Python

Introduction

Python is a widely used general-purpose, high level programming language. It

was created by Guido van Rossum in 1991 and further developed by the
Python Software Foundation. It was designed with an emphasis on code
readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express their concepts in
fewer lines of code. Python is a programming language that lets you work
quickly and integrate systems more efficiently.
It supports Object Oriented programming approach to develop
applications. It is simple and easy to learn and provides lots of high-level data
structures. Python is easy to learn yet powerful and versatile scripting
language, which makes it attractive for Application Development. Python's
syntax with its interpreted nature make it an ideal language for scripting and
rapid application development.

Feature of Python
• Python is a high level language. It is a free and open source language.
• It is an interpreted language, as Python programs are executed by an
interpreter.
• Python programs are easy to understand as they have a clearly
defined syntax and relatively simple structure.
• Python is case-sensitive. For example, NUMBER and number are not
same in Python.
• Python is portable and platform independent, means it can run on
various operating systems and hardware platforms.
• Python has a rich library of predefined functions.
• Python is also helpful in web development. Many popular web services
and applications are built using Python.
• Python uses indentation for blocks and nested blocks.

install Python in Windows

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Python is a widely used high-level programming language. To write and execute
code in python, we first need to install Python on our system.
Installing Python on Windows takes a series of few easy steps.
Step 1 − Select Version of Python to Install
Python has various versions available with differences between the syntax and
working of different versions of the language. We need to choose the version which
we want to use or need. There are different versions of Python 2 and Python 3
available.
Step 2 − Download Python Executable Installer
On the web browser, in the official site of python (www.python.org), move to the
Download for Windows section.
Step 3 − Run Executable Installer
We downloaded the Python 3.9.1 Windows 64 bit installer.
Run the installer. Make sure to select both the checkboxes at the bottom and then
click Install New.

On clicking the Install Now, The installation process starts.

The installation process will take few minutes to complete and once the installation
is successful, the following screen is displayed.
Step 4 − Verify Python is installed on Windows
To ensure if Python is successfully installed on your system. Follow the given steps
−
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  Open the command prompt.
 Type ‘python’ and press enter.
 The version of the python which you have installed will be displayed if the
python is successfully installed on your windows.

Step 5 − Verify Pip was installed

Pip is a powerful package management system for Python software packages.
Thus, make sure that you have it installed.
To verify if pip was installed, follow the given steps −
 Open the command prompt.
 Enter pip –V to check if pip was installed.
 The following output appears if pip is installed successfully.

We have successfully installed python and pip on our Windows system.

Working with Python

To write and run (execute) a Python program, we need to have a Python interpreter
installed on our computer or we can use any online Python interpreter. The
interpreter is also called Python shell. A sample screen of Python interpreter is
shown in Figure.

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In the above screen, the symbol >>> is the Python prompt, which indicates that the
interpreter is ready to take instructions. We can type commands or statements on
this prompt to execute them using a Python interpreter.

Execution Modes
There are two ways to use the Python interpreter:
(A) Interactive mode
(B) Script mode
Interactive mode allows execution of individual statement instantaneously. Whereas,
Script mode allows us to write more than one instruction in a file called Python
source code file that can be executed.

(A) Interactive Mode

To work in the interactive mode, we can simply type a Python statement on the >>>
prompt directly. As soonas we press enter, the interpreter executes the statement
and displays the result(s), as shown in Figure.

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Working in the interactive mode is convenient for testing a single line code for
instant execution. But in the interactive mode, we cannot save the statements for
future use and we have to retype the statements to run them again.
(B) Script Mode
In the script mode, we can write a Python program in a file, save it and then use the
interpreter to execute it. Python scripts are saved as files where file name has
extension “.py”. By default, the Python scripts are saved in the Python installation
folder. To execute a script, we can either:
a) Type the file name along with the path at the prompt. For example, if the
name of the file is prog5-1.py, we type prog5-1.py. We can otherwise open
the program directly from IDLE as shown in Figure 5.3.
b) While working in the script mode, after saving the file, click [Run]->[Run
Module] from the menu as shown in Figure 5.4.
c) The output appears on shell as shown in Figure 5.5.

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6
PYTHONKEYWORDS
Keywords are reserved words. Each keyword has a specific meaning to the Python
interpreter, and we can use a keyword in our program only for the purpose for which
it has been defined. As Python is case sensitive, keywords must be written exactly
as given below.

IDENTIFIERS
In programming languages, identifiers are names used to identify a variable,
function, or other entities in a program. The rules for naming an identifier in Python
are as follows:
1. The name should begin with an uppercase or a lowercase alphabet or an
underscore sign (_). This may be followed by any combination of characters
a–z, A–Z, 0–9 or underscore (_). Thus, an identifier cannot start with a digit.
2. It can be of any length. (However, it is preferred to keep it short and
meaningful).
3. It should not be a keyword or reserved word.
4. We cannot use special symbols like !, @, #, $, %, etc.
For example, to find the average of marks obtained by a student in three subjects,
we can choose the identifiers as marks1, marks2, marks3 and avg rather than a, b,
c, or A, B, C.
avg = (marks1 + marks2 + marks3)/3

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Similarly, to calculate the area of a rectangle, we can use identifier names, such as
area, length, breadth instead of single alphabets as identifiers for clarity and more
readability.
area = length * breadth

VARIABLES
A variable in a program is uniquely identified by a name (identifier). Variable in
Python refers to an object, an item or element that stores some value and occupies
some memory spaces. In Python we can use an assignment statement to create
new variables and assign specific values to them.
Ex:-
gender = 'M'
message = "Keep Smiling"
price = 987.9
Program 5-2 Write a program to display values of variables in Python.
#Program 5-2
#To display values of variables message = "Keep Smiling" print(message)
userNo = 101
print('User Number is', userNo)
Output:
Keep Smiling
User Number is 101
Variable declaration is implicit in Python, means variables are automatically
declared and defined when they are assigned a value the first time. Variables
must always be assigned values before they are used in expressions as otherwise it
will lead to an error in the program. Wherever a variable name occurs in an
expression, the interpreter replaces it with the value of that particular variable.
Program 5-3 Write a Python program to find the area of a rectangle given that
its length is 10 units and breadth is 20 units.
#Program 5-3
#To find the area of a rectangle length = 10
breadth = 20
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area = length * breadth print(area)
Output:
200

COMMENTS
Comments are used to add a remark or a note in the source code. Comments are
not executed by interpreter.
In Python, a comment starts with # (hash sign). Everything following the # till the end
of that line is treated as a comment and the interpreter simply ignores it while
executing the statement.
Ex:-
#Variable amount is the total spending on #grocery
amount = 3400
#totalMarks is sum of marks in all the tests #of Mathematics
totalMarks = test1 + test2 + finalTest
Program 5-4 Write a Python program to find the sum of two numbers.
#Program 5-4
#To find the sum of two numbers num1 = 10
num2 = 20
result = num1 + num2 print(result)
Output:
30

OPERATORS
An operator is used to perform specific mathematical or logical operation on
values. The values that the operators work on are called operands.
For example, in the expression 10 + num, the value 10, and the variable num are
operands and the + (plus) sign is an operator. Python supports several kinds of
operators.
Types of Operator
Python language supports the following types of operators.
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  Arithmetic Operators
 Comparison (Relational) Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Logical Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Membership Operators
 Identity Operators
Let us have a look on all operators one by one.
Arithmetic Operators
Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then −

Operator Description Example

+ Addition Adds values on either side of the operator. a + b = 30

- Subtraction Subtracts right hand operand from left hand a – b = -10

operand.

* Multiplication Multiplies values on either side of the operator a * b = 200

/ Division Divides left hand operand by right hand operand b/a=2

% Modulus Divides left hand operand by right hand operand b%a=0

and returns remainder

** Exponent Performs exponential (power) calculation on a**b =10 to the power 20

operators

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// Floor Division - The division of operands where 9//2 = 4
the result is the quotient in which the digits after
9.0//2.0 = 4.0,
the decimal point are removed. But if one of the
operands is negative, the result is floored, i.e., -11//3 = -4,
rounded away from zero (towards negative
infinity) − -11.0//3 = -4.0

Comparison Operators
These operators compare the values on either sides of them and decide the relation
among them. They are also called Relational operators.
Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then −

Operator Description Example

== If the values of two operands are equal, then the (a == b) is not true.
condition becomes true.

!= If values of two operands are not equal, then condition (a != b) is true.

becomes true.

<> If values of two operands are not equal, then condition (a <> b) is true. This is
becomes true. similar to != operator.

> If the value of left operand is greater than the value of (a > b) is not true.
right operand, then condition becomes true.

< If the value of left operand is less than the value of (a < b) is true.
right operand, then condition becomes true.

>= If the value of left operand is greater than or equal to (a >= b) is not true.
the value of right operand, then condition becomes
true.

<= If the value of left operand is less than or equal to the (a <= b) is true.

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 value of right operand, then condition becomes true.

Assignment Operators
Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then −

Operator Description Example

= Assigns values from right side operands to c = a + b assigns

left side operand value of a + b into c

+= Add It adds right operand to the left operand and c += a is equivalent to

assign the result to left operand c=c+a

-= Subtract It subtracts right operand from the left c -= a is equivalent to

operand and assign the result to left operand c=c-a

*= Multiply It multiplies right operand with the left c *= a is equivalent to

operand and assign the result to left operand c=c*a

/= Divide It divides left operand with the right operand c /= a is equivalent to

and assign the result to left operand c=c/a

%= Modulus It takes modulus using two operands and c %= a is equivalent

assign the result to left operand to c = c % a

**= Exponent Performs exponential (power) calculation on

c **= a is equivalent to
AND operators and assign value to the left
c = c ** a
operand

//= Floor Division It performs floor division on operators and c //= a is equivalent to
assign value to the left operand c = c // a

Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operator works on bits and performs bit by bit operation. Assume if a = 60;
and b = 13; Now in the binary format their values will be 0011 1100 and 0000 1101
respectively. Following table lists out the bitwise operators supported by Python
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language with an example each in those, we use the above two variables (a and b)
as operands −
a = 0011 1100
b = 0000 1101
-----------------
a&b = 0000 1100
a|b = 0011 1101
a^b = 0011 0001
~a = 1100 0011
There are following Bitwise operators supported by Python language

Operator Description Example

& Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if (a & b) (means 0000
it exists in both operands 1100)

| Binary OR It copies a bit if it exists in either (a | b) = 61 (means 0011

operand. 1101)

^ Binary XOR It copies the bit if it is set in one (a ^ b) = 49 (means 0011

operand but not both. 0001)

~ Binary Ones (~a ) = -61 (means 1100

Complement It is unary and has the effect of 0011 in 2's complement
'flipping' bits. form due to a signed
binary number.

<< Binary Left Shift The left operands value is moved

a << 2 = 240 (means
left by the number of bits specified
1111 0000)
by the right operand.

>> Binary Right Shift The left operands value is moved

a >> 2 = 15 (means 0000
right by the number of bits
1111)
specified by the right operand.

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Logical Operators
There are following logical operators supported by Python language. Assume
variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20 then
[ Show Example ]

Operator Description Example

and Logical AND If both the operands are true then condition (a and b) is true.
becomes true.

or Logical OR If any of the two operands are non-zero then (a or b) is true.

condition becomes true.

not Logical NOT Used to reverse the logical state of its Not(a and b) is false.
operand.

Membership Operators
Python’s membership operators test for membership in a sequence, such as strings,
lists, or tuples. There are two membership operators as explained below −

Operator Description Example

in Evaluates to true if it finds a variable in

x in y, here in results in a 1 if x is a
the specified sequence and false
member of sequence y.
otherwise.

not in Evaluates to true if it does not finds a x not in y, here not in results in a 1 if
variable in the specified sequence and x is not a member of sequence y.
false otherwise.

Identity Operators
Identity operators compare the memory locations of two objects. There are two
Identity operators explained below −

Operator Description Example

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is Evaluates to true if the variables on either
x is y, here is results in 1 if id(x)
side of the operator point to the same object
equals id(y).
and false otherwise.

is not Evaluates to false if the variables on either

x is not y, here is not results in 1
side of the operator point to the same object
if id(x) is not equal to id(y).
and true otherwise.

Operators Precedence
The following table lists all operators from highest precedence to lowest.

Sr.No. Operator & Description

1
**
Exponentiation (raise to the power)

2
~+-
Complement, unary plus and minus (method names for the last two are +@ and -@)

3
* / % //
Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division

4
+-
Addition and subtraction

5
>><<
Right and left bitwise shift

6
&
Bitwise 'AND'

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7
^|
Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR'

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<= <>>=
Comparison operators

9
<> == !=
Equality operators

10
= %= /= //= -= += *= **=
Assignment operators

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is is not
Identity operators

12
in not in
Membership operators

13
not or and
Logical operators

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DATA TYPES
Every value belongs to a specific data type in Python. Data type identifies the type
of data values a variable can hold and the operations that can be performed on
that data. Data types available in Python:-

Number
Number data type stores numerical values only. It is further classified into three
different types: int, float and complex.

Type/Class Description Examples

int Integer numbers –12,–3,0,125,2
float Real or floating point numbers –2.04,4.0,14.23

complex Complex numbers 3+4j,2–2j

Boolean data type (bool) is a subtype of integer. It is a unique data type, consisting
of two constants, True and False. Boolean True value is non-zero, non-null and non-
empty. Boolean False is the value zero.
Variables of simple data types like integers, float, boolean, etc., hold single
values. But such variables are not useful to hold a long list of information, for
example, names of the months in a year, names of students in a class, names and
numbers in a phone book or the list of artefacts in a museum. For this, Python
provides data types like tuples, lists, dictionaries and sets.
SEQUENCE
A Python sequence is an ordered collection of items, where each item is indexed by
an integer. The three types of sequence data types available in Python are Strings,
Lists and Tuples.
String
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String is a group of characters. These characters may be alphabets, digits or special
characters including spaces. String values are enclosed either in single quotation

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marks (e.g., ‘Hello’) or in double quotation marks (e.g., “Hello”). The quotes are not a
part of the string, they are used to mark the beginning and end of the string for the
interpreter.
For example,
>>> str1 = 'Hello Friend'
>>> str2 = "452"
We cannot perform numerical operations on strings, even when the string contains a
numeric value, as in str2.
List
List is a sequence of items separated by commas and
the items are enclosed in square brackets [ ].
Example 5.4
#To create a list
>>> list1 = [5, 3.4, "New Delhi", "20C", 45]
#print the elements of the list list1
>>> print(list1)
[5, 3.4, 'New Delhi', '20C', 45]
Tuple
Tuple is a sequence of items separated by commas and items are enclosed in
parenthesis ( ). This is unlike list, where values are enclosed in brackets [ ]. Once
created, we cannot change the tuple.
Example 5.5
#create a tuple tuple1
>>> tuple1 = (10, 20, "Apple", 3.4, 'a') #print the elements of the tuple tuple1
>>> print(tuple1)
(10, 20, "Apple", 3.4, 'a')
Set
Set is an unordered collection of items separated by commas and the items are
enclosed in curly brackets { }. A set is similar to list, except that it cannot have
duplicate entries. Once created, elements of a set cannot be changed.
Example 5.6

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#create a set
>>> set1 = {10,20,3.14,"New Delhi"}
>>> print(type(set1))
<class 'set'>
>>> print(set1)
{10, 20, 3.14, "New Delhi"}
#duplicate elements are not included in set
>>> set2 = {1,2,1,3}
>>> print(set2)
{1, 2, 3}
None
None is a special data type with a single value. It is used to signify the absence of
value in a situation. None supports no special operations, and it is neither same as
False nor 0 (zero).
Example 5.7
>>> myVar = None
>>> print(type(myVar))
<class 'NoneType'>
>>> print(myVar)
None
Mapping
Mapping is an unordered data type in Python. Currently, there is only one standard
mapping data type in Python called dictionary.
(A) Dictionary
Dictionary in Python holds data items in key-value pairs. Items in a dictionary are
enclosed in curly brackets { }. Dictionaries permit faster access to data. Every key is
separated from its value using a colon (:) sign.
The key: value pairs of a dictionary can be accessed using the key. The keys are
usually strings and their values can be any data type. In order to access any value in
the dictionary, we have to specify its key in square brackets [ ].
Example 5.8

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#create a dictionary
>>> dict1 = {'Fruit':'Apple', 'Climate':'Cold', 'Price(kg)':120}
>>> print(dict1)
{'Fruit': 'Apple', 'Climate': 'Cold', 'Price(kg)': 120}
>>> print(dict1['Price(kg)']) 120

Understanding python Blocks

Indentation in Python refers to the whitespaces at the start of the line.

We can create indentation using space or tabs. When writing Python
code, we have to define a group of statements for functions and
loops. This is done by properly indenting the statements for that
block.

The leading whitespaces (space and tabs) at the start of a line are used
to determine the indentation level of the line. We have to increase the
indent level to group the statements for that code block. Similarly,
reduce the indentation to close the grouping.

The four white spaces or a single tab character are used to create or
increase the indentation level of the code. Let’s look at an example to
understand the code indentation and grouping of statements.

deffoo():
print("Hi")

ifTrue:
print("true")
else:
print("false")

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print("Done")

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Input and Output

Input :- Sometimes, a program needs to interact with the user’s to

get some input data or information from the end user and process it
to give the desired output.

In Python, we have the input() function for taking the user input.
The input() function prompts the user to enter data. It accepts all
user input as string. The user may enter a number or a string but the
input() function treats them as strings only. The syntax for input() is:

Variable = input (“Message for user”)

Example 5.14

>>> fname = input("Enter your first name: ")

Enter your first name: Arnab
>>> age = input("Enter your age: ")
Enter your age: 19
>>> type(age)
<class 'str'>

Note:- type() function is used to check the datatype of variable.

Output:-Python uses the print() function to output data to standard

output device — the screen. The print() outputs a complete line and
then moves to the next line automatically for subsequent output.

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The syntax for print() is:
print(“Message”)
print(Variable)
print(“Message”, variable)
Note:- if you want to stop changing the new line use end=’ ‘.

Ex:- print(“Python is”, end=’ ‘)

Print(“easy language.”)
Output:- Python is easy language.

Statement Output
print("Hello") Hello

print(10*2.5) 25.0

print("I" + "love" + "my" + "country") Ilovemycountry

print("I am", 16, "years old") I am 16 years old

The third print function in the above example is concatenating strings,

and we use + (plus) between two strings to concatenate them.

Type Conversion

There are two types of type conversion are available in python.

Explicit conversion

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Explicit conversion, also called type casting happens when data type
conversion takes place because the programmer forced it in the
program. The general form of an explicit data type conversion is:

Syntax:- new_data_type(expression)

In some conditions, With explicit type conversion, there is a risk of loss

of information since we are forcing an expression to be of a specific
type.
For example:-
converting a floating value of x = 20.67 into an integer type, i.e.,
int(x) will discard the fractional part .67.

Following are some of the functions in Python that are used for
explicitly converting an expression or a variable to a different type.

Q. Program of explicit type conversion fromint to float.

#Program 5-5
#Explicit type conversion from int to float
num1 = 10
num2 = 20
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num3 = num1 + num2
print(num3)
print(type(num3))
num4 = float(num1 + num2)
print(num4)
print(type(num4))
Output:
30
Implicit Conversion <class 'int'>
30.0
<class 'float'>
Implicit conversion, also known as coercion, happens when data type
conversion is done automatically by Python and is not instructed by
the programmer.

Q. Program to show implicit conversion fromint to float.

#Program 5-10
#Implicit type conversion from int to float

num1 = 10 #num1 is an integer

num2 = 20.0 #num2 is a float
sum1 = num1 + num2 #sum1 is sum of a float and an integer
print(sum1)
print(type(sum1))

Output:
30.0
<class 'float'>

Conditional blocks

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If statement:- when given condition is true then if block statement
executes otherwise control passes to next statement of the program.
Syntax:-
If condition:
statement(s)

Example
age = int(input("Enter your age "))

if age>=18:

print("Eligible to vote")

If…else statement:- when given condition is true then if block

statement executes otherwise else block statement execute.
Syntax:-
If condition:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)
Example:-
age=int(input("Enter your age:"))
if age>=18:
print("Eligible to vote")
else:
print("Note ligible to vote")

Nested if statement:-when an if statement is found another if

statement then this type of structure is called Nested if statement.
Syntax:-
If condition:
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 If condition:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)
Example:-
age=int(input("Enter your age:"))
nationality = input(“Enter your Nationality”)
if age>=18:
if nationality== “indian”
print("Eligible to vote")
else:
print("Not eligible to vote")
else:
print("Not eligible to vote")

If…elif statement:- Many a times there are situations that require

multiple conditions to be checked. So in this situation we use another
if statement in else block. In if..elif statement elif means else..if.
Syntax:-
if condition:
statement(s)
elif condition:
statement(s)
elif condition:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)

Example:- Check whether a number is positive,

negative, or zero.
number = int(input("Enter a number: ")

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 if number > 0:
print("Number is positive")
elif number < 0:
print("Number is negative")
else:
print("Number is zero")

Loops
In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first statement
in a function is executed first, followed by the second, and so on.
There may be a situation when you need to execute a block of code
several number of times.
Programming languages provide a loop statement allows us to
execute a statement or group of statements multiple times.
The ‘While’ Loop
The while statement executes a block of code repeatedly as long as
the control condition of the loop is true. The control condition of the
while
loop is executed before any statement inside the loop is executed.
After each iteration, the control condition is tested again and the
loop continues as long as the condition remains true. When this
condition becomes false, the statements in the body of loop are not
executed and the control is transferred to the statement immediately
following the body of while loop. If the condition of the while loop is
initially false, the body is not executed even once.

Syntax of while Loop

while test_condition:

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 body of while

Ex:-Program to print first 5 natural numbers using while loop.

#Print first 5 natural numbers using while loop

count = 1
while count <= 5:
print(count)
count += 1

Output:
1
2
3
4
5

Using else statement with while loops:

As discussed above, while loop executes the block until a condition is
satisfied. When the condition becomes false, the statement
immediately after the loop is executed.
The else clause is only executed when your while condition becomes
false. If you break out of the loop, or if an exception is raised, it won’t
be executed.
If else like this:

If condition:
# execute these statements
else:

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 # execute these statements
 and while loop like this are similar

While condition:
# execute these statements
else:
# execute these statements

Ex:- Python program to illustrate combining else with while

count =0
while(count < 3):
count =count +1
print("Hello World")
else:
print("In Else Block")
Output:
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
In Else Block

The ‘For’ Loop

The for statement is used to iterate over a range of values or a
sequence. The for loop is executed for each of the items in the range.
These values can be either numeric, or, they can be elements of a data
type like a string, list, or tuple.
With every iteration of the loop, the control variable checks
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whether each of the values in the range have been traversed or not.
When all the items in the range are exhausted, the statements
within loop are not executed; the control is then transferred to the
statement immediately following the for loop.
(A) Syntax of the For Loop
for <control-variable> in <sequence/ items in range>:
<statements inside body of the loop>

Ex:-Program to print the characters in the string ‘PYTHON’ using for

loop.

#Print the characters in word PYTHON using for loop.

for letter in 'PYTHON':
print(letter)
Output:
P
Y
T
H
O
N

Ex:-Program to print the numbers in a given sequence using for loop.

#Print the given sequence of numbers using for loop.
count = [10,20,30,40,50]
for num in count:
print(num)
Output:
10
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20
30
40
50
Ex:-Program to print even numbers in a given sequence using for loop.
#Print even numbers in the given sequence.
numbers = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
for num in numbers:
if (num % 2) == 0:
print(num,'is an even Number')
Output:
2 is an even Number
4 is an even Number
6 is an even Number
8 is an even Number
10 is an even Number

(B) The Range() Function

The range() is a built-in function in Python.
Syntax of range() function is:
range([start], stop[, step])
It is used to create a list containing a sequence of integers from the
given start value up to stop value (excluding stop value), with a
difference of the given step value. To begin with, simply remember
that function takes parameters to work on. In function range(), start,
stop and step are parameters.
The start and step parameters are optional. If start value is not
specified, by default the list starts from 0. If step is also not specified,

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by default the value increases by 1 in each iteration. All parameters of
range() function must be integers. The step parameter can be a
positive or a negative integer excluding zero.
Example
#start and step not specified
>>> list(range(10))
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

#default step value is 1

>>> list(range(2, 10))
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

#step value is 5
>>> list(range(0, 30, 5))
[0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]

#step value is -1. Hence, decreasing #sequence is generated

>>> list (range (0, -9, -1))
[0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8]

The function range() is often used in for loops for generating a

sequence of numbers.
Program to print the multiples of 10 for numbers in a given range.

#Print multiples of 10 for numbers in a given range.

for num in range(5):
if num > 0:
print(num * 10)
Output:
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10
20
30
40

# Python program to illustrate Iterating over a list

print("List Iteration")
l = ["Sam", "Ruby", "java"]
for i in l:
print(i)
Output:-
List Iteration
Sam
Ruby
java

# Python program to Iterating over a tuple (immutable)

print("\nTuple Iteration")
t = ("Ram", "101", "BCA")
for i in t:
print(i)
Output:-
Tuple Iteration
Ram
101
BCA

# Python program to Iterating over a String

print("\nString Iteration")
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s = "Hello"
for i in s :
print(i)
Output:-
String Iteration
H
e
l
l
o

# Python program to Iterating over dictionary

print("\nDictionary Iteration")
d = dict()
d['xyz'] = 123
d['abc'] = 345
for i in d :
print("%s %d" %(i, d[i]))

Output:-
Dictionary Iteration
xyz 123
abc 345

Using else statement with for loops:

We can also combine else statement with for loop like in while loop. But as
there is no condition in for loop based on which the execution will terminate
so the else block will be executed immediately after for block finishes
execution.
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Below example explains how to do this:

Ex:-Python program to illustrate combining else with for.

list = ["Sam", "Ruby", "java"]

for index in range(len(list)):
print list[index]
else:
print "Inside Else Block"

Output:-
Sam
Ruby
java
Inside Else Block
Nested Loops: Python programming language allows to use one loop
inside another loop. Following section shows few examples to illustrate
the concept.
Syntax:
For iterator_var in sequence:
For iterator_var in sequence:
statements(s)
statements(s)

The syntax for a nested while loop statement

While expression:
While expression:
statement(s)
statement(s)

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For example,
# Python program to illustrate nested for loops in Python

For i in range(1, 5):

For j in range(i):
print(i, end=' ')
print()
Output:
1
2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4 4

Loop Manipulation:

We can control the flow of execution of a loop using loop manipulator

statement like, break, continue and pass statements.

 Continue Statement: It returns the control to the beginning of the

loop.
Ex:-

# Prints all letters except 'r' and 'g'

For letter in 'programming':

If letter =='r'or letter =='g':
continue
print'Current Letter :', letter

Output:
Current Letter : p
Current Letter : o
Current Letter : a
Current Letter : m
Current Letter : m
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Current Letter : i
Current Letter : n
 Break Statement: It brings control out of the loop
For letter in 'programming':
If letter =='r'or letter =='g':
break
print 'Current Letter :', letter

Output:
Current Letter : p

Pass Statement: pass statement is used to do nothing. It can be used

inside a loop or if statement to represent no operation. Pass is useful
when we need statement syntactically correct but we do not want to do
any operation.

Ex:-
if(condition):
pass
else:
statement

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