Hoa Ale Reviewer

1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Definitions
1.1.1. History of Architecture 2.3.2. DOLMENS
It is a record of man’s effort to build Several large stones capped with a covering
beautifully. It traces the origin, growth slab
and decline of architectural styles which
have prevailed lands and ages.
1.1.2. Historic Styles of Architecture
The particular method, characteristics,
manner of design which prevailed at a
certain place and time.
1.2. Factors affecting the Styles of Architecture
1.2.1. History
1.2.2. Society
1.2.3. Religion
1.2.4. Geography
1.2.5. Geology
1.2.6. Climate
2. PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE
2.1. Influences 2.3.3. TRILITHON
2.1.1. History Organized groups of three stones, two vertical
Neolithic or New Stone Age (8000 to and a horizontal one at their top
3000 B.C.)
Hunting and food gathering
2.1.2. Religion
No organized religion
Burial rituals and monuments
2.2. Architectural Character

2.2.1. Construction System
Megalithic structures – large stones
2.2.2. Materials
Animal skins, wooden frames and bones
2.2.3. Orientation
Faces toward cardinal points 2.3.4. CROMLECH
2.3. Examples A circle of monoliths / trilithons; enclosure
2.3.1. MENHIR (monoliths) formed by huge stones planted on the
Single, large upright monolith, sometimes ground in circular form (Most imposing
arranged in parallel rows reaching several example: Stonehenge, England – 2000 B.C.)
miles
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Tomb architecture Temple
2.3.5. TUMULUS (Passage grave) architecture Obelisks
An artificially constructed mound of earth Dwellings
raised over a tomb or sepulchral chamber
2.3.6. PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS Tomb architecture
Natural and artificial caves The Mastaba
Beehive hut The Royal Pyramid The
Trullo Rockhewn Tombs
Wingwam or tepee Hogan Two types of Temples
Igloo Mortuary Temples
3. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPT (LAND OF THE PHARAOHS) Cult Temples
3.1. Influences Known Architects
3.1.1. History Imhotep – under king Zoser
3200 B.C. to 1 A.D. Semnut – worked for Queen
Centralized omnipotent authority of the Hatshepsut
pharaoh (king), seen as a god dwelling on 3.2.2. CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
earth, sole master of its country and people Columnar and trabeated
Subdivision of ancient Egypt: 3.2.3. COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS
The Ancient or Old Kingdom–Dynasties I-X
The Middle Kingdom–Dynasties XI-XVII The
New Empire–Dynasties XVIII-XXX
3.1.2. Religion
Cult of many gods representing nature
Deep concern for immortality amounted to
near obsession; First requirement of
immortality- Mummification
Egyptians wished for fine burial
embalmment and funeral rites, a permanent
tomb or “eternal dwelling”
3.1.3. Geography and Geology
Nile River – travel and trade route It
consists of narrow strip of fertile,
alluvial soil along both banks of the
River Nile. Natural products like timber,
clay, brick and stone.
Includes limestone, granite and alabaster.
For constructive/decorative architectural Lotus, papyrus and palm capitals
work and vases and personal ornaments Square pillar
3.1.4. Climate Polygonal column
Spring and summer; brilliant sunshine Palm-type column
(simplicity in design) Bud-and-bell column
Foliated capital column
3.2. Architectural Character Hathor-headed column
3.2.1. DESCRIPTION Osiris pillars
Monumental, immortal, permanent; 3.2.4. ROOF AND CEILINGS
Classify them as: Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude
heat
3.2.5. WALL
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Massive walls to protect from fierce heat A sepulchral monument in the form of huge
of the sun and space for Hieroglyphics stone structures with a square base and four
Batter wall – diminishing in width towards sloping sides meeting at an apex
the top Types : step, slope and bend
3.2.6. OPENING
No windows; skylights; roof slits;
clerestories
3.2.7. DECORATION
“Gorge” or “hollow and roll” mouldings
Hieroglyphics
Sphinxes
Solar disc and vulture with spread wings
Scarab – symbol of resurrection Papyrus,
lotus and palm symbolizing fertility
Grapes symbolizes eternity
3.2.8. ORIENTATION
Towards the cardinal points
3.3. Examples
3.3.1. MASTABAS
Arabic for “bench”
A rectangular brick or stone structure with
sloping flat or recessed sides, erected over
a subterranean tomb chamber that was
connected with the outside by a vertical
shaft
Length is between 20 – 50 meters Width is
15 – 37 meters
Chapel with a false door for offerings to
the “Ka” and the “serdab” – chamber for
the statue of the deceased.
The Stepped Pyramid of Zoser,Saqqara (near

Cairo c. 2750 B.C.)
Mastaba at Zoser Funerary Complex,

Saqqara
Mastaba of Aha-Sakkara
Mastaba of Thi-Sakkara The Pyramids at Gizeh
Mastaba at Giza Mastaba (finest rue pyramids) (near
at Beit Khallaf Cairo) c. 2700 B.C
These pyramids belong to three pharaohs of the IV
dynasty:
Khufu (Greek - Cheops)
3.3.2. PYRAMIDS Khafre (Greek.- Chepren)
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Menkure (Greek.- Mykerinus)
3.3.3. ROCK-CUT or ROCK HEWN TOMBS

Built along hillside the nobility, not
royalty
3.3.6. TEMPLES
Mortuary temples – In honor of pharaohs
Cult temples – In honor of god
3.3.4. PYLONS
Monumental gateway to temples, usually
composed of two masses of masonry with
sloping sides flanking the entrance portal
Temple of Hatshepsut Designed

by the royal architect Senemut for
Queen Hatshepsut
3.3.5. OBELISKS
Tall tapering shaft of stone, usually granite,
monolithic, square in plan with an
electrum-capped pyramidion on top
symbolizing the sun-god Heliopolis Came
in pairs fronting temple entrances
Height of nine or ten times the diameter at
the base with four sides featuring
Hieroglyphics
Great Temple of Abu Simbel
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The gigantic temple at Abu Simbel in Nubia, lower
Egypt, was built on the orders of Ramses II, pharaoh
of Egypt from 1279 to 1212 B.C. Example of rock-
cut temple
4 rock-cut colossal statues of Ramses
4. NEAR EAST ARCHITECTURE

4.1. Influence
4.1.1. History
5000 B.C. to 641 A.D.
3 Periods: Ziggurat at Bulsippa
Mesopotamian (Babylonian or Chaldean) Assyrian
Persian
4.1.2. Geography and Geology 3
zones:
Deserts of the Arabian Peninsula
Grasslands, steppes, river plains of the
Fertile Crescent
Mountains and plateaus from west to east
4.1.3. Religion
Worshipped nature gods
4.1.4. Society Ziggurats built by Ur-Nammu
Religion determined society Made of sun-dried , faced with baked brick laid in bitumen
City-state was under the protection of the 15 meters high on a massive base with two successive smaller stages,
god of the city upper stage serves as pedestal of the shrine
The king is the representative and steward Three ramp-like stairways 100 steps each
Socio-political system – “Theocratic
Socialism” 4.3. Assyrian Architecture
4.2. Early Mesopotamian Architecture 4.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
“Land between the Rivers” Mesopotamia Materials: some stone and timber are
was located between the Tigris and available
Euphrates Rivers in the present-day Middle DECORATION: Winged-bulls guarding
Eastern country of Iraq. chief portals
4.2.1. Architectural Character glazed bricks in blue, white, yellow
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Arcuated and green
Low relief sculpture in stone
MATERIALS: No stone, only clay and soil
Murals
ORIENTATION: Four corners towards
4.3.2. EXAMPLES
cardinal points
4.2.2. EXAMPLES: Temples: With or without ziggurat Palaces:
ZIGGURATS Came with or without zigurrat
4.4. Persian and Median Architecture
Rough pyramidal structures consisting of
stages, each succeeding stage stepped back 4.4.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
from the one beneath. It supports an altar MATERIALS: Due to scarcity, stone was
or temple. used mostly for fire-temples and palace
“artificial mountains” of tiered rectangular platforms
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Persians
stages with temple at summit
introduced the use of columns
4.4.2. EXAMPLES
DWELLINGS: Megaron, Anatolian house
with entrance at end rather than on the long
sides.
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Columned portico as entrance or vestibule Polygonal wall – advanced
Palaces: Palace Platform at Persepolis technique, Hellenic period,
Palace of Darius no pith or tar
Palace of Xerses Hypostyle Rectangular – no dowels
Hall of Xerses
Hall of Hundred Columns (by
Darius)
5. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
5.1. Influences
5.1.1. History Aegean
Period Cyclopean wall
2 major cultures 5.2.2. EXAMPLES
Minoan (flourished in Crete) Mycenaean Minoan Architecture:
(mainland and others) Houses
Minoan architecture Mycenean Megaron – single-storeyed house of deep
architecture plan, columned entrance porch, anteroom
Ancient Greek architecture with central doorway, living apartment or
Archaic Greek architecture megaron proper, central hearth, columns
Classical Greek architecture supporting roof , thalamus, or sleeping
Late Classical Greek room behind
architecture
Hellenistic Architecture
5.1.2. Religion
Nature worship, religious rites, sacred
games, ritual dances, sacrifices. Their gods
live in nature, mountains, assumed human
form and was not free from human
weakness
Mainland: mountainous hinterlands
separated inhabitants into groups, clans,
and states
Archipelago and islands: sea was the
inevitable means of trade and
communication
5.1.4. Climate
Between rigorous cold and relaxing heat
Clear atmosphere and intense light
5.2. AGEAN PERIOD The Megaron
5.2.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION: Rough and massive Palaces: Palace of King Minos, Knossos,
structures Crete 1600-1400
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Two-part B.C.
capital: square abacus above and circular
bulbous echinus below
Wall: Cyclopean wall – large stones, no
mortar, clay bedding
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Mycenean Architecture: “carpentry in marble” – timber forms
imitated in stone with remarkable
exactness
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Columnar and
trabeated
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: first columns
and entablature were made of timber and
terra cotta decorations
stone columns in 600 B.C.
THE GREEK ORDER: Capital, base, column
shaft, horizontal entablature (architrave,
frieze, cornice)
DORIC, IONIC AND CORINTHIAN
DECORATION: Refinements used to correct
Palace at Tyrins Lion optical illusions; sculpture, colors, mural
Gate, Mycenea painting
ENTASIS: slight bulge given to a column to
Tombs: Bee-hive tomb – a bee-hive correct the optical illusion that it
shaped type of subterranean is thinner in the middle
tomb constructed as a corbelled 5.4. Classical Greek Architecture (Hellenistic)
vault and found on pre-historic 5.4.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Greek sites DESCRIPTION: Provided inspiration for
Roman building types not religious in
character, but civic
Dignified and gracious structures
Symmetrical, orderly
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Columnar and
trabeated
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Greek orders
Treasury of Atreus
The best preserved “beehive
tomb”
Built into a hill and approached
by a long passage, the dromos,
leading to the beehive shape
round tomb chamber, tholos
5.3. Ancient Greek Architecture (Hellenic)
DESCRIPTION: mostly religious
architecture
OPENINGS: Clerestory – between roof and
upper wall
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Skylight – made of thin
translucent marble Temple
door – on the east
DECORATION: Mouldings - In architecture,
a continuous narrow surface either
projecting or recessed, plain or
ornamented, whose purpose is to break up a
surface, to accent, or to decorate by means
of the light and shade it produces
Cyma Recta Cyma Reversa

(Ogee) Ovolo (egg-like)
Fillet Cavetto Scotia Reconstructed drawing of the Athenian acropolis in the

5th century B.C.
Foremost among world –famous building

sites
10 structures:
Propylaea – the entrance gateway to an
enclosure (usually temple precincts) as on
Astragal (bead) Torus Bird’s Beak the Acropolis, Athens Pinacotheca -
building containing gallery of painted
ORIENTATION: entire groups of buildings pictures
laid out symmetrically and orderly Doors Statue of Athena Promachos
oriented towards east Erectheion (group of buildings)
5.4.2. EXAMPLES: Parthenon
TEMENOS – a sacred enclosure, sanctuary, Temple of Nike Apteros
or sacred precinct at an established cult Old Temple of Athena
centre, sometimes it incorporates many Stoa of Eumeses
buildings Theater of Dionysos
Odeon of Herodes Atticus
Acropolis at Athens (Best example of Temenos)

Reconstructed view of Acropolis at Pergamon
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hexastyle - 6 columns, term used
TEMPLES – not intended for internal by Vitruvius
worship; altar was outside, on the east front octastyle - 8 columns
Parts: decastyle - 10 columns
COLONNADE (OR PERISTYLE) - Refers to
the rows of columns Temples: Planned by column
PORCH (OR PRONAOS) - a three walled room arrangement
opening into the cella.
CELLA (OR NAOS) - where the statue of the
god or goddess was placed
REAR PORCH (OR OPISTHODOMOS OR
EPINAOS) - is a false porch behind the cella,
often added for reasons of symmetry. Its
place might alternatively be occupied by an
enclosed adytum (treasure room, sometimes
interpreted as a "holy of holies”
STEREOBATE -the lower two steps of the
stepped foundation of a Greek temple
(known as the crepidoma)
CREPIDOMA - the platform of, usually, three
levels upon which the superstructure of the
building is erected STYLOBATE - The upper
step of the base of a Greek temple, which
forms a platform for the columns
PTEROMA - the enclosed space of a
portico, peristyle, or stoa, generally
behind a screen of columns.
In-antis – between anta and the front

Amphi-antis – at front and rear
Prostyle – portico at front
Amphi-prostyle – porticoes at front and rear
Peripteral – on all sides
Pseudo-peripteral – flanking columns
attached to naos
Typical Greek temple plan Dipteral – double line of columns
surrounding naos
Temples: Column number terminology: Pseudo-dipteral – like dipteral, but
Technical term number of columns inner columns omitted
at front on flanks on naos.
distyle - 2 columns
tetrastyle - 4 columns, term used
by Vitruvius
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DORIC TEMPLES
Temple of Hera, Paestum
IONIC TEMPLES
DORIC COLUMN: stands without base directly

on stylobate; simplest
Had a timber origin
H=4 – 6 X base diameter ENTABLATURE:
H = 1 & ¾ the height of Order
IONIC COLUMN: remarkable for its volute

and scroll capital; derived from Egyptian
lotus and Aegean art; most elegant; slender
The Parthenon, Acropolis 448-432 B.C. than Doric
Sculptor and general director: Phidias H = 9 X base diameter
Architects: Ictinos and Callicrates 24 flutes separated by fillets
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ENTABLATURE: H = 1/5 the height of
Order
Parts: Architrave, frieze (omitted in
asianic examples), cornice
Temple of Athena Nike by Callicrates 427-424 B.C. Temple of Artemis, Ephesus

By Demetrius and Paenius Denocrates Sculpted by
Scopas
CORINTHIAN TEMPLES
The Erechtheion, Acropolis by Mnesicles, 421-405 B.C.
Ionic building named after a mythic

Athenian hero Erechtheus; with
Caryatid porch
CARYATID – A female figure that
functions as a supporting column
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CORINTHIAN COLUMN: Base and shaft PARODOS: (Greek; A passageway ;pl.
resembling the Ionic; more slender parodoi) Side entrance into the orchestra of
H = 10 X base diameter a Greek theater (one on each side); the
CAPITAL – much deeper than Ionic; 1 & space between the audience seating and the
1/6 diameter high; designed by skene building; primary entrance/exit for
Callimachus, inspired by basket the chorus and used by audience for
surrounded by acanthus leaves over the entrance and exit from theatre; also the
grave of a Corinthian maiden song sung by chorus as it first enters the
ENTABLATURE: same as Ionic orchestra.
3 parts: architrave, frieze, cornice FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS:
PARACENIA: projecting wall/wing at end of
skene
PROCENIUM: in front of skene, used as
speaking place or locelon
EPISCENIUM: Raised background to the 2-
storey skene building
DIAZOMA: (Greek; pl. diazomata)
Horizontal walkway separating upper and
lower sections of theatron (Latin cavea )
seating; passages or aisles in Greek
theatres concentric with the outer wall;
corresponds to Roman praecinctio
Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens
THEATERS: An open-air structure in the

form of a segment of a circle, frequently
excavated from a hillside, with the seats
arranged in tiers behind and above one
another
Parts:
ORCHESTRA: the circular space in front of
the stage in a theater, where the chorus
stood
THEATRON: (Greek: viewing-place)
Alternate name koilon. Originally referred
to the audience space of the Greek theatre,
but later became synonymous with the Greek theater plan
entire auditorium consisting of the spaces
for both the audience as well as the
performance; corresponds to Roman cavea.
SKENE: (Greek: tent) Building behind the
orchestra originally used for storage but
provided a convenient backing for
performances; corresponds to the Roman
scaena or scaenae
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PRYTANEION: Senate house, used for
entertaining distinguished visitors and
citizens
BOULEUTERION: Council house with
banked seats facing inwards
ODEION: building similar to theater used for
musical performance in Sparta, built in the
7th or 6th century B.C.
STADIUM: foot race course HIPPODROME:
course provided by the Greeks for horse
racing and chariot racing
PALAESTRA: Wrestling school
GYMNASIUM: functioned as a training
facility for competitors in public games
Theater of Epidaurus Designed and all types of physical exercises
by Polycleitos Most beautiful
Greek theater TOMBS:
The Mausoleum of Hallicarnassos
DOMESTIC/PUBLIC BUILDINGS Most famous of all tombs
PROPYLAEA: (meaning on page 8) one of seven wonders of
ancient world; for king
Mausolos from his widow
Artemisia
Propylaea, Athens
The Mausoleum of Hallicarnassos

AGORA: An open square space used for
public meetings or business/social life 6. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
STOA: covered walkways or porticos, 6.1. INFLUENCES
commonly for public usage 6.1.1. History
Centrally-located on the
Mediterranean, was able to serve as
intermediary in spreading art and
civilization in Europe, West Asia and
North Africa
ETRUSCAN (750 – 146 B.C.)
ROMAN (146 – 365 A.D.)
6.1.2. Religion
Roman mythology slowly derived
The restored Stoa of Attalos in Athens.
attributes from Greek gods
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Italian peninsula; central and commanding
position on Mediterranean Sea
6.1.4. Climate
Temperate climate in the North Sunny in voussoirs
Central Italy
Almost tropical in south
6.2. ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE:
DESCRIPTION: great builders and large
scale undertakings
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: earliest use of
true and radiating arch
MATERIALS: stone; tufa, peperino,
travertine, lava stone, sand and gravel Earth
for making terra cotta and bricks; first use
of concrete (300-400 A.D.) – stone or brick
rubble and mortar or pozzolana – a thick
volcanic earth material KEYSTONE – the central stone of an arch or
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: New Tuscan rib vault; sometimes carved IMPOST – a
Order member in the wall, usually formed of a
CITY PLANNING: two main streets—the projecting bracket-like moulding, on which
cardo (north-south) and the decumanus the end of an arch rests
(east-west)—a grid of smaller streets VOUSSOIRS - wedge-shaped element,
dividing the town into blocks, and a wall typically a stone, used in building an arch
circuit with gates. EXTRADOS – the outside curve of an arch
6.2.2. EXAMPLES: INTRADOS – the interior curve of an arch
TOMBS: existed in great numbers outside taken from the inside of the voussoirs
city walls in special necropolis sites SPRINGER – the lowest voussoir on each
DRAINAGE: Cloaca Maxima, Rome side of an arch, where the vertical support
ARCHES: Arch of Augustus, Perugia for the arch terminates and the curve of the
TEMPLE: Temple of Juno Sospita,
arch begins.
Lanuvium
MATERIALS: Marble, mostly white
6.3. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE: Concrete – to build vaults of a magnitude
6.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER equaled until 19th century steel
DESCRIPTION: Utilitarian, practical, construction
economic use of materials CONSTRUCTION COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: 4th & 5th
SYSTEM: Greek orders of architecture used
Orders: Tuscan and Composite TUSCAN
as decorative features which could be ORDER: simplified version of Doric
omitted Adopted columnar and trabeated Order
style of Greeks H = 7 X diameter
Developed arch and vault system started Base, unfluted shaft, moulded capital,
by Etruscans plain entablature
Combined use of columns, beam and arch COMPOSITE ORDER: combines prominent
volutes of Ionic with acanthus of
Corinthian
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Composite Order
ROOF AND CEILING: wagon/ barrel/ tunnel

vault, wagon vault with intersecting vault,
cross vault, hemispherical dome/ cupola
WALL: The Maisson, Carree, Nimes; Best preserved;

Corinthian Order
CIRCULAR TEMPLE
Opus Quadratum
Opus Incertum
Opus Reticulatum Opus Quasi-Reticulatum
Opus Testaceum Opus Mixtum
OPUS QUADRATUM – rectangular blocks,

with or without mortar joints OPUS
INCERTUM – small stones, loose pattern
resembling polygonal walling OPUS The Pantheon, Rome; (most perfect
RETICULATUM – net-like effect with fine preservation of roman buildings) Temple
joints running diagonally OPUS of Vesta, Rome
TESTACEUM – brick facing
OPUS MIXTUM – alternation of brickwork FORUMS: Corresponds to the Greek
and small squared stone blocks Agora; central open space usually
surrounded by public building and
6.3.2. EXAMPLES: colonnades
Rectangular temples
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Trajan’s Forum
Thermae of Caracalla
BASILICAS: large public hall where law-
suits were heard; hall of justice; THEATERS: Greek-type adapted to suit
commercial exchange Roman drama; Semicircular in plan and
consisted of a tall stage building abutting
a semicircular orchestra and tiered seating
area (cavea)
Basilica in the Forum, Pompeii Usuall The Theater, Orange

plan: length twice the width
AMPHITHEATERS: (literally double- theaters)
THERMAE: Roman public baths, containing elliptical or circular space surrounded by
large halls, with water at various rising tiers of seats used for gladiatorial and
animal contests
temperatures and many other amenities
such as libraries, and sports arenas
3 parts: Main building, open space outer
ring of apartments
Main building: Dominant central hall,
symmetrically arranged rooms
Tepidarium – warm room
Frigidarium – cold water swimming
bath The Colosseum, Rome
Laconicum (sudatorium) – dry aweating
room
Apodyteria – dressing room
Unctuaria – Oils room
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CIRCUS: for horse and chariot racing (from small garden (hortus)
hippodrome)
The Circus Maximus, Rome TOMBS:
classes of Roman Tombs

Caemetaria
Monumental tombs
Pyramidal Tombs
Temple-shaped tombs
Eastern Tombs
TRIUMPHAL ARCHES: monumental arch

built to celebrate victorious campaigns;
erected to emperors and generals
AQUEDUCTS: artificial channel for carrying

water, usually an elevated masonry or
brick structure
Arch of Titus, Rome
DWELLINGS:
Domus – private house
Villa – country house Insula
– apartment block
Republican house, consisted of an entrance
corridor (fauces)
main room (atrium) open to the sky with a Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
central basin for the collection of
rainwater TOWN GATEWAYS AND ARCHWAYS
Series of small bedrooms (cubicula) BRIDGES
Office area (tablinum) MEMORIAL COLUMN
Dining room (triclinium) PALACES
kitchen (culina), and perhaps a FOUNTAINS
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7. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE NARTHEX – a porch or vestibule of a
7.1. INFLUENCES church, generally colonnaded or arcaded
7.1.1. History and preceding the nave NAVE – part of
313-800 A.D. Christianity moved from the church between the chief entrance and
Judea to Rome; became the official religion the choir, demarcated from aisles, by piers
of the Roman Empire and columns
Two Historic Events AMBULATORY – a passageway around the
The Edict of Milan c. 313 (state religion) apse of a church, or for circumambulating
Transfer of power from Rome to a shrine
Constantinople c. 330 APSE – a vaulted semi-circular or
7.1.2. Religion polygonal termination, usually to a chancel
Christianity or chapel
7.1.3. Geography and Geology BEMA – raised stage for the clergy at the
Roman ruins served as quarries from which east end
materials were obtained AISLE – part of the church, parallel to, and
7.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER divided by piers or columns from, the
7.2.1. DESCRIPTION: Construction was highly nave, choir or transept
influenced by Roman art and architecture; CHOIR – part of the church where the choir
purpose of the Christian church was to sits; normally the west part of the chancel
serve worshippers (loosely applied to mean as chancel)
2 building types CHANCEL - that part of the east end of a
Early Christian Basilica – Rectangular church in which the main altar is placed;
building with an apse for the altar at one reserved for clergy and choir AMBO –
end. where the Gospel and epistle was read
Martyrium – Circular building (Baptistery TRANSEPT - part of a cruciform church
or mausoleum) whose axis crosses at right angles the axis
7.2.2. MATERIALS: made use as much as possible running from the chief entrance through the
the materials from old Roman temples nave to the apse
which had become useless
7.2.3. ROOF AND CEILING: simple timber roof of
king and queen post trusses; vaulted or
domed
7.2.4. DECORATION: did not use bulky Roman
construction methods; an architectural
abstraction of the ideal Christian, simple
and plain on the outside, but with a soul
glowing and beautiful within. (richly
decorated interior space and neglecting the
exterior)
7.2.5. ORIENTATION: Façade faced West
Priest stood behind altar facing East
7.3. EXAMPLES
7.3.1. BASILICAN CHURCHES: based on ancient
Roman basilicas; erected over the burial
place of the saint to whom it was
dedicated
Parts:
ATRIUM – open colonnaded court in
front of and attached to a Christian
basilica
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7.3.2. CHURCH COMPLEX
BELFRY/CAMPANILE – a bell tower, either
attached to a church or standing alone
BAPTISTERY
7.3.3. BAPTISTERIES: a separate building or part
of a church in which the Sacrament of
Baptism is administered during Easter,
Pentecost and Epiphany; with the advent
of infant baptism, it was replaced by the
Font
Plan
S. Clemente, Rome
S. Maria Maggiore, Rome
S. Apollinare, Ravenna
S. Agnese Fuori Le Mura, Rome Baptistery of Constantine, Rome
7.3.4. TOMBS: burial up to the end of the 4th

century took place in the Catacombs
outside Rome; Christians objected to
cremation and insisted burial on
consecrated ground
Old St. Peter’s, Rome (erected by Constantine near the

site of St. Peter’s martyrdom)
Tomb of Galla Placidia, Ravenna Earliest

tomb in cruciform plan; sarcophagi still
remain in the arms of the cross
S. Costanza, Rome
19
8. BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
8.1. INFLUENCES
8.1.1. History
330-1453 A.D.
Byzantium – Greek colony since 660
B.C.; Constantine, a converted Christian
transferred the empire from Rome to
Byzantium in 330 A.D. Empire was
divided: Rome as western capital and
Byzantium (which later became
Constantinople) as eastern capital (“new
Rome”)
8.1.2. Religion
330 A.D. Constantinople became capital to
first official Christian empire
8.1.3. Geography and Geology Where
Asia and Europe meet,
separated by small body of water; most
commanding position and most valuable
part of eastern Roman Empire
8.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
8.2.1. DESCRIPTION: mostly church construction;
discarded early Christian style for new
domical Byzantine style (still the official
style for Orthodox churches)
Basilican plan: early Christian Domed, S. Sophia, Constantinople (Hagia Sophia or
centralized plan – Byzantine “divine wisdom”)
8.2.2. CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: domical Designed by Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of
construction with classical columnar Miletus;
style One of the supreme achievements in the
8.2.3. COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: used Roman history of world architecture; Structurally
Ionic, Corinthian, Composite style, the dome rests on pendentives between
Cubiform capital, shaped to form a the four supporting arches resting on four
transition from square abacus to circular main piers
shaft; dosseret block used as deep abacus
invented to enlarge surface for receiving
wide voussoirs of arches or thick walls
8.2.4. ROOF AND CEILING: 3 types of domes
Simple, Compound and special designs
8.2.5. DECORATION: stone bands instead of
mouldings; decorative arches, internal
marble, mosaic and fresco decorations
8.2.6. ORIENTATION: Façade at west
8.3. EXAMPLES
8.3.1. CHURCHES
Centralized type of plan
S. Vitale, Ravenna
20
9. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE Close alliance with Constantinople,
9.1. INFLUENCES influence of Byzantine culture, because of
9.1.1. History Venice and Ravenna
900-1200 A.D. Geography and Geology
Decline of the Roman Empire led to the Low-lying plains of Lombardy – clay for
rise of independent states and notions of bricks and marble from hills
Europe – Gaul, Central Europe, etc. King Climate
Charlemagne crowned emperor by Pope in Extremes of heat and cold
800 A.D. established the Holy Roman 9.3.2. EXAMPLES:
Empire a title which lasted until 1806; CATHEDRALS
Religious enthusiasm found physical Basilican-type churches; flat, severed
expression in magnificent cathedrals and facades across whole church, masking
monastic buildings division on nave and aisles
9.1.2. Religion Wheel window
Growth of different religious orders Central projecting porch on façade,
Monasticism became the most important often 2-storey with columns on
institution within the Church (provided crouching beasts
seclusion, assurance of salvation, only Roughly-carved grotesque figures of men
means of receiving education) and beasts
The monasteries were the bearers of Less refined in character due to use of stone
culture and art and brick instead of marble Ornament shows
9.1.3. Society a departure from classic precedent, instead
Two major social institutions added its shows rough northern European
coherence: the Christian church and grotesque styles
Feudalism
9.2.1. DESCRIPTION: architecture governed by
classical traditions; concentrated on beauty
and delicacy of ornamental detail; sober
and dignified
Transition from flat wooden ceiling of the
nave to masonry vault construction
Application of cross-groin vault, consisting
of four curved surfaces (quadripartite
vault)
Use of bay system
Semicircular arches for openings in walls
Massive enclosing walls and incorporation
of towers into the church building S. Ambrogio, Milan
proper
9.3. NORTH ITALY S. Zeno Maggiore, Verona
9.3.1. INFLUENCES: S. Fedele Como
History S. Michele, Pavia
Milan, Venice, Ravenna, Pavia, Verona,
Genoa CAMPANILEs – Product of Romanesque
Invasions and trade with northern Europe period; straight tower shafts, generally
through alpine passes; standing alone as civic monuments or
symbols of power rather than integral parts
of church
21
9.4. SOUTH ITALY
9.4.1. INFLUENCES:
History
Underwent Greek, Roman, Byzantine,
Muslim and Norman rule
Geography and Geology Mountainous
with limestone Climate
Almost sub-tropical
9.4.2. EXAMPLES:
CATHEDRALS: Byzantine influence in
mosaic decorations; Muslim influence on
use of striped marbles
Monreale Cathedral, Palermo Pisa Cathedral

Forms one of most famous building groups in
S. Giovanni degli Eremiti, Palermo La the world – campanile and Campo Santo
Zisa, Palermo Baptistery – designed by Dioti Salvi
Campanile – aka the “Leaning Tower of
9.5. CENTRAL ITALY Pisa”
9.5.1. INFLUENCES: The wall is covered with white and pink
HISTORY marble.
Rome, Florence, Naples, Pisa Rich in The dome at the Crossing is additional at
pagan influence Geography and later period.
Geology The Bell Tower was designed by Bonanno
Great stone and mineral wealth at Tuscany –
bricks, tufa, peperino, travertine, marble 9.6. NORTH FRANCE
Ruins of classical buildings 9.6.1. INFLUENCES
9.5.2. EXAMPLES: Geography and Geology
CATHEDRALS Fine Caen stone Pumice
Concentrated on beauty and delicacy of and tufa
ornamental details, instead of new Climate Wintery
construction systems in north
Resembles early basilican churches in plan 9.6.2. EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS
Remains of old buildings were less
abundant, greater freedom of developing
new style
22
Semi-circular east end, as an ambulatory
with radiating chapels, is common
Use of old Roman architecture features
St. Sernin, Toulouse

Vienne cathedrakNotre dame du Port Angouleme
Cathedral
9.8. CENTRAL EUROPE
9.8.1. INFLUENCES
GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY
Stone from mountains along Rhine Timber
from Baltic shores
The Abbey S. Denis Brick from Elber in the north Climate
Summer and winter
The Abbaye-aux-Hommes, Caen 9.8.2. EXAMPLES
S. Nicholas, Caen CATHEDRALS:
9.7. SOUTH FRANCE Exhibits a Carolingian and Lombard
9.7.1. INFLUENCES influence
Geography and Geology
Abundant good stone, easily quarried and
freely used
Climate
Sub-tropical in south
9.7.2. EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS
Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) Cathedral
Worms Cathedral, Germany
Church of the Apostles, Cologne Speyer

Cathedral
Cruciform plan
23
9.9. SPAIN Complex of circular towers, curtain walls
9.9.1. INFLUENCES City Walls of Avila, Castile
History 9.10. ENGLAND
Moors in southwest Europe, until 732 A.D.; 9.10.1. INFLUENCES
continuous warfare against moors gave a History
certain unity to the peninsula Christian Subject to roman conquest, preceded by
influence the landing of Julius Caesar in 55 A.D.
Royal ties with France and England Ruled by Roman legions
Geography and Geology Geography and Geology Remote
Iberian Peninsula is a great rock massif – from rest of Europe, dependent on
granite, limestone, red sandstone, semi- sea routes Hardwood forest and
marble, no timber stone Climate
9.9.2. EXAMPLES Low lighting, severe cold
RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS 9.10.2. EXAMPLES
Used both Basilica and Greek-cross forms CATHEDRALS
Sta. Maria, Ripoll St. 3 foundations:
Tirso, Sahagun Old foundation – served by secular
La Lugareja, Arevalo St. clergy
Martin de Fromista
Monastic foundation – served by
Monastery of Poblet, Catalonia
regular clergy or monks, later by
secular canons
New foundation – to which bishops
had been appointed
Norwich Cathedral St.

Albans Cathedral
Winchester Cathedral
Bristol Cathedral
Carlisle Cathedral
Chichester Cathedral
Exeter Rochester
Oxford
Worcester Canterbury
Cathedral
Santiago de Compostela
Finest achievement of Romanesque
architecture in Spain
CASTLES AND TOWN WALLS

City Walls of Andalusia Loarre
in Aragon
Durham Cathedral
Finest Romanesque Castle in Spain
24
MONASTIC BUILDINGS middle ages-works of the barbarian Goths.
Considered as one of Europe’s
outstanding artistic eras.
This age saw the rise of new cities or built
on the foundations of old Roman cities
Religion
Strongly influenced by religious men and
saints; extreme power and wealth led to
serious abuses in the church
Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire DESCRIPTION:
The Cathedral – a rare synthesis of
CASTLES architecture, sculpture and painting The
1500 castles in England, in 1100 to 1200 pointed arch, flying buttress and rib vault
A.D. Colored glass and tracery, rhythm
Began as motte and bailey earthworks, later columns and bundled piers Towers
citadels with stone and curtain walls and spires-transcendental character
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Windsor Castle
The largest inhabited castle in the world
and, dating back to the time of William
the Conqueror, is the oldest in continuous
occupation
Tower of London
Castle Hedingman, Essex
Orford, Suffolk Conisborough,
Yorkshire
Transverse section
10. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
10.1. INFLUENCES
HISTORY
Gothic age originated in France around
1150
Originally- Gothic- first used by
Renaissance critics as a derogatory term
for all art and architecture of the
25
Erected out of funds provided by the laity
– not as part of monastic establishments
Served as a library for illiterate
townspeople; biblical stories told, with
stained-glass and statuary
Sexpartite Vault Point of departure from classic Vaulting

framework of intersecting pointed arch
10.3. FRANCE ribs, which supports thin stone panels
10.3.1. INFLUENCES
History Difficulty of vaulting oblong
1200 – 1600 A.D. with 1337 to 1453 compartments – overcome by using
A.D., the “Hundred Years War” began with pointed arches over shorter span and
England; restlessness sometimes retaining semi-circular arches
Feudal system, tyranny of lords over for diagonal or longer spans
common people
Religious zeal – Christianity was united Downward and outward pressures from
against Muslims; Crusades vault were collected by meeting of ribs at
10.3.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER angles; oblique pressure was counter-acted
DESCRIPTION: the term “Gothic” in by buttresses or flying buttresses
reproach to this style – a departure weighted by pinnacles
from classic lines
General use of “Pointed Arch” “L Walls – less needed supports, released from
‘architecture Ogivale” load-bearing function; invention of colored,
3 periods: stained glass window to adorn window-
PRIMARIE(1200 AD) walls.
“A lancettes”
Pointed arch and geometric traceried
windows
SECONDAIRE (1300 AD)
“Rayonnant”
Circular windows, wheel tracery
TERTIARE (1400 – 1600 AD)
“Flamboyant”
Flame-like window tracery
10.3.3. EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS
26
Palais de Justice, Rouen
CASTLES
Built on mounds above rivers with thick
walls and small windows to resist attack
Later adapted to make convenient
residences
Chateau de Pierrefonds
Chateau de Ambrose
Notre Dame de Paris
COUNTRY HOUSES
One of the oldest French cathedrals; begun
With the development of gunpowder and
by Bishop Maurice de Sully
new social order, country houses took the
place of fortified citadels
Still called “chateaux”
“flying buttress”
Reims Cathedral Chateau de Josselin
Chartres Cathedral Chateau de Justice, Rouen

Beauvais Cathdral Laon Chateau d’O, Mortree
Cathedral Soissons
Cathedral
TOWNHOUSES
HOTEL DE VILLE “Maisons noble” – French nobles ceased
Few examples because little municipal life to be feudal lords in castles and erected,
under the Feudal system known as “hotels” House of Jacques
Hotel de Ville, Arras Couer, Bourges Hotel de Cluny,
Paris
PALAIS DE JUSTICE
Great halls in which kings and nobles 10.4. ENGLAND
dispensed justice to their vassals 10.4.1. INFLUENCES
History
27
High Gothic Style gained acceptance in
England under Henry II (1154-1189 A.D.)
10.4.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER EARLY ENGLISH (13th Century)
Periods:
Norman (1066 – 1154 A.D.)
Transitional (1154 – 1189 A.D.) pointed
arches in Romanesque structures
Early English (1189 – 1307 A.D.)
equivalent to high Gothic in France –
also called “Lancet” or “First Pointed”
style
Decorated (1307 – 1377 A.D.) also
called “Second Pointed” equivalent to Early English groined
French “Flamboyant” style Early English groined vaulting vaulting with
Perpendicular (1377 – 1485 A.D.) also intermediate ribs
called “Rectilinear” or “Third Pointed”
Tudor (1495 – 1558 A.D.) increasing DECORATED (14th Century)
application of Renaissance detail
Elizabethan (1558 – 1603 A.D.) Ceiling Plan Lierne
Renaissance ideas take its mark stellar vaulting
THE EVOLUTION OF GOTHIC VAULTING
NORMAN
Lierne vault
28
PERPENDICULAR (15th Century)
Diagonal segmental rib
Fan vaulting
REFERENCES FOR VAULTING: Scanned image and text by George P. Landow
(2007)
Fletcher, Bannister, and Bannister F. Fletcher. A History of Architecture on the
Comparative Method for the Student, Craftsman, and Amateur. 16th ed. New York:
Sexpartite vaulting Waggon vaulting Chas. Scribner’s Sons, 1958.
29
TYPES OF TIMBER ROOFS GOTHIC WINDOWS
Tie-Beam Roof Trussed – Rafter Roof
Hammer – Beam Roof

Collar –Braced Roof
Aisle Roof
30
EVOLUTION OF GOTHIC BUTTRESSES GOTHIC DOORWAYS
Early English Gothic doorway

Gothic doorway; Decorated
style
Gothic doorway; Perpendicular

style
REFERENCE: Scanned image and text by George P. Landow (2007)
Fletcher, Bannister, and Bannister F. Fletcher. A History of Architecture on the
Comparative Method for the Student, Craftsman, and Amateur. 16th ed. New York:
Chas. Scribner’s Sons, 1958.
31
10.4.3. EXAMPLES CASTLES AND FORTIFICATIONS
CATHEDRALS Stronghold, also for administering justice
(Lat. cathedra, "seat") is a Christian church and dispensing hospitality
that contains the seat of a bishop. It is a
religious building for worship, specifically SMALLER HOUSES: simple one-room
of a denomination with an Episcopal shelters of wood and thatch townhouses on
hierarchy, such as the Roman Catholic, burgages or narrow strips of land, limited
Anglican, Orthodox and some Lutheran frontage on main street
churches, which serves as a bishop's seat,
and thus as the central church of a COLLEGES: with chapel; communal dining
diocese hall, library, small rooms, staircases,
storage. Brew houses, gatehouse
MANOR HOUSES; erected by new and

wealthy trading families
Parts:
Great Hall, (sometimes aisled)
Chapel
Latrine chamber
Service rooms
Kitchens Central
Westminster Abbey; most important hearth
medieval building in England; largest area
and width (32 m. inside) TUDOR MANOR HOUSES; increased number
and variety of rooms; Quadrangular court
Yorkminster Wells from which many rooms entered directly.
Cathedral Battlement parapets and fortified gateways
used for ornamentation
Penhurst Place, Kent

Little Wenham Hall, Suffolk Chamey
Basset Manor house, Berkshire
Athelhampton Hall, Dorset Hampton
Court Palace
10.5. CENTRAL EUROPE
10.5.1. INFLUENCES
History: Germany was a composition of many
states
Salisbury Cathedral 10.5.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Style came from France and not from
MONASTERIES: Building complex of
German Romanesque
monastic order – self – contained
10.5.3. EXAMPLES
community used by monks
CATHEDRALS: Hall Churches in the north
– totally different external appearance
PARISH CHURCHES: All Saints Church,
Stock Essex
Breamore Church, Hants Tity
church, Essex
32
Town hall, Louvain Town
hall, Brussels
Cloth hall and Belfry, Bruges Maison
des Francs Bateliers, Ghent
10.7. SPAIN
10.7.1. INFLUENCES
History; Spanish inquisition in 1477
A.D. – brought national and religious unity
against the Jews and Muslims Muslim
Ulm Cathedral capital of Toledo fell in 1085 A.D.; Moors
were expelled from in 1492 A.D. with fall
CASTLES: seen everywhere with old of Granada
fortified towns 10.7.2. EXAMPLES
Klingentor, Rothenburg CATHEDRALS: strong Moorish influence,
TOWN HALLS: Rathaus, Regensberg horseshoe arch, pierced stone tracery, rich
CUSTOMS HOUSE: the Customs House, surface decoration of intricate geometrical
Nuremburg and flowing patterns Gerona Cathedral
HOUSES: Old Houses, Nuremburg The Burgos Cathedral
Kaiserworth, Goslar, Old house, Most poetic of all Spanish
Brunswick cathedrals
10.6. BELGIUM & NETHERLANDS Toledo Cathedral
10.6.1. INFLUENCES Salamanca Cathedral
History: Basins and delta of Rhine and other Avila Cathedral Segovia
rivers, number of medieval states and cities; Cathedral Granada
sea power, culturally dependent on Germany Cathedral Barcelona
and France Towns competed with each other Cathedral
in power and the arts – architecture as
products of civic rivalry in wealth and
splendor
French Gothic influence – Brabantine style;
German influence – hall churches
10.6.3. EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS
St. Gudule, Brussels: earliest example of
Gothic in Netherlands;
Antwerp Cathedral SECULAR Seville Cathedral
ARCHITECTURE The Cathedral of Seville, formally
Catedral de Santa María de la Sede
(Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See) was
begun in 1402, with construction
continuing into the 16th century. It is the
largest of all Roman Catholic cathedrals
(Saint Peter's Basilica not being a
cathedral) and also the largest Medieval
Gothic religious building, in terms of both
area and volume
Town hall, Bruges SECULAR ARCHITECTURE

Puerta Serranos, Valencia
33
The Puerta Del Sol, Toledo College of Palazzo S. Steffano
Sto. Gregorio, Villadolid Palacio de la Palazzo Arcivescoville, Palermo
Audencio, Barcelona Ducal Palace, 11. RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
Guadalajara 11.1. INFLUENCES
La Lonja de la Seda, Valencia Castillo History; great inventions led to general upheaval
de la Mota, Medina del Camp of this period – gunpowder, mariner’s compass,
10.8. ITAL printing by
Y
10.8.1. INFLUENCES movable types; attempt to understand the
History: Italy led the way in Europe, in ancient world, its values, literary and
terms of art, learning and commerce; artistic forms;
Renaissance, cultural revival, took place in “Treatise on Architecture” by Vitruvius
Italy nearly in advance in northern in 1486;
Europe Religious and intellectual unity of
This arrested the development of Gothic Christendom had begun to fall apart
architecture in Italy (only one Gothic Two principal Components of the style:
architecture in Rome: St. Revival of the classical forms (Re-birth)
Francis of Assisi) Intensified concern for secular life
10.8.2. EXAMPLES “Humanism” – people are rational
CATHEDRALS beings who possess within
Roman tradition remained strong; themselves the capacity for truth
combination of Greek inspiration, Roman and goodness
construction and Byzantine decoration 11.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER: the
Milan Cathedral (largest Medieval Renaissance movement crated a break in
Cathedral) the evolution of European architecture;
Doge’s Palace, Venice (grandest effort in characteristic of departure from Gothic –
civic architecture during the period) classic Roman “Orders of Architecture”
used after a thousand years; adoption of
Byzantine structural and decorative
practices interwoven with Roman and
Romanesque succession
COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Orders were
standardized by Palladio, Vignola,
Scamozzi, used constructively and
decoratively
ROOF AND CEILING: high drums raised
Florence Cathedral above pendentives to accommodate
(aka S. Maria del Fiore) designed by windows, decoration with classical
Arnolfo di Cambio; essentially Italian columns crowned with lantern
in character without the vertical WALL: rusticated masonry walls; rusticated
features of northern Gothic; the dome wall angles called quoins
was designed by Filippo Brunelleschi
which triumphantly blended with a
Gothic building Quoins
Sienna Cathedral (one of the most
stupendous undertakings since the
Pisa Cathedral); zebra marble striping
on wall and pier
Palazzo Vechio
34
Rococo: primarily French in origin; rock-
like forms, fantastic scrolls, and
crimped shells are worked up
together in a profusion and confusion
of detail, often without organic
coherence, but presenting a lavish
display of decoration; Rococo is
profuse, often semi- abstract
ornamentation and lightness of color
and weight.
11.4. FLORENCE
11.4.1. INFLUENCES:
History: Florence, Genoa, Milan; one of
central, chief powers of Italy;
Medici family, founded by Giovanni de
Medici – commercial and political
power
European kings were richer and powerful
than the church and nobility
The Medici Family of Florence ran the
town
Artists, excelling in several arts gaining
high status in society
Renaissance had its birth in Florence!
11.3. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Wall: Rusticated masonry gave massive
Periods: and rugged appearance; also defined by
Early Renaissance: period of learning, string courses crowned by deep cornices
designer’s intent on accurate Openings: doorways at Genoa have
transcription of Roman elements triangular and segmental pediments;
High Renaissance & Proto – Baroque: doorways are small yet imposing;
became an individual style in its own 11.4.2. EXAMPLES
right; conflict between purists and Palazzi – palace type building evolved,
Proto – Baroque; also Mannerist phase built around a cortile or interior court like
wherein practices which had no medieval cloister; rugged fortress- like
Roman precedent were interspersed character in contrast with refinement of
with the usual buildings were Renaissance churches Early Renaissance
conceived in a non- Roman way – a examples
free, decorative and illogical way, Filippo Brunelleschi – famous architect
unsanctioned by antique precedent
Baroque: highly enriched play of form with
multiform elements; architects worked
with freedom and firmly acquired
knowledge; true nature of Renaissance
as a distinctive style began to emerge,
baroque was dramatic, rich, grand and
alive, with architecture, painting,
sculpture and minor arts being used in
harmony to produce a unified whole Palazzo Medici – Riccardi, Florence by
Michelozzo Di Bartolomeo
35
Palazzi – majesty and dignity; astylar and
cliff-like façade
Churches – centralized and compact in

plan; astylar façade treatment
Palazzo Strozzi, Florence by Early Renaissance examples Luciano

Benedetto de Majano, Laurana – famous architect
for Filippo Strozzi the Elder, a rival of the
Medici
High Renaissance & Proto-Baroque

examples
Bartolomeo Ammanati – famous architect
Palazo Municipio, Genoa New
Sacristy of S. Lorenzo Ducal Palace, Urbino
Michelangelo led the Proto-Baroque Begun by Florentine Maso di Bartolomeo
breakaway from academic formalism Luciano Laurana designed the façade, the
with his design famous courtyard and the great entrance
staircase
Baroque examples
Bartolomeo Bianco – famous architect High Renaissance & Proto-Baroque Donato
Porta Pila, Genoa Bramante – famous architect
Palazo Carignano, Turin; best known
building by Guarini
11.5. ROME
11.5.1. INFLUENCES
History: Roman ruins supplied models for
new buildings, which served as model for
all of Europe; political authority of pope in
Rome
Revival of building in Rome brought by The Tempietto, San Pietro, Montorio, Rome
stable government, increased population Architectural gem by Bramante
and wealth
Wall: frequently screened with
pilasters, both singled and coupled on each
storey, sometimes up to two storeys to give
grandness
Types of Pediments
S. Peter, Rome – most important building of the

period, with cathedral, piazza and Vatican, forms
a world-famous group
Triangular Segmental Broken 120 years, outcome of the works of many
architects under the direction of the pope:
11.5.3. EXAMPLES
36
Bramante – design was selected from Completed plan in Latin cross
several entries in a competition
(Greek cross, proposed a dome Baroque examples
similar to Pantheon) S. Susana, Rome
Giulliano da Sangallo, Fra giacondo & S. Carlo alle Quatro Fontane Fontana
Raphael – proposed a Latin cross di Trevi by Nicola Salvi
plan; died
Baldassare Peruzzi – reverted to greek 11.6. VENICE
cross; died 11.6.1. INFLUENCES
Antonio da Sangallo (the younger) - Venice, Padua, Vicenza, Verona, Brescia,
submitted a slightly altered plan with Bergamo; greatness founded on oriental
an extended vestibule and lofty commerce; sea-power, semi-independence
campanile and elaborate dome from popes Merchants and commercial
Michelangelo – (72 yrs. old) reverted to magnates, each in rivalry with each other
Greek cross plan, strengthened the 11.6.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
piers of the dome and redesigned the Lighter and more graceful than
surrounding chapels and apses. He Florentine architecture; buildings built on
completed the drum of the dome a hundred isles of wooden and stone piles;
before his death. (present building ubiquitous waterways, spanned by
owes most of its outstanding features charming bridges Openings: doorways
to him) flanked by pilasters and columns
Giacomo della Porta & Domenico Fontana supporting cornices and pediments
– completed the dome in 1590 11.6.3. EXAMPLES
Giacomo da Vignola – added side cupolas Palazzi – graceful balconies adding to the
Carlo Maderna - lengthened the nave to play of light and shadows on the façade;
form a Latin cross and added the compact plans owing to cramped sites
gigantic façade Churches – simple and aisle-less Early
Gian Lorenzo Bernini – erected the noble Renaissance examples Doge’s palace
entrance piazza (St. Peter’s square) – Palazzo corner Spinelli, Venice High
198 m. wide Renaissance & Proto-Broque
examples;
Palazzo Bevilacqua, Verona
Palazzo Pompeii
Palazo Grimani, Venice
San Michelle’s greatest work
The Basilica, Vicenza
Baroque examples
Adapted to strict Venetian conditions;
sculptured carvings of maritime
theme
11.7. FRANCE
11.7.1. INFLUENCES
History: united to expel the English in
1453 – unprecedented unity, power and
splendor
Plan and site view: S. Peter, Rome
37
Napoleon Bonaparte as national figure;
France had united as a kingdom; Paris as
center
11.7.2. ARCHITECTURAL CAHRACTER Renaissance
radiated from Paris to all parts of the
country
Periods:
Early Period – combination of Gothic and
renaissance features; forming Chateau de Maisons – one of the most
picturesque ensemble; state of harmonious of all chateaux by Francois
transition, Renaissance features grafted Mansart
unto Gothic buildings
Classical Period – dignity, sobriety and ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS
masculine quality of its foremost St. Etienne du Mont, Paris St.
buildings Eustache, Paris
Late period – Louis the XV phase:
externally simple and less
classically pure
Louis XVI phase: return to
sober classicism - austere and
refined exteriors Empire:
(1790 – 1830
A.D.) rigid formality
11.7.3. EXAMPLES
SECULAR BUILDINGS St-Gervais-et-St-Protais Church By
Chateau de Bois Chateu Salomon de Brosse
d’Azay-Rideau
Palaise de Fountainbleau
Chateau de Chambord by Italian, Domenico The church of the Val-de-Grâce designed

da cortona by François Mansart and Jacques
Lemercier
11.8. ENGLAND
11.8.1. INFLUENCES
History: great wars of 1800 and 1900;
continental travels closed to Englishmen
Henry VIII – king and supreme head of

English church, dissolved monasteries and
Palais du Louvre, Paris sold their estates; Stuarts gave England
together with Tuileries, constitutes one of closer ties with France and Italy
the most imposing palaces in Europe
38
Religion – Protestantism won converts
Periods:
Early Renaissance – Elizabethan
Early renaissance – Jacobean
Late Renaissance – Stuart
Late Renaissance – Georgian
11.8.3. EXAMPLES
Early Renaissance – Elizabethan examples;
reign of Queen Elizabeth;
establishment of renaissance style in
England; followed Tudor architecture
– transition style with Gothic features
and Renaissance detail
Tombs and Fittings – Tomb of Henry VII,
Castle Ashby, Northants
Westminster Abbey, early exquisite
Renaissance art
Early Renaissance – Jacobean examples
Elizabethan Mansions – statesmen,
Jacobean Mansions – Hatfield House,
merchants and gentry needed
Herts
mansions to suit their positions,
Bramshill House, Hampshire Blicking
designed comprehensively by owner
Hall, Norfolk
and chosen master craftsmen,
Colleges
externally – towers, gables, parapets,
The Brodleian Library, Oxford
balustrades, chimney stacks, oriel and
Merton College, Oxford
bay windows; viewing outwards rather
than inwards with forecourt, gateways,
Late Renaissance – Stuart examples
angle pavilions, formal gardens,
fountains, terraces with balustrades,
topiary gardens, orchards
Parts:
Central hall – centrally located; more
of a state hall, rooms around a
central court
Grand staircase Long
gallery
Withdrawing room or solar
Kitchen and office at one end
Gatehouse at entrance side Banqueting House Whitehall, London by
Inigo Jones
Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire
St. Paul Cathedral, London by Sir Christopher Wren
39
Late Renaissance – Georgian examples Façade is plateresque masterpiece The
Houses: Alcazar, Toledo
Planned as a simple symmetrical
square or rectangular block; Swan
House, Chichester
Moot house, Downtown Wiltshire
Casa de las Conchas, Salamanca;

Blenheim Palace by Sir John Vanburgh
façade covered with carved scallop
shells
11.9. SPAIN &PORTUGAL
11.9.1. INFLUENCES
History – Spain was the leading country in
Europe in 1500’s, vast hereditary
possession of Spanish monarchy,
military conquest: Cape of Good Hope,
America, Netherlands and Central
Europe, Mexico, Peru, Chile;
Protestant reformation gained few
adherents in Spain due to Christian
unity brought by anti-Moor struggle
Periods: The Escorial, Madrid
Early Period – Renaissance details on
Gothic forms; influence by Moorish
art; plateresque, rich and poetic style,
minuteness of details similar to
silversmiths’ work, extremely florid
and decorative
In Portugal – Manueline style from
king Manuel I of 1495 – 1521 A.D.
Classical Period – adherence to Italian
Renaissance art The Palacio Nacional, Queluz; exquisite
Baroque Period – reaction to the correct Rococo country house
and frigid formalism of Herrera and
followers – classical rules Granada Cathedral by Diego de Siloe – one of
disregarded; Churrigueresque, the grandest Renaissance churches in
fantastically extravagant expression, southern Spain
by Jose de Churriguera, 1650 – 1723 The Sacristy of La Cartuja (Charter house)
A.D. Granada –extreme example of
Antiquarian Period – returned to ancient Churrigueresque
classical model
11.9.3. EXAMPLES 11.10. CENTRAL EUROPE
Secular examples 11.10.1. INFLUENCES
The University, Salamanca History – wars between Catholics and
Protestants; Martin Luther as
40
dominating figure of Reformation; Ecclesiastical Examples:
invasion by Turks The Theatine Church, Munich – Baroque
Influence by universities on art and style by A Barelli and H Zulalli
architecture; Heidelberg, seat of
Humanist movement; printing and
literature sparked interest in ancient
Greece
Geography and Geology – central position
close to France and Italy
Renaissance influence from Italy and
France, deferred by 125 years Periods:
Early Renaissance – introduction of early
Renaissance elements into Gothic Monastery, Melk Austria; one of most
buildings striking Baroque monuments
Proto – Baroque – Italian architects carried
Renaissance into Switzerland, Brevnov Monastery Church, Prague
Austria and Germany Karlskirche, Vienna
– emulated by local architects St. Michael, Berg-an-Laim, Munich
Baroque – local architects trained in Wiblingen Abbey Church
Italy The Wieskirche, Steinhausen – most
Rococo – great refinement in architecture celebrated Rococo church
and decoration
Antiquarian – return to ancient classical
models
11.10.3. EXAMPLES
Secular Buildings
The Rathaus –Heilbronn
Zeughaus, Gdansk, Poland – northern brick
architecture by Flemish architect
Arton Van Obbergen
The Loggia, Waldstein Palace, Prague
– stucco decorations by Italian
Bartolome Bianco
The Troja Palace, Prague by JB Mathley The Pilgrimage Church, Steinhausen by
Dominikus Zimmerman, Rococo
decorations by Johan Zimmerman
12. 1800’S AND 1900’S: REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE

12.1. BRITAIN
12.1.1. INFLUENCES
History – Age of Revivals, age of
innovations
Heidelberg Castle – Saalbau, Heinrichsbau, Social – struggle of Industrial Revolution,
Friedrichsbau rise in population, urbanization,
transport systems, growth of middle
class, professionals and businessmen
Technology – improvements in drainage
and sanitation, cotton
41
manufacturing, steam power, coal- The Crystal Palace was one of the most
gas, gas lamps, later electricity, Lift remarkable buildings in the 19th
or elevator. Inventions in metallurgy – century; Housed in the Great
structural iron, cast – iron, iron glass, Exhibition in London c. 1851. it was
steel, reinforced concrete destroyed by fire in 1936
Town halls, hospitals, public banks,
warehouse, department stores, fire and
police stations, exhibition halls,
university buildings, art galleries,
transport and industrial buildings
Eclecticism, taste for exotic forms,
combining native and foreign styles
Periods:
Early Victorian Palm House, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew By
High Victorian Decimus Burton and Richard Turner
Late Victorian
Late Victorian & Edwardian The King’s Cross Station, London by
Aftermath Lewis Cubitt
12.1.3. EXAMPLES
Early Victorian examples:
Westminster New Palace (houses of

Parliament), London by Sir Charles
The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol by Barry; non – classical design, Gothic
Islambard Brunel (pylons of detail by Pugin; Victoria Tower – Big
Egyptian character) Ben
St. George’s Hall, Liverpool by Harvey Lonsdale

Elmes (most magnificent neo-classical monument
Britain)
Crystal Palace, London by Sir Joseph Paxton High Victorian Examples All
Saints, Margaret Street,
Westminster by William Butterfield
42
The Dreanery Garden, Sonning, Berks by
The University Museum, Oxford by Sir Edward Lutyens
Benjamin Woodward (landmark of
High Victorian Gothic) St. Andrew, Roker, Sunderland by ES Prior
(adapts Gothic features)
Aftermath examples:
Red House, Bexley Heath, Kent by Philip

Webb for William Morris
The Train Shed, St. Pancras Station,

London by Engr. WH Barlow The Guildford Cathedral, Guildford,
(largest and most spectacular of the Surrey, England by Sir Edward
High Victorian period) Maufe
Late Victorian & Edwardian examples:
Heathcote, by Edwin Lutyens, at Ilkley, City Hall, Swansea by Sir Percy

Yorkshire, England, 1906 Thomas
Law Society, Chancery Lane, London by 12.2. CONTINENTAL EUROPE
Charles Holden 12.2.1. INFLUENCES
Truro Cathedral, Cornwall by JL Pearson History – French Revolution and Napoleonic
Empire influenced Europe; economic
rivalry of France and Germany; World
War I
Growth of Communications, railways;
European countries acquired colonies in
other continents
43
Ship building, steam power, Suez Canal,
International exhibitions of science
and industry; metal glass
construction, reinforced concrete
By Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand,
repetitive use of standard bays in plan
and elevation to be enriched with
classical, Medieval or Renaissance
motifs as desired, as a convenient but The Palau Guell, Barcelona by Gaudi (seems
dull formula for the design of large to presage Art Nouveau in its forms)
complex buildings of that age The Casa Mila, Barcelona by Gaudi No. 6
Periods: Rue Paul-Emile Janson (Hotel
1850 – 1870 A.D. Tassel), Brussels by Victor Horta (first
Comparable to High Victorian in Britain complete Art Nouveau building)
Renaissance revival established and
gained richness; growing interest in
Gothic architecture; structural use of
iron; major town planning
undertakings like the re-planning of
Paris by Baron Eugene Georges
Haussemann
1870 – 1914 A.D.

Use of metals intensified, especially in
exhibitions; academic architecture Antique
forms instead of Renaissance
In Holland and Scandinavia, less pretentious,
more humane, rational architecture, use
of brick The Votivkirche, Vienna by Heinrich
In Spain, creative flowering by Antoni von Ferstel (Neo-Gothic)
Gaudi
ART NOUVEAU (1890 – 1906 A.D.)

Free of any historical style; floral style,
freely-shaped writing forms;
deliberate simplification of structural
elements in building and interiors,
handmade objects and furnitures
12.2.3. EXAMPLES
Domestic buildings
Court Gardener’s House, Charlottenhof,
Potsdam by Schinkel Schloss Linderhoff,
near Obermmergau by Georg Von Dollman
for Ludwig II of Bavaria (German Rococo- The Church of Sacre-Coeur, Paris by Paul
like style) Abadie (Neo-Byzantine)
44
The Victor Emmanuelle II Monument, Rome by
Giuseppe Sacconi
The Church of the Sagrada Familia, Barcelona By
Gaudi (Art Nouveau)
Public Buildings:
The Stock Exchange, Amsterdam by HP

Berlage (Neo-Romanesque)
The Schauspielhaus, Berlin by KF von The Opera House, Cologne by
Schinkel (Greek-revival style, neo- J. Raschdorf (French neo- Baroque)
classical) The Post Savings Bank, Vienna by Otto
The Altes Museum, Berlin by Schinkel Wagner (Art Noveau)
(Greek-revival)
Commercial Buildings:
Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen by
The Halles Centralles, Paris by Victor
MGB Bindesboll (Greek-revival)
Baltard
Gare du-Nord, Paris by Hittorf (Neo-
Classical)
Gare de L’est, Paris by FA Duquesney
(Neo-Renaissance)
Turbine Building, Menier Chocolate Works,
Noiseil-sur-Marne by Jales Saulnie
The library of St. Genevieve, Paris by

Henri Labrouste (Neo-
Renaissance)
The National Library by Labrouste The
Opera House, Paris by JLC
Garnier (Neo-Baroque)
45
construction, non-load bearing
curtain wall, elevators
Produced the skyscraper, as America’s
single greatest contribution to
architecture
12.3.2. EXAMPLES
Domestic Buildings:
The White House, Washington D.C.
The Entrance Pavilion (Eiffel Tower), official residence of the president by
International Exhibition 1889, Paris by James Hoban (Irish architect)
Gustave Eiffel, extensive use of glass (English Palladian style)
and iron
The Galerie des Machines, International The Robie House, Chicago by Frank
Exhibition, Paris by CLF Dutert Lloyd Wright
(architect) & Victor Contamin
(engineer)
Metro Station, Place de la Bastille, Paris

by H. Guimard (Art Noveau)
12.3. AMERICA
3 PERIODS:
Post – Colonial (Neo-Classic elements) First Monticello, near Charlottesville,
Eclectic Phase – (Greek revival, Virginia by Thomas Jefferson (3rd
Gothic and Egyptian styles Second American president – Palladian
Eclectic Phase: style)
with 2 main streams – Biltmore, Ashville, North Carolina by RM
 Gothic Revival by HH Hunt (first American architect trained
Richardson at Ecole Beaux-Artes) (early French
Louis Sullivan Frank Renaissance chateau)
Lloyd Wright Stoughton House, Cambridge,
 Ecole des Beaux-Artes, Massachusetts by Mckim, Mead and
Italian and French White (shingle-style)
Renaissance, ancient Greek Winslow House, River Forest, Illinois (first
and Roman, late Gothic important work of Frank Lloyd Wright
(more academic in aka Prairie House)
character) Taliesin East, Spring Green, Wisconsin by
Structural experiment and achievement: Frank Lloyd Wright
metal frame
46
Religious Buildings: The Public Library, Boston by McKim, Mead and
The First Church of Christ Scientist, White (similar in elevation to St. Genevieve,
Berkeley, California by Bernard Paris)
Maybeck
Trinity Church by HH Richardson (One
monument of American architecture –
Neo-Romanesque)
The Lincoln Memorial, Washington D.C. by Henry

Bacon (Greek Doric style)
Unity Temple, Oak park, Illinois by Frank The Chapel and Post Headquarters,
Lloyd Wright U.S. Military Academy, West Point
New York by Cram Goodhue and
Educational, Civic and Public Buildings: Ferguson
The Temple of Scottish Rite, Washington
D.C. (Masonic Temple) by John
Russel Pope (similar to Mausoleum,
Halicarnassos)
The State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia by

Thomas Jefferson (first Neo-
Classical monument in America
based on Maison Caree, Nimes)
The Reliance Building, Chicago by

Burnham, and Root (from 4 – 16
storeys)
Merchants Exchange, Philadelphia by
William Strickland (Greek revival)
based on Choragic Monument of
The United States Capitol, Washington D.C. (seat of Lysicrates, Athens
U.S. Government; one of the world’s best The Marshall Field Wholesale Warehouse,
known buildings first designed by Dr. William Chicago, Illinois by HH Richardson
Thorton, Palladian lines) (7 – storeys, load bearing wall
The National Academy of design, New York by PB construction
Wight (Venetian Gothic in style) The Auditorium Building, Chicago, Illinois
by Dankmar Adler and
47
Louis Sullivan (10 storeys, Neo- Empire State Building by Shreve, Lamb
byzantine interior) and Harmon (85 storeys)
13. MODERN ARCHITECTURE

13.1. INFLUENCES
13.1.1. History – technological advancement:
curtain wall, steel; plate-glass
Arts and Crafts Movement, awakened a

social conscience among architects
Art Nouveau was short-lived

Famous Names
The Monadnock Building, Chicago by Walter Gropius – created proto-type of

Holabird & Roche (south half); modern architecture: free standing glass
Burnham & Root (north half) sheath suspended on a structural
framework, curtain wall – Hallidie
The Second Leiter Building, Chicago Building, San Francisco in 1918 A.D.
(metal-framed building; 8 storeys) founded the “Bauhaus” (famous German
The Gace Building, Chicago by Louis school of Design)
Sullivan and Holabird and Roche (8 Peter Behrens Adolf
storey) Meyer
The Schlesinger-Mayer Store by Louis Tony Garnier, France – steel span of 80 m.
Sullivan (suggestion of Art Nouveau at Lyons
style) Max Berg – 65 m. diameter centennial Hall
at Brelau, 1912 – 1913 A.D.
Eugene Freyssinet, France – Parabolic
vaulted hangar at Orly, near Paris Robert
Maillart, Switzerland – flat slab
method
Ludwg Mies Van der Rohe –
(German/American architect; 1919
competition – glass sheathed 20 storey
skyscraper; Famous for his dictum
“Less is more” and “God is in the
details”
Le Corbusier – (Original name is Charles
Edouard Jeanneret)
• “a house is a machine for living” -
houses should be designed as
The Wainwright Building, St Louis by machines serving specific purposes;
Adler and Sullivan (10 storeys) • Le Corbusier – 5 points for
contemporary architecture
The Larkin Soap Co. Building, Buffalo, • The Pillar:
N.Y. by Frank Lloyd Wright • Functional independence of
The Woolworth Building, N.Y. by Cass skeleton and wall
Gilbert (241 m. high with 52 storeys; • The open plan
Gothic style)
48
• The free facade
• The roof garden
JJP Oud – The Netherlands; part of “de
Stijl” (group of geometric-abstract
artists of Theo van Doesburg
Eric Mendelsohn, - Germany; dynamic
sculptural quality
Marcel Bruer
Richard Neutra – Austria Sydney Opera House by Jorn
Rudolf Schindler – Austria Utzon of Denmark
Frank Lloyd Wright – USA
Louis Sullivan – USA CFA
Voysey – UK
Charles Rennie Mackintosh – UK
13.1.3. EXAMPLES
Dulles International Airport Building by
Eero Saarinen
Einstein Tower, Potsdam by

Eric Mendelsohn
Parliament Buildings, Brasilia by Lucio

Costa and Oscar Niemeyer
Notre-Dame-du-Haut
Ronchamp, France by Le Corbusier
Solomon Guggenheim Museum, N.Y. By

Johnson Wax Co. Building by Frank
Frank Lloyd Wright
Lloyd Wright
Falling Water, Pennsylvania The United States Pavilion at Expo ’67,

Montreal by Buckminster Fuller
49
The Chrysler New York by
William Van Alen (Art Deco style) World Trade Center N.Y. by Minoru
Yamasaki (destroyed
Lever House N.Y. by Skidmore, Owings during the “9/11 terrorist attack”) New
and Merrill World Trade Center by
Post Office Tower, London by architects Daniel Liebskind
of the Ministry of Public Building
and Works 14. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
University of East Anglia, near Norwich in 14.1. INFLUENCES
Norfolk by Dennis Lasdun 14.1.1. History – 622 A.D. year of the Hegira
Barbican Housing Project, London by when Mohammed moved from
Chamberlain, Powel and Bon Mecca to Medina; in 10 years
Mohammed made framework of
religion and military organization
charged with spreading the faith
Concerted efforts by conquering Arabic
tribes to carry Islam into Central Asia
and westward to the Atlantic, along
trade routes into Africa and India,
Turks and Mongols
Sports Hall for 1964 Tokyo Olympics by Always established a cultural tie with
Kenzo Tange Arabian heartland with annual
pilgrimage to Mecca as a once-in-a
lifetime obligation
Tribal groups – public life was reserved for
men; women had a secondary role –
for domestic and agricultural work
Self-contained groups of different
religions – Christians and Jews
“People of the Book”, beliefs were
Palazetto dello Sport for 1960 Rome based on revelations and teachings
Olympics by Pier Luigi Nervi and contributory to Islam
Annibale Vitellozzi (1958) Freedom of worship and self- government;
The General Motors Technical Center, spread of Islam is associated with
Warren, Michigan by Eero Saarinen military conquest and racial
The Railway Terminus, Rome by Montuori movements; Arab expansion north and
and Associates west out of Arab peninsula
50
14.1.2. RELIGION Basic conservatism discourages innovations
Last of three great religions of the Middle and favors established forms
East; complete philosophy of life and Symmetry and balance in the concept of
government, one god Allah, perfect creation; centered upon God
Mohammed is the prophet 14.2.2. OPENINGS
Faith is held to be god’s will for creation
3 Works:
Koran, revelation through Mohammed
Hadith, book of sayings and Injunctions
Law from tradition and example;
Acceptance of the transitory nature of Ogee arch Horseshoe arch
earthly life; personal humility and
abhorrence of image worship
14.1.3. GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY Countries
of Western and Southern
Asia and Northern Africa Isolated
communities like Zanzibar, Cusped arch Pointed arch
Madagascar and China Lately,
all over the world Countries already 14.2.3. DECORATIONS
rich in building Variety of mouldings, friezes, crestlings,
tradition abstract and geometric motifs, in lieu
14.1.4. CLIMATE of human and animal forms
Territories fertile by virtue of irrigation Motifs from calligraphy, floral abstraction
rather than rainfall; tendency to seek and geometric interlacement
shelter from sun Carvings in bas relief Stone
14.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER inlay and mosaic Patterned
14.2.1. Description brickwork Carved stucco
Islamic architecture is a product of the Ceramic facing and mosaic Glass
rapid conquest of diverse territories mosaic
by a people with no architectural Painting Timber
tradition inlay Pietra dura
Synthesis of styles under one philosophy Arabesques
but in many different circumstances Screen or pierced grilles in marble
The Islamic way of life had a profound 14.2.4. ORIENTATION
impact on its architecture: Related to a principal axis, the Kibla Axis
No essential difference in techniques extended into a formal landscape
between religious and non- religious as an integral part of the design
buildings 14.3. EXAMPLES
Important architectural endeavor is Masjid (Persia and India) or Mesjid
normally expended on buildings (Turkey) – small prayer house
having a direct social or community
purpose
Decorations tend toward the abstract, using
geometric, calligraphic and plant
motifs, with a preference for a
uniform field of decoration rather than
a focal element
51
Calipin – successor to the prophet as
military, judicial or spiritual leader
of Islam
Kibla wall – mosque wall perpendicular to
the kibla axis
Mosque or Jami
Principal place of worship, Friday prayer;
inward-looking building whose prime
purpose is contemplation and prayer;
no positive object of attention or
adoration; maybe used as a school
place for transactions, storage for
treasures, place for hearing official
notices Dome of the Rock or Kubbet-es-Sakhra,
Jerusalem (most important Islamic
structure) great central dome covering the
summit of Mt. Moriah, from where the
prophet is believed to have made his ride
to heaven
Mihrab – niche oriented towards Mecca

Mimber – raised platform for
The Great Mosque, Damascus (earliest
ceremonial announcements
surviving mosque; stood in walled
Iwan / Ivan – open-fronted vault facing a
temenos)
court
Bab – gateway
Sahn – courtyard of a mosque
Minaret – tower from which a call to
prayer is made
Harem – women’s or private chamber of a
house or palace
Selamlik – men’s or guest’s quarters
Kibla / kible – axis oriented towards
Mecca
Muezzin – caller who summons the
faithful to prayer
Imam – man who leads congregation in prayer
Dar al-Imara and mosque Ibn Tulun, Cairo
52
The Great Mosque, Kairouan, Tunisia The
great Mosque, Cordoba
The Suleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul
14.3.1. SINGLE CELL BUILDINGS

Kiosk or Chattri (India)
Used in isolation as an ornamental pavilion
emphasizing the roof or providing a
focus in a pleasure garden
Tomb of Humayun, Delhi
Chinli kiosk, Istanbul
14.3.2. Madrassah (Egypt) Medrese (Turkey)

Religious college and mosque Madrassah
and tomb of Sultan Hasan,
Cairo
Inje Minare Medrese, Konya, Turkey
14.3.3. SARAY OR SERAI

Palace The Taj-Mahal, in Agra, India, built
under Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan
in memory of his favorite wife,
Mumtaz Mahal
Tomb of Akbar, Sikandra, Agra
15. CHINESE ARCHITECTURE

15.1. INFLUENCES
15.1.1. Succession of emperors and dynasties,
warring states
Philosophers:
The Alhambra, Granada, Spain – Confucius, code of ethics and
fortified palace and complex of education
buildings set in gardens; one of most Lao-Tzu, Taoism
elaborate and richly decorated Islamic Shih Huang Ti, emperor
palaces
14.3.4. HAN OR CARAVANSERAI Emergence of theorists, thinkers, schools
Hostel of philosophy
14.3.5. TOMBS Arts, painting, calligraphy, architecture
Tomb of Ismail, the Samanid & Bukhara, Foreign trade by land and sea Chinese
hemispherical dome superimposed on were banned from going
a perfect cube building abroad
Gur-i-mir, Samarkand (Tamerlane’s 15.1.2. RELIGION
family museum) Confucianism
Tomb of Iltumish, India Code of social conduct and philosophy of
life, family and ancestor worship
Taoism
Universal love as a solution to social
disorder
Buddhism
15.1.3. GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY
23 provinces
53
Larger than Europe in area significance, later secular nature or
1/13 of total land area of the world Metals, monuments to victory; usually
timber, bamboo, clay octagonal in plan, odd number of
15.1.4. CLIMATE stories (9 – 13), repeated roofs, turned-
North, severe winters South, up eaves, slopes to carry each storey
warmer 15.3.3. Pai-lous
15.2.1. Construction System – Mesopotamian
influence in use of arch and vault
15.2.2. Materials – timber and brick,
sometimes combined – timber
structures raised on stone or brick
platform; stone for important edifices
15.2.3. Roof and ceiling – chief feature,
supported on timber uprights,
independent of walls; a sign of dignity
to place roofs one over the other, up- Ceremonial gateway, basic symbolic
tilted angles, with dragons and structure; serves as entrance to
grotesque ornaments temples and tombs, as monuments to
15.2.4. Openings – square headed windows and eminent persons
doors, lined with oyster shells or rice Constructed of wood or stone consisting
paper for effective subdued lighting of two or more upright posts formed
15.2.5. Decoration – colors are integral part of by horizontal rails having one or
architecture, dragons, fish and three openings
grotesque ornaments in glazed terra
cotta 15.3.4. Tombs – not of great architectural
15.3. EXAMPLES value
15.3.1. Temples Xian tomb
Consists of successive open courts and Tomb of Qin Shi Huandi near Xian 36
porticoes; kitchens, refectories, years to build; after construction,
sleeping cells for priests, steps, covered with a 150 foot hill of earth,
gateways, bridges escaping detection for 22 centuries;
15.3.2. Pagodas subterranean vault contains an army of
6000 to 8000 fully-armed terra cotta
soldiers, in battle formation, along
with houses and chariots; no two men
looked alike, all six feet tall – said to
be an exact replica of the emperor’s
live honor guards, in marching
position with real weapons
Pagodas – most typical Chinese building,

formerly of religious
54
16.1. INFLUENCES
16.1.1. History – Chinese influence, feudalism
15.3.5. Palaces with castes of emperors and nobles,
Imperial palaces and official residences shoguns , military and people; for 200
were isolated, 1 – storey pavilions years, closed to outside world,
resembling temples isolation from foreign influence;
1854 A.D. commercial treatise with
America and Europe entered into
war with China and Russia
16.1.2. Religion – Shinto, indigenous
polydemonism, Buddhism
Principal island Honshu
Smaller islands at north and south, off the
15.3.6. Houses eastern coast of Asian mainland;
No noble country houses; generally 1 – prevalence of earthquakes, hilly and
storey; governed by building forested, un-stratified volcanic stone
regulations limiting the dimensions – granites and porphyries
and number of columns; 16.1.4. Climate – winter and summer, heavy
Emperor – bays Prince rainfall
–7 16.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Mandarin – 5 Ordinary 16.2.1. Description – largely derived from China,
citizens – 3 but always maintained its own special
characteristics of lightness and delicacy ;
15.3.7. Bridges refined
15.3.8. Fortifications 16.2.2. Columniation, capitals – columns of
Chinese form
16.2.3. Roof and Ceiling – dominant feature,
exquisite curvature
16.3. EXAMPLES
16.3.1. Temples – Shinto temples are
distinguished from Buddhist temples
by Torii gateways; Torii have upright
posts supporting 2 or more horizontal
beams; worshippers must pass under
this for prayers to be effective
The Great Wall of China – most famous
of ancient Chinese buildings by Shi
Huang Ti; 3700 miles long (1/20 of
the earth’s circumference) from
Pacific Ocean to Gobi desert; gray
granite
blocks-enough building materials to
make a 2.40 m. high and 0.90 Tori
m. thick wall around the equator; i
used whatever materials were
available in the locality – sand, twigs,
stone, pebbles, adobe and earth
16. JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE
55
Buddhist temples are entered through an 17.1.1. History – influence from Central Asia
elaborate 2 – storey gateway, through mountain passes in the
surmounted by a room under an north, from Persia and Graeco-
ornate roof Roman Western Asia through
Baluchistan (Afghanistan)
Pagodas – square plan; mostly 5 storeys, Excavations at Harappa and Rajasthan (in
45 m. in height, virtually suspended present-day Pakistan) indicate close
around a central timber, stable against links of Indus Valley- Harappan culture
earthquake shocks with that of Mesopotamia
Successive military and economic
incursions brought art and
architecture in Aryan, Persian,
Graeco-Roman, Sassanian, Muslim,
Portuguese, French and English
17.1.2. Religion
Hindu
From indigenous Dravidians and Aryan
invaders
An individual act – only Brahmans can officiate
religious practices
Japanese Pagoda
Buddhist
Palaces – simple type, principal hall 6 Concentrated in monasteries and stupas or
corridors to 3 different pavilions for shrines
the emperor’s family; sometimes Salvation or Nirvana
protected by concave batter walls and
a moat Jain
House – unpainted wood without any Salvation through successive rebirths Rigid
surface treatment; no other asceticism and avoidance of
architecture reveals the structural and injury to any living creature
aesthetics qualities of wood
Typical 1 – storey rectangular plan, 17.1.3. Geography and Geology
vestibule, veranda engawa, living and Mountain ranges in the north
dining Sea on the south and east to west Indus
Guest rooms and Ganges were trade-ways
Recess for flowers and art Rooms and sites of first cities
for host and hostess 17.1.4. Climate – varied climate, in east,
No distinction between living and summer and winter; very heavy
sleeping apartments, all futon or rainfall, warm and humid country
beddings are stored in closets during 17.2. BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE
daytime 17.2.1. Architectural Character – shrines
Room size determined by “Tatami designed for congregational use, large
floor” coverings 1 ken x ½ ken groups of worshippers; mouldings of
(1.80 m. X 0.90 m.) bulbous character, often heavily under-
cut – strong shadow lines
Tea Houses Ornament is restrained in character and
Bath Houses extent; painted wall decorations and
17. INDIAN ARCHITECTURE bas-relief as social records
17.1. INFLUENCES
56
17.2.2. Examples
Viharas – Monasteries; quadrangle

surrounded by veranda
17.3. JAIN ARCHITECTURE

Stambhas or Laths (monumental pillars standing free without 17.3.1. Architectural character
any structural function) circular or octagonal shafts Periods:
Early Jain
Early rock-cut caves
Exact stone copies of wood or
thatch structures
Late Jain – 1000 to 1700 A.D.
Temples in central India Central
shrine with a dome or sphere
cover
Lighter and more elegant than Hindu
temples; careful site selection; temple
Stupas – shrine or domical mounds with cities on sacred mountains
rails, gateways, processional paths, 17.4. HINDU ARCHITECTURE
crowning umbrella; regarded as 17.4.1. Architectural Character
symbols of the universe Small unit shrine called garbha-gira
Spire-shaped sikhara roof
Porch-like mandapa halls for dancing and
music
Chaityas – Assembly hall
Sikhara - a Sanskrit word translating

literally to "mountain peak", refers to
the rising tower in the Hindu temple
architecture of North India
57
18. FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE Southeast Asia, Pacific Ocean Strategic
18.1. INFLUENCES position – in the path of Far
18.1.1. History East trade
Volcanoes, mountains, seas Forests:
PRE-COLONIAL molave, guijo, yakal, narra,
Immigrants of Malay origin, primitive pine
food gatherers and hunters Bamboo, coconut palm, cogon, grass,
In 3000 B.C., joined by more advanced rattan, nipa,
race from Indonesia Clay, limestone, adobe, marble, gypsum,
Barangays as tribal system Converted to granite, coral stone
Islam in 1300 A.D. Trade center of the Metals
Orient
18.2. Examples
SPANISH RULE 18.2.1. PRE-COLONIAL DWELLING FORMS /
1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed HOUSES
1564 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought Caves – basic amenities found in the cave are
Christianity the paga (sleeping board) and hearth
Nationalist movement by Jose Rizal, used for cooking and providing warmth
unsuccessful revolt by Emilio during cold seasons
Aguinaldo Lean-to (2 types)
a. wind shield or one sided lean-to w/
AMERICAN RULE or w/o flooring
Islands cede to America, as a result of b. single-pitched roof w/ rafter
defeat in war with the USA, fighting, support
self-government
JAPANESE INVASION
December 1941 Puppet
government
Liberation by the US under Gen.
McArthur in July 1945
INDEPENDENCE in 1946
3rd largest English speaking nation in the
world
Citadel of Christianity and democracy in
East Asia
Tree-house
Mixture of races; Malay, Chinese, Spanish
Generally built in the forked branches of
high trees (6-18 m.) or high stumps
18.1.2. Religion
(4.5 - 6 m.) w/c serves as foundations
Roman Catholics
houses are anchored to nearby trees
Islam Protestants
by means of rattan
Aglipayan
Iglesia ni Kristo
Cordillera Region
Isneg Kalinga
Bontoc
Archipelago of 7100 islands
Ifugao
3 main island groups – Luzon, Visayas and
Panay Region
Mindanao
Mindanao & Sulu Region
58
Badjao Vigan Houses Antillan
Samal Houses Ivatan Houses
Yakan
Maranao First floor
Ivatan Mangyan Zaguan – for caroza
Subanun Quadra – horse stable
Mandaya Bodega – store room
Second floor
18.2.2. Spanish Churches Stairway
Calasiao, Pangasinan Caida – ante-sala from stairs Sala –
2nd best bell tower by Fr. Ramon living room
Dalinao Comedor – dining room
Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte Dispensa – pantry Letrina
By Fr. Joseph Ruiz or comun – toilet Baño –
Sinking bell tower bath
Las Piñas Church Azotea – open terrace Aljibe –
By fr. Diego Cera Loboc, water cistern Cuarto, alcoba –
Bohol dormitorio Entresuelo – vault
Biggest number of murals on walls Balcon – balcony
and ceilings Patio – courtyard
Manila Cathedral
By Bishop Domingo Salazar Early American Period Notable
Miagao Church, Iloilo architects:
By Fr. Fernando Comporedondo Daniel Burnham – (“Father of City
Morong Church, Rizal Beautiful Movement” - city plan
Exquisite Spanish Baroque style By of Manila and Baguio
Fr. Blas dela Madre William Parsons
Panay Church Juan Arellano
Largest bell from 30 sacks of coins Tomas Mapua
donated by townspeople 1st registered architect in the
Quiapo Church country
Restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose Alejandro Legardo
Maria Zaragoza Antonio Toledo Carlos
San Agustin Church Baredo
By Fr. Juan Macias San
Sebastian Church Masonic Temple, Escolta – 1st concrete
One first steel building Steel building in Escolta
from Belgium by Eiffel Philippine Normal School Philippine
Taal Church, Batangas By Normal University University of the
Fr. Martin Aguirre Philippines
Biggest church Padre Faura National
Sta. Ana Church Museum
By Fr. Vicente Ingles Restored Intendencia Building – adjacent to
by Juan Nakpil Manila Cathedral
Sto. Domingo Church, Quezon City By Luneta Hotel – 2nd hotel in Asia
Jose maria Zaragoza French Baroque style
Sto. Niño Church, Cebu By Army and Navy Club – rest and
Diego de Herrera
recreation for American
soldiers
18.2.3. Spanish Houses
59
De La Salle College – by Tomas Mapua
Rizal Monument Obelisk Sta. Commonwealth Period Notable
Isabel College architects:
Juan Nakpil
1st National artist for
architecture
Pablo Antonio
2nd National artist for
architecture
Enrique Bautista Gonzalo
Baretto Fernando Ocampo
Andres Luna y San Pedro Leandro
Locsin
3rd National artist for
architecture
Philippine General Hospital by William Parsons
Far Eastern University Main Building by Pablo

Antonio (Art Deco)
UST Main Building by Roque Rueno
The Metropolitan Theater, Manila By

Juan Arellano (1931)
The Manila Hotel (1st hotel in Asia; 1st with elevator)

by Parsons, renovated by Locsin in 1975
The Post Office Building, Manila by Juan Arellano The Quezon Institute by Juan Nakpil (1930)
60
Agriculture & Finance Building Crystal
Arcade, Escolta
Lyric Theater, Escolta by Juan Nakpil
Ideal Theater by Pablo Antonio
Jai Alai Building – demolished in 2001
Art Deco, streamline style
Ambassador Hotel by Fernando Ocampo
Palma Hall Melchor Hall
– 1st skyscraper in the country (4
Both by Cesar Concio
storeys)
Syquia Apartments, Malate by Pablo
Antonio
Natividad Building, Escolta by Andres
Luna y San Pedro
Regina Building, Escolta by Andres Luna
y San Pedro
Rizal Provincial Capitol by Ruperto Gaite
The Quezon Monument (Art deco) by

Federico Ilustre Church of the Holy Sacrifice by Leandro Locsin
UP (thin shell structure)
The Church of the Risen Lord, UP by Cesar Concio Philippine Atomic Research Center, Quezon City by
Cresenciano De Castro
61
World Health Organization Building, Taft Avenus by Alfredo
Luz
Commercial Bank & Trust Building by Juan Nakpil
(Folded Plate Construction)
Insular Life Building, Makati City by Cesar Concio

Church of St. Andrews by Locsin
Philamlife Building, Manila by Carlos Arguelles

Iglesia Ni Kristo Cathedrals by Carlos Santos
Viola
The Meralco Building by Jose Zaragoza

Engineering and former architecture building at UST
by Julio Victor Rocha (using “Brise- Soleil”
– sun breaker)
62
San Miguel Corporation Headquarters by Mañosa
Brothers and Landscape architect I.P. Santos Ramon Magsaysay Center, Manila by Alfredo Luz
Cultural Center of the Philippines by Locsin

Development Academy of the Philippines by Felipe
Mendoza
Benguet Corporation Building by Locsin Sulu Hotel by the Mañosa Brothers
Philippine Stock Exchange Building,

Makati
GSIS Building (Senate Building) by Jorge Ramos
63
Ateneo Professional Pearl Farm Resort
Schools
San Agustin Church by Fr. Juan Macias
Mary Immaculate Church Coconut Palace or

“Tahanang Filipino”
By Francisco Mañosa
Churches: Quiapo Church restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose

Maria Zaragosa
Las Piñas Church by Fr. Diego Cera

Sta. Ana Church, Manila by Fr. Vicente Ingles
restored by Juan Nakpil
Manila Cathedral by Bishop Domingo Salazar Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte by Fr. Joseph Ruiz
(sinking bell tower)
64
Loboc Church, Bohol (biggest number of murals Morong Church, Rizal (Spanish Baroque style by Fr.
on walls and ceilings) Blas dela Madre
VERNACULAR TERMS:
Abang – dowel
Alahado – flush
Alero – eaves
Alulod o kanal – gutter
Andanyo – scaffolding Asinta
– laying of CHB Asolehos –
wainscoating tiles Bagad – wall
Calasiao Church, Pangasinan (2nd best bell tower) by Fr. post
Ramon Dalinao Balangkas – framework Baral
de Kadena – chain bolt
Barandillas – baluster Batidura –
astragal
Batidura – fillet
Baytang – tread
Biento – spacing
Biga – beam Bisagra
–hinge Bolado –
projection Caida –
hall
Canal – groove
De Bandeha – panel door
Miagao Church, Iloilo by Dish rack – bangguerahan
Fr. Fernando Comporedondo Dos aguas – gable roof Dotal
– floorboards Dulang – low
table
Dutcha – shower Escombro –
earth fill Escondro – crushed
stone Estanyo – Nikolite bar
Estanyo – soldering bar
Estopa – oakum
Guililan – floor sill
Hamba pintuan – door jamb
Taal Church, Batangas by Fr. Martin Aguirre (biggest Haspe – wood grain
church)
65
Hiero – iron Suelo – flooring
Hulog – plumb bob Sombrero pintuan – door head Tabike –
Kaballete – ridge roll exterior siding
Kabilya – reinforcing bars Tabla – wood plank
Kalinya –aligned Takip silipan – riser
Kantero – mason Kanto Tambak – fill Tapon
mesa – miter Kanto – –plug
corner Kapatas – Tirante – bottom chord Trabe
foreman Kilo – truss anzo – horizontal stud
Kisame – ceiling Kontratista Trankilya – barrel bolt Tuerka
– constructor Kostilyahe – – nut
ceiling joists Kostura – Tubo de Banada – downspout
mortar joints Krokis – Unosinotra – alternate/staggered
sketch plan Kuling – girder Vaciada – rabbet
Ladrillo – brick
Larga masa – concrete slab
Lastillas – sand & gravel Latero
– tinsmith
Lingueta – GI strap
Liyabe – anchor
Madre de Escalera – closed stringer
Masilya – putty
Media Cana – quarter round
Medya Agua – awning Palitada,
plaster
Pasamano – window sill
Paupo – mortar Pendulum –
king post Pergola – trellis
Pie de Gallo - brace Pilarete
– vertical stud Pitsa –
washer
Piye – feet Piyon
– laborer
Plantsuela – wrought iron strap Poleya –
wiring knob
Poste – column Prigadero
– sink Pulgada – inches
Rebokada – scratch coat
Reostra – purlins Rimatse
– rivets Rodapis –
baseboard Senepa – fascia
board Sepo – girt
Sibe – lean-to-roof
Sinturon – collar Soleras
– floor joists Staka –
stake
66
67

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1.

2.2. Architectural Character

The Stepped Pyramid of Zoser,Saqqara (near

Mastaba at Zoser Funerary Complex,

3.3.3. ROCK-CUT or ROCK HEWN TOMBS

Temple of Hatshepsut Designed

Great Temple of Abu Simbel

4. NEAR EAST ARCHITECTURE

Cyma Recta Cyma Reversa

Fillet Cavetto Scotia Reconstructed drawing of the Athenian acropolis in the

Foremost among world –famous building

Acropolis at Athens (Best example of Temenos)

In-antis – between anta and the front

Temple of Hera, Paestum

DORIC COLUMN: stands without base directly

IONIC COLUMN: remarkable for its volute

Temple of Athena Nike by Callicrates 427-424 B.C. Temple of Artemis, Ephesus

The Erechtheion, Acropolis by Mnesicles, 421-405 B.C.

Ionic building named after a mythic

Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens

THEATERS: An open-air structure in the

The Mausoleum of Hallicarnassos

ROOF AND CEILING: wagon/ barrel/ tunnel

WALL: The Maisson, Carree, Nimes; Best preserved;

Opus Reticulatum Opus Quasi-Reticulatum

Opus Testaceum Opus Mixtum

OPUS QUADRATUM – rectangular blocks,

Basilica in the Forum, Pompeii Usuall The Theater, Orange

The Circus Maximus, Rome TOMBS:

classes of Roman Tombs

TRIUMPHAL ARCHES: monumental arch

AQUEDUCTS: artificial channel for carrying

Arch of Titus, Rome

7.3.4. TOMBS: burial up to the end of the 4th

Old St. Peter’s, Rome (erected by Constantine near the

Tomb of Galla Placidia, Ravenna Earliest

Monreale Cathedral, Palermo Pisa Cathedral

St. Sernin, Toulouse

Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) Cathedral

Worms Cathedral, Germany

Church of the Apostles, Cologne Speyer

Norwich Cathedral St.

CASTLES AND TOWN WALLS

Sexpartite Vault Point of departure from classic Vaulting

Reims Cathedral Chateau de Josselin

Chartres Cathedral Chateau de Justice, Rouen

THE EVOLUTION OF GOTHIC VAULTING

Tie-Beam Roof Trussed – Rafter Roof

Hammer – Beam Roof

Early English Gothic doorway

Gothic doorway; Perpendicular

MANOR HOUSES; erected by new and

Penhurst Place, Kent

Town hall, Bruges SECULAR ARCHITECTURE

Churches – centralized and compact in

Palazzo Strozzi, Florence by Early Renaissance examples Luciano

High Renaissance & Proto-Baroque

S. Peter, Rome – most important building of the

Plan and site view: S. Peter, Rome