affect the rescue team, for example if the casualty is
unconscious through gassing.
Rescue system can be broadly divided into two type:
1) Rig-for-rescue - where a team implements a pre-rigged or hauling system
2) Intervention - where a rope access technician is able to direct assist a casualty and
perform an accompanied ascent or descent, passing any obstruction he/she may
encounter.
If the rescue scenario is particularly complicated then a practice rescue should be carried out to
ensure the proposed rescue method could be successfully completed within an acceptable time
span. Keep potential rescues as simple as possible, starting with the rigging.
5.1. Lowering system

In many situations where the top anchors are easily accessible and a clear descent can be
achieved, rescue can be expedited by rigging the ropes as a releasable lowering system.
When using descender as the

lowering device, the
manufacturer’s instructions
may require the used a
karabiner (friction) to increase
control.
5.2.
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5.3. Hauling system

The reeving of rope through pulleys will give a lifting advantage for lifting loads. The lifting
advantage obtained varies with the number of pulleys used in the system. Various numbers of
pulleys can be used and various numbers of pulley configurations can be created.
The most efficient pulley system and the most used pulley system is a Z Pulley (3:1 advantage:
simply: if the casualty weighs 60kg you will be pulling 20kg of weight).
5.3.1. Hanging hold

A hanging haul is where the load (typically the casualty) has
tension on both ropes and is hanging below. You will need an
extra rope to build up a hauling system. Start off by sending an
ascender with a karabiner with a barrel knot attached to it down
to the load as close to the load as you can. This rope will be
your pulley system, build up a 3:1 and haul upwards. Once the
load has been lifted slightly it is possible to install a backup onto
their back up rope.
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5.4. Cross haul

Cross hauling is where two or more pulley system are used to move the load, both systems are
connected to the load. In practice it is similar to doing a rope transfer. This is another situation
where you need to keep an eye on the angle loading.
This method should look the potential for an out-of-control swing (e.g. one caused by the failure
of the single item of equipment) by the use of an appropriate back up. Appropriate communication
need to consider on this system.
5.5. Complex rescue systems

When required to transfer or moving casualty to safe area, IRATA Level 3 Supervise should be
careful planning to perform the rescue. This rescue technique requires the involvement of all team
members.
During this rescue, level 3 shall take account of following:
a) Team management; all crew member shall make the most effective use of their given
team, taking into account the skill level of each member. Team member shall position
themselves so that they are in the most suitable place to co-ordinate the work task and
likely rescue scenario.
b) Communication: All crew shall communicate their intentions within the team so that each
team member is clear on his/her role for the planned method of work and rescue. Clear
instruction shall be given to each member during each stage of the team rescue.
Consideration shall also be given to communicating with emergency service and other
site personnel.
c) Equipment: All crew shall select suitable and sufficient equipment for the given task,
taking consideration the competence of the individual team members and compatibility of
components.
d) Casualty management: Rescuer shall perform the best practice when managing the
casualty’s needs, including keeping the casualty upright, providing comfort measures e.g.
a work seat or stretcher, and limiting the time spent immobile in suspension.
IRATA level 3 supervisor must be able to plan and manage the task and make appropriate
provision for rescue, using all team members.
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6. ROPE MANOEUVRES (TASC 6.6)

When working in suspension, minimum attachments are required to maintain two independent
safety attachment. In some situations, more than two points are safety attachment may be
required to protect against any potential out-of-control swing (pendulum) or movement that may
cause injury to personnel or damage to equipment or property.
6.1. Back-up devices

The beck-up device, which is connected to safety line to protect against fall before, during and
after attachment on rope access technician to working line. It should be first item to be attached
to the anchor lines, i.e. before ascending and descending devices and the last item to be removed
at the point of egress, i.e. after removing the descending devices, the beck-up should be managed
at all-times in such a way that the potential fall distance is minimise.
6.1.1. Fall factor

Fall Factors measure the relative severity of a fall in terms of the shock loads placed upon the
equipment and user.
The Fall Factor is calculated by dividing the length of fall by the length of rope holding the fall:
FALL FACTOR (FF) = LENGTH OF FALL

LENGTH OF ROPE
A fall factor 2 is the maximum you can produce, reason being you cannot fall further than twice
the length of a rope. (Though this has been contended with a scenario of; sliding down an upright
for 3 meters and then the fall being arrested by way of Lanyard/Cows tail, this should be calculated
as impact force), but for practical purposes we will deal with a factor 2 fall being the maximum.
Dynamic rope is designed to stretch allowing it to deal with the impact forces much better than
static rope, this is why we only use dynamic rope for lanyards and climbing and belaying where
there are risks of falling.
IMPACT FORCE (IF) FORMULAR;
Formula: Mass (M) x Gravity (G) x Height (H)
Example:
IF = M x G x H
IF = 100kg x 10 (Rounded off) x 1mtr
IF = 100 x 10 x 1
IF = 1000kg force
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6.2. Descent
The control descent of ropes is a core technique in rope access. Rope access technician must be
able to control their speed and stop as required.
Before descending, checking the position and function beck-up device. During descent ensure
safe control of the ‘tail’ ropes.
• Attach your backup device on the backup rope (maintain min fall factor 1)
• Attach your descender device on the working rope checking the diagram on the side to
ensure the descender device is correctly attached.
• Lock off your descender.
• Apply your weight onto the descender, checking for any twists in the equipment.
• Hold onto the tail rope coming out from the descender and unlock your descender (make
sure always have hold of the trail rope when the descender is in an unlocked position).
• After making sure the path of descent is clear, press down gently on the descenders
handle while gripping onto the tail rope with your opposite hand.
• To stop let go of the handle. (Make sure you lock off the device).
• To bring the backup device down with you, hold onto the backup devices cord in between
your fingers with the hand that is operating the descenders descent handle. Holding the
backup device at the descenders handle level / shoulder level is so there is little
deployment of the backup device lowering the overall impact forces in the event of a fall).
Backup devices should never be moved by holding onto the body of the unit. In the event of a fall
it has been recorded that operatives do not let go and thus the backup device can never be
deployed. Use the Carabineer to raise the device and the cord to lower the device.
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6.2.1. Descent using ascending device

A Manoeuvre using a descending device to ascend on your working rope. This is useful if you
have descended slightly past your work area and you need to ascend back up to the work area.
It can be used for greater distances if you are fit and strong enough.
• Place hand ascender above descender and push high.
• Hold control rope palm up, as close to the descender and pull upwards at same time stand
up slowly whilst maintaining part weight on the descender.
• Try to keep rope from hand ascender to descender under tension as the rope will pull
through descender much easier.
• Lock off your descender if you have reached your work area, or keep hold of the tail rope
and slide your hand back up to the descender.
• Repeat the above steps until work area has been reached.
6.3. Ascent
Climbing the rope is second basic technique in rope access and is
accomplished by the alternate use of two ascending devices,
typically a chest ascender and a handled ascender with a foot loop.
When using the ascending devices, ensure the attachment to the
rope in correct position, pre ascent safety check and need to avoid
impact loading of ascending equipment. It is important to note that
an ascending device is only considered to be a point of attachment
if it is loaded statically.
• Attach your back up device on the back up rope (This
should be kept no lower than your shoulder level at all times
in all manoeuvres).
• Attach your Croll on the working rope checking the diagram
on the side of the Croll to ensure it is correctly attached.
• Attach your Hand Ascender with Foot Loops to the working
rope above the Croll and within reach. Apply your weight
onto the Chest Ascender, checking for any twists in the
equipment.
• Hold onto the Hand Ascender and place a foot into the Foot
Loops at a comfortable high.
• Stand up using the Hand Ascender and Foot Loops
• The working rope should automatically slide through the
Croll. (When there is little tail rope beneath the Croll you
will need to pull the rope through the Croll whilst standing.).
• Apply your weight back onto the Croll.
• Slide your Hand Ascender up the working rope again
and repeat the above steps.
Ensure Back-up device is kept high at all times.
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6.3.1. Ascent using a descending device
For this manoeuvre you should be ascent mode.

Place working rope either between legs or to left
hand side of body
• Position hand ascender approximately at forehead height.

• Stand in foot loop and bring left arm straight up working rope.
• With right forefinger depress top of Croll toothed cam (do not fully open Croll)
• Bend knee and slowly sit back down.
• Draw down back-up device
• Position hand ascender approximately at forehead height.
• Repeat
Using mechanical advantage
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6.4. Changeover
Changing from ascent mode to descent mode and vice-versa, is an essential basic technique in
rope access and forms the basis of many other manoeuvres.
6.4.1. Ascent to descent changeover

• First ensure beck up device pull down same level on descender device.(if using shunt or
duck as a backup device)
• Thread the tail rope coming out of your Croll into your descender.
• Check position of rope on descender to ensure the right position.
• Attach your Hand Ascender and Foot Loops to your working line above your Croll.
• Place a foot into the Foot Loops at a comfortable high. (Be careful to leave the Hand
Ascender as low as possible above the Croll with room to detach your Croll, so that when
you sit down the Hand ascender will not be out of reach).
• Stand up using the Hand Ascender and Foot Loops
• Un-attach the Croll off the working rope.
• Sit down and apply your weight onto the descender, checking for any twists in the
equipment.
6.4.2. Descent to ascent changeover
• First ensure beck up device pull up high to give enough room to attached chest ascender
device.
• Place hand ascender on working rope above descender.
• Stand in foot loop and place Croll above descender.
• Remove descender.
6.5. Deviations
6.5.1 Single Deviation
Deviation to allow re-direction of the path of the rope the anchor points, either to provide more
accurate positioning for the rope access Technician or to avoid abrasion and other potential cause
of damage to the rope.
Ascent:
• Ascend to deviation.
• Attach short device lanyard to deviation anchor.
• Take it both of rope below on Croll and back-up device and clip on 2nd carabiner on
deviation anchor.
• Remove back-up rope from deviation karabiner and push back up device high.
• Remove working rope from deviation karabiner (this requires a degree of co-ordination as
your weight is on this rope).
• Sit back in short lanyards and use the ropes in your hand to control yourself into the vertical
(release rope slowly to prevent out of control swing)
• Take working rope make the knot below the deviation anchor.
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• Continue ascend
Descent:
• Descend until descender same level with the deviation anchor, lock-off.
• Pull the ropes in until the knot butts against the deviation karabiner.
• Have the short lanyard ready; pull yourself across until you can attach the cow’s-tail to the
deviation.
• Sit back.
• Pull yourself over and clip the 2st carabiner on above the descender and back-up device.
• Remove both ropes from the 1st karabiner on deviation anchor.
• Remove lanyard and descend.
6.5.2. Double Deviation
Ascent:
• Ascend to deviation.
• Attach short lanyard 1 deviation anchor and 1 long lanyard on 2nd deviation anchor.
• Pull yourself and remove the 1 carabiner from deviation anchor and attach both rope below
the Croll.
• Remove the 2nd carabiner from deviation anchor and attach both rope same place with 1st
carabiner.
• Take it both of rope below on Croll and back-up device and clip on 2nd carabiner on
deviation anchor.
• Pull yourself and remove the short and long lanyards from deviation anchor.
• Release slowly into the vertical. (control yourself during release the rope to prevent out
the control swing)
• Take working rope make the knot below the deviation anchor.
• Continue ascend.
Descent:
• Descend until descender same level with the deviation anchor, lock-off.
• Pull the ropes in until the knot butts against the deviation karabiner.
• Have the short lanyard and long lanyard ready; pull yourself across until you can attach
the device lanyard to the 1st and 2nd deviation anchor.
• Sit back and remove the 1st carabiner on anchor deviation and attach on both of ropes
above the descender.
• Remove the 2st carabiner on anchor deviation and attach on same place the 1st carabiner.
• Pull yourself over and remove both of lanyards on deviation anchor.
• Continue descend.
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6.6. Rope-to-rope transfers

Rope transfers are used as a means of horizontal movement transferring from one set of ropes
to another. This manoeuver have potential to the possibility of out of control swings, and need
four point of attachment where necessary.
6.6.1. Rope-to-Rope Transfer: Ascending (Small)
• Whilst in suspension.
• Attach descender on the working rope underneath Croll
• Lock off descender.
• Attach Hand Ascender and Foot Loop above the Croll and stand up (always keeping the
ascender low within reach).
• Remove your Croll.
• Apply your weight onto the descender. Checking for any twists in the equipment.
• Place your Croll on the transfer, working rope. (The rope you intend on transferring to).
• Remove your Hand Ascender from the working line and place the Hand Ascender on the
transfer rope above your Croll.
• Place a second Backup Device on the transfer, safety rope. (The rope you intend on
transferring to)
• Descend on descender until all weight is transferred onto your Croll.
• Then remove descender and keep ascending.
• Then remove the original Backup Device.
6.6.2. Rope-to-Rope Transfer: Descending (Small)
transferring to)
• Place Croll on the transfer, working rope. (The rope you intend on transferring to).
• Lower yourself on descender until you are suspended by your Croll.
• Remove descender.
• Remove the Backup Device and place it on the transfer, safety rope. (The rope you intend
on transferring to).
• Attach your descender on the working rope underneath your Croll, Lock off descender.
• Attach Hand Ascender and Foot Loop above the Croll and stand up (always keeping the
• Remove your Croll.
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6.7. Re-anchor (Re-belay)

A re-anchor is a secondary set of anchors installed at any distance below the primary anchors.
Re-anchors are used to position the ropes to avoid hazards and obstacles such as overhangs or
to position the technician on the worksite. The re-anchor should be rigged with sufficient slack in
the loop.
6.6.3. Small Re-anchor (less than 1.5m)

Ascending:
• Attach descender on the working rope underneath your Croll,
• Attach Hand Ascender with Foot Loop above the Croll and stand up (always keeping the
• Remove Croll.
• Remove Hand Ascender from the working line and place the Hand Ascender on the
transfer rope above Croll.
• Place a second Backup Device on the transfer, safety rope.
• Descend on descender until all weight is transferred onto your Croll.
• Then remove descender and keep ascending.
• Then remove the original Backup Device.
Descending:

transferring to)
• Lower yourself on descender until you are suspended by your Croll.
• Then remove descender.
• Remove the Backup Device and place it on the transfer, safety rope. (The rope you intend
on transferring to).
• Attach descender on the working rope underneath your Croll.
• Attach your Hand Ascender with Foot Loop above the Croll and stand up
• Remove Croll.
• Apply your weight onto the descender.
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6.7.2 Large Re-anchor (greater than 1.5m / Loop)

The main use of a loop is for travelling beneath suspended structures such as bridges and under
deck of oil platforms.
• Ascend to the top of the ropes.

• Make a short rope transfer, Place descender on re-anchor/loop rope.
• Move Back-up device to re-anchor/loop back up rope.
• Place ascenders in front of your descender on re-anchor/loop rope.
• Place a second Back-up device onto the loop back up rope pointing in direction of travel.
• Begin to climb the loop moving sideways on your ascending gear, keeping both back-up
devices tight.
• Descend across the re-anchor/loop in much the same way as a long rope transfer.
• When you reach other side of re-anchor/loop, remove your descender and attach to
second set of ropes by making a short rope transfer.
• Move trailing back-up device over to down ropes.
• Remove ascenders and second back-up device from re-anchor/loop.
• Descend
6.7. Passing mid-rope knot

It manoeuvre it is assumed that knots are present in both working and beck-up ropes, the knot is
an alpine butterfly to isolate a damaged section of rope. The knot are at a same level in both
ropes. Knots in ropes may also be used to join rope together (Double fishermen knot).
Passing Knots in Descent
• Descent to knots (the knot provides the lock-off for the descender).
• Place hand ascender on working rope above the descender.
• Stand up and place Croll on working rope above the descender.
• The weight is now off the descender.
• Descent using ascender till to knot.
• Place descender below knot and pull through slack and lock-off descender.
• Changeover to descender.
• Place 2nd back-up below the knot on back-up rope. Remove 1st back-up.
• Remove hand ascender.
• Continue descent.
Passing Knots in Ascent

• Ascent to knots.
• Remove hand ascender and place above the knot and continue ascend till close to knot.
• Place 2nd back-up above the knot on back-up rope. Remove the 1st back-up.
• Place the descender below the Croll.
• Make sure that you have enough space between knot and hand ascender.
• Stand up and move Croll over knot.
• Remove descender and continue up rope
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6.8. Edge obstructions at the top

When to passing the top edge obstructions, ensure their equipment attached correctly before
approaching the edge and used the appropriate rope protection. Take more attention to hazards
associated with edges, including rope stretch and potential for impact loads.
Descent:
• Place Back-up device on back up rope.
• Open up rope protector.
• Sit down with ropes running down right hand side of body, place descender on working
rope at edge.
• Place hand ascender above descender and stand in foot loop and lower yourself over
edge until sat in descender.
• Draw Back-up device down.
• Close up rope protector.
Ascent
• Ascend ropes to edge obstruction.
• Open rope protector.
• Push back-up device high over edge.
• Remove hand ascender and place over edge on working rope, ascend higher with Croll
and climb over edge.
Note: ensure all equipment not suspended on structure to avoid damage of equipment.
6.9. Passing mid-rope protection

Manoeuvre Passing of Mid Rope Protection; there can be obstructions on the work face or when
weaving in and out of steel work. Extra caution needs to be acted upon as ropes can rub on
unprotected edges especially when swinging around as areas that have been unidentified can
have sharp edges.
• Rope protectors can be placed on the rope at any point, remember there is stretch in rope
and if this occurs the rope protector can be stretched past the object it is protecting.
• Rope protectors can also be directly placed on the obstructions so that stretch movement
and sideways movement on the rope will not affect the protector.
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7. CLIMBING TECHNIQUE (TACS 6.7)
7.1. Horizontal aid climbing

The use of aid climbing techniques enable rope access technician to reach part of a structure
without the use of rope, instead fixed (bolts) or movable anchor (tape sling or wire strops) are
used. Additional foot loop or etrier are often required for aid climbing.
• Setup each of two end of long lanyards (cow’s tail) with foot loops or etrier
• For short lanyards attach with spare karabiner.
• These lanyards are then connected to anchors with the left lanyard on the left anchor.
• The short lanyard attach on middle anchor
• And the right lanyard with the right anchor
To pass an obstruction you must always maintain two point of attachment with the structure, by
using three lanyards to climb with this ensure you always have two point of attachment living one
lanyards to move past obstruction.
7.2. Vertical aid climbing
Procedure for vertical aid climbing normally same used as for horizontal aid climbing.
Consideration need to make to a possibility of a failure of equipment resulting in a fall factor above
one. An energy absorbing lanyard can be used to allow for the higher forces involved, however
the increase in clearance distance required must also considered.
7.3. Climbing with fall arrest equipment

Fall arrest lanyard can only be used with a full body harness EN 361. IRATA recommended the
use on Sternal (front) or Dorsal (rear) attachment on harness.
It is importance that the fall arrest lanyards selected will arrest the fall before you hit a ground or
structure. When combination fall arrest lanyards with a work positioning lanyard, attach the work
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positioning lanyard to an independent attachment where it cannot slip. It is importance that work
positioning equipment does not become slack as they do not include an energy absorption.
During the fall the user and their protection should not experience any force in excess of 6kN
(approx. 600kg). 6 kN is a recognized threshold of injury.
The maximum length of a lanyard is 2m; in the training center we use the above lanyards that are
shorter length at 1.15m.
Avoid from add an extra length to a fall arrest lanyard, as this will increase the fall distance without
adding energy absorption, which in the event of a fall, could exceed the 6kN maximum allowed in
EN 355, as well as greater chance of hitting something.
Don’t use two single energy-absorbing lanyards. In the event of a fall onto both lanyards the
maximum peak impact force applied to the body would be double the force that would be applied
if a single energy absorber were used.
One point of attachment is all that is needed for Fall Arrest Systems i.e. Inertia reels.
For climbing you will need twin lanyards. First lanyard is attached to the structure or anchor point.
Second lanyard then is attached to the next structure or anchor point and the first lanyard is
unattached.
These steps are repeated until the work area is reached.
Climbing with fall arrest
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7.3.1. Clearance distance

The clearance distance is the amount of free fall space between the anchor and an obstacle or
the ground and should be sufficient to prevent the user hitting anything. Manufacturer’s
information will give the clearance distance for the product; it is made up of:
• Fall distance - possibly from above the anchor e.g. fall factor
• Energy absorbing lanyard
• Energy absorber extension
• Distance from the worker’s harness attachment to worker’s feet
• Distance below worker’s feet – to prevent impact with ground or structure.
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8. ROPE RESCUE (TACS 6.8)

The main legislation surrounding working at height is The Work at Height Regulation 2015. These
regulation aim to prevent death and injury course by fall from height.
Before any rope access activity begins all team members should fully understand the rescue plan
should an incident occur. A thought rescue plan should be part of the risk assessment and method
statement.
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) state that you must regularly assess and update the
rescue plan and related resource, where necessary.
The HSE state that all rescue plans must address:
• The safety of people carrying out the rescue

• Any anchor points for the safety equipment
• The suitability of the equipment
• How to approach the casualty (Rescue technique)
• Any medical or other, needs of casualty during the rescue process.
The rescuer should have the skills and knowledge to:
• Inspect, anchor, assemble and use the rescue equipment safely

• Recognize the hazards
• Implement the hazards control methods.
• Conduct fall protection and rescue procedures
• Inspect equipment and system before use.
8.1. Rescue of casualty who is in descent mode

Most rope access work is carried out while in descent mode, therefore, all rope access Technician
should be capable of carried out rescue of a co-worker suspended by a descending device.
This technique allows an unconscious casualty hanging in their descender to be brought down by
the rescuer. Two techniques are described, with and without an extra set of ropes for the rescuer.
Method 1 – Rescuer on separate set of rope

• Rescuer descents / ascents level with casualty
• Rescuer attaches short lanyards (short link) to casualty harness Ventral ‘D’ ring. (Ensure
rescuer suspended on descender before attached lanyards)
• Rescuer attaches long lanyards on same place ‘D” ring with short link
• Rescuer releases and removes the casualty’s descender
• Removes the casualty’s Back-up
• Rescuer attaches one extra karabiner on the casualty’s Sternal ‘D’ ring (casualty’s
management)
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• Attaches one more extra karabiner on Rescuer Ventral ‘D’ ring (below descender) for
friction.
• Rescuer places control rope through a friction, and therefore control, to deal with the
added weight on the casualty.
• Descends to ground with casualty/ keeping the beck-up device high and carefully lands
casualty.
Method 2 – Rescuer on the same set of ropes (rescue from below)

• Rescuer ascent casualty’s BACK UP rope until level with him.
• Rescuer attaches second back up cow’s-tail above the casualty descender and remove
the first beck-up.
• Rescuer gets level with casualty and changeover to descender.
• Rescuer attaches the short connection (short link) to casualty harness Ventral ‘D’ ring.
• Rescuer attaches 2nd lanyards on same place ‘D’ ring (the casualty now has two
independent attachments to the rescuer).
• Rescuer climbs a little higher (casualty’s Back-up device can be removed).
• Rescuer attaches one extra karabiner on the casualty’s Sternal ‘D’ ring (casualty’s
management)
• Rescuer places control rope through an extra karabiner below descender on harness; this
provides extra friction, and therefore control, to deal with the added weight of the casualty.
• Rescuer descends to ground with casualty, keeping the back-up device high and carefully
lands casualty
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8.2. Rescue from ascent mode (snatch rescue)

Rescue carried out from above
• Descent down the casualty’s safety rope and your beck-up device attached to the
casualty’s working rope.
• Upon reaching the casualty, lock off your descender device
• Make two attachments (short link/short lanyard & long lanyard) to the casualty in the same
manner as with a casualty in descent mode.
• Rescuer using either a (sling, foot loop or small rope (magic rope) approx. 120cm in length)
attaches to Sternal ‘D’ ring / Croll Maillon and runs sling/magic rope through back-up
karabiner.
• Attached ascender with foot loop and rescuer stands in foot loop with straight leg with their
weight over standing foot.
• Rescuer lifts casualty’s waist belt with hand, the casualty has moved upwards.
• Rescuer removes rope from Croll and lowers casualty weight on to rescuer.
• Casualty should be sat upright with a karabiner from chest harness.
lands casualty and paying particular attention to casualty management.
Rescue carried out from below

• Ascent the casualty’s safety rope with your beck-up device on the casualty’s working rope.
• The casualty should already be in a near upright position via his/her chest ascender
attachment.
• Make a device lanyards (caw’s tail) attachment to the casualty to enable you to move your
beck-up device to a position above the casualty.
• Ascent to approx. 0.5m above the casualty and change into descent mode.
• Attaches the short lanyard (short link) or as detailed on previous page and follow the
directions for the remainder of the rescue procedure.
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8.3. Passing deviation with casualty

8.3.1. For passing a small or single deviation
• Ascend pass the deviation as described in passing deviations if approaching from below.
• Move up and pass the casualty as described in ascent rescue.
• Depending if the casualty is on their Croll or descender you will need to start the rescue
as described in descent rescue or ascent rescue.
• Descend until your Croll is level with the deviation anchors
• Pull yourself over to the deviation anchor using the tail rope from below your descender
that is leading through the top of the deviation anchor. (The rope underneath the deviation
should have a large knot tied into it so that the rope will not pull straight through the anchor)
and attaches lanyards on deviation anchor.
• Remove the casualty’s descender and install on rescuer center ‘D’ ring and attaches on
the safety rope underneath the deviation anchors.
• Pull yourself over to the deviation anchor by pulling on the tail rope coming out from the
base of the 2nd descender. Than lock off.
• Install 2nd backup device above the 1st descender.
• Remove your 1st backup device
• Descent until both off you suspended on 2nd descender and unattached the 1st descender.
• Pull the backup rope until tension and install other backup underneath the deviation
anchors.
• Un-attach your lanyards on deviation anchor.
• Descend with the casualty as described in descent rescue.
8.3.2. For passing a large or double deviation

• Rescuer performs a snatch rescue.
• Rescuer descends to eye level height of deviation anchor. Rescuer locks off descender.
• Rescuer removes casualty’s descender and attaches to rescuers ‘D’ ring.
• Rescuer reaches over for back up rope below the deviation karabiner and attaches rope
to descender and takes in as much slack and locks off.
• Rescuer descends on first descender until both descenders are loaded equally.
• Rescuer removes back-up device from back up rope and connects to working rope above
first descender.
• Rescuer continues to descend until first descender can be removed. Rescuer is now
loaded on second descender.
• The back-up device will be above the deviation karabiner. Using spare back-up device
connect below deviation karabiner.
• Rescuer places control rope through an extra karabiner below descender on harness.
lands casualty.
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8.4. Rope-to-rope transfer with casualty

• Rescuer reaches over for second set of ropes and attaches rope to descender and takes
in slack and locks off. (ensure rope is not tangles)
• Rescuer attaches second back-up device on to second set of ropes.
• If rescuer needs to maintain height on the second set of ropes, the descender/hand
ascender/pulley technique as described above can ascend across the ropes.
• Rescuer descends from first set of ropes until all weight is on second set of ropes.
(During the process transfer ensure maintain 4 point of attachment until 0 ̊ angle)
• Before remove any attachment point on 1st set rope ensure 0 ̊ angle to avoid potential out
of control swing.
• Make it a friction and descends to ground with casualty, keeping the back-up device high
and carefully lands casualty.
8.5. Passing a small re-anchor with casualty

• Rescuer descends to eye level or same level of descender height of re-anchor anchors.
Don’t go too low. Rescuer locks off descender.
• Rescuer reaches over for second set of ropes and attaches rope to descender and takes
in as much slack and locks off.
• Rescuer attached second backup on second set of ropes and push high. (ensure all
process attachment with casualty is free from tangle)
• Rescuer descends on first descender until both descenders are loaded equally. Ensure
during transfer maintain 4 points of attachments to prevent potential out of control swing.
• Rescuer continues to descend from re-anchor until descender can be removed.
• Rescuer removes back-up device on the above re-anchor (1st backup)
• Rescuer places control rope through an extra karabiner below descender on harness.
lands casualty.
8.5.1. Passing a large re-anchor with casualty (big loop rescue)

• Rescuer ascend until can grab the loop of re-anchor and changeover to descender.
• Rescuer reaches over the loop and attaches the one spare karabiner on the rescuer
Ventral ‘D’ ring to the both of ropes casualty (on loop).
• Rescuer attaches 2nd backup on both ropes above the spare karabiner (attached before).
• Descent until spare karabiner close with the casualty descender and rescuer lock the
descender.
• Take the backup rope casualty (other side anchor) and install on 2nd Descender.
• Attached 2nd backup above the descender/ascender casualty (other side anchor).
• Place the hand ascender (Jumma) on working rope (other side anchor) and stand up for
detach one spare carabiner.
• Now rescuer have 4 points attachment on 4th set of ropes.
• Rescuer ascend/descent until same level with casualty.
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• Take it the lanyards (caw’s tail) from casualty and attaches on rescuer ventral ‘D’ ring.
• Rescuer attaches short lanyards (short link) on casualty Ventral ‘D’ ring. (ensure all
process attachment with casualty is free from tangle)
• Rescuer perform a snatch rescue to remove Croll casualty.
• De-attached casualty descender and backup.
• Rescuer descent the descender casualty until 0 ̊angle.
• Remove all equipment on loops.
• Rescuer make it friction and descends to ground with casualty, keeping the back-up
device high and carefully lands casualty.
8.6. Mid transfer rescue

Approach the casualty from the descending / ascender site.
• Ascent to the casualty until rescuer descender/croll same level with casualty descender.
• Attached 2nd backup above the casualty descender/croll and remove the 1st backup.
• Take the backup rope from 3nd set of ropes (other side) and install the 2nd descender.
• Attached other backup above on ascender/descender casualty (other side). Now rescuer
have 4 points attachment on 4th set of ropes.
• Rescuer ascent until same level with casualty.
• Rescuer take the casualty spare device lanyards and attached on the rescuer Ventral ‘D’
ring.
• Rescuer attaches short lanyards (short link) to casualty Ventral ‘D’ ring (make 2 points an
attachment with casualty)
• Rescuer perform a snatch rescue to remove Croll casualty.
• An-attach casualty descender and backup.
• Rescuer descent until 0 a
̊ ngle.
• Rescuer make it friction and descends to ground with casualty, keeping the back-up
device high and carefully lands casualty.
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8.7. Passing mid-rope knot with casualty.

• Rescuer descends until about 1 meter from the knot. Rescuer locks off descender.
• If the knot on the backup rope can be loosened, increase the loop until the high is slightly
same level with the rescuer descender.
• If the knot to tie to loosened, make other 1 butterfly knot under the casualty backup and
increase the loop until the 1st butterfly knot attached with the new knot.
• Rescuer removes casualty’s descender and attaches to rescuers Ventral ‘D’ ring.
• Rescuer attaches casualty’s descender to back up rope below knot and locks off.
• Rescuer descends on first descender until both descenders are loaded equally.
• Rescuer removes back-up device from back up rope and connects to working rope above
first descender.
• Rescuer continues to descend until first descender can be removed. Rescuer is now
loaded on second descender.
• Rescuer descends to second knot and moves back-up device past.
lands casualty.
8.8. Use of tensioned ropes for rescue (tramway)
Tensioned Ropes Set-up
• Attach Tensioned ropes set (1 working rope & 1 backup rope) to the 1st structure using
the structure or anchor points (1st structure is the highest side). Using the Y-hang Knot.
• Attach Tensioned ropes set to the 2nd structure via a descender for each rope. The
descenders are attached to 2nd structure using the structure or anchor points (2nd structure
is the lowest side). Using the other ropes or tape sling to make Y-hang and attached on
set of descender.
• Tension the ropes using the tail ropes coming out of the descenders make a simple 2:1 or
3:1 pulley system and tension the ropes as required.
The descenders could also be attached to structure 1 if required.
Both anchor must use Y-hang to sharing load.
Basic Haul Ropes Set-up

• Attach the Basic Haul pulley system and backups system to the structure anchor points.
• The Basic Haul and Backup ropes are then attached to the Tensioned ropes via two
separate single pulleys (A double side by side pulley can be used as well if available).
• The casualty is then attached to the two pulleys using carabineers.
• The casualty can then be safely lowered from structure 1 to structure 2.
• If the casualty is on structure 2, lower the pulleys down the Tensioned ropes to structure
two.
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Tensioned Ropes Operation
• The Basic Haul system and backup system can be used to raise or lower the casualty
from structure 1 to 2 or otherwise.
• The Tensioned Ropes can be tightened or slackened to raise or lower the casualty by
using the descenders.
9. CLIMBING RESCUES (TACS 6.9)
9.1. Rescue from an aid climbing

Suspended on either fixer or moveable anchor.
• The rescuer will aid climb to a casualty and either to set of ropes and descend with the
casualty or rig lowering system and lower the casualty to the ground.
• In both cases counter balance used in the ascent rescue will be used to transfer the
casualty onto the rope rigged by the rescuer.
• For the counter balance effective is must be fixed as high as possible above the casualty.
Descent with the casualty

• Rescuer approached to casualty and rigs a set of ropes as close to the casualty as
possible. Make sure the ropes are rigged as high as possible, to give yourself enough
headroom.
• Rescuer attaches descender and back-up device on to ropes and transfer to the ropes.
• Rescuer attaches back up device lanyards / cow’s-tail to casualty’s Ventral ‘D’ ring.
• Rescuer attaches short connection (short link) between rescuers descender karabiner and
casualty’s Ventral ‘D’ ring (the casualty now has two independent attachments to the
rescuer).
• Rescuer using counterbalance snatch rescue technique removes casualty’s Croll and
cow’s-tails. Casualty should be sat upright with a karabiner from chest harness.
lands casualty
Lowering system
• Rescuer to position themselves at the casualty anchor point and give yourself enough
room.
• Using an additional ropes, descender and backup system, rigs a lowering system next to
the casualty.
• Attaches both of rope to Ventral ‘D’ ring through sternal ‘D’ ring and remove as much slack
as possible.
• Using the footloop through a high anchor point, use a counter balance to lift the casualty
from the aid climb.
• Add the friction to the descender
• Lowering the casualty slowly to ground under control.
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9.2. Rescue from fall arrest equipment (TACS 6.9.2)

• Rescuer climbs out to casualty.
• Rescuer sets up a set of ropes and gets on them in decent mode.
• Rescuer attaches device lanyards / cow’s-tail and short link to casualty.
• Rescuer creates a pulley system to take casualty’s weight and remove fall arrest lanyards.
• Rescuer descends to ground.
9.3. Rescue from an aid climb with the casualty on the short connection
Rescue of casualty who is suspended from the one / two karabiner link into the Ventral ‘D’ ring
direct to a bolt anchor. This is hard aid climb rescue and a position you should not let others get
into.
Lowering casualty
• Rescuer climbs out to casualty and ensure rescuer and casualty have a suitable backup.
• Rescuer set up the descender close with casualty as possible and attach the extra rope
from casualty to the descender. (tie the barrel knot directly to casualty)
• Set up backup for casualty and attached to other anchor point.
• Rescuer attaches counterbalance sling/rope directly into harness webbing and feeds
sling/rope through eyebolt and unscrew the short link karabiner.
• Perform a counterbalance rescue; remove casualty’s short link karabiner.
• Lowering casualty carefully and avoid casualty engage from backup device.
Descent with casualty

• Rescuer approached to casualty and rigs a set of ropes as close to the casualty as
possible.
• Rescuer transfer to the rope and removed all lanyard from the structure (100% suspended
on rope)
• Rescuer attaches back up device lanyards / cow’s-tail to casualty’s Ventral ‘D’ ring.
• Rescuer attaches short connection (short link) between rescuers descender karabiner and
casualty’s central ‘D’ ring (the casualty now has two independent attachments to the
rescuer).
• Unattached casualty lanyards from structure.
• Perform a counterbalance rescue; remove casualty’s short link karabiner.
• Rescuer must control the descender with extra friction and descend to ground, keeping
the back-up device high and carefully lands casualty.
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10. DEFINITIONS
Anchor
General term used as a noun to describe a fitted or unfitted anchor device, or a structural anchor
containing an anchor point, or as a verb to describe the act of connecting to a fitted anchor device
or a structural anchor
Anchorage
Structure or natural feature that provides an anchorage point
Anchorage point
Particular place on an anchorage used for the attachment of an anchor device
Anchor device
Personal fall protection equipment comprising an assembly of elements with one or more anchor
points or mobile anchor points and which is removable from the structure or natural feature
Anchor lanyard
Lanyard connected to the main attachment point of the harness, which normally incorporates a
connector and which is used for connection to an anchor point
Anchor point
Point on an anchor device or structural anchor used for the connection of personal fall protection
equipment
Ascending device
Anchor line device used primarily to assist progression along an anchor line and for positioning
the rope access technician on it, which, when attached to an anchor line of appropriate diameter,
locks under load in one direction and slips freely in the opposite direction
Back-up device
Anchor line device for a safety line, which accompanies the user during changes of position or
allows adjustment of the length of the safety line and which locks automatically to the safety line,
or only allows gradual movement along it, when a sudden load occurs
Certificate of conformity
Document certifying that the supplied goods meet the claimed compliance and/or specifications
Competent person
Designated person suitably trained or qualified by knowledge and practical experience to enable
the required task or tasks to be carried out properly
Descending device
Manually-operated, friction-inducing anchor line device which, when attached to an anchor line of
appropriate type and diameter, allows the user to achieve a controlled descent and a stop with
hands off anywhere on the anchor line
Deviation
Redirection of the path of the anchor lines from the anchor points to avoid abrasion and other
potential causes of damage to the anchor lines or to provide more accurate access for the rope
access technician
Deviation anchor
Anchor placed primarily to alter the direction of an anchor line and installed at a distance
(unspecified) from the anchor point(s) used for the first attachment of an anchor line
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Device lanyard
Lanyard used to provide a link between the user’s harness and the anchor line device
Dynamic rope
Rope specifically designed to absorb energy in a fall by extending in length, thereby minimizing
the impact load
Energy absorber
Component or components in a fall arrest system designed to minimize the impact load generated
in a fall
Fall factor
Length of a potential fall divided by the length of rope or lanyard available to arrest it
(severity of fall)
Low-stretch rope
Textile rope with lower elongation and, therefore, less energy absorbing characteristics than
dynamic rope
Proof load
Test load applied to verify that an item of equipment does not exhibit permanent deformation
under that load, at that particular time
Re-anchor
Anchor installed at a distance (unspecified) from the anchor point(s) used for the first attachment
of an
Anchor line, to which the anchor line is additionally attached, and which is not a deviation anchor
or an anchor placed simply to maintain the position of an anchor line
Rigging for rescue
Establishing a rescue system which enables workmate retrieval to take place without the need for
a rescuer to descend or ascend to the position of the injured person
Rope access
Method of using ropes, in combination with other devices, by which a user descends or ascends
a working line to get to or from the workplace, and for work positioning, while further protected by
a safety line, such that both lines are connected to the user’s harness and separately secured to
a reliable anchorage in such a way that a fall is prevented or arrested
Safe working load (SWL)
Designated maximum working load of an item of equipment under particular, specified conditions
as determined by competent person.
Safety line
Anchor line provided as a safeguard to protect against falls if the rope access technician slips or
if the primary support (e.g. the working line), anchor or positioning mechanism fails
Safety method statement
Document prepared by the employer describing how a particular job (or types of job where these
will be essentially identical) should be undertaken to ensure that any risks to the health and safety
of the workers, or others who may be affected, are minimised
Working line
Anchor line used primarily for access, egress, work positioning and work restraint
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Working load limit (WLL)

Ultimate permissible load that can be lifted or suspended as specified by the manufacturer.
Work positioning
Technique that enables a person to work supported in tension or suspension by personal fall
protection equipment in such a way that a fall from a height is prevented or restricted
Work restraint
Technique whereby a person is prevented, by means of personal fall protection equipment,
including an appropriate belt or harness, from reaching zones where the risk of a fall from a height
exists
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COURSE NOTES
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Co. No. 636290-H

Clause Description Pages

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Co. No. 636290-H

4.9……………….. Work restraint line / horizontal lifeline 43 & 44

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8.3.1………… For passing a small or single deviation 66

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1.1. About this Training Manual

• IRATA International Code and Practice (ICOP)

Information for all candidate (IRATA Level 1, 2 & 3)

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1.2. IRATA Training Scheme Flowchart

Figure 1 – Flowchart showing qualification process

Minimum 4-days training course

Minimum 12 months experience

Minimum 4-days training course

Minimum 12 months experience Procedures for IRATA

Minimum 4-days training course

First aid training

ROPEACCESS TECHICIAN Procedures for IRATA

Co. No. 636290-H

2. PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT (TACS 6.2)

2.1. IRATA International System

IRATA International’s safe system of work comprises three main elements;

a) The International Code of Practice (ICOP)

2.2. Legal Framework

2.2.1. U.K Legislation.

2.2.1.1. Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER)

3 main aims of LOLER:

Lifting operations are properly planned and managed.

Types of inspection under LOLER

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2.2.1.2. Work at Height Regulations 2005

2.2.1.3. Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulation 1992

Employers provide suitable and suffusion PPE

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2.2.1.4. Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER)

2.2.1.5. Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013

2.2.1.6. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulation 2002 (COSHH)

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2.2.2. Malaysia Legislation

2.2.2.1. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994

i) General Duties of Employees at Work

ii) Notification of Accident, Dangerous Occurrence, Occupational Poisoning and

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The process of HIRARC requires 4 simple steps:-

1) Classify work activities

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2.2.2.3. Guidelines on First-Aid in the Workplace, 2004

The aims of first aid are to:

• Prevent illness or injury from becoming worse;

• Promote recovery; and

2.2.2.4. The Factories and Machinery Act 1967

• assigning the responsibility to upkeep a first-aid box or cupboard to a responsible person,

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2.2.2.5. The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994