Srishti BIJALWAN, Wen-Ting HSIEH, Neele TEICH, Daniel Felipe QUIJANO ORDUZ

27th March, 2022

Eco-Design Group Project

Forever Pan
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................1

2 KEY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ASPECTS.......................................................2

3 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT................................................................................6
3.1 System boundaries and reference flow...............................................................................6
3.2 LCA Inventory......................................................................................................................6
3.3 Life-cycle impact assessment and interpretation.................................................................7

4 CHOICE OF ECO-DESIGN STRATEGIES AND ECO-DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION 8

4.1 EcoDesign checklist – Brezet wheel inspired......................................................................8
4.2 MET matrix..........................................................................................................................9

5 COMPARATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF IMPROVED SERVICE...................11

6 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL COMMUNICATION.......................................................................13

7 REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................15

8 APPENDIX..............................................................................................................................................IV
8.1 Appendix 1: Survey results.................................................................................................IV
8.2 Appendix 2: Materiality analysis.........................................................................................VI
8.3 Appendix 3: Issue prioritization..........................................................................................VI
8.4 Appendix 4: Definition of SDG’s.........................................................................................VI
8.5 Appendix 5: Impact flow non-stick pan...............................................................................IX
8.6 Appendix 6: Impact flow copper-ceramic pan.....................................................................X

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Base product........................................................................................................................2
Figure 2 Composition of the pan body...............................................................................................2
Figure 3 Materiality map.....................................................................................................................5
Figure 4 Base product process tree...................................................................................................6
Figure 5 Process Tree base average nonstick pan...........................................................................6
Figure 6 Impact characterization of nonstick pan..............................................................................8
Figure 7 Thermal conductivity of copper compared to aluminum....................................................10
Figure 8 Process tree improved product..........................................................................................11
Figure 9 Copper - Ceramics impact characterization.......................................................................13
Figure 10 Overall comparison..........................................................................................................13

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Inventory of data for base product........................................................................................7
Table 2 EcoDesign checklist..............................................................................................................8
Table 3 MET Matrix..........................................................................................................................10
Table 4 Data inventory for improved product...................................................................................11
1 Introduction
During the design process, technical, aesthetic, economic, ecological, and social aspects of a
product or a service are mediated to fulfil a customer’s need. During the eco-design process,
environmental impacts occurring during all stages of the life cycle of the product, or the service are
taken into consideration, and it is sought to lower their impact to the minimum possible while
maintaining the same functionality.
In the case of non-stick skillets – the product that this group has chosen – this is important,
because the material that makes them non-stick is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), commonly
known as Teflon. Teflon pans are widely used, for its relative low cost and hydrophobic properties,
and they are easy to clean. However, so-called PFCs (per- and polyfluorinated chemicals) are
often used as auxiliaries in the manufacture of Teflon, and these can be released into the
environment during manufacturing and when the products are disposed of. They are not
biodegradable, accumulate in nature as well as in the human body and are suspected of being
carcinogenic.
In addition, Teflon releases harmful particles and acidic gases, which is toxic to human body if
heated at a temperature over 280°C(536°F). Other aspects of concern regarding the product are
the energy and water consumption required during its use phase, and the raw material extraction
and production— Most non-stick pans use aluminum and steel as a base material which are
associated with several environmental and social issues.
The project has been started with research regarding pans and skillets and the materials used.
Following that, related sustainability issues have been identified and prioritized with the help of a
materiality map. In the next step, a life-cycle assessment has been performed. To define the usage
scenario, a survey has been carried out among fellow students. Secondary sources helped to
define the product specifications, transport, and production process. After carrying out the life-cycle
analysis with the help of SimaPro, the EcoDesign checklist and MET matrix have been used to
identify solutions to tackle the most important issues related to the original product. The original
product has then been compared to the proposed solution using SimaPro and improvements have
been interpreted. As a last step, an internal and external communication strategy has been
developed using marketing principles.
To understand our Eco-design approach, multiple factors are considered in order to make this
product viable. Following Professors Michael Porter’s model, the following characteristics should
be presented (Goyal, 2020):
 Substitute product is cheaper than industry product (Per functional unit for this specific case)
 Consumer switching costs are low
 Substitute product quality is equal or superior to industry product quality
 Substitute performance is equal or superior to industry product performance
For the changes in design, the four aspects of the life cycle are considered and weighed up by the
impact they may present:
Raw material extraction: The use of recyclable materials is considered. Since most of the
components needed are food safe metals and alloys, there is not much room for improvement in
terms of sourcing. However, there is room for improvement in terms of material type, the inclusion
of a more durable and conductive material like copper.
Manufacturing: The omission of Teflon as the nonstick hydrophobic agent, and its replacement for
the next best option, ceramic coating is our target in this phase. The manufacturing process should
be therefore done following the model for perfect substitutes in order to have a competitive
product.
Use: According to multiple analyses (Tefal, 2011), the use phase is the critical phase in terms of
environmental impact for any type of cookware. Since the cleaning process is unavoidable, the
aspect left to tackle is the energy efficiency in terms of time needed to reach temperature and the
energy needed to maintain the temperature.
End of life: The end of life of most accessory products is similar, a trash bin. Yet, the processes of
circular economy are difficult to implement when there is no incentive for the end user. Thus, a
marketing strategy focused on circular economy is designed in this project.
To be competitive and comparative with the substitute proposal, the most common and market
available type of nonstick pans was chosen to be part of the assumption. These pans follow a
patented process that was replicated for it is the most efficient in terms of productivity, and
therefore, resource optimization. (South Korea Patente nº WO 2004/019742 A1, 2004)
Following the description, the composition of the base product would be the following:

Figure 1 Base product

Source: (South Korea Patente nº WO 2004/019742 A1, 2004)

Figure 2 Composition of the pan body

Source: (South Korea Patente nº WO 2004/019742 A1, 2004)

2 Key sustainable development aspects

In the following chapters, the key sustainable development aspects – both environmental and
social – are identified and described. These observations provide the basis for applying eco-design
strategies in the following chapter.
Stakeholders are those who have an interest in a particular decision or course of action, either as
individuals or as representatives of a group, because they could actually or potentially be affected
by the company achieving its objectives. Therefore, it is important to first identify all relevant
stakeholders. For the chosen product, the following stakeholder have been identified according to
which extent they affected by the product’s use and production:
1 Consumers/users
The users are the ones who will purchase and use the product. Teflon is in controversy as
consumers are affected by its use.
2 Government and regulators
Government regulations on restricted materials can affect the company in its product design.
Government bodies and legislation have a big interest in protecting consumers and the
environment.
3 Employees
Employees are exposed to the chemicals when working with the products every day. In addition to
the employees’ health, their working safety should also be considered.
4 Company suppliers
Suppliers play a vital role in the creation of products. It is important to encourage the suppliers to
engage in green practices to make the product profile more sustainable.
5 Society
The society is viewed separately from sonsumers/users of the product because in some cases the
issues have a more severe impact on the users while the non-users of the product may not be
affected. Yet, the society, especially the local community, is impacted by the business operations
and is therefore an important stakeholder regarding the influence of product’s environmental
impacts. Often the business operations have a global impact, f. e. when emitting GHG-emissions
or chemicals.
6 NGO’s
Although NGO’s do not have a restricting power as strong as the government and regulators do,
they have an interest in optimizing the sustainability of the society and environment. Therefore,
their request and campaign for sustainable actions can be powerful on influencing companies’
decision making.
7 Media
The report and discussion on social media on the negative impacts of the products can severely
influence customers’ intention of purchasing the product and, as a result, influence the decision
making of the company.
8 Shareholders
According to Friedman, shareholders are the only relevant stakeholder. They expect the company
to make profit and provide them with a growth objective.
Due to a vast number of stakeholders, not all interests can be considered at the same time, which
is why stakeholders must be prioritized in a second step and the prioritization must be justified.
This was done in the context of the materiality analysis which is explained in the following chapter.
Sustainability issues related to the product
To carry out a materiality analysis, the table that can be found in Appendix 2: Materiality analysis
was used. To fill in the table, relevant sustainability topics related to the industry or product must
be identified. Further topics have been identified by analysing sustainability reports of companies
of the field like Tefal and Zwilling and looking into the production process of and materials used in
a pan with the help of the CSR Risk Check tool (MVO Nederland, 2022) as no specific research
could be obtained on the sustainability topics for the cooking utensil industry. The relevant issues
that have been identified are:
  Consumer health and safety: Teflon releases toxic gases when being heated, therefore,
consumer health and safety is of concern.
 Health and safety at work: The raw material extraction and production processes include
toxic chemicals and by-products which can affect the worker’s health and safety. In the
context of metal production, occupational health and safety is especially an issue due to the
presence of molten metal.
 GHG-Emissions: The production of aluminum and steel is highly energy intensive. Mining
operations require a lot of energy, often coming from fossil fuels and therefore resulting in
high CO2 emissions. In particular, the further processing of raw materials extracted from
mining, such as smelting and refineries, generates the most CO 2 emissions. The mining
and further processing of metallic raw materials are responsible for around 10 % of global
greenhouse gas emissions.
 Packaging materials: Most consumer goods must be packaged in order to be transported
and distributed properly. In this case, packaging is only limited to a simple cardboard sleeve
which is why it plays a subordinated role related to the product but can still be considered a
general issue for the industry.
 Water use: Mining, metal, oil and plastic production require large amounts of water which
affects groundwater levels negatively resulting in water shortages affecting agriculture and
local communities.
 Water quality: Mining processes and chemicals used in the production process pollute the
water. Contaminated groundwater causes health issues for surrounding communities and
endangers life on land and under water.
 Responsible raw material sourcing: Above and below the environmental impacts of
mining operations and metal processing have already been described. Mining operations
have social impacts, too: When nonresident workers migrate to the facilities employment
conflicts are caused. Extractive projects often lead to displacement and resettlement of
local communities hurting their property rights. At mining and processing locations,
surrounding communities often come in contact with dangerous pollutants through the
inhalation of contaminated dust, ingestion of contaminated water and food or skin contact
with contaminated water.
 Energy consumption: Energy consumption is an issue across all life stages of the pan:
Raw material extraction, manufacturing, and use phase all require large amounts of energy.
 Waste: The extraction of minerals and metals from ores as well as the pan production
process itself make use of many different chemicals in large quantities, creating enormous
amounts of waste contaminated with chemicals that is being released into the environment.
 Circular economy and sustainable consumption: Customer demand for sustainable
products is rising and regulatory pressure is rising which is why companies have to include
these aspects in their business models.
 Biodiversity: The mining and processing has severe and long-lasting impacts on
ecosystems, biodiversity, plants, and animals because their natural habitats are being
disturbed and destroyed by the operations. Also, a lot of infrastructure has to be built
around the mining sites as well as around the production sites which affects biodiversity
negatively. The chemicals used are often toxic and compromise biodiversity even further.
Each of the issues has then been evaluated from the perspective of the above-mentioned
stakeholders. Two dimensions have been included: stakeholder power and the importance of the
issue to the group. Following that, the company’s views have been taken into consideration. The
resulting table is shown in Appendix 3: Issue prioritizationand its correspondent materiality map is
presented in Figure 3 Materiality map
 Figure 3 Materiality map

It can be noted from the graph that all sustainability issues are in the top right area of the map,
which represents that all of them are important to both internal and external stakeholders.
According to the map, the four most critical issues are “Customer health and safety,” “Health and
safety at work,” “Responsible raw material sourcing,” and “Energy consumption.” The health and
safety issues for both customers and workers are highly related to the use of Teflon in non-stick
coating. As mentioned, there is a concern of toxicity released during manufacturing process and
improper use. Therefore, a solution for this issue should be considered. Since the production of a
non-stick pan is material and energy intensive, the sustainability regarding raw material sourcing
and energy consumption are considered as the second most critical issues. To minimize the
environmental impacts, the aluminum is replaced with copper, and the use of 100% renewable
energy is to be implemented at the manufacturing plant. Businesses producing pans can therefore
contribute significantly to the following SDG’s:

The subgoals can be found in Appendix .

3 Environmental assessment
3.1 System boundaries and reference flow
The first step in calculating the
environmental impact of the average
nonstick pan consisted of the definition
of the system boundaries and the LCA
inventory that led to the process tree
presented in Figure 4 Base product
process tree. Items in green are the
steps of the lifecycle that have been
included in the process modeling, grey
items have been excluded.
For packaging production and transport
that has been the case since pans are
usually sold only with a small cardboard
sleeve. This could be optimized by
using recycled cardboard; however, it
was not considered to have a significant
impact in comparison to the overall
environmental impact. Transport to and
from the point of sale and the
distribution have been excluded as well
because the conditions vary too much.
Furthermore, the company would use
third parties like general stores and the Figure 4 Base product process tree
e-commerce, so distribution is not in the company’s hands. Food production and distribution are
not considered as they do not affect the usage of the company’s product itself and can neither be
influenced.
The reference flow and functional unit have been built based on the results of a survey (see
Appendix 1: Survey results) performed on a homogeneous group of 35 people, all based in
Rennes, average not much interested in cooking, making them the perfect target audience for
basic quality, easy to use cookware like the one that is being analyzed for the purpose of this
study.
The reference flow was defined as: Using a 26 cm nonstick pan on an induction stove with a
potence between 1500 to 3000 Watts on the medium setting, therefore requiring a total of 1,5 kWh
to perform the task of cooking eggs, then washing it after every use using 1,5 l of water and 1 g of
liquid soap.
Functional unit: To cook for 15 minutes (5 for heating 10 for cooking) in Rennes 7 times a
week for 3 years
3.2 LCA Inventory
The tool used to conduct this LCA analysis was SimaPro, in order to correctly conduct the LCA
analysis the data collection was based on different methods, and mostly obtained from second
degree sources. The following materials have been used:
Aluminum: Cast aluminum alloy, the most thermic resistant type of aluminum, has been selected
for the product. The aluminum is produced in China and transported by a heavy freight lorry (>32
Tons) using the Chinese standard Euro 5 Diesel, an approximate distance of 100 km since it is
produced in the same city where the pan is assembled (Beijing). (Global Steel Trade Monitor,
2018)
Steel: Chromium steel 18/8, was selected for it as it comprises two thirds of global steel
production, commercially branded as Stainless 304. Steel is produced in China by the biggest steel
smelter of the country situated in the city of Panzhihua, 2400 km away from Beijing. (Global Steel
Trade Monitor, 2018)
Plastics: A 50/50 mix between silicone product and polyethylene terephthalate, bottle grade,
Teflon is a plastic compound as well. This plastic is produced in China, in the city of Shenzhen,
2200 km from Beijing, for the production plant of the biggest Chinese plastic maker (WeiHan Co.)
is located there.
This pan is assembled in China as most of the affordable options for nonstick are. Then the
finished product is shipped to France.
As already explained above, packaging was not considered.
During the use phase the energy consumption was estimated using second degree sources
(Sonesson, Janestad, & Raaholt, 2003). A summary of all the requirement through the life of the
product is presented underneath
Table 1 Inventory of data for base product

Manufacturing
Transport Per FU Per FU
Grams Kg Kg/Km
(KM) (Material) (Transport)
Aluminum 471 0,471 100 47,1 0,431318681 0,043131868
Steel 199 0,199 2400 477,6 0,182234432 0,437362637
Silicone 80 0,08 2200 176,0 0,073260073 0,161172161
Plastic 80 0,08 2200 176,0 0,073260073 0,161172161
Teflon 15 0,015 2200 33,0 0,013736264 0,03021978
Plastics 175 0,175 2200 385,0 0,16025641 0,352564103
Transportation
Km Mean
From factory to port 18608,9 Boat
(Shanghai - Marseille)
From port to city 1051,6 Train
(Marseille - Rennes)
Use phase (FU)
Energy 1,564 MJ
Water 1500 g
Soap 1 g
After an average usage time of three years, the final destination of a pan is usually the landfill.
3.3 Life-cycle impact assessment and interpretation
The results of the LCA performed by SimaPro are as follow.
 Figure 55 Impact characterization of nonstick pan

As how the impacts are allocated, the software showed that the biggest impacts occur both in the
use and manufacturing phases: For the use phase, the impact of soap its greatly the impact of
energy use. For manufacturing, although Teflon represents a great threat for human health and
ecotoxicity, aluminum still is the main issue. The hypothesis that was assumed to explain why, is
that due to the need of Teflon to fulfill its mission the lifespan of the product is cut shorter than what
it would normally be for a non-coated aluminum pan, which has a lifespan virtually around 20 years
before deformation by heat (AbulFadl Mostafa MohameSharaf Ashraf, Mahmoud, & El-Saeid,
2019).

4 Choice of eco-design strategies and eco-design implementation

4.1 EcoDesign checklist – Brezet wheel inspired
The first tool used for finding an eco-design strategy was the EcoDesign checklist. According to the
lifecycle analysis, the manufacturing and use phase are equally important, so the relevant
questions taken from the checklist are stages 1, 2 and 4. Nonetheless, as part of the competitive
strategy is going to include the implementation of circular economy to extend the product’s
lifespan, questions concerning stage 5 are also relevant. The results of the checklist are presented
in Error: Reference source not found.
Table 2 EcoDesign checklist

Life cycle stage 1: Production and supply of materials and components

 How much, and what types of metals are used?

Mainly steel and aluminum, they account for around 90% of the total weight.
 How much, and what other types of materials (glass, ceramics, etc.) are used?
The impact of plastic is minimal, for the quantities used are comparably small.
 How much, and which type of surface treatment is used?
Teflon is the main issue.
 What is the environmental profile of the components?
 Aluminum its very intensive in the extractive phase, especially in regard to GHG
emissions.

Life cycle stage 2: In-House production

 How much, and what types of auxiliary materials are needed?

PFC’s for Teflon coating processes are highly toxic for water-based life and to human
health.

Life cycle stage 4: Utilisation

 How much, and what type of energy is required, direct or indirect?

Electricity is used for cooking in most households across Europe.
 How much, and what kind of consumables are needed?
The use of soap is a major issue.
 What is the technical lifetime?
The lifetime of the product is constrained by the lifespan of Teflon and the impossibility
to recoat.

Life cycle stage 5: Recovery and disposal

 How is the product currently disposed of?

Pans mostly end up in a landfill.
 Are components or materials being reused?
Most times it is not possible to recycle pans for they are built as composed materials.
 What components could be reused?
The body of the pan (Composed material)
 Can the components be reassembled without damage?
In most cases
 What materials are recyclable?
None
 Are the materials identifiable?
Yes
 Can they be detached quickly?
No, the process to separate composed materials is complex, intensive and will result
in the loss of an important percentage of the base materials.
 Are any incompatible inks, surface treatments or stickers used?
No, Teflon can be detached from the base.
 Are any hazardous components easily detachable? Yes, it is relatively easy to de-coat
Teflon or any other hydrophobic non-stick agent
  Do problems occur while incinerating non-reusable product parts?
Yes, compound metallic materials should not be incinerated and wont melt.

4.2 MET matrix

Based on the results from the Eco-Design checklist, the following alternatives are suggested to
improve the product.
Table 3 MET Matrix

Production Use Disposal

Materials 1. Recycled aluminum 6. Less soap 8. The compound

based intensive, can be materials are
2. Partial replacement of washed on reused
Aluminium per copper dishwasher 9. The recoating
3. Replacement of Teflon since there is no option allows to
per ceramics Teflon nor plastic extend the
hydrophobic compound involved lifespan of the
4. Glass lid included 7. Use of glass lid product
5. Isolated steel handle to cook faster

Energy 10. The coating process is 11. Reduction of 12. Increased need
moved to France (cleaner energy needed of energy and
energy). to reach transportation for
temperature and recoating
maintain it process

Toxicity 13. The emissions of PFC’s 14. The emissions of 15. Reduced, almost
are eliminated. chlorine are eliminated, solid
reduced emissions of
metals

These 15 changes and impact were included having three main points in mind, that correlate with
the materiality issues spotted:
1. Energy and soap consumption during
use phase: The use of copper, a more 450
thermal conductive material, can 400
potentially reduce the energy consumption
Alu
between 39 and 41%, according to the 350 min
um
thermodynamic principle of conduction Cop
per
300
illustrated Figure 6 Thermal conductivity of Log-
arit
hmic
copper compared to aluminum. The 250 (Cop
per )
second consideration was the inclusion of
a lid to create a semi closed system, this 200
-200 6 0Thermal
Figure 200 conductivity
400 600 of 800 1000
copper compared to
would reduce the cooking time around
aluminum
25% (Corporate editorial team entergy,
2021). Although additional energy will be used for the recoating, this will extend the lifespan of the
product and make it way more durable. The implementation of a ceramic instead of Teflon coat will
make the product dishwasher safe and reduce the need for soap around 20% if one of every three
times a dishwasher is used.
2. Reduce impact on human health: Teflon itself can be toxic (Schwarcz, 2015) when heated
above 260 Celsius. For that reason, the implementation of a safer and less impactful alternative
like ceramic coating, specifically polydimethylsiloxanes (Jollie, 2019), is applied. Yet, a tradeoff
between life cycle phases took place, by removing Teflon from production the impact in human
health was almost eliminated, but there was an increase in ozone layer depletion during the use
phase for the need of transportation in order to fulfill the recoating process to surpass the lifespan
of the base product.
3. Create a network of circular economy: The compound
material from which pans are made of is a very valuable but
hard to recycle. For that reason, to separate the cooking
plate composed by aluminum, copper and steel raw
materials would be hard to implement. Nonetheless, the
reuse or refurbishing of this valuable material is possible by
recoating it or reshaping it when deformation has taken
place.
At the end, the new process will include the reuse of very
valuable materials, as well as a very extended lifespan for
the product. The manufacturing process in terms of
transformation will remain the same, it will continue to be
done in China until the coating step, the coating will take
place in an industrial setting at Rennes, that will be a
refurbishing facility and reverse logistics neuralgic center. A
summary of the new LCA inventory can be found in the
following table.
Table 4 Data inventory for improved product

Figure 7 Improved process improved product

Manufacturing

Transport Per FU Per FU

Grams Kg Kg*Km
(KM) (Material) (Transport)
Aluminum 268 0,268 100 27 0,000214744 0,021474359
Copper 201 0,201 2400 482 0,000161058 0,386538462
Steel (Pan) 201 0,201 2200 442 0,000161058 0,354326923
Steel (Handle) 80 0,08 2200 176 6,41026E-05 0,141025641
Ceramics 30 0,03 2200 66 2,40385E-05 0,052884615
Tempered Glass 400 0,4 100 40 0,000320513 0,032051282
Bakelite 25 0,025 100 3 2,00321E-05 0,002003205
Transportation
Km Mean
From factory to port 18608,896 Boat
From port to city 1051,6 Train
Use phase (FU)
Transportation (Km) 40
 Ceramics 30
Energy 0,37728
Energy recoating 0,595025907
Water 1500g
Soap 0,2g

5 Comparative environmental assessment of improved service

Based on the analysis using SimaPro, various significant environmental issues have been found in
the original product. For the new proposal it is considered that customers are using renewable
energy which is our ideal scenario.
In the following section, the comparative environmental assessment is explained based on the four
most important issues identified in the materiality analysis:
1. Customer Health and Safety: As previously mentioned Teflon is a toxic material by itself
so by replacing it with Ceramics, which is a safer material, health hazards were reduced
ensuring the customer’s safety and promoting a healthy non-toxic lifestyle. Apart from the
impact on customer health and safety, Teflon has other impacts as even at a lower
temperature, Teflon releases toxic acidic gases and GHGs which lead to increased
photochemical oxidation and greenhouse Emissions. Ceramics don’t have any harmful
emissions.

2. Health and Safety at work: Employee health and safety was taken into consideration by
omitting hazardous material in the original product, and using recycled metals for
production, this ensures that none of the employees were harmed during metal extraction
processes. As mining of metals such as Aluminium, Copper, Gold, etc can increase the
chances of the employees contracting respiratory disorders (Electronics TakeBack
Coalition, 2022). Hence, it caused increased air pollution which in turn leads to Global
Warming. Using recycled metals in production helps reduce these risks and warrant the
employees safety. Apart from air pollution the metal extraction and casting process also
impacts toxicity (mainly human toxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity, and marine ecotoxicity)
Figure 8 Copper - Ceramics impact characterization. Apart from that terrestrial ecotoxicity
which is higher in the improved product compared to other impacts (it is due mostly due to
transportation and then recoating process). the impacts on majority of the environmental
issues have been reduced. Hence the proposed product is considerably improvised, safe,
and more efficient.

3. Responsible Raw Material Sourcing: As mentioned earlier, instead of using materials that
have higher impact on the environment and compromise employee health and safety, the
new product is made from recycled materials and resources that are less polluting and
more efficient. To keep this cycle going, reuse of the improvised product or similar
compound materials is proposed. As in the original pan, recycling is very difficult due to
toxicity and mechanical subjection of Teflon, but in the new proposal ceramics was used,
the separation process is easier but the goal would be to reuse the compound material for
remanufacturing and reprocess of new cookware, hence as per reading, the overall
impacts are in negative (Figure 9 Overall comparison) instead of cradle to grave model, the
proposal follows cradle to cradle model of circular economy. Here, In the proposal product
the impact on Abiotic Depletion is reduced as rather than using the materials present in the
environment, the materials are being reused.
 4. Energy Consumption: The energy efficiency of copper is more than Aluminium, as copper
is more conductive. Thereby, using copper-ceramics pan helps reduce the amount of
energy required by 39-41% Figure 6 Thermal conductivity of copper compared to
aluminum. Another factor is the use of renewable energy in the use phase, as through
analysis it was found that it has a huge impact on the environment as well, as per Appendix
6: Impact flow copper-ceramic pan, the energy impact in the use phase is in Green.

Figure 8 Copper - Ceramics impact characterization

Figure 9 Overall comparison

6 Internal and external communication

External

Purpose Audience Objective Channels Resources

Communicate Customers To present the Social media Graphic pieces
the lifelong product as a
Billboards at Budget for
warranty perfect alternative
distribution promotion
for the base
sites
product

Communicate Customers, To present the Social media Press releases

environmenta NGO’s, environmental
Email Reports
l benefits Certification improvement to
agencies differentiate and
attain attention
and certification

Justify the Customers, To build a solid Social media Graphic pieces

price Potential argument and
Billboards at Press releases
spokespersons precedent,
distribution
communicate that Reports
sites
the initial Communicates
investment on our Email
product will Spokespersons
represent a better
deal not only
environmentally
but also financially

Communicate Customers, Communicate the Social media Press releases

the nature of Potential importance and
labels and spokespersons, nature of the
certifications NGO’s certifications and
label obtained

Internal

Traceability of Suppliers, To keep record on Intranet Reports

raw materials executive the origin, work
Emails Data sheets
department practices and
environmental
impact of the raw
materials and
auxiliary materials
to attain labels
and certifications

Keep track of Production, To keep record of Intranet Data

environmenta executive, CSR own impacts in
Meetings
l impact of departments terms on material
production use, energy use, Check sheets
practices transportation, etc. Emails
Reports

Apply for Production, Have a solid data Intranet Data

labels and executive base and reports
Check sheets
certifications departments, to use as evidence
 marketing, when applying to Meetings
CSR get certified
Reports
departments

7 References
AbulFadl Mostafa MohameSharaf Ashraf, M., Mahmoud, M., & El-Saeid, M. H. (2019). foods,
Impact of household cooking on release of fluorinated compounds PFOA and PFOS from
Tefal coated cookware to. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 24-35.
Bong-Ki, B. (2004). South Korea Patent No. WO 2004/019742 A1.
Caballero Villanueva, D. (2016, June 26). Eficiencia Energética en el Taller de Pintura de
Volkswagen Navarra S.A. E.T.S. de Ingeniería Industrial, Informática y de
Telecomunicación. Pamplona , Navarra, Spain: Universidad Publica de Navarra.
Corporate editorial team entergy. (2021, November 11). Entergy news room. Retrieved from Does
Putting Lids on Pots Really Cook Food Faster?:
https://www.entergynewsroom.com/article/does-putting-lids-on-pots-really-cook-food-
faster/#:~:text=But%20when%20you%20put%20a,food%20cook%20faster%2C%20saving
%20energy.
Electronics TakeBack Coalition. (2022, March 27). Resources. Retrieved from Where’s The Harm
– From Materials Extraction?:
http://www.electronicstakeback.com/toxics-in-electronics/wheres-the-harm-extraction/
Global Steel Trade Monitor. (2018). Steel Imports Report: France . Washintong D.C: Department of
commerce, United States of America .
Goyal, A. (2020). A Critical Analysis of Porter’s 5 Forces Model of. Journal of Emerging
Technologies and Innovative Research, 7(7), 149-152.
Jollie, M. (2019, May 3). IGL Coatings Blog. Retrieved from The science of ceramic coatings :
https://blog.iglcoatings.com/the-science-of-ceramic-coatings/#:~:text=Ceramic%20coatings
%2C%20also%20commonly%20known,several%20type%20of%20different%20surfaces.
MVO Nederland. (2022). CSR Risk Check tool. Retrieved from https://www.mvorisicochecker.nl/en
Olav. (2022, March 18). The coated copper core pan. Retrieved from Olav catalog :
https://myolav.com/uk/products/nonstick-pan/allrounder-26cm
Schwarcz, J. (2015, May 15). The Right Chemistry: No, don't worry about Teflon pans. The
Montreal Gazette.
Sonesson, U., Janestad, H., & Raaholt, B. (2003). Energy for Preparation and Storing of Food-
Models for calculation of energy use for cooking and cold storage in households . MAT 21,
Food.
Tefal. (2011). Health & Environment commitments. Rumily : Tefal Corporation . Retrieved from
https://www.tefal.com/medias/TEFAL-livreVERT-ANG-270411.7.pdf?
context=bWFzdGVyfEd1aWRlc3w0NDUxODA4fGFwcGxpY2F0aW9uL3BkZnxHdWlkZXMv
aDgwL2g2OS84Nzk4MDc2OTYwNzk4LnBkZnw3MTc3NmQwODUwNWQyOTA1MGM0N
GEwMzdhNjUxYzA4ZDM2YzA1MTY0OTA1NjhjMTFjNTRiMDA2MGY0OGMzNDVk
IV

8 Appendix
8.1 Appendix 1: Survey results
Please
What is the
respond
How stove Last time you used
base on Which
How often setting your pan, what
your life as size is
deep is you you'll purpose did you use
Time of answer a student
the pan
the pan
use consider for?
right now in you
you use? this correct (reheat/cook/fry;
Rennes. Do use?
pan? when using what type of meal)
you own a
your pan?
pan?

Five
28/02/2022 times a 7
9:44 Yes Deep 24 week
Five
28/02/2022 times a
11:28 Yes Medium 28 week 5
Five
28/02/2022 times a
11:28 Yes Medium 26 week 5 To make a stir fry
Five
28/02/2022 times a
13:14 Yes Medium 30 week 5 Vegetable orzotto
Five
28/02/2022 times a 7
13:17 Yes Medium 28 week Fry
Five
28/02/2022 times a 7
15:59 Yes Medium 26 week Fry
Five
28/02/2022 times a 7
16:01 Yes Medium 24 week Idk
More
than
7
28/02/2022 once a
11:33 Yes Medium 26 day I made quesadillas
More
than
28/02/2022 once a
13:30 Yes Deep 32 day 2 Cook
More
than to cook chickent
7
28/02/2022 once a beaf, eggs, reheat
16:00 Yes Medium 26 day
More
than
28/02/2022 once a
20:02 Yes Medium 22 day 2 Cook cordon bleu
More
than
28/02/2022 once a
21:14 Yes Medium 26 day 5 cook eggs
More
than
28/02/2022 once a
21:51 Yes Medium 24 day 2 Fry vegetables
V

once
28/02/2022 per I cooked an
22:04 Yes Medium 26 mont 5 omelette.
Seven
28/02/2022 times a 7
8:59 Yes Medium 32 week Cooking meat
Seven
28/02/2022 times a
11:33 Yes Medium 24 week 5 Reheat
Seven
28/02/2022 times a
13:15 Yes Medium 24 week 5 Cooking/ pancakes
Seven
28/02/2022 times a
13:23 Yes Medium 28 week 5 Cook
Seven
28/02/2022 times a
18:42 Yes Medium 22 week 5 Cook vegetables
Seven
28/02/2022 times a 7
20:11 Yes Medium 24 week Egg
three
28/02/2022 times a 7
11:28 Yes Medium 22 week Cook eggs
three
Cook eggs.
28/02/2022 times a 7
Vegetables
11:28 Yes Medium 24 week
three
28/02/2022 times a
19:59 Yes Medium 20 week 2 Cook; fried rice
three
28/02/2022 times a
20:02 Yes Medium 24 week 2 Cook

Please respond based on your life as a student right now in

Yes 100%
Rennes. Do you own a pan?

How deep is the pan you use? Medium 91%

Which size is the pan you use? Average 26 Cm

How often you use this pan? Average 7 days a week

What is the stove setting you'll consider correct when using

Medium 71%
your pan?

Last time you used your pan, what purpose did you use
Most popular: Eggs
for? (reheat/cook/fry; what type of meal)
VI

8.2 Appendix 2: Materiality analysis

8.3 Appendix 3: Issue prioritization

8.4 Appendix 4: Definition of SDG’s

SDG subgoals definition
VII

3.9 By 2030, reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous
chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination

6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating

dumping, and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and
materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater, and
increasing recycling and safe reuse globally

7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable, and

modern energy services

7.2 By 2030, increase the share of renewable energy in the global

energy mix

7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency

12.2 By 2030, achieve sustainable management and efficient use of

natural resources

12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of

chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance
with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their
release to air, water and soil to minimize their adverse impacts on
human health and the environment

12.5 By 2030, reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction,

recycling, and reuse

12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and transnational

companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate
sustainability information into their reporting cycle

12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in

accordance with national policies and priorities

12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant

information and awareness for sustainable development and
lifestyles in harmony with nature

14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all

kinds, from land-based activities, including marine debris and
nutrient pollution
VIII

15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use

of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in
particular forests, wetlands, mountains, and drylands, in line with
obligations under international agreements
IX

8.5 Appendix 5: Impact flow non-stick pan

X

8.6 Appendix 6: Impact flow copper-ceramic pan