Anti-capitalism

Anti-capitalism is a political ideology and

movement encompassing a variety of
attitudes and ideas that oppose
capitalism. In this sense, anti-capitalists
are those who wish to replace capitalism
with another type of economic system,
such as socialism or communism.
 The "Pyramid of Capitalist System"
cartoon made by the Industrial
Workers of the World (1911) is an
example of a socialist critique of
capitalism and of social stratification.

History of movements
Anti-capitalism was widespread among
workers in the United States in the 1900s
and 1910s, and Colorado was especially
known as a center of anti-capitalist labor
movements in that era.[1]
Socialism

Karl Marx, considered by many as one

of the founding fathers of anti-
capitalist thought

Socialism advocates public or direct

worker ownership and administration of
the means of production and allocation of
resources, and a society characterized by
equal access to resources for all
individuals, with an egalitarian method of
compensation.[2][3]
1. A theory or policy of social
organisation which aims at or
advocates the ownership and
democratic control of the means of
production, by workers or the
community as a whole, and their
administration or distribution in the
interests of all.
2. Socialists argue for a worker
cooperative/community economy, or
the commanding heights of the
economy,[4] with democratic control
by the people over the state, although
there have been some undemocratic
philosophies. "State" or "worker
 cooperative" ownership is in
fundamental opposition to "private"
ownership of means of production,
which is a defining feature of
capitalism. Most socialists argue that
capitalism unfairly concentrates
power, wealth and profit, among a
small segment of society that
controls capital and derives its
wealth through exploitation.

Socialists argue that the accumulation of

capital generates waste through
externalities that require costly corrective
regulatory measures. They also point out
that this process generates wasteful
industries and practices that exist only to
generate sufficient demand for products to
be sold at a profit (such as high-pressure
advertisement); thereby creating rather
than satisfying economic demand.[5][6]

Socialists argue that capitalism consists

of irrational activity, such as the
purchasing of commodities only to sell at
a later time when their price appreciates,
rather than for consumption, even if the
commodity cannot be sold at a profit to
individuals in need; they argue that making
money, or accumulation of capital, does
not correspond to the satisfaction of
demand.[5]
Private ownership imposes constraints on
planning, leading to inaccessible
economic decisions that result in immoral
production, unemployment and a
tremendous waste of material resources
during crisis of overproduction. According
to socialists, private property in the means
of production becomes obsolete when it
concentrates into centralized, socialized
institutions based on private appropriation
of revenue (but based on cooperative work
and internal planning in allocation of
inputs) until the role of the capitalist
becomes redundant.[7] With no need for
capital accumulation and a class of
owners, private property in the means of
production is perceived as being an
outdated form of economic organization
that should be replaced by a free
association of individuals based on public
or common ownership of these socialized
assets.[8] Socialists view private property
relations as limiting the potential of
productive forces in the economy.[9]

Early socialists (Utopian socialists and

Ricardian socialists) criticized capitalism
for concentrating power and wealth within
a small segment of society,[10] and for not
utilising available technology and
resources to their maximum potential in
the interests of the public.[9]
Anarchism and libertarian socialism

Emma Goldman famously denounced

wage slavery by saying: "The only
difference is that you are hired slaves
instead of block slaves."[11]

For the influential German individualist

anarchist philosopher Max Stirner, "private
property is a spook" which "lives by the
grace of law" and it "becomes 'mine' only
by effect of the law". In other words,
private property exists purely "through the
protection of the State, through the State's
grace." Recognising its need for state
protection, Stirner argued that "[i]t need
not make any difference to the 'good
citizens' who protects them and their
principles, whether an absolute King or a
constitutional one, a republic, if only they
are protected. And what is their principle,
whose protector they always 'love'? Not
that of labour", rather it is "interest-bearing
possession ... labouring capital, therefore
... labour certainly, yet little or none at all of
one's own, but labour of capital and of the
—subject labourers."[12] French anarchist
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon opposed
government privilege that protects
capitalist, banking and land interests, and
the accumulation or acquisition of
property (and any form of coercion that
led to it) which he believed hampers
competition and keeps wealth in the hands
of the few. The Spanish individualist
anarchist Miguel Giménez Igualada
saw:[13]

capitalism [as] an effect of

government; the disappearance
of government means capitalism
falls from its pedestal
vertiginously...That which we
call capitalism is not something
else but a product of the State,
 within which the only thing that
is being pushed forward is
profit, good or badly acquired.
And so to fight against
capitalism is a pointless task,
since be it State capitalism or
Enterprise capitalism, as long as
Government exists, exploiting
capital will exist. The fight, but
of consciousness, is against the
State.

Within anarchism there emerged a critique

of wage slavery, which refers to a situation
perceived as quasi-voluntary slavery,[14]
where a person's livelihood depends on
wages, especially when the dependence is
total and immediate.[15][16] It is a
negatively connoted term used to draw an
analogy between slavery and wage labor
by focusing on similarities between
owning and renting a person. The term
wage slavery has been used to criticize
economic exploitation and social
stratification, with the former seen
primarily as unequal bargaining power
between labor and capital (particularly
when workers are paid comparatively low
wages, e.g. in sweatshops),[17] and the
latter as a lack of workers' self-
management, fulfilling job choices and
leisure in an economy.[18][19][20] Libertarian
socialists believe if freedom is valued,
then society must work towards a system
in which individuals have the power to
decide economic issues along with
political issues. Libertarian socialists seek
to replace unjustified authority with direct
democracy, voluntary federation, and
popular autonomy in all aspects of life,[21]
including physical communities and
economic enterprises. With the advent of
the Industrial Revolution, thinkers such as
Proudhon and Marx elaborated the
comparison between wage labor and
slavery in the context of a critique of
societal property not intended for active
personal use,[22][23] Luddites emphasized
the dehumanization brought about by
machines, while later American anarchist
Emma Goldman famously denounced
wage slavery by saying: "The only
difference is that you are hired slaves
instead of block slaves."[11] Goldman
believed that the economic system of
capitalism was incompatible with human
liberty. "The only demand that property
recognizes," she wrote in Anarchism and
Other Essays, "is its own gluttonous
appetite for greater wealth, because
wealth means power; the power to subdue,
to crush, to exploit, the power to enslave,
to outrage, to degrade."[24] She also argued
that capitalism dehumanized workers,
"turning the producer into a mere particle
of a machine, with less will and decision
than his master of steel and iron."[24]

Noam Chomsky contends that there is

little moral difference between chattel
slavery and renting one's self to an owner
or "wage slavery". He feels that it is an
attack on personal integrity that
undermines individual freedom. He holds
that workers should own and control their
workplace.[25] Many libertarian socialists
argue that large-scale voluntary
associations should manage industrial
manufacture, while workers retain rights to
the individual products of their labor.[26] As
such, they see a distinction between the
concepts of "private property" and
"personal possession". Whereas "private
property" grants an individual exclusive
control over a thing whether it is in use or
not, and regardless of its productive
capacity, "possession" grants no rights to
things that are not in use.[27]

In addition to individualist anarchist

Benjamin Tucker's "big four" monopolies
(land, money, tariffs, and patents), Kevin
Carson argues that the state has also
transferred wealth to the wealthy by
subsidizing organizational centralization,
in the form of transportation and
communication subsidies. He believes
that Tucker overlooked this issue due to
Tucker's focus on individual market
transactions, whereas Carson also
focuses on organizational issues. Carson
holds that "capitalism, arising as a new
class society directly from the old class
society of the Middle Ages, was founded
on an act of robbery as massive as the
earlier feudal conquest of the land. It has
been sustained to the present by continual
state intervention to protect its system of
privilege without which its survival is
unimaginable."[28] Carson coined the
pejorative term "vulgar libertarianism", a
phrase that describes the use of a free
market rhetoric in defense of corporate
capitalism and economic inequality.
According to Carson, the term is derived
from the phrase "vulgar political economy",
which Karl Marx described as an
economic order that "deliberately becomes
increasingly apologetic and makes
strenuous attempts to talk out of
existence the ideas which contain the
contradictions [existing in economic
life]."[29]
Marxism

Capital: Critique of Political Economy,

by Karl Marx, is a critical analysis of
political economy, meant to reveal the
economic laws of the capitalist mode
of production.

Karl Marx saw capitalism as a historical

stage, once progressive but which would
eventually stagnate due to internal
contradictions and would eventually be
followed by socialism. Marx claimed that
capitalism was nothing more than a
necessary stepping stone for the
progression of man, which would then
face a political revolution before
embracing the classless society.[30]

Contemporary anti-capitalism

Inspired by Marxist thought, the Frankfurt

School in Germany was established in
1923, with the purpose of analyzing the
superstructure. Marx defined the
superstructure as the social stratification
and mores reflecting the economic base
of capitalism. Through the 1930s, the
Frankfurt School, led by thinkers such as
Herbert Marcuse and Max Horkheimer
created the philosophical movement of
critical theory. Later, Critical theorist
Jürgen Habermas noted that the
universality of modern worldviews posed a
threat to marginalized perspectives
outside of western rationality. While
Critical Theory emphasized the social
issues stemming from capitalism with
intention towards liberating humanity, it
did not directly offer an alternative
economic model. Instead its analysis
shifted attention to the reinforcement of
existing power dynamics through
statecraft and a complicit citizenry.
In turn, Critical Theory inspired
postmodern philosophers such as Michel
Foucault to conceptualize how we form
identities through social interaction.[31]
During the 1960s and 1970s the global
political movement called the New Left
explored what liberation entailed through
social activism on behalf of these
identities. Therefore, socialist identifying
movements critical of capitalism extended
their reach beyond purely economic
considerations and became involved in
anti-war and civil rights movements. Later
this postmodern activism centered around
identities regarding ethnicity, gender,
orientation, and race would influence more
direct anti-capitalist movements.[32]

New critiques of capitalism also

developed in accordance with modern
concerns. Anti-globalization and alter-
globalization oppose what they view as
the sweeping neoliberal and pro-corporate
capitalism that spread internationally in
the wake of the Soviet Union's fall. They
are particularly critical of international
financial institutions and regulations such
as the IMF, WTO, and free trade
agreements. In response they promote the
autonomy of sovereign people and the
importance of environmental concerns as
priorities over international market
participation. Notable examples of
contemporary anti-globalist movements
include Mexico's EZLN. The World Social
Forum, began in 2002, is an annual
international event dedicated to countering
capitalist globalization through networking
of attending organizations.[33]

According to historian Gary Gerstle, the

ideological space for anti-capitalism in the
United States shrank significantly with the
end of the Cold War and the globalization
of capitalism, forcing the left to "redefine
their radicalism in alternative terms" by
heavily focusing on multiculturalism and
partisan culture war issues, which "turned
out to be those that the capitalist system
could more, rather than less, easily
manage."[34] Late philosopher Mark Fisher
referred to this phenomenon as capitalist
realism: "the widespread sense that not
only is capitalism the only viable political
and economic system, but also that it is
now impossible even to imagine a
coherent alternative to it."[35]

See also
Accumulation by Anarchism
dispossession portal
Communism
Adbusters portal
Alter-globalization Politics
portal
Anti-Capitalist Socialism
portal
Convergence
Anti-consumerism
Anti-globalization
Christian views on
poverty and wealth
Fascist economy
Degrowth
Distributism
Eye of a needle
Global justice movement
Hairshirt
environmentalism
Islamic views on poverty
List of anti-capitalist and communist
parties with national parliamentary
representation
New Anticapitalist Party
Post-capitalism
Real utopias
Religious economy
Religious views on capitalism
Social democracy
Solidarity economy
Syndicalism
Hatari (band)
References
1. Andrews, Thomas G. (2008). Killing for
Coal: America's Deadliest Labor War.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 6.
ISBN 978-0-674-03101-2.

2. Newman, Michael. (2005) Socialism: A Very

Short Introduction, Oxford University Press,
ISBN 0-19-280431-6

3. "Socialism". Oxford English Dictionary.

4. "Socialism" (https://www.britannica.com/to
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5. "Let's produce for use, not profit" (https://w
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Needs To Be Done: A Socialist View" (http://
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8. The Political Economy of Socialism, by

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10. in Encyclopædia Britannica (2009).
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hands of the relative few who emerge
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e.com/books?id=0IF7CusxuMcC&pg=PA28
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12. Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin. "G.6 What are the
ideas of Max Stirner? in An Anarchist FAQ"
(https://web.archive.org/web/2010112315
4932/http://www.infoshop.org/page/Anarc
histFAQSectionG6) . Infoshop.org. Archived
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13. Igualada, Miguel Gimenez. "Anarquismo" (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/2017013120541
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desaparecido el gobierno, el capitalismo
cae de su pedestal vertiginosamente...Lo
que llamamos capitalismo no es otra cosa
que el producto del Estado, dentro del cual
lo único que se cultiva es la ganancia, bien
o mal habida. Luchar, pues, contra el
capitalismo es tarea inútil, porque sea
Capitalismo de Estado o Capitalismo de
Empresa, mientras el Gobierno exista,
 existirá el capital que explota. La lucha,
pero de conciencias, es contra el Estado."
[capitalism [as] an effect of government;
the disappearance of government means
capitalism falls from its pedestal
vertiginously...That which we call
capitalism is not something else but a
product of the State, within which the only
thing that is being pushed forward is profit,
good or badly acquired. And so to fight
against capitalism is a pointless task, since
be it State capitalism or Enterprise
capitalism, as long as Government exists,
exploiting capital will exist. The fight, but of
consciousness, is against the State.]

14. Ellerman 1992.

15. "wage slave" (http://www.merriam-webster.
com/dictionary/wage%20slave) . merriam-
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16. "wage slave" (http://dictionary.reference.co

m/browse/wage%20slave) .
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om/books?id=_KdrTfTxqvgC&pg=PA184) .

18. "Conversation with Noam Chomsky" (http

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19. Hallgrimsdottir & Benoit 2007.

20. "The Bolsheviks and Workers Control,
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21. Harrington, Austin, et al. Encyclopedia of

Social Theory Routledge (2006) p. 50

22. Proudhon 1890.

23. Marx 1969, Chapter VII (https://www.marxis
ts.org/archive/marx/works/1863/theories-s
urplus-value/ch07.htm)

24. Goldman, Emma. Anarchism and Other

Essays. 3rd ed. 1917. New York: Dover
Publications Inc., 1969., p. 54.
25. "Conversation with Noam Chomsky, p. 2 of
5" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190919
041544/http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/pe
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u/people2/Chomsky/chomsky-con2.html)
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August 16, 2011.

26. Lindemann, Albert S. (1983). A History of

European Socialism. Yale University Press.
p. 160.

27. Ely, Richard; et al. (1914). Property and

Contract in Their Relations to the
Distribution of Wealth. The Macmillan
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28. Richman, Sheldon, Libertarian Left (http://w
ww.amconmag.com/blog/libertarian-left/)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201
10814153531/http://www.amconmag.co
m/blog/libertarian-left/) 2011-08-14 at the
Wayback Machine, The American
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29. Marx 1969, p. 501.

30. Wallerstein, Immanuel (September 1974).
"The Rise and Future Demise of the World
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31. Agger, Ben (1991). "Critical Theory,
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Sociology. 17: 105–131.
doi:10.1146/annurev.so.17.080191.000541
(https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.so.17.
080191.000541) . JSTOR 2083337 (https://
www.jstor.org/stable/2083337) .

32. Farred, Grant (2000). "Endgame Identity?

Mapping the New Left Roots of Identity
Politics". New Literary History. 31 (4): 627–
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i.org/10.1353%2Fnlh.2000.0045) .
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 33. Gilbert, Jeremy (2008). "Another World Is
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rg/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-273844) . Berg.
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34. Gerstle 2022, p. 149.

35. Fisher 2009, p. 2.

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ISBN 978-1-55786-309-6. Retrieved
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Is There No Alternative?. John Hunt
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the Neoliberal Order: America and the
World in the Free Market Era (https://glob
al.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-
and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197
519646?cc=us&lang=en&) . Oxford
University Press. ISBN 978-0197519646.
Goldman, Emma (2003). Falk, Candace;
et al. (eds.). Emma Goldman: A
Documentary History of the American
Years, Volume I: Made for America,
1890–1901. Berkeley & Los Angeles, CA:
University of California Press. ISBN 978-
0-520-08670-8.
Hallgrimsdottir, Helga Kristin; Benoit,
Cecilia (2007). "From Wage Slaves to
Wage Workers: Cultural Opportunity
Structures and the Evolution of the
Wage Demands of the Knights of Labor
and the American Federation of Labor,
1880–1900". Social Forces. 85 (3):
1393–1411. doi:10.1353/sof.2007.0037
(https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsof.2007.00
37) . JSTOR 4494978 (https://www.jsto
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scholar.org/CorpusID:154551793) .
Sandel, Michael J. (1996). Democracy's
Discontent: America in Search of a Public
Philosophy (https://archive.org/details/d
emocracysdiscon0000sand) .
Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
ISBN 978-0-674-19744-2.
Marx, Karl (1969) [1863]. Theories of
Surplus Value. Moscow: Progress
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Further reading
Ezequiel Adamovsky. Anti-capitalism.
Seven Stories Press. 2011
Alex Callinicos. An Anti-Capitalist
Manifesto. Polity. 2003

Emma Goldman. Anarchism and other

essays. Mother Earth Publishing
Association. 1910
David E Lowes. The Anti-Capitalist
Dictionary. Zed Books. 2006

David McNally. Another World Is

Possible: Globalization and Anti-
Capitalism. Arbeiter Ring Publishing.
2006
 Ludwig von Mises. The Anti-Capitalistic
Mentality. Mises Institute. 1956

Sanders, Bernie (2023). It's OK to Be

Angry About Capitalism. Crown
Publishing Group. ISBN 978-
0593238714.
Simon Tormey. Anti-Capitalism: A
Beginner's Guide. Oneworld Publications.
2013
Chris Williams. Ecology and Socialism.
Haymarket Books. 2010

External links
Anti-capitalism: theory Wikimedia
Commons
and practice (http://ww
has media
w.marxists.de/anticap/ related to
Anti-
theprax/index.htm) by capitalism.
Chris Harman, SWP
(2000).
Rough Guide to the Anti-Capitalist
Movement (http://www.fifthinternationa
l.org/content/publications/pamphlets/r
ough-guide-anticapitalist-movement) ,
League for the Fifth International
Rifkin, Jeremy (15 March 2014). "The
Rise of Anti-Capitalism" (https://www.ny
times.com/2014/03/16/opinion/sunda
y/the-rise-of-anti-capitalism.html) . The
New York Times.
Infoshop.org Anarchists Opposed to
Capitalism (http://www.infoshop.org/) ,
Infoshop.org
How The Miners Were Robbed (http://ec
onomicdemocracy.org/miners.html)
1907 anti-capitalist pamphlet hosted at
EconomicDemocracy
Sam Ashman "The anti-capitalist
movement and the war" (http://pubs.soc
ialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj98/ashman.h
tm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20220328211705/http://pubs.soci
alistreviewindex.org.uk/isj98/ashman.ht
m) 2022-03-28 at the Wayback Machine
International Socialist Journal 2003
Marxists Internet Archive (https://www.
marxists.org/)
Dr. Wladyslaw Jan Kowalski Anti-
Capitalism: Modern Theory and Historical
Origins (https://web.archive.org/web/20
130310044524/http://aerobiologicaleng
ineering.com/wxk116/Anticapitalism/)
Aufheben, Anti-Capitalism as an
ideology... and as a movement (http://lib
com.org/library/anti-capitalist-aufheben-
10) , Libcom.org
Studies in Anti-Capitalism (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20071206064452/htt
p://www.studiesinanti-capitalism.net/)
 How to Be an Anticapitalist Today (http
s://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/12/erik-
olin-wright-real-utopias-anticapitalism-d
emocracy/) . Erik Olin Wright for
Jacobin. December 2, 2015.

Infographic: Where People Are Losing

Faith In Capitalism (https://www.ibtime
s.com/infographic-where-people-are-losi
ng-faith-capitalism-2910254) .
International Business Times. January
27, 2020.

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