Articles

Overall energy performance

of polyvalent heat pump
systems

ILARIA ABBÀ SALVATORE CELLURA STEFANO PAOLO SILVIA MORASSUTTI LEONARDO PRENDIN
TEBE-IEEM Group, Energy Department, CORGNATI RHOSS S.P.A., Codroipo RHOSS S.P.A., Codroipo
Energy Department, Politecnico di Torino, Italy TEBE-IEEM Group, Energy (UD), Italy (UD), Italy
Politecnico di salvatore.cellura@polito.it Department, Politecnico silvia.morassutti@rhoss.com leonardo.prendin@rhoss.com
Torino, Italy di Torino, Italy
ilaria.abba@polito.it stefano.corgnati@polito.it

Buildings account for almost 40% of energy consumption in Italy, being one of the most energy-
consuming and polluting sectors. The increasing electrification of HVAC systems requires
an effort on the adoption of more efficient and sustainable technologies. The article aims to
quantify the potential of polyvalent heat pumps, also in comparison to traditional heat pumps.

Keywords: polyvalent heat pumps, performance coefficients, gaussian load curves, partial
load, energy savings, economic savings

T
he necessity to reduce primary energy consump- heating terminals. Reversible heat pumps, which can
tion and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and generate both hot or chilled water accordingly to the
to improve the energy efficiency of the power season, represent a more recent solution. However, it is
generation technologies is the objective of a wide range of not uncommon, due to building design and different
policies within the energy sector in Europe [1]. Focusing use of the different spaces within the building, to have
on the building sector, due to the significant impact that simultaneous requirements of heating and cooling in
HVAC systems have on the overall energy consumption the same building. In this situation, both generation
of non-residential buildings (e.g. commercial, hospital, units should be used, and, in case of heat pumps, only
public administration ones, etc.), to achieve the European one service can be provided at once.
targets more efficient technologies should be used.
In this framework, hybrid heat pumps, also called poly-
Traditional HVAC systems use different generation valent heat pumps, represent a smart and low-energy
units to provide separately space cooling and space solution to the conditioning needs in systems where the
heating. For cooling, chillers are the most used tech- heating demand is combined simultaneously or inde-
nology; they produce chilled water in order to remove pendently with the cooling request. In fact, these tech-
heat. On the other hand, boilers, heat pumps and nologies are able to recover the heat removed from the
district heating are used to produce hot water for space space that needs to be cooled and, instead of rejecting

26 REHVA Journal – February 2020

 Articles

it to the external environment, they use this heat to The possibility to recover free energy and concretely use
produce hot water for heating purposes (space heating it represents the main difference between polyvalent and
or domestic hot water production). Therefore, the reversible heat pumps. Thus, hybrid units can find appli-
potential of the polyvalent units is twofold: firstly, they cation in different sectors: residential buildings, hospital,
can supply both heating and cooling at once; moreover, offices, hotels, shopping centres. Both in the residen-
they can achieve such result using a single fuel. tial and in the tertiary sector (where complex surfaces
and volumes characterize buildings), the simultaneous
Whereas such technologies are used for applications production of hot and chilled water may be required in
of power to heat using electricity as energy carrier, the some periods of the year, especially in the intermediate
combination of renewable generation systems on-site seasons (spring and autumn). This may occur due to
can give additional benefits, such as reduction in large indoor thermal loads (e.g. electric equipment) in
dependency from the energy grid and decarbonization specific areas, to the different orientation of the building
of the local energy system. and/or to the different nature of occupants use of the
indoor spaces. In all cases, the higher the heating and
cooling loads required simultaneously, the greater the
The Polyvalent heat pump: operation potentiality of the polyvalent heat pumps will be.
modes and applications
Focusing on the polyvalent heat pump technology, it
may be useful to briefly introduce its operation modes
Methods
and its possible applications. The aim of the study was to compare the perfor-
mance of polyvalent heat pumps with respect to that
In this study, the considered polyvalent units are 4-pipes of reversible heat pumps through the use of specific
heat pumps equipped with a flexible heat recovery performance coefficients defined ad hoc. To do this, the
system that allows three operating modes: heating only, methodology is divided into three steps:
cooling only or both heating and cooling contempo-
rary. Each unit consists of three heat exchangers: 1) Load curves and capacity curves modelling, in
order to define the energy inputs of the model.
•• A main heat exchanger to produce hot water or 2) Creation of the algorithm for estimating the energy
chilled water; output
•• A secondary heat exchanger to produce hot water only; 3) Definition of originally developed coefficients
•• A condenser/evaporator for heat rejection or heat to make a comparison between performances of
absorption, depending on the system operating mode. polyvalent and traditional heat pumps from an
energetic and an economic standpoint.
In detail, the analysis was focused on the 4-pipes tech-
nology, aiming to demonstrate the benefits aroused
from the use of the polyvalent unit, where automatic
management of hot and chilled water supply is required
independently or contemporary. For this reason, the
AUTOMATIC mode is studied.

In this mode there are three possible operating configu-

rations, as shown in Figure 1:

•• AUTOMATIC 1 (A1): operation as air or water-

cooled chiller (depending on the unit) only to Only cold water produc�on in the main exchanger (A1)
produce chilled water at the main exchanger; Cold water produc�on in the main exchanger and hot water
•• AUTOMATIC 2 (A2): operation as air or water- produc�on in the secondary exchanger (A2) (recovery unit).
cooled chiller (depending on the type) for the Only hot water produc�on in the secondary exchanger (A3)
simultaneous production of chilled water at the main (recovery unit).
exchanger and hot water at the secondary exchanger; Figure 1. Working principle of the polyvalent heat
•• AUTOMATIC 3 (A3): operation as a traditional pump. V=expansion valve, E=evaporator (main heat
heat pump to produce hot water at the secondary exchanger), C=compressor, R=heat recover (secondary
exchanger. heat exchanger), S=condenser/evaporator [2].

REHVA Journal – February 2020 27

 Articles

Load and capacity curves modelling between polyvalent and reversible heat pumps, similar
The approach involved the use of theoretical and characteristics were selected. Therefore, to explore
normalized Gaussian load curves. The choice of different kinds of units, the analysis was carried out
Gaussian shape is justified by the similarity to real load considering four diverse configurations, including: air
curves. Normalization was carried out with respect to condenser, four pipes, bi-circuits and different numbers
the peak power, in terms of both heating and cooling. of compressors, respectively 2,4 and 6 according to the
chosen units. Additionally, the previous examples were
As mentioned before, the potentiality of the polyvalent analysed considering the use of an inverter for the two
heat pump is higher when the contemporary demand compressors unit. To each polyvalent unit corresponds
of heating and cooling grows, where contemporaneity a heat pump with the same characteristics, for a total of
is intended as the simultaneous presence of both four pairs “polyvalent-reversible” heat pumps.
heating and cooling load in the i-th hour of the year.
The percentage of contemporaneity was calculated as Starting from full load capacity data, from the producer
in Equation (1): datasheets, capacity curves were modelled, taking into
account the two most influencing parameters for an
air-condensing unit: the external air temperature and
ℎ𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 the operation at partial load.
%𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = (1) (1)
ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
First of all, weather data from the European software
where hcont represents the sum of the hours of
Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS)
contemporaneity during a year, and hyear 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷are
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖 the for the city of Turin were used.
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇, 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) ∗ (2)
8 760 hours of the year. 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
Then, since the full load capacity for the temperature
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖 defined by the European standard [3] are available,
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇,
Therefore, bundles 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇)
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃)of=Gaussian pairs∗ were created to (3)
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 capacity curves in function of the air temperature were
evaluate different stages of contemporaneity, varying the obtained by linear interpolation.
standard deviation of the 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄curve,
ℎ𝑝𝑝 − 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 by𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
step of 50. In this
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 =
way, 16 pairs of Gaussian curves were obtained, leading The combined effect of the (4)influence of the external air
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝
to a contemporaneity range from 13% up to 86%. temperature and the operation in partial load condi-
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑝 = 𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑄𝑄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 tions was then investigated,(5)using Equations (2) & (3).
Figure 2 shows a pair of the obtained load curves, Thanks to the datasheets, the part-load levels of the
imposing a curtailment of=values
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒smaller than 10% of units and the relative quantities
(6) involved were known.
peak power, while in Figure 3 the distribution of the
different operating modes is shown. When using polyvalent heat pump, in A2 operating
mode, the main condenser is by-passed, while the heat
ad non-served by the traditional heat pump [kWh];
In order to meet load demand, also capacity load recovery heat exchanger is used. Therefore, the influ-
ad non-served curves were modelled.
by the polyvalent To strengthen
heat pump [kWh]; the comparison ence of temperature is worthless.
ergy supplied by the heat pump [kWh]; Normalized Gaussian load curve with a decurtation of values <10% Pnom

ergy supplied by the electric backup [kWh];

ad non-served due to contemporaneity (traditional heat pump cannot serve both loads) [kWh].

𝐸𝐸ℎ + 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 Only heating (A3)

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = (7)
𝐸𝐸𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 Only cooling (A1)
Contemporaneity (A2)

𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = (8)
𝐸𝐸ℎ + 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐

Figure 2. Example of Gaussian load curves. Figure 3. Operation mode during a year.

28 REHVA Journal – February 2020

 Articles

Algorithm A second coefficient is here introduced, named Total

Once load and capacity curves were defined for each Performance Coefficient (TPC), to give emphasis on the
hour of the year, the algorithm for the calculation of the “cost” of production of the thermal energy (heating +
energy consumption and coefficients was implemented. cooling) in term of electricity needed and is defined by
Equation (7).
It is worth noting that, when reversible heat pump is ℎ𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ℎ𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
considered, the algorithm is allowed to choose only At last, an economic coefficient,
%𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = ℎ𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 called Fuel Expenditure
%𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
%𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ℎ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
between cooling only and heating only modes. For this Coefficient (FEC), was proposed,
ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 in order to compare
%𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = ℎ𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
%𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = ℎ 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
machine, when contemporaneity occurs, it was assumed the energy costs in both cases. It is inversely propor- ℎℎ𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
that heat pump is able to cover only the highest load, tional to the TPC (Equation (8)). %𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖 %𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
while the other one remains uncovered. On the other 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇, 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓ℎ(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) ∗ 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇, 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
ℎ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇)
the economic%𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
For𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇, 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 =ℎ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) ∗ 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷of 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
hand, polyvalent heat pump can shift between all the evaluation, the
ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 price
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇,
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 electricity
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇)
%𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
three operating modes. for non-domestic low voltage ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 customers, 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇,
with avail-𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇)
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇, 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇)
𝑃𝑃
able 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇,
power greater 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) =than 16.5 kW,
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) was
∗ 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇,
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖 considered.
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) ∗ 𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇, 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) ∗ 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇,
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇)𝑃𝑃
For both polyvalent and reversible heat pumps, when 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇)
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇, 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ∗ 𝑃𝑃
the capacity of the unit is exceeded, demand is met 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇, 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) ∗
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇,
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) ∗ 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
using an electric boiler.
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇, 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑝
=ℎ𝑝𝑝𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 −𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) ∗ 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 − 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇, 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃ℎ𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇)𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ∗ 𝑃𝑃
− 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 =(4) 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 − 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝
ℎ𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇, 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃ℎ𝑝𝑝𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) ∗
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑝 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇, 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃) = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) ∗
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆− 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
Overall performance evaluation where 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑝
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 − 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝
In order to show a global picture about the energy 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇, 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃)
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑝 = 𝑄𝑄 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇)
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑄𝑄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟∗ 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑝 = = 𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑄𝑄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑝 = 𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑄𝑄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 − 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 =(5) ℎ𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝
= 𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑄𝑄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑝 − 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁ℎ𝑝𝑝
ℎ𝑝𝑝 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
performance of the system on yearly basis, some addi- 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄= = 𝑄𝑄 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
ℎ𝑝𝑝 = 𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑄𝑄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
tional coefficients are defined. The first coefficient here 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑝
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 −𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑄𝑄 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = 𝑄𝑄
ℎ𝑝𝑝 (6) 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑄𝑄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
introduced considers the portion of non-served load 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
ℎ𝑝𝑝 = 𝑄𝑄 = 𝑄𝑄+𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑄𝑄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
of the two compared units and it is called Non-Served 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑝 = 𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑄𝑄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
Load Coefficient (NSLC). The𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 NSLC ℎ𝑝𝑝 =isload defined non-served
by by the traditional
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 ℎ𝑝𝑝 = loadheat
= 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
load pump [kWh];
non-served
non-served by bythe thetraditional
traditionalheat heatpump [kWh];
ℎ𝑝𝑝 = 𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑄𝑄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
Equations (4)–(6).
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑝ℎ𝑝𝑝
= load non-served by the traditional
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑝 = load heat pump [kWh];
pumpnon-served
[kWh]; by the traditional 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 heat𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
pump = 𝑄𝑄 [kWh];
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = load non-served by the polyvalent
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =
= load
loadheat pump
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 [kWh];
non-served
non-served = 𝑄𝑄
by
by the
the
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 polyvalent
traditional heat
heat pump
pump [kWh];
[kWh];
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = load non-served by the polyvalent ℎ𝑝𝑝 heat
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 pump [kWh];
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 polyvalent
polyvalentheat heatpump
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ℎ𝑝𝑝 =
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = load
load non-served
non-served bybythe thetraditional heat pump [kWh]; [kWh];
This coefficient allows to estimate the energy
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝 = energy conveni-
supplied by the heat
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 pump
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝 =
= load
load
pump[kWh];
energy supplied
non-served
[kWh]; by
by the the heatpolyvalentpump heat [kWh]; pump [kWh];
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = non-served by the traditional heat pump [kWh];
respect= energy supplied by the𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆heatℎ𝑝𝑝 pump [kWh];
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
ence of the polyvalent unit ℎℎwith𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 to the tradi- 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 energy
= load supplied
non-served by the heat polyvalentpump heat [kWh]; pump [kWh];
%𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐=
%𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = load non-served
ℎ𝑝𝑝 = energy supplied by the by the 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝
traditional
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
electric= heat (1)
pump(1) [kWh];
tional machine. ℎℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑄𝑄
𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑄𝑄
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝 =
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 =backup
energy
energy
energy [kWh];
supplied
supplied
suppliedby bybythe the electric
theheat heatpump pump backup [kWh]; [kWh];
𝑄𝑄
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = energy supplied by the
load non-served 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =backup
electric
traditional load non-served
heat [kWh];
pump [kWh]; by the polyvalent heat pump [kWh];
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
ℎ𝑝𝑝
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = energy
[kWh]; supplied by the electric
heat pump backup [kWh]; [kWh];
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑄𝑄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = load= load non-served
non-served byto
due the
𝑄𝑄
𝑄𝑄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
polyvalent
contemporaneity
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝
= load
= energy heat
non-servedpump
(traditional
supplied [kWh];
due
by the toheat pump
contemporaneity
electric backupcannot serve
(traditional
[kWh]; both loads hea
𝑄𝑄 = load non-served due to 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝 =
contemporaneity energy supplied
(traditional by the heat
heat pump
pump [kWh];
cannot serve both loads
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = load non-served by the 𝑄𝑄 polyvalent = loadheat
= energy pump
non-served
supplied [kWh]; due to contemporaneity (traditional hea
𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = suppliedby bythe theelectric
electricbackup backup[kWh];
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 =𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖
energy supplied by 𝑄𝑄 the heat =pump energy [kWh];
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖 load non-served due to contemporaneity (traditional hea
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇,𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃)
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃)==𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) ∗∗ = energy supplied = energy supplied𝐸𝐸(2)
(2) by𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐the electric backup [kWh];
(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇, 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
(2) by the heat pump
𝑄𝑄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 [kWh];
= load [kWh];
non-served ℎ + due to contemporaneity 𝐸𝐸ℎ + 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 hea
(traditional
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = energy supplied by the electric backup
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 =[kWh]; 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 𝐸𝐸 + 𝐸𝐸
𝐸𝐸ℎ + 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
=backup
load = ℎ𝐸𝐸𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 due
non-served ℎ𝐸𝐸𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐 hea
[kWh];𝐸𝐸𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 due totocontemporaneity 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 =(traditional
𝑄𝑄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = energy supplied by the electric= load non-served contempora- 𝐸𝐸 ℎ𝐸𝐸+ 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 loa
𝑄𝑄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = load non-served due to contemporaneity
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑖𝑖 neity (traditional (traditional
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
heat pump heat pump cannot cannot
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 𝐸𝐸 serve 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 both
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇,𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃)
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇, 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃)==𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇)
(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) ∗ ∗ (3) (3)(3) ℎ𝐸𝐸+ 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑄𝑄𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 =𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛load non-served due to contemporaneity serve both (traditional
loads) [kWh]. heat pump cannot 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 =serve both 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 loads
𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐸𝐸𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝐸𝐸+𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐
𝐶𝐶
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
= = 𝐶𝐶 𝐸𝐸
= 𝐸𝐸ℎ = +𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸ℎ𝑐𝑐 + 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐
where 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑝ℎ𝑝𝑝−−𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝐸𝐸ℎℎ (4)𝐸𝐸(4)
+ ℎ 𝐸𝐸 +𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝐸𝐸𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝐸𝐸ℎ 𝐶𝐶 +𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐸𝐸𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑐𝑐
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁==
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = (7)𝐸𝐸 +𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,ℎ𝑝𝑝 𝐸𝐸𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = ℎ
𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
DCnom = Nominal capacity at nominal condi- 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝐸𝐸ℎ + 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐
tions [kW]; 𝐸𝐸ℎ 𝐶𝐶 +𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄ℎ𝑝𝑝ℎ𝑝𝑝==𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 + + 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 (5)(5)𝐶𝐶 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 =
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 (8)𝐸𝐸ℎ + 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐
DCfl (Text) = Nominal capacity as a function of 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝐶𝐶
𝐸𝐸ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒+ 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐
external air temperature (Text) [kW]; 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 =
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝==𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 where 𝐸𝐸ℎ (6) +(6)𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐
DCpl.i = Nominal capacity at the i-th partiali-
sation degree of the unit [kW]; Eel = electric energy needed to meet the
dnon-served
non-servedby Peltraditional
bythe
the = Absorbed
traditional
norm heatpump
heat pumpelectrical
[kWh];power at
[kWh]; demand [kWh];
nominal conditions [kW]; Ec = cooling energy supplied [kWh];
dnon-served
non-servedbybythe
thepolyvalent
polyvalentheatheatpump
pump[kWh];
[kWh];
Pelfl (Text) = Absorbed electrical power as a Eh = heating energy supplied, using polyvalent
rgysupplied
gy suppliedby
bythe
theheat
heatpump
pump function
[kWh]; of external air temperature
[kWh]; units this terms account also for the “free”
(Text) [kW]; recovered heat [kWh].
rgysupplied
gy suppliedby
bythe
the
Pel electricbackup
electric backup
= [kWh];
[kWh];
Absorbed electrical power at the
pl.i Cel = annual electricity cost [€], obtained from
dnon-served
non-serveddue i-th partialisation
duetotocontemporaneity
contemporaneity degree
(traditional heat of the
pump unit
cannot serve both loads)
(traditional heat pump cannot serve both loads) the[kWh].
product between annual electricity
[kWh].
[kW]. consumption and electricity price.

𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
ℎℎ++𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑐
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇==
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
(7)
(7)
REHVA Journal – February 2020 29
 Articles

4 compressors units
The value of 0.14 €/kWh was obtained as the average, 4 compressors units
for the year 2019, of the “quota energia” only (cost 30%
for energy, transport and management of the meter) 30%
defined by Autorità di Regolazione per Energia Reti e 25%
25%
Ambiente (ARERA) [4], with IVA and excise duties 20%
not accounted. 20%

NSLC
15%

NSLC
15%
Results and discussion 10%
10%
Simulations were run for all the four pairs of polyvalent 5%
5%
and heat pumps. For the sake of brevity, only the results 0%
of the four compressors units are discussed. However, it 0% 13 18 23 27 32 37 42 47 52 57 62 67 71 76 81 86
is important to note that the trend of the coefficients is 13 18 23 27 32 37 42 47 52 57 62 67 71 76 81 86
the same for all four pair of units considered. Percentage of contemporaneity, %
Percentage of contemporaneity, %
NSLC Figure 4. NSLC with respect to percentage of
As reported in Figure 4, when contemporary demand contemporaneity.
of heating and cooling increases, the value of the
first coefficient grows and it clearly appears how the
capability of the polyvalent heat pump of generating 4 compressors units
simultaneously heating and cooling allows meeting a 10
larger user’s demand. For example, for a medium stage
of contemporaneity of 52% (taken as reference value 8
of contemporaneity hereinafter), the hybrid unit is able
to meet almost 15% more demand with respect to the 6
TPC

corresponding heat pump.

4
TPC 2
Figure 5 shows TPC for the reversible heat pump (HP)
and the polyvalent heat pump (POLY), considering a 0
52% stage of contemporaneity. The blue bars represent HP POLY
the ratio between the cooling energy and the corre-
spondent electricity consumed by the units, while the cooling heating
red bars represent the ratio between the heating energy Figure 5. TPC for 52% of contemporaneity.
and the correspondent electricity. TPC is then defined
as the sum of the two contributions. As it can be seen
in the figure, the red bar is much larger for the polyva- 4 compressors units
lent heat pump, since the heat recovered in the hybrid
machine is completely “free”, not being produced by 0,1
a fuel. 0,09
0,08
FEC 0,07
Figure 6 shows FEC for a 52% stage of contempo- 0,06
raneity. In this graph, the red bars represent the ratio 0,05
FEC

between the cost associated to electricity consumed 0,04

and the corresponding heating energy produced, while 0,03
blue bars refers to cooling. The trend is specular to the 0,02
TPC, being its direct consequence. Conversely to the 0,01
previous situation, the red bar is lower for the polyvalent 0
unit, since the recovered heat is not accounted as a fuel HP POLY
expenditure. When considering a 52% contempora-
cooling heating
neity value, the economic saving associated to the use of
the polyvalent heat pump is almost 32%. As expected, Figure 6. FEC for 52% of contemporaneity.

30 REHVA Journal – February 2020

 Articles

this value grows when the percentage of contempora- cooling demands, and thus representing an interesting
neity increases, reaching the maximum value of 73% of technological solution for many applications. Thanks
savings for the 86% of contemporaneity. Considering to the introduction of newly developed coefficients,
the medium range of contemporaneity (between 32% the efficacy of polyvalent units with respect to tradi-
and 71%), the obtainable savings span from 13% to tional heat pump was highlighted. The capability of
55%. this innovative solution to exploit the potential free
energy derived from the heat recovery can lead to
significant savings in terms of energy consumption and
Conclusions fuel expenditure. As expected, convenience increases
The need for reducing the energy and environmental when the hours of simultaneous request for heating
impact of HVAC systems is leading to the development and cooling grow. To provide a complete analysis of the
and use of more sustainable technological solutions. economic benefits of these units, cost-benefit analyses
Among them, polyvalent heat pumps can be cited, will be carried out in future works, allowing to encom-
which main benefit with respect to existing technolo- pass also other economical parameters, as investment
gies is the capability of meet contemporary heating and and maintenance costs.

References
[1] European Commission, A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon economy in 2050, 2011.
[2] RHOSS SpA proprietary technical documentation.
[3] UNI EN 14825 - Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps, with electrically driven compressors, for space heating
and cooling - Testing and rating at part load conditions and calculation of seasonal performance.
[4] ARERA, electricity cost for 2019, https://www.arera.it.

Federation of
European Heating,
Ventilation and
Air Conditioning
Associations

GB28: NZEB Design Strategies for Residential

Buildings in Mediterranean Regions – Part 1
The aim of this guidebook is to develop a basic framework of a design guideline
for planners, designers and engineers involved in the passive/architectural design
of buildings and the selection process of the HVAC systems to deliver the most
appropriate and cost-effective solutions for NZEB in Mediterranean climates.
This guidebook is based on national experiences and the set of principles that
drive the design approach for NZEB accounting for the specific climate.

Orders at eSHOP

REHVA Journal – February 2020 31