Chapter two

Functions
2-1- Exponential and Logarithm functions :
Exponential functions : If a is a positive number and x is any number ,
we define the exponential function as :
y = ax with domain : -∞ < x < ∞
Range : y > 0

The properties of the exponential functions are :

1. If a > 0 ↔ ax > 0 .
2. ax . ay = ax + y .
3. ax / ay = ax - y .
4. ( ax )y = ax.y .
5. ( a . b )x = ax . bx .
x
6. a y  a x  ( a ) x .
y y

7. a-x = 1 / ax and ax = 1 / a-x .

8. ax = ay ↔ x = y .
9. a0 = 1 ,
a∞ = ∞ , a-∞ = 0 , where a > 1 .
a∞ = 0 , a-∞ = ∞ , where a < 1 .
The graph of the exponential function y = ax is :

Logarithm function : If a is any positive number other than 1 , then

the logarithm of x to the base a denoted by :
y = logax where x > 0
At a = e = 2.7182828… , we get the natural logarithm and denoted by :
y = ln x
Let x , y > 0 then the properties of logarithm functions are :
1. y = ax ↔ x = logay and y = ex ↔ x = ln y .
2. logex = ln x .
3. logax = ln x / ln a .

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 4. ln (x.y) = ln x + ln y .
5. ln ( x / y ) = ln x – ln y .
6. ln xn = n. ln x .
7. ln e = logaa = 1 and ln 1 = loga1 = 0 .
8. ax = ex. ln a .
9. eln x = x .
The graph of the function y = ln x is :
y2
1.5
1
0.5
0 X
e
-0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5

-1
-1.5
-2

Application of exponential and logarithm functions :

We take Newton's law of cooling :
T – TS = ( T0 – TS ) et k
where T is the temperature of the object at time t .
TS is the surrounding temperature .
T0 is the initial temperature of the object .
k is a constant .

EX-1- The temperature of an ingot of metal is 80 oC and the room

temperature is 20 oC . After twenty minutes, it was 70 oC .
a) What is the temperature will the metal be after 30 minutes?
b) What is the temperature will the metal be after two hours?
c) When will the metal be 30 oC?
Sol. :
ln 5  ln 6
T  T S  ( T0  T S )e tk  50  60 e 20 k  k    0 .0091
20

a) T  20  60 e 30 ( 0.0091 )  60 * 0.761  45 .6 o C  T  65.6 o C

b) T  TS  60 e 120 ( 0.0091 )  60 * 0.335  20.1 o C  T  40 .1 o C

c) 10  60 e 0.0091 t  0.0091 t   ln 6  t  3.3 hrs .

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2-2- Trigonometric functions : When an angle of measure θ is placed in
standard position at the center of a circle of radius r , the trigonometric
functions of θ are defined by the equations :
y 1 x 1 y 1 Sin
Sin   , Cos   , tan    
r csc  r sec  x Cot Cos

r
y
θ
o x

The following are some properties of these functions :

1) Sin 2  Cos 2  1
2 ) 1  tan 2   sec 2  and 1  Cot 2  csc 2 
3 ) Sin(    )  Sin .Cos  Cos .Sin
4 ) Cos(    )  Cos .Cos  Sin .Sin
tan   tan 
5 ) tan(    ) 
1  tan  . tan 
6 ) Sin 2  2 Sin .Cos and Cos 2  Cos 2   Sin 2
1  Cos 2 1  Cos 2
7 ) Cos 2  and Sin 2 
2 2
 
8 ) Sin(   )  Cos and Cos(   )   Sin
2 2
9) Sin(  )   Sin and Cos(  )  Cos and tan(  )   tan 
1
10 ) Sin .Sin  [ Cos(    )  Cos(    )]
2
1
Cos .Cos  [ Cos(    )  Cos(    )]
2
1
Sin .Cos  [ Sin(    )  Sin(    )]
2

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   
11 ) Sin  Sin  2 Sin .Cos
2 2
  
Sin  Sin  2Cos .Sin
2 2
  
12 ) Cos  Cos  2Cos .Cos
2 2
  
Cos  Cos  2 Sin .Sin
2 2

θ 0 Π/6 Π/4 Π/3 Π/2 Π

Sinθ 0 1/2 1/√2 √3/2 1 0
Cosθ 1 √3/2 1/√2 1/2 0 -1
tanθ 0 1/√2 1 √3 ∞ 0

Graphs of the trigonometric functions are :

1.5

0.5

-2Л -Л
0 Л 2Л

-0.5

-1

-1.5

y  Sinx D x : x
R y : 1  y  1

٤
 1.5

0.5

0
-2Л -Л Л 2Л
-0.5

-1

-1.5

y  Cosx D x : x
R y : 1  y  1

-2π -π 0 π 2π

2n  1
y  tan x D x : x  
2
R y : y

٥
-2π -π 0 π 2π

y  Cotx D x : x  n 
R y : y

-2π -π 0 π 2π

-1

2n  1
y  Secx D x : x  
2
R y : y  1 or y  1

٦
 1

-2π -π 0 π 2π

-1

y  csc x D x : x  n 
R y : y  1 or y  1

Where n  0 ,1 ,2 ,3 ,......

EX-2 - Solve the following equations , for values of θ from 0o to 360o

inclusive .
a) tan θ = 2 Sin θ b) 1 + Cos θ = 2 Sin2 θ
Sol.-
Sin
a ) tan  2 Sin   2 Sin
Cos
 Sin ( 1  2Cos )  0
either Sin  0    0 o ,180 o ,360 o
1
or Cos     60 o ,300 o
2

Therefore the required values of θ are 0o,60o,180o,300o,360o .

b ) 1  Cos  2.Sin 2   1  Cos  2( 1  Cos 2 )

 ( 2Cos  1 )( Cos  1 )  0
1
either Cos     60 o ,300 o
2
or Cos  1    180 o
There the roots of the equation between 0o and 360o are 60o,180o
and 300o .

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EX-3- If tan θ = 7/24, find without using tables the values of Secθ and Sinθ.
Sol.-
y 7
tan     r  7 2  24 2  25
x 24 ٧
r 25 y 7
Sec   and Sin   
x 24 r 25
٢٤
EX-4- Prove the following identities :
a ) Csc  tan  .Sec  Csc .Sec 2
b ) Cos 4   Sin 4   Cos 2  Sin 2
Sec  Csc tan   Cot
c) 
tan   Cot Sec  Csc
Sol.-
1 Sin 1
a) L .H .S .  Csc  tan  .Sec   .
Sin Cos Cos
Cos 2  Sin 2 1 1
  .  Csc .Sec 2  R .H .S .
Sin .Cos 
2
Sin Cos  2

b ) L .H .S .  Cos   Sin   ( Cos 2  Sin 2 ).( Cos 2  Sin 2 )

4 4

 Cos 2  Sin 2  R .H .S .
1 1
 
Sec  Csc Cos Sin 1
c) L .H .S .   
tan   Cot Sin Cos Sin  Cos

Cos Sin
1
Sin   Cos  Sin .Cos tan   Cot
2 2
 .   R .H .S .
Sin  Cos 1 Sec  Csc
Sin .Cos

1
EX-5- Simplify when x  a .Csc .
x a
2 2

1 1 1 1
Sol.-    tan  .
x2  a2 a 2 Csc 2   a 2 a Cot 2 a

EX-6- Eliminate θ from the equations :

i) x = a Sinθ and y = b tanθ
ii) x = 2 Secθ and y = Cos2θ
Sol.-

٨
 x a
i) x  a .Sin  Sin   Csc 
a x
y b
y  b tan   tan    Cot 
b y
2 2
a b
Since Csc 2  Cot 2  1  2  2  1
x y

x
x2  4
2
ii ) x  2 Sec   Cos  
x
2
y  Cos 2  y  Cos 2   Sin 2 
4 x2  4
y 2  2
 x2 y  8  x2
x x
EX-7- If tan2θ – 2 tan2β = 1 , show that 2 Cos2θ – Cos2β = 0 .
Sol. –
tan 2   2 tan 2   1  Sec 2   1  2( Sec 2   1 )  1
1 2
 Sec 2  2 Sec 2   0   0
Cos  Cos 2 
2

 2Cos 2  Cos 2   0 Q .E .D .

EX-8- If a Sinθ = p – b Cosθ and b Sinθ = q + a Cosθ .Show that :

a2 +b2 = p2 +q2
Sol.-
p  a .Sin  b .Cos and q  b .Sin  a .Cos
p 2  q 2  ( aSin  bCos ) 2  ( bSin  aCos ) 2
 a 2 ( Sin 2  Cos 2  )  b 2 ( Cos 2  Sin 2 )  a 2  b 2

EX-9- If Sin A = 4 / 5 and Cos B = 12 / 13 ,where A is obtuse and B is

acute . Find , without tables , the values of :
a) Sin ( A – B ) , b) tan ( A – B ) , c) tan ( A + B ) .
Sol. -

5 13
5
4 A
B
-3 12

٩
 a ) Sin ( A  B )  SinA .CosB  CosA .SinB
4 12 3 5 63
 .  . 
5 13 5 13 65
tan A  tan B
b) tan( A  B ) 
1  tan A .tan B
4 5
 
63
 3 12  
4 5 16
1 .
3 12
tan A  tan B
c) tan( A  B ) 
1  tan A .tan B
4 5
 
33
 3 12 
4 5 56
1 .
3 12

EX-10 – Prove the following identities:

a) Sin ( A  B )  Sin ( A  B )  2.SinA .CosB

Sin ( A  B )
b) tan A  tan B 
CosA .CosB
SecA .SecB .CscA .CscB
c) Sec ( A  B ) 
CscA .CscB  SecA .SecB
Sin 2  Cos 2  1
d)  Cot 
Sin 2  Cos 2  1

١٠
 Sol.-
a ) L .H .S .  Sin ( A  B )  Sin ( A  B )
 SinA .CosB  CosA .SinB  SinA .CosB  CosA .SinB
 2 .SinA .CosB  R .H .S .
Sin ( A  B ) SinA .CosB  CosA .SinB
b) R .H .S .  
CosA .CosB CosA .CosB
 tan A  tan B  L .H .S .
1 1 1 1
. . .
SecA .SecB .CscA .CscB
c) R .H .S   CosA CosB SinA SinB
CscA .CscB  SecA .SecB 1 1 1 1
.  .
SinA SinB CosA CosB
1 1
 
CosA .CosB  SinA .SinB Cos ( A  B )
 Sec ( A  B )  L .H .S .
Sin 2  Cos 2  1 2 Sin  .Cos   ( Cos 2  Sin 2 )  1
d) L .H .S .  
Sin 2  Cos 2  1 2 Sin  .Cos   ( Cos 2  Sin 2 )  1
2 Sin  .Cos   2 Cos 2 Cos 
   Cot   R .H .S .
2 Sin  .Cos   2 Sin 
2
Sin 

EX-11 – Find , without using tables , the values of Sin 2θ and Cos 2θ, when:
a) Sinθ = 3 / 5 , b) Cos θ = 12/13 , c) Sin θ = -√3 / 2 .
Sol. –
a)

٥ 3 5
3
θ θ
٤ -4

3 4 24
Sin 2  2.Sin .Cos  2. .(  )  
5 5 25
4 3 7
Cos 2  Cos 2  Sin 2  (  ) 2  ( ) 2 
5 5 25

١١
 b)

١٣
5
θ

θ
١٢
-5
١٣

5 12 120
Sin 2  2.Sin .Cos  2(  ).( )  
13 13 169
12 5 2 119
Cos 2  Cos 2  Sin 2   ( ) 2  (  ) 
13 13 169

c)

-١ 1
θ θ
-√3
-√3
2 2

3 1 3
Sin 2  2 Sin .Cos  2(  ).(  )  
2 2 2
1 3 2 1
Cos 2  Cos 2  Sin 2   (  ) 2  (  ) 
2 2 2

EX-12- Solve the following equations for values of θ from 0o to 360o

inclusive:
a) Cos 2θ + Cos θ + 1 = 0 , b) 4 tan θ . tan 2θ = 1

Sol.-

١٢
 a ) Cos 2  Cos  1  0  2Cos 2  1  Cos  1  0
 Cos( 2.Cos  1 )  0
either Cos  0    90 o ,270 o
1
or Cos      120 o ,240 o
2
  90 ,120 ,240 ,270 o 
o o o

2 tan 
b) 4. tan  . tan 2  1  4. tan  . 1
1  tan 2 
 9 tan 2   1
1
either tan      18.4 o ,198.4 o
3
1
or tan       161.6 o ,341.6 o
3
  18.4 ,161.6 ,198.4 o ,341.6 o 
o o

2-3- The inverse trigonometric functions : The inverse trigonometric

functions arise in problems that require finding angles from side
measurements in triangles :

y  Sinx  x  Sin 1 y

-1 1

200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-
-200

y  Sin 1 x D x : 1  x  1
R y : 90  y  90

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