Chapter 41

41
Quantum Mechanics
CHAPTER OUTLINE
41.1 The Wave Function

41.2 Analysis Model: Quantum Particle Under Boundary Conditions
41.3 The Schrödinger Equation
41.4 A Particle in a Well of Finite Height
41.5 Tunneling Through a Potential Energy Barrier
41.6 Applications of Tunneling
41.7 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator
* An asterisk indicates a question or problem new to this edition.
ANSWERS TO OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
OQ41.1 Answer (b). Fewer particles are reflected as the height of the
potential barrier decreases and approaches the energy of the
particles. By Equations 41.22 and 41.23, the transmission coefficient
T ≈ e −2CL , where C = 2m (U − E )  , increases as U − E decreases, so
the reflection coefficient R = 1 − T ≈ 1 − e −2CL decreases as U − E
decreases.
OQ41.2 The ranking is answer (b) > (a) > (c) > (e) > (d). From Equation 41.14,
consider the quantity
⎛ h2 ⎞ 2
E=⎜ n :
⎝ 8mL2 ⎟⎠
⎡ h2 ⎤ 2 1 ⎛ h2 ⎞
(a) ⎢ 2 ⎥ ( 1) = ⎜ nm −1 ⎟
⎣ 8m1 ( 3 nm ) ⎦ 9 ⎝ 8m1 ⎠
948
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Chapter 41 949
⎡ h2 ⎤ 2 4 ⎛ h2 ⎞
(b) ⎢ 2 ⎥(2) = ⎜ nm −1 ⎟
⎣ 8m1 ( 3 nm ) ⎦ 9 ⎝ 8m1 ⎠
⎡ h2 ⎤ 2 1 ⎛ h2 ⎞
⎢ 2 ⎥ ( 1) = nm −1 ⎟
(c) ⎜
⎢⎣ 8 ( 2m1 ) ( 3 nm ) ⎥⎦ 18 ⎝ 8m1 ⎠
⎡ ( 0 )2 ⎤ 2
(d) ⎢ 2 ⎥ ( 1) = 0
⎣ 8m1 ( 3 nm ) ⎦
⎡ h2 ⎤ 2 1 ⎛ h2 ⎞
⎢ 2 ⎥ ( 1) = nm −1 ⎟
(e) ⎜
⎣ 8m1 ( 6 nm ) ⎦ 36 ⎝ 8m1 ⎠
OQ41.3 (a) True. Examples: An electron has mass and charge, but it can
also display interference effects.
(b) False. An electron has rest energy ER = mec2.
(c) True. A moving electron possesses kinetic energy.
(d) True. p = meu.
(e) True.
OQ41.4 (a) True. Examples: A photon behaves as a particle in the
photoelectric effect and as a wave in double-slit interference.
(b) True. A photon cannot have rest energy (mass) because it is
never at rest: it travels at the speed of light.
(c) True. E = hf.
(d) True. p = E/c.
(e) True.
OQ41.5 Answer (d). The probability of finding the particle is at the antinodes
(places of greatest amplitude) of the standing wave.
OQ41.6 Compare the ground state wave functions in Figures 41.4 and 41.7 in
the text. In the square well with infinitely high walls, the particle’s
simplest wave function has strict nodes separated by the length L of
the well. The particle’s wavelength is 2L, its momentum h/2L, and its
energy p2/2m = h2/8mL2. In the well with walls of only finite height,
the wave function has nonzero amplitude at the walls, and it extends
outside the walls.
(i) Answer (a). The ground state wave function extends somewhat
outside the walls of the finite well, so the particle’s wavelength
is longer.
950 Quantum Mechanics
(ii) Answer (b). The particle’s momentum in its ground state is

smaller because p = h/λ and the wave function has a larger
wavelength.
(iii) Answer (b). The particle has less energy because is has smaller
momentum.
OQ41.7 Answer (e). From the relation between the square of the wave
function and the probability P of finding the particle in the interval
Δx = (7 nm − 4 nm) = 3 nm, we have
2 P 0.48
ψ Δx = P → ψ= = = 0.40 nm −1
Δx 3 nm
OQ41.8 Answer (a). Because of the exponential tailing of the wave function
within the barrier, the tunneling current is more sensitive to the
width of the barrier than to its height. Notice that the exponent term
CL in the transmission coefficient T ≈ e −2CL , where
C = 2m (U − E )  , decreases more if L decreases than if U decreases
by the same percentage.
OQ41.9 Answer (c). Other points see a wider potential-energy barrier and
carry much less tunneling current.
OQ41.10 Answer (d). The probability of finding the particle is greatest at the
place of greatest amplitude of the wave function. The next most
likely place is point b, after that, points a and e appear to be equally
probable. The particle would never be found at point c.
ANSWERS TO CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
CQ41.1 Consider the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. It implies that

electrons initially moving at the same speed and accelerated by an
electric field through the same distance need not all have the same
measured speed after being accelerated. Perhaps the philosopher
could have said “it is necessary for the very existence of science that
the same conditions always produce the same results within the
uncertainty of the measurements.”
CQ41.2 Consider a particle bound to a restricted region of space. If its
minimum energy were zero, then the particle could have zero
momentum and zero uncertainty in its momentum. At the same time,
the uncertainty in its position would not be infinite, but equal to the
width of the region. In such a case, the uncertainty product ΔxΔpx
would be zero, violating the uncertainty principle. This contradiction
proves that the minimum energy of the particle is not zero.
Chapter 41 951
CQ41.3 The motion of the quantum particle does not consist of moving
through successive points. The particle has no definite position. It
can sometimes be found on one side of a node and sometimes on the
other side, but never at the node itself. There is no contradiction here,
for the quantum particle is moving as a wave. It is not a classical
particle. In particular, the particle does not speed up to infinite speed
to cross the node.
CQ41.4 (a) ψ (x) becomes infinite as x → ∞ .
(b) ψ (x) is discontinuous and becomes infinite at x = π/2, 3π/2,…
CQ41.5 A particle’s wave function represents its state, containing all the
information there is about its location and motion. The squared
absolute value of its wave function tells where we would classically
2
think of the particle as spending most its time. Ψ is the probability
distribution function for the position of the particle.
CQ41.6 In quantum mechanics, particles are treated as wave functions, not
classical particles. In classical mechanics, the kinetic energy is never
negative. That implies that E ≥ U. Treating the particle as a wave, the
Schrödinger equation predicts that there is a nonzero probability that
a particle can tunnel through a barrier—a region in which E < U.
CQ41.7 Both (d) and (e) are not physically significant. Wave function (d) is
not acceptable because ψ is not single-valued. Wave function (e) is
not acceptable because ψ is discontinuous (as is its slope).
CQ41.8 Newton’s 1st and 2nd laws are used to determine the motion of a
particle of large mass. The Schrödinger equation is not used to
determine the motion of a particle of small mass; rather, it is used to
determine the state of the wave function of a particle of small mass.
In particular, the states of atomic electrons are confined-wave states
whose wave functions are solutions to the Schrödinger equation.
Anything that we can know about a particle comes from its wave
function.
SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS
Section 41.1 The Wave Function

P41.1 (a) The wave function,
ψ ( x ) = Ae ( ) = A cos 5 × 1010 x + iA sin 5 × 1010 x

( ) ( )
i 5×1010 x
will go through one full cycle between x1 = 0 and (5.00 × 1010)x2 =

2 π . The wavelength is then
2π
λ = x 2 − x1 = −1
= 1.26 × 10 –10 m
5.00 × 10 m
10
To say the same thing, we can inspect Ae

(
i 5 × 1010 x ) to see that the
wave number is k = 5.00 × 1010 m–1 = 2π/λ .
(b) Since λ = h/p, the momentum is
h 6.626 × 10 –34 J ⋅ s
p= = = 5.27 × 10 –24 kg ⋅ m/s
λ 1.26 × 10 –10 m
(c) The electron’s kinetic energy is
1 p2
K= mu2 =
2 2m
( 5.27 × 10 kg ⋅ m/s )
–24 2
⎛ 1 eV ⎞
= ⎜⎝ 1.602 × 10 –19 J ⎟⎠ = 95.3 eV
2 ( 9.11 × 10 kg ) –31
[We use u to represent the speed of a particle with mass in chapters

39, 40, and 41.]
f (x)
P41.2 (a) See ANS. FIG. P41.2 for a graph of = e − x /a for the range
A
x
−3 < < 3.
a
ANS. FIG. P41.2
Chapter 41 953
(b) Normalization requires

2
∫ ψ dx = 1:
all space
∞ ∞
2 −2 x /a
∫Ae dx = 2 ∫ A 2 e −2 x /a dx = 1
−∞ 0
∞ 1
− aA 2 e −2 x /a = aA 2 = 1 → A =
0 a
e −2 x /a
a a −2 x /a
e a
(c) P= ∫ dx = 2 ∫ dx = −e −2 x/a 0 = −e −2 + 1 = 0.865
−a a 0 a
P41.3 (a) Normalization requires
2
∫ ψ dx = 1:
all space
1.00
∫ A x dx = 1
2 2
0
1.00
A2 x 3 A 23
= =1 → A= 3
3 0
3
0.400
0.400
P = ∫ 3x 2 dx = x 3 0.300 = ( 0.400 ) − ( 0.300 ) = 0.037 0
2 2
(b)
0.300
(c) The expectation value is

1.00
1.00 3x 4
x = ∫ ψ * xψ dx = ∫0 3x dx = = 0.750
3
all space 4 0
P41.4 The probability is given by

a a a
a ⎛ a ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ x⎞
∫ ψ ( x)
2
P= = ∫ dx = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
−a π (x + a )
−a
2 2 ⎝ ⎠
π a ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ a⎠ −a
1 1 ⎡π ⎛ π ⎞ ⎤ 1
P= ⎡⎣ tan −1 1 − tan −1 ( −1) ⎤⎦ = ⎢ − ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ =
π π ⎣ 4 ⎝ 4⎠⎦ 2
Section 41.2 Analysis Model: Quantum Particle

Under Boundary Conditions
P41.5 (a) The energy of a quantum particle confined to a line segment is
h 2 n2
En =
8mL2
Here we have for the ground state
(6.626 × 10 J · s ) (1)
–34 2 2
E1 =
8 ( 1.67 × 10 kg ) ( 2.00 × 10 m)
–27 –14 2
= 8.22 × 10 –14 J = 0.513 MeV
and for the first and second excited states, which are states 2 and 3,
E2 = 4E1 = 2.05 MeV and E3 = 9E1 = 4.62 MeV
(b) They do; the MeV is the natural unit for energy radiated by an
atomic nucleus.
Stated differently: Scattering experiments show that an atomic
nucleus is a three-dimensional object always less than 15 fm in
diameter. This one-dimensional box 20 fm long is a good model in
energy terms.
P41.6 From Equation 41.14, the allowed energy levels of a particle in a box is
⎛ h2 ⎞ 2
En = ⎜ n , n = 1, 2, 3,...
⎝ 8mL2 ⎟⎠
(a) For L = 1.00 nm,
⎛ h2 ⎞ 2
En = ⎜ n
⎝ 8mL2 ⎟⎠
⎞⎡ ( 6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s ) ⎤
2
⎛ 1 eV
=⎜ −19 ⎟
⎢ ⎥ 2
2 n
⎝ 1.60 × 10 J ⎠ ⎢ 8 ( 9.11 × 10 kg ) ( 1.00 × 10 m ) ⎥
−31 −9
⎣ ⎦
= 0.377n2 = 6 eV
n≈4
For n = 4, En = 0.377 ( 4 ) = 6.03 eV
2
(b)
P41.7 (a) From Equation 41.14, the allowed energy levels of an electron in a
box is
⎛ h2 ⎞ 2
En = ⎜ n n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
⎝ 8me L2 ⎟⎠
Chapter 41 955
Substituting numerical values,

⎡ ( 6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s ) ⎤
2
En = ⎢ ⎥ 2
2 n
⎢ 8 ( 9.11 × 10 kg ) ( 0.100 × 10 m ) ⎥
−31 −9
⎣ ⎦
= ( 6.02 × 10−18 J ) n2 = ( 37.7 eV ) n2
ANS. FIG. P41.7

(b) When the electron falls from higher level ni to lower level nf , it
emits energy
⎛ h2 ⎞ 2
ΔEn = ⎜
⎝ 8me L2 ⎟⎠
( )
ni − n2f = ( 37.7 eV ) ni2 − n2f ( )
by emitting a photon of wavelength
hc 8me cL2
λ= =
ΔEn h ni2 − n2f ( )
8 ( 9.109 × 10−31 kg ) ( 2.998 × 108 m/s ) ( 0.100 × 10−9 m )
2
=
(6.626 × 10 −34
(
J ⋅ s ) ni2 − n2f )
⎛ 1 nm ⎞
× ⎜ −9 ⎟
⎝ 10 m ⎠
33.0 nm
=
(n 2
i − n2f )
For example, for the transition 4 → 3, the wavelength is
33.0 nm
λ= = 4.71 nm
( 4 )2 − ( 3 )2
The wavelengths produced by all possible transitions are:
Transition 4 → 3 4 → 2 4 → 1 3 → 2 3 → 1 2 → 1
λ (nm) 4.71 2.75 2.20 6.59 4.12 11.0
P41.8 The energy of the photon is

hc 1 240 eV ⋅ nm ⎛ 1 mm ⎞ −4
E= = ⎜⎝ 6 ⎟⎠ = 2.05 × 10 eV
λ 6.06 mm 10 nm
The allowed energies of the proton in the box are
⎛ h2 ⎞ 2
En = ⎜ n
⎝ 8mL2 ⎟⎠
⎡ ( 6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s ) ⎤⎛
2
1 eV ⎞ 2
=⎢ ⎥
2 ⎜ ⎟n
⎢ 8 ( 1.673 × 10 kg ) ( 1.00 × 10 m ) ⎥ ⎝ 1.602 × 10 J ⎠
−27 −9 −19
⎣ ⎦
= ( 2.05 × 10−4 eV ) n2
The smallest possible energy for a transition between states is from
n = 1 to n = 2, which has energy
ΔEn = ( 2.05 × 10−4 eV ) ( 2 2 − 12 ) = 6.14 × 10−4 eV
The photon does not have enough energy to cause this transition. The
photon energy would be sufficient to cause a transition from n = 0 to
n = 1, but the n = 0 state does not exist for the particle in a box.
P41.9 From Equation 41.14,
hc ⎛ h2 ⎞ 2 3h2
ΔE = =⎜ ⎡ 2 − 12
⎤ =
λ ⎝ 8me L2 ⎟⎠ ⎣ ⎦ 8m L2
e
Solving for the length of the box then gives

3hλ
L=
8me c
3 ( 6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s ) ( 694.3 × 10−9 m )

=
8 ( 9.11 × 10−31 kg ) ( 3.00 × 108 m/s )
= 7.95 × 10−10 m = 0.795 nm

P41.10 From Equation 41.14,
hc ⎛ h2 ⎞ 2 3h2
ΔE = =⎜ ⎡ 2 − 12
⎤ =
λ ⎝ 8me L2 ⎟⎠ ⎣ ⎦ 8m L2
e
Solving for the length of the box then gives
3hλ
L=
8me c
Chapter 41 957
P41.11 From Equation 41.14, the allowed energy levels of a particle in a box is
⎛ h2 ⎞ 2
En = ⎜ n = n2E1 n = 1, 2, 3, …
⎝ 8mL2 ⎟⎠
For a proton (m = 1.673 × 10–27 kg) in a 10.0-fm wide box:
(6.626 × 10 J ⋅ s ) −34 2
E1 =
8 ( 1.673 × 10 kg ) ( 10.0 × 10 m)
−27 −15 2
⎛ 1 eV ⎞
= 3.28 × 10−13 J ⎜ −19 ⎟
= 2.05 × 106 eV = 2.05 MeV
⎝ 1.602 × 10 J ⎠
(a) The energy of the emitted photon is
E = ΔEn = E2 − E1 = ( 2 ) E1 − E1 = 3E1 = 6.14 MeV
2
(b) The wavelength of the photon is

hc 1 240 eV ⋅ nm
λ= =
E 6.14 × 106 eV
= 2.02 × 10−4 nm = 2.02 × 10−13 m = 202 × 10−15 m = 202 fm
(c) This is a gamma ray, according to the electromagnetic spectrum

chart in Chapter 34.
P41.12 The ground state energy of a particle (mass m) in a 1-dimensional box
h2
of width L is E1 = .
8mL2
(a) For a proton (m = 1.67 × 10–27 kg) in a 0.200-nm wide box:
(6.626 × 10 J ⋅ s ) −34 2
E1 =
8 ( 1.67 × 10 kg ) ( 2.00 × 10 m)
−27 −10 2
= 8.22 × 10−22 J = 5.13 × 10−3 eV
(b) For an electron (m = 9.11 × 10–31 kg) in the same size box:
(6.626 × 10 J ⋅ s ) −34 2
E1 =
8 ( 9.11 × 10 kg ) ( 2.00 × 10 m)
−31 −10 2
= 1.51 × 10−18 J = 9.41 eV

(c) The electron has a much higher energy because it is much less
massive.
P41.13 E1 = 2.00 eV = 3.20 × 10–19 J. For the ground state,
h2
E1 =
8me L2
(a) The length of the region is
h 6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s
L= =
8meE1 8 ( 9.11 × 10−31 kg ) ( 3.20 × 10−19 J )
= 4.34 × 10−10 m = 0.434 nm
⎛ h2 ⎞ 2
(b) For the excited states, En = ⎜ 2⎟
n = n2E1 . For the first excited
⎝ 8m L ⎠ e
state, ΔE = E2 − E1 = 4E1 − E1 = 3E1 = 6.00 eV

P41.14 (a) The classical kinetic energy of the particle is
1 2 1
mv = ( 4.00 × 10−3 kg ) ( 1.00 × 10−3 m/s )
2
K=
2 2
= 2.00 × 10−9 J
(b) The length L can be found from

⎛ h2 ⎞ 2
E=⎜ n
⎝ 8mL2 ⎟⎠
Solving,
( 6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s )
2
h2
L=n =2
8mE 8 ( 4.00 × 10−3 kg ) ( 2.00 × 10−9 J )
= 1.66 × 10−28 m
(c) No. The length of the box would have to be much smaller than
the size of a nucleus ( ~ 10 –14 m) to confine the particle.
h2
*P41.15 (a) The energies of the confined electron are En = 2
n2 . Its
8me L
energy gain in the quantum jump from state 1 to state 4 is
h2 h2 15 hc
2 ( 4 2
− 12
) , and this is the photon energy = hf = .
8me L 8me L 2
λ
12
⎛ 15hλ ⎞
Then 8me cL = 15hλ and L = ⎜
2
.
⎝ 8me c ⎟⎠
Chapter 41 959
(b) Let λ ′ represent the wavelength of the photon emitted:

hc h2 h2 12h2
= 4 2
− 2 2
=
λ ′ 8me L2 8me L2 8me L2
hc λ ′ h 15 ( 8me L ) 5
2 2
Then = = and λ ′ = 1.25λ .
λ hc 8me L2 12h2 4
  
P41.16 (a) From ΔxΔp ≥ , with Δx = L, Δp ≥ = , so the uncertainty
2 2Δx 2L

in momentum must be at least Δp ≈ .
2L
(b) Its energy is all kinetic, so
p 2 (Δp)2 2 h2
E= = ≈ =
2m 2m 8mL2 (4π )2 8mL2
(c) Compare the result of part (b) to the result h2/8mL2 for the wave
function as a standing wave. This estimate is too low by 4π 2 ≈ 40
times, but it correctly displays the pattern of dependence of the
energy on the mass and on the length of the well.
∞
2
P41.17 (a) ∫ ψ dx = 1 becomes
−∞
L4
⎛ 2π x ⎞
L4
1 + cos ⎡⎣ 2 ( 2π x L ) ⎤⎦
A ∫ cos ⎜
2
⎟ dx = A ∫
2 2
dx = 1
−L 4
⎝ L ⎠ −L 4
2
L4
A2 ⎡ L ⎛ 4π x L ⎞ ⎤
⎢ x + cos ⎜⎝ ⎟ =1
2 ⎣ 4π L ⎠ ⎥⎦ −L 4
A2 ⎛ L ⎞ 2
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = 1 → A =
2 2 L
L
(b) The probability of finding the particle between 0 and is
8
L8 L8
⎛ 2π x ⎞ A2 ⎡ ⎛ 4π x ⎞ ⎤
L8
L
∫
2
∫ ψ dx = A = x+
2 2
cos ⎜ ⎟ dx cos ⎜
0 0
⎝ L ⎠ 2 ⎣⎢ 4π ⎝ L ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
0
1 ⎛ 4⎞ ⎡L L ⎛π⎞⎤ 1 1
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎢ + sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = +
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ 4 2π
= 0.409
2 L ⎣ 8 4π
2
P41.18 Normalization requires ∫ ψ dx = 1 :
all space
L
⎛ nπ x ⎞
L
1 − cos ⎡⎣ 2 (π x L ) ⎤⎦
∫0 = ∫0 dx = 1
2 2 2
A sin ⎜⎝ ⎟ dx A
L ⎠ 2
L
A2 ⎡ L ⎛ 2π x ⎞ ⎤
= ⎢ x − 2π sin ⎜⎝ L ⎟⎠ ⎥ = 1
2 ⎣ ⎦0
L
A2 ⎡ L ⎤ A2 L
=
2 ⎢⎣ L − 2π sin 2π ⎥⎦ = 2 = 1
0
2
A=
L
L
P41.19 (a) The expectation value is x = ∫ ψ * xψ dx:
0
L
2 ⎛ 2π x ⎞ 2
L ⎧⎪ 1 − cos ⎡⎣ 2 (π x L ) ⎤⎦ ⎫⎪
x = ∫ x sin 2 ⎜ ⎟ dx = ∫ x⎨ ⎬ dx
L ⎝ L ⎠ L 2
0 0 ⎩⎪ ⎪⎭
L
1 ⎛ 4π x ⎞
= ∫ x ⎜ 1 − cos ⎟ dx
L0 ⎝ L ⎠
From integral tables, we find that
L L
1 x2 1 L2 ⎡ 4π x 4π x 4π x ⎤ L
x = − 2 ⎢
sin + cos ⎥ =
L 2 0
L 16π ⎣ L L L ⎦0 2
(b) The probability of finding the particle in the range
0.490L ≤ x ≤ 0.510L is
2
0.510L
2 ⎛ 2π x ⎞ 2
0.510L
1 − cos ⎡⎣ 2 ( 2π x L ) ⎤⎦
P= ∫
L 0.490L
sin ⎜
⎝ L ⎠ ⎟ dx = ∫
L 0.490L 2
dx
0.510L
1⎡ L ⎛ 4π x ⎞ ⎤
= x− sin ⎜
⎢
L⎣ 2π ⎝ L ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦ 0.490L
1
= 0.020 −
4π
( sin 2.04π − sin 1.96π ) = 5.26 × 10−5
(c) The probability of finding the particle in the range

0.240L ≤ x ≤ 0.260L is
0.260L
1⎡ L ⎛ 4π x ⎞ ⎤
P = ⎢x − sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = 3.99 × 10−2
L⎣ 2π ⎝ L ⎠ ⎦ 0.240L
Chapter 41 961
(d) In the n = 2 graph in the text’s Figure 41.4(b), it is more probable

to find the particle either near x = L 4 or x = 3L 4 than at the
center, where the probability density is zero. Nevertheless, the
symmetry of the distribution means that the average position is
x = L 2.
P41.20 (a) The most probable positions of the particle are x = L/4, L/2, and
3L/4.
(b) We look for sin (3πx/L) taking on its extreme values 1 and –1 so
that the squared wave function is as large as it can be. The result
can also be found by studying Figure 41.4b. The most probable
locations are at the antinodes of the standing wave pattern n = 3,
which has three antinodes that are equally spaced, one at the
center, and two a distance L/4 from either end.
P41.21 (a) The probability of finding the electron between x = 0 and
x = 0.100 nm = L/3 is
L/3
2
L/3
⎛ π x⎞ 2
L/3
1 − cos ⎡⎣ 2 (π x L ) ⎤⎦
∫ψ ∫ ∫
2
dx = 2
sin ⎜ ⎟ dx = dx
0
1
L 0
⎝ L ⎠ L 0
2
L/3
1⎡ L ⎛ 2π x ⎞ ⎤
= x− sin ⎜
⎢
L⎣ 2π ⎝ L ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦ 0
1 1 ⎛ 2π ⎞ 1 0.866
= − sin ⎜ = − = 0.196
3 2π ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ 3 2π
(b) Classically, the particle moves back and forth steadily, spending
equal time intervals in each third of the line. The classical
probability is 0.333, which is significantly larger.
(c) The probability is
L/3 L/3
⎛ 99π x ⎞ ⎛ 198π x ⎞ ⎤
L/3
2 1 ⎡
∫ ∫ ⎢⎣1 − cos ⎜⎝
2
∫ ψ 99 dx = dx =
2
sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ dx
0 L 0
⎝ L ⎠ L 0
L ⎠ ⎥⎦
L/3
1⎡ L ⎛ 198π x ⎞ ⎤
= ⎢x − sin ⎜
L⎣ 198π ⎝ L ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦ 0
1 1 1
= − sin ( 66π ) = − 0 = 0.333
3 198π 3
The probability is 0.333 for both classical and quantum models.
2 ⎛ π x⎞
From Equation 41.13, ψ 1 ( x ) = sin ⎜
⎝ L ⎟⎠
P41.22 (a) . The probability of
L
finding the particle between x = 0 and x =  is
2 1 − cos ⎡⎣ 2 (π x L ) ⎤⎦
  
2 2 ⎛ π x⎞
∫ ψ 1 dx = L ∫0 L ∫0
2
sin ⎜⎝ ⎟ dx = dx
0
L ⎠ 2

1⎡ L ⎛ 2π x ⎞ ⎤  1 ⎛ 2π  ⎞
= ⎢x − sin ⎜ ⎟ = − sin ⎜
L⎣ 2π ⎝ L ⎠⎦ ⎥ L 2π ⎝ L ⎟⎠
0
(b) The probability function is sketched in ANS. FIG. P41.22(b).
ANS. FIG. P41.22(b)
(c) The wave function is zero for x < 0 and for x > L. The
probability at  = 0 must be zero because the particle
is never found at x < 0 or exactly at x = 0. The probability
at  = L must be 1 for normalization: the particle is always
found somewhere in the range 0 < x < L.
(d) The probability of finding the particle between x = 0 and x =  is

2 1
, and between x =  and x = L is .
3 3

2 2
Thus, ∫ ψ 1 dx = 3
0
 1 ⎛ 2π  ⎞ 2
∴ − sin ⎜ =
L 2π ⎝ L ⎟⎠ 3
 1 2
or, defining u = , u− sin 2π u =
L 2π 3
Chapter 41 963
This equation for u can be solved by homing in on the solution


with a calculator, the result being u = = 0.585 , or  = 0.585L
L
to three digits.
P41.23 (a) The probability is
L/3 L/3
2 ⎛ π x⎞
∫ ∫ sin
2
P= ψ 1 dx = 2
⎜⎝ ⎟ dx
0
L 0
L ⎠
2
L/3
1 − cos ⎡⎣ 2 (π x L ) ⎤⎦
=
L ∫
0
2
dx
L3
1⎡ L ⎛ 2π x ⎞ ⎤ 1 ⎡L L ⎛ 2π ⎞⎤
= ⎢x − sin ⎜ = − sin ⎜
L⎣ 2π ⎝ L ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢
L ⎣ 3 2π ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎦
0
1 1 ⎛ 2π ⎞
= − sin ⎜
3 2π ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
⎛1 3⎞
=⎜ − = 0.196
⎝ 3 4π ⎟⎠
L
(b) The probability density is symmetric about x = . Thus, the
2
2L
probability of finding the particle between x = and x = L is the
3
same, 0.196. Therefore, the probability of finding it in the range
L 2L
≤x≤ is P = 1.00 − 2 ( 0.196 ) = 0.609 .
3 3
ANS. FIG. P41.23(b)
Section 41.3 The Schrödinger Equation

i kx − ω t )
P41.24 From ψ = Ae ( [1]
we evaluate
dψ i kx − ω t )
= ikAe (
dx
d 2ψ i kx − ω t )
and 2
= − k 2 Ae ( [2]
dx
We substitute equations [1] and [2] into the Schrödinger equation, so
that Equation 41.15,
 2 d 2ψ
− + Uψ = Eψ
2m dx 2
becomes the test equation
⎛ 2 ⎞
(
⎜⎝ − 2m ⎟⎠ −k Ae
2 i ( kx − ω t )
) i kx − ω t )
+ 0 = EAe ( [3]
)
The wave function ψ = Ae (
i kx − ω t
is a solution to the Schrödinger
equation if equation [3] is true. Both sides depend on A, x, and t in the
same way, so we can cancel several factors, and determine that we
have a solution if
2 k 2
=E
2m
But this is true for a nonrelativistic particle with mass in a region
where the potential energy is zero, since
2 2
2 k 2 1 ⎛ h ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞ (h/λ )2 p2
= ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = =
2m 2m ⎝ 2π ⎠ ⎝ λ ⎠ 2m
 2m

using de Broglie's equation
m 2 u2 1
= = 2 mu2 = K = K + U = E
2m 
recall U=0
where K is the kinetic energy. Therefore, the given wave function

does satisfy Equation 41.15.
P41.25 (a) Given the function
ψ ( x ) = A cos kx + Bsin kx
Its derivative with respect to x is
∂ψ
= −kA sin kx + kBcos kx
∂x
Chapter 41 965
And its second derivative is

∂ 2ψ
= −k 2 A cos kx − k 2 Bsin kx
∂x 2
= −k 2 ( A cos kx + Bsin kx ) = −k 2ψ
The Schrödinger equation is satisfied if
 2 d 2ψ
− + Uψ = Eψ , where U = 0:
2m dx 2
2 2 k 2
−
2m
( −k 2ψ ) = Eψ →
2m
ψ = Eψ
This is true as an identity (functional equality) for all x if

2 k 2
E= , which is true because E = K + U = K + 0 = K, and
2m
2 2 2
2 k 2 1 ⎛ h ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞ 1 ⎛ h⎞ p2
= ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = =K
2m 2m ⎝ 2π ⎠ ⎝ λ ⎠ 2m ⎝ λ ⎠ 2m
2 k 2
(b) From part (a), E = .
2m
P41.26 (a) These are standing wave patterns with nodes at the ends and n
antinodes.
For n = 1, the wave function is
2 ⎛ π x⎞
ψ 1 ( x) = cos ⎜
L ⎝ L ⎟⎠
and the probability density is
2 ⎛ π x⎞
P1 ( x ) = ψ 1 ( x ) =
2
cos 2 ⎜
L ⎝ L ⎟⎠
2 ⎛ 2π x ⎞
ψ 2 ( x) = sin ⎜
L ⎝ L ⎟⎠
2 ⎛ 2π x ⎞
P2 ( x ) = ψ 2 ( x ) =
2
sin 2 ⎜
L ⎝ L ⎟⎠
2 ⎛ 3π x ⎞
ψ 3 ( x) = cos ⎜
L ⎝ L ⎟⎠

2 ⎛ 3π x ⎞
P3 ( x ) = ψ 3 ( x ) =
2
cos 2 ⎜
L ⎝ L ⎟⎠
(b) The wave functions and probability densities are shown in ANS.
FIG. P41.26(b).
ANS. FIG. P41.26(b)

P41.27 (a) Setting the total energy E equal to zero and rearranging the
Schrödinger equation to isolate the potential energy function
gives
⎛  2 ⎞ d 2ψ
⎜⎝ 2m ⎟⎠ dx 2 + U ( x )ψ = 0
⎛  2 ⎞ 1 d 2ψ
U ( x) = ⎜
⎝ 2m ⎟⎠ ψ dx 2
ψ ( x ) = Axe − x
2
L2
If
Then,
2 2
−x L
d 2ψ 2 e
dx 2
= ( 4Ax 3
− 6AxL ) L4
d 2ψ ( 4x − 6L )
2 2
or = ψ ( x)
dx 2 L4
 2 ⎛ 4x 2 ⎞
and U ( x ) = 2 ⎜
− 6⎟
2mL ⎝ L 2
⎠
Chapter 41 967
(b) U(x) is sketched in ANS. FIG. P41.27(b).
ANS. FIG. P41.27(b)

⎛ x2 ⎞ dψ 2Ax d 2ψ 2A
P41.28 (a) ψ ( x) = A ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟ → =− 2 → =− 2
⎝ L ⎠ dx L dx 2
L
Schrödinger’s equation:
 2 d 2ψ
− + Uψ = Eψ
2m dx 2
becomes
−
 2 ⎛ 2A ⎞
− +
( − 2 x 2 )
A
⎛
1 −
x2 ⎞
= EA
⎛
1 −
x2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
2m ⎝ L2 ⎠ mL2 ( L2 − x 2 ) ⎜⎝ L2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ L2 ⎟⎠
 2 ⎛ 2 ⎞ ( − x ) ( L − x )
2 2 2 2
⎛ x2 ⎞
− − + = E ⎜⎝ 1 −
2 m ⎜⎝ L2 ⎟⎠ mL4 ( L2 − x 2 ) L2 ⎟⎠
2
+
( − 2 x 2 )
= E
⎛
1 −
x2 ⎞
mL2 mL4 ⎜⎝ L2 ⎟⎠
2 ⎛ x2 ⎞ ⎛ x2 ⎞
1 − = E 1 −
mL2 ⎜⎝ L4 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ L2 ⎟⎠
2
This will be true for all x if E= 2 .
Lm
(b) Note that the wave function ψ ( x ) is an even function; therefore,
we may write the normalization condition as
L L 2 2
L
⎛ x2 ⎞ 2⎛ x2 ⎞
∫ ψ dx = 1 = ∫ A ⎜⎝ 1 − L2 ⎟⎠ dx = 2 ∫ A ⎜⎝ 1 − L2 ⎟⎠ dx
2 2
−L −L 0
L
⎛ 2x 2 x 4 ⎞
= 2A 2 ∫ ⎜ 1 − 2 + 4 ⎟ dx
0
⎝ L L ⎠
Solving,
L
⎡ 2x 3 x 5 ⎤ ⎡ 2 L⎤
1 = 2A ⎢ x − 2 + 4 ⎥ = 2A 2 ⎢ L − L + ⎥
2
⎣ 3L 5L ⎦ 0 ⎣ 3 5⎦
⎛ 16L ⎞ 15
= A2 ⎜ → A=
⎝ 15 ⎟⎠ 16L
(c) As in part (b), because the wave function is an even function, the
probability is
L3 L3 L3
15 ⎛ 2x 2 x 4 ⎞
P= ∫ ψ 2 dx = ∫ ψ dx = 2 ∫ − + 4 ⎟ dx
2
⎜⎝ 1
−L 3 0 16L 0 L2 L ⎠
L3
15 ⎡ 2x 3 x 5 ⎤
= x − +
8L ⎢⎣ 3L2 5L5 ⎥⎦ 0
15 ⎡ L 2L L ⎤ 47
= − + = = 0.580
8L ⎢⎣ 3 81 1215 ⎥⎦ 81
Section 41.4 A Particle in a Well of Finite Height

P41.29 (a) For n = 4, the wave function has two maxima and two minima
(four extrema), as shown in the left-hand panel of ANS. FIG.
P41.29.
(b) For n = 4, the probability function has four maxima. as shown in
the right-hand panel of ANS. FIG. P41.29.
ANS. FIG. P41.29

P41.30 (a) See ANS. FIG. P41.30(a).
ANS. FIG. P41.30(a)
Chapter 41 969
(b) The wavelength inside the box is 2L. The wave function
penetrates the wall, but the wavelength of the transmitted wave
traveling to the left is the same, 2L , because U = 0 on both sides
of the wall, so the energy and momentum and, therefore, the
wavelength, are the same.
Section 41.5 Tunneling Through a Potential Energy Barrier

P41.31 The decay constant for the wave function inside the barrier is:
2m (U − E )
C=

2 ( 9.11 × 10 –31 kg ) ( 10.0 eV − 5.00 eV ) ( 1.60 × 10 –19 J/eV )
=
6.626 × 10 –34 J ⋅ s/2π
= 1.14 × 1010 m –1
(a) The approximate probability of transmission is
T ≈ e −2CL = e (
−2 1.14 × 1010 m –1 )( 2.00 × 10 –10 m )
= 0.010 3
or a 1% chance of transmission.
(b) R = 1 − T = 0.990 , a 99% chance of reflection.
P41.32 (a) T = e −2CL , where
2m(U − E )
C=

2 ( 9.11 × 10−31 kg )( 5.00 − 4.50 )( 1.60 × 10−19 J )
=
1.055 × 10−34 J ⋅ s
= 3.62 × 109 m −1
and T = e −2CL = exp ⎡⎣ −2 ( 3.62 × 109 m −1 ) ( 950 × 10−12 m ) ⎤⎦
= exp ( −6.88 ) = 1.03 × 10−3
(b) We require e −2CL = 10−6. Taking logarithms,

−2CL = ln 10−6 = −6 ln 10
3 ln 10 3 ln 10
L= = −1
= 1.91 × 10−9 m = 1.91 nm
C 3.62 × 10 m
9
P41.33 The original tunneling probability is T = e −2CL , where
2m(U − E )
C=

2 ( 9.11 × 10−31 kg )( 20.0 − 12.0 )( 1.60 × 10−19 J )
=
6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s 2π
= 1.448 1 × 1010 m −1
hc 1 240 eV ⋅ nm
The photon energy is hf = = = 2.27 eV, to make the
λ 546 nm
electron’s new kinetic energy 12.0 + 2.27 = 14.27 eV and its decay
coefficient inside the barrier
2m(U − E )
C′ =

2 ( 9.11 × 10−31 kg )( 20.0 − 14.27 )( 1.60 × 10−19 J )
=
6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s 2π
= 1.225 5 × 1010 m −1
Now the factor of increase in transmission probability is
e −2 C ′L 2L ( C − C ′ ) 2 ( 1.00×10−9 m )( 0.223×1010 m −1 )
= e = e = e 4.45 = 85.9
e −2CL
Section 41.6 Applications of Tunneling

P41.34 With the wave function proportional to e–CL, the transmission
2
coefficient and the tunneling current are proportional to ψ , to e–2CL.
Then,
I ( 0.500 nm ) e −2 (10.0 nm)( 0.500 nm)
= −2 (10.0 nm)( 0.515 nm) = e 20.0( 0.015) = 1.35
I ( 0.515 nm ) e
P41.35 With transmission coefficient e–2CL, the fractional change in

transmission is
e (
−2 10.0 nm )L
−e (
−2 10.0 nm )( L+0.002 00 nm )
= 1− e (
−20.0 0.002 00 )
−2( 10.0 nm )L
e
= 0.039 2 = 3.92%
Chapter 41 971
Section 41.7 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator

2
P41.36 (a) The wave function is given by ψ = Axe −bx , so
dψ 2 2
= Ae −bx − 2bx 2 Ae −bx
dx
and
d 2ψ
= ⎡⎣ −2bxAe −bx − 4bxAe −bx ⎤⎦ + 4b 2 x 3 e −bx = −6bψ + 4b 2 x 2ψ
2 2 2
2
dx
Substitute into Equation 41.24:
 2 d 2ψ 1
− + mω 2 x 2ψ = Eψ
2m dx 2 2
2 1
− ⎡⎣ −6bψ + 4b 2 x 2ψ ⎤⎦ + mω 2 x 2ψ = Eψ
2m 2
3b 2 2b 2  2 2 1
ψ− x ψ = − mω 2 x 2ψ + Eψ
m m 2
For this to be true as an identity, the coefficients of like terms
must be the same for all values of x. So we must have both
2b 2  2 1 m2ω 2 3b 2
= mω 2 → b2 = and =E
m 2 4 2 m
mω 3b 2 3
(b) Therefore, b= and E= = ω
2 m 2
⎛ 1⎞ 3
(c) The energy levels are En = ⎜ n + ⎟ ω = ω , so n = 1, which
⎝ 2⎠ 2
corresponds to the first excited state .
P41.37 The longest wavelength corresponds to minimum photon energy,
which must be equal to the spacing between energy levels of the
oscillator. From E = ω , we have
hc k h k
= =
λ m 2π m
or
12
m ⎛ 9.11 × 10−31 kg ⎞
λ = 2π c = 2π ( 3.00 × 10 m/s ) ⎜
8
k ⎝ 8.99 N/m ⎟⎠
= 600 nm
P41.38 The longest wavelength corresponds to minimum photon energy,

which must be equal to the spacing between energy levels of the
oscillator, which is (from Equation 41.28)
E = ω
hc k h k
= =
λ m 2π m
m
λ = 2π c
k
With ψ = Be (
− mω 2 )x 2 2
P41.39 (a) , the normalization condition ∫ ψ dx = 1
all x
becomes
∞ ∞
1 = ∫ B2 e (
−2 mω 2 )x 2
dx = 2B2 ∫ e ( ) dx
− mω  x 2
−∞ 0
1 π π
= 2B2 = B2
2 mω  mω
where Table B.6 in Appendix B was used to evaluate the integral.
14
⎛ mω ⎞
Thus, B = ⎜ .
⎝ π  ⎟⎠
(b) For small δ, the probability of finding the particle in the range
δ δ
− < x < is
2 2
12
δ 2
⎛ mω ⎞
∫ ψ dx ≈ δ ψ ( 0 )
2 2 2 −0
= δB e = δ ⎜
−δ 2 ⎝ π  ⎟⎠
P41.40 (a) For the center of mass to be fixed, m1u1 + m2 u2 = 0 . Then

m1 m + m1
u = u1 + u2 = u1 + u1 = 2 u1
m2 m2
and
m2 u
u1 =
m1 + m2
Also,
m2 ⎛ m + m1 ⎞ m1u
u= u2 + u2 = ⎜ 2 u2 → u2 =
m1 ⎝ m1 ⎟⎠ m1 + m2
Chapter 41 973
Substitute for u1 and u2 :
1 1 1 1 m1m22 u2 1 m2 m12 u2 1 2
m1u12 + m2 u22 + kx 2 = + 2 + kx
2 ( m1 + m2 ) 2 ( m1 + m2 ) 2
2
2 2 2
1 m1m2 ( m1 + m2 ) 2 1 2
= u + kx
2 ( m1 + m2 )
2
2
1 2 1 2
µu + kx =
2 2
(b) Because the total energy is constant
d ⎛1 1 2⎞
⎜⎝ µ u + kx ⎟⎠ = 0
2
dx 2 2
1 du 1 dx du du
0= µ 2u + k2x = µ + kx = µ + kx = µ a + kx
2 dx 2 dt dx dt
µ a = −kx
kx
a=−
µ
This is the condition for simple harmonic motion; the acceleration
of the equivalent particle is a negative constant times the
displacement from equilibrium.
(c) By identification with a = −ω 2 x,
k 1 k
ω= = 2π f and f =
µ 2π µ
With x = 0 and px = 0 , the average value of x2 is ( Δx ) and the

2
P41.41 (a)

average value of px2 is ( Δpx ) . We know Δx ≥
2
.
2Δpx
The average of the energy is constant:
px2 k px2 k
E = + x2 = + x2
2m 2 2m 2
( Δpx ) k ( Δpx ) k ⎛
2 2 2
 ⎞
+ ( Δx ) ≥
2
E= +
2m 2 2m 2 ⎝ 2Δpx ⎟⎠
⎜
E≥
( Δpx )
2
+
k 2
8 ( Δpx )
2
2m
px2 k 2
We rewrite the last equation as E≥ +
2m 8px2
To minimize E as a function of ( Δpx ) , we require

2
(b)
d ⎡ ( Δpx )2 k 2 ⎤
⎢ + 2 ⎥ = 0
d ⎡( Δpx ) ⎤ ⎢⎣ 2m
2
8 ( Δpx ) ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦
1 k 2 1
+ ( −1) =0
2m 8 ( Δpx )4
Then
12
k 2 1 ⎛ 2mk 2 ⎞  mk
→ ( Δpx ) = ⎜
2
= =
8 ( Δpx )
4
2m ⎝ 8 ⎟⎠ 2
and
E≥
( Δpx )
2
+
k 2
=
 mk
+
k 2 2
8 ( Δpx ) 2 ( 2m) 8 mk
2
2m
 k  k  k
= + =
4 m 4 m 2 m
 k ω
Therefore, Emin = =
2 m 2
Equation 41.26 is ψ = Be (
− mω 2 )x 2
P41.42 , so
2
dψ ⎛ mω ⎞ d 2ψ ⎛ mω ⎞ 2 ⎛ mω ⎞
= −⎜ xψ =⎜ x ψ + ⎜− ψ
⎝  ⎟⎠ ⎟ ⎝  ⎟⎠
and
dx dx 2
⎝  ⎠
Substitute into Equation 41.24:
 2 d 2ψ 1
− + mω 2 x 2ψ = Eψ
2m dx 2 2
 2 ⎡⎛ mω ⎞ 2 ⎛ mω ⎞ ⎤ 1
2
− ⎟⎠ x ψ + ⎜⎝ − ⎟⎠ ψ ⎥ + mω x ψ = Eψ
2 2
⎢⎜⎝
2m ⎣   ⎦ 2
1 ⎛ ω ⎞ 1
− mω 2 x 2ψ + ⎜ ⎟⎠ ψ + mω x ψ = Eψ
2 2
2 ⎝ 2 2
⎛ ω ⎞
⎜⎝ ⎟ ψ = Eψ
2 ⎠
ω
which is satisfied provided that E = .
2
Chapter 41 975
Additional Problems
P41.43 (a) The particle’s wavelength is
2L 2L
λ= = = 2.00 × 10−10 m
n 1
(b) Its momentum is
h 6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s
p= = −10
= 3.31 × 10−24 kg ⋅ m/s
λ 2.00 × 10 m
(c) And its energy is
p 2 ( 3.31 × 10 kg ⋅ m/s )
−24 2
E= = = 0.171 eV
2m 2 ( 2.00 × 10−28 kg )
P41.44 (a) From Equation 41.4 for ψ ( x ) = Ae ikx , the first and second
derivatives are
d d 2ψ
dx
( Ae ikx ) = ikAe ikx and dx 2
= −k 2 Ae ikx
Then
 2 d 2ψ 2 2 k 2
−
2m dx 2
= −
2m
( −k 2
Ae ikx
) =
2m
( Ae ikx )
2 2
1 ⎛ h ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞
=
2m ⎜⎝ 2π ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ λ ⎟⎠
( Ae )
ikx
2
1 ⎛ h⎞ p2
= ⎜ ⎟
2m ⎝ λ ⎠
( Ae ) = 2m ψ = Kψ
ikx
⎛ 2π x ⎞
For ψ ( x ) = A sin ⎜ = A sin kx,
⎝ λ ⎟⎠
(b)
d d 2ψ
( A sin kx ) = Ak cos kx and = −Ak 2 sin kx.
dx dx 2
Then, similarly to the proof in part (a),
 2 d 2ψ 2 2 k 2 p2
−
2m dx 2
=−
2m
( −Ak sin kx ) = 2m ( Ak sin kx ) = 2m ψ
2 2
= Kψ
2 ⎛ 2π x ⎞
From Equation 41.13, ψ 2 (x) = sin ⎜
⎝ L ⎟⎠
P41.45 .
L
The probability of finding the particle between x = 0 and x = L/4 is
L4 L/4
2 ⎛ 2π x ⎞ 2
L/4
1 − cos ⎡⎣ 2 ( 2π x L ) ⎤⎦
∫ ∫
2
∫ ψ dx = L
sin 2 ⎜
⎝ L ⎠ ⎟ dx =
L 2
dx
0 0 0
L4
1⎡ L ⎛ 4π x ⎞ ⎤ 1 ⎡L L ⎤ 1
⎢ x− sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = ⎢ − sin (π ) ⎥ = = 0.250
L⎣ 4π ⎝ L ⎠⎦ L ⎣ 4 4π ⎦ 4
0
P41.46 If we had n = 0 for a quantum particle in a box, its momentum would

be zero. The uncertainty in its momentum would be zero. The
uncertainty in its position would not be infinite, but just equal to the
width of the box. Then the uncertainty product would be zero, to
violate the uncertainty principle. The contradiction shows that the
quantum number cannot be zero. In its ground state the particle has
some nonzero zero-point energy.
2m (U − E )
P41.47 T = e–2CL, where C = and where m is in kilograms, and U

and E are in joules.
(a) We compute
2 ( 9.11 × 10−31 kg ) ⎡⎣( 0.010 0 eV )( 1.60 × 10−19 J/eV ) ⎤⎦

C=
1.055 × 10−34 J ⋅ s
= 5.12 × 108 m −1
Then,
2CL = 2 ( 5.12 × 108 m −1 ) ( 0.100 × 10−9 m ) = 0.102
and T = e −0.102 = 0.903

(b) We compute
2 ( 9.11 × 10−31 kg ) ⎡⎣( 1.00 eV )( 1.60 × 10−19 J/eV ) ⎤⎦

C=
1.055 × 10−34 J ⋅ s
= 5.12 × 109 m −1
Then,
2CL = 2 ( 5.12 × 109 m −1 ) ( 0.100 × 10−9 m ) = 1.02
−1.02
and T = e = 0.359
Chapter 41 977
(c) We compute
2 ( 6.65 × 10−27 kg ) ⎡⎣( 1.00 × 106 eV ) ( 1.60 × 10−19 J/eV ) ⎤⎦

C=
1.055 × 10−34 J ⋅ s
= 4.37 × 1014 m −1
Then,
2CL = 2 ( 4.37 × 1014 m −1 ) ( 1.00 × 10−15 m ) = 0.875
and T = e −0.875 = 0.417

(d) We compute
2 ( 8.00 kg ) ( 1.00 J )
2CL = 2 ( 0.020 0 m ) = 1.52 × 1033
1.055 × 10−34 J ⋅ s
Then,
33 33 32
T = e −1.52 ×10 = e(ln 10)(−1.52 ×10 / ln 10)
= 10−6.59×10
P41.48 From Equation 41.14, the energy levels of an electron in an infinitely
deep potential well are proportional to n2. If the energy of the ground
state, n = 1, is E1 = 0.300 eV, the energy levels of the states n = 2, 3, and
4 are
E2 = 2 2 ( 0.300 eV ) = 1.20 eV
E3 = 32 ( 0.300 eV ) = 2.70 eV
E4 = 42 ( 0.300 eV ) = 4.80 eV
(a) For the transition from the n = 3 level to the n = 1 level, the
electron loses energy
hc
E= = E3 − E1 = 2.70 eV − 0.300 eV = 2.40 eV
λ
hc 1240 eV ⋅ nm
λ= = = 517 nm
ΔE 2.40 eV
(b) For the transition from level 2 to level 1,
E = 1.20 eV – 0.300 eV = 0.900 eV
and
hc 1240 eV ⋅ nm
λ= = = 1 380 nm = 1.38 µm
ΔE 0.900 eV
This photon, with wavelength greater than 700 nm, is in the
infrared region.
In like manner, we find

for 3 to 2: ΔE = 1.50 eV, and λ = 827 nm, infrared
for 4 to 1: ΔE = 4.50 eV, and λ = 275 nm, ultraviolet
for 4 to 2: ΔE = 3.60 eV, and λ = 344 nm, near ultraviolet
for 4 to 3: ΔE = 2.10 eV, and λ = 590 nm, yellow-orange visible
P41.49 (a) From E = hf, the frequency is

E
f = =
( 1.80 eV ) ⎛ 1.602 × 10−19 J ⎞
h ( 6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s ) ⎜⎝ 1.00 eV ⎟⎠
= 4.35 × 1014 Hz = 435 × 1012 Hz = 435 THz

(b) The wavelength of the emitted photon is
c 3.00 × 108 m/s
λ= = = 6.89 × 10−7 m = 689 nm
f 4.35 × 10 Hz
14

(c) We use ΔEΔt ≥ , so
2
 h 6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s
ΔE ≥ = =
2Δt 4π ( Δt ) 4π ( 2.00 × 10−6 s )
ΔE ≥ 2.64 × 10−29 J = 1.65 × 10−10 eV = 165 × 10−12 eV
= 165 peV
The uncertainty is 165 peV or more.
P41.50 Suppose the marble has mass 20 g. Suppose the wall of the box is 12
cm high and 2 mm thick. While it is inside the wall,
U = mgy = ( 0.02 kg ) ( 9.8 m/s 2 ) ( 0.12 m ) = 0.023 5 J
and
1 1
mu2 = ( 0.02 kg ) ( 0.8 m/s ) = 0.006 4 J
2
E=K=
2 2
Then,
2m (U − E ) 2 ( 0.02 kg ) ( 0.017 1 J )
C= = −34
= 2.5 × 1032 m −1
 1.055 × 10 J⋅s
Chapter 41 979
and the transmission coefficient is
e −2CL = e (
−2 2.5×1032 )( 2×10−3 )
= e −10×10 = e (
29 −2.30 4.3×1029 )
29 30
= 10−4.3×10 = ~ 10−10
P41.51 (a) From Equation 41.14, the allowed energy levels are
⎛ h2 ⎞ 2
En = ⎜ n n = 1, 2, 3, …
⎝ 8mL2 ⎟⎠
The energy of the absorbed photon is
⎛ h2 ⎞ 2 ⎛ h2 ⎞ 2 ⎛ h2 ⎞
E = ΔEn = E3 − E1 = ⎜ (3) − (1) = 8
⎝ 8me L2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 8m L2 ⎟⎠
e
⎜⎝ 8m L2 ⎟⎠
e
We determine the length of the box from

1/2
hc h2 ⎛ hλ ⎞
= → L=⎜
λ me L2 ⎝ m c ⎟⎠ e
(b) The energy lost during the n = 3 to n = 2 transition is

⎛ h2 ⎞ 2 ⎛ h2 ⎞ 2 ⎛ h2 ⎞
E′ = E3 − E2 = ⎜ ( ) ⎜
3 − ( )
2 = 5
⎝ 8me L2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 8me L2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 8m L2 ⎟⎠
e
The wavelength of the emitted photon is then
hc 5h2 5h2 ⎛ me c ⎞ 8
= = ⎜ ⎟ → λ′ = λ
λ ′ 8me L2 8 me ⎝ hλ ⎠ 5
∞
2
P41.52 x 2 = ∫ x 2 ψ dx
−∞
For a one-dimensional box of width L, from Equation 41.18,

2 ⎛ nπ x ⎞
ψn = sin ⎜
L ⎝ L ⎟⎠
2L 2 ⎛ nπ x ⎞
x2 = ∫ x sin 2 ⎜ dx
L0 ⎝ L ⎟⎠
With the substitution
nπ x nπ
y= → dy = dx
L L
L L
x= y → dx = dy
nπ nπ
the integral becomes (from integral tables)

3
2 ⎛ L ⎞ nπ
x 2
= ⎜ ⎟ ∫ x 2 sin 2 y dy
L ⎝ nπ ⎠ 0
nπ
2L2 ⎡ y 3 ⎛ y 2 1 ⎞ y ⎤
= 3 ⎢ − ⎜ − ⎟ sin 2y − cos 2y ⎥
( nπ ) ⎣ 6 ⎝ 4 8 ⎠ 4 ⎦ 0
2L2 ⎡ ( nπ ) nπ ⎤
3
= 3 ⎢ − cos 2 ( nπ )⎥
( nπ ) ⎣ 6 4 ⎦
2L2 ⎡ ( nπ ) nπ ⎤ L2
3
L2
= − = −
( nπ )3 ⎢⎣ 6 ⎥
4 ⎦ 3 2n2π 2
nλ h nh
P41.53 (a) The requirements that = L and p = = are still valid.
2 λ 2L
From the relativistic energy of the particle,
2
⎛ nhc ⎞
( pc ) + ( mc ) 2 2
+ ( mc 2 )
2 2
E= ⇒ En = ⎜
⎝ 2L ⎟⎠
its kinetic energy is therefore
2
⎛ nhc ⎞
⎟⎠ + ( mc ) − mc
2 2
K n = En − mc = 2
⎜⎝
2
2L
(b) Taking L = 1.00 × 10–12 m, m = 9.11 × 10–31 kg, and n = 1, we find

2
⎛ nhc ⎞
⎟⎠ + ( mc ) − mc
2 2
Kn = ⎜⎝
2
2L
⎧⎪ ⎡ ( 1)( 6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s ) ( 2.998 × 108 m s ) ⎤ 2
= ⎨⎢ ⎥
⎢
⎩⎪ ⎣
2 ( 1.00 × 10 −12
m ) ⎥⎦
1/2
2 2⎫
⎡ ⎛ 8 m⎞ ⎤ ⎪
+ ⎢( 9.11 × 10 kg ) ⎜ 2.998 × 10
−31
⎟ ⎥ ⎬
⎣ ⎝ s⎠ ⎦ ⎪
⎭
2
⎛ m⎞
− ( 9.11 × 10 −31
kg ) ⎜ 2.998 × 108 ⎟
⎝ s⎠
= 4.68 × 10−14 J
(c) The particle’s nonrelativistic energy is

(6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s )
2
h2 −14
E1 = = 2 = 6.02 × 10 J
8mL 8 ( 9.11 × 10 kg ) ( 1.00 × 10 m )
2 −31 −12
Chapter 41 981
Comparing this to K1, we see that this value is too large by

28.6% .
P41.54 Looking at Figure 41.7, we see that wavelengths for a particle in a finite
well are longer than those for a particle in an infinite well. Therefore,
the energies of the allowed states should be lower for a finite well than
for an infinite well. As a result, the photons from the source have too
much energy to be absorbed or, equivalently, the photons have a
frequency that is too high. In order to lower their apparent frequency
using the Doppler shift, the source would have to move away from the
particle in the finite square well, not toward it.
P41.55 (a) For a particle with wave function
⎧ 2 −x a
⎪ e for x > 0
ψ ( x) = ⎨ a
⎪0 for x < 0
⎩
The probability densities are
ψ ( x) = 0
2
for x < 0
2 −2 x a
and ψ 2 ( x ) = e for x > 0.
a
ANS. FIG. P41.55. shows a sketch of the probability density for
this particle.
ANS. FIG. P41.55

(b) The probability is obtained from
0 0
Prob ( x < 0 ) = ∫ ψ ( x ) dx = ∫ ( 0 ) dx = 0
2
−∞ −∞
(c) For the wave function to be normalized, we require

∞ 0 ∞
∫ ψ ( x ) dx = ∫ ψ dx + ∫ ψ dx = 1
2 2 2
−∞ −∞ 0
Performing the integration gives

0 ∞
⎛ 2 ⎞ −2 x a
= − ( e −∞ − 1) = 1
∞
∫−∞ 0dx + ∫0 ⎜⎝ a ⎟⎠ e dx = 0 − e
−2 x a
0
(d) The probability is obtained from

a
a
⎛ 2⎞ a
Prob( 0 < x < a ) = ∫ ψ dx = ∫ ⎜ ⎟ e −2 x a dx = −e −2 x a 0
2
0 0
⎝ a⎠
= 1 − e −2 = 0.865
P41.56 (a) Taking Lx = Ly = L, we see that the expression for E becomes
h2
E=
8me L2 (
nx2 + ny2 )
The general form of the wave function is
⎛ n π x⎞ ⎛ nyπ y ⎞
ψ ∼ sin ⎜ x ⎟ sin ⎜
⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ L ⎟⎠
For a normalizable wave function, neither nx nor ny can be zero,
otherwise ψ = 0.
(b) The ground state corresponds to nx = ny = 1 .
(c) The energy of the ground state is
h2 h2
E1, 1 =
8me L2
( 12
+ 12
) 4m L2
=
e
(d) For the first excited state, nx = 1 and ny = 2, or nx = 2 and ny = 1.

(e) For the second excited state, nx = 2 and ny = 2.
(f) The second excited state, corresponding to nx = 2, ny = 2, has an
energy of
h2 h2
E2, 2 =
8me L2
( 2 2
+ 2 2
) =
me L2
(g) The energy difference between the ground state and the second
excited state is
h2 h2 3h2
ΔE = E2, 2 − E1, 1 = − =
me L2 4me L2 4me L2
3h2 hc 4me cL2

(h) ΔE = = → λ=
4me L2
λ 3h
Chapter 41 983
P41.57 (a) The expectation value is

∞ 12
⎛ a⎞
= ∫ x⎜ ⎟
2
x e − ax dx = 0
0
−∞
⎝π⎠
since the integrand is an odd function of x.

(b) The expectation value is
∞ 12
⎛ 4a 3 ⎞
x 1 = ∫ x⎜
2
x 2 e − ax dx = 0
−∞
⎝ π ⎟⎠
since the integrand is an odd function of x.
(c) The expectation value is
∞ ∞
1 1 1
x 01
= ∫ x
2
( 0 1)
ψ + ψ
2
dx = x + x
2 0 2 1 −∞
+ ∫ xψ 0 ( x )ψ 1 ( x ) dx
−∞
The first two terms are zero, from (a) and (b). Thus,
∞ 14 14 12
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ 4a 3 ⎞ ⎛ 2a 2 ⎞ ∞
x 01 = ∫ x ⎜ ⎟ − ax 2 2 − ax 2 2 2
2 − ax
e ⎜⎝ π ⎟⎠ xe dx = 2 ⎜ ∫ x e dx
−∞
⎝π⎠ ⎝ π ⎟⎠ 0
12 12
⎛ 2a 2 ⎞ 1⎛ π ⎞
= 2⎜ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ π ⎟⎠ 4 ⎝ a3 ⎠
1
=
2a
Where we have used Table B.6 in the Appendix to evaluate the
integral.
P41.58 With one slit open,
2 2
P1 = ψ 1 or P2 = ψ 2
With both slits open,
2
P = ψ1 +ψ2
At a maximum, the wave functions are in phase
Pmax = ( ψ 1 + ψ 2 )
2
At a minimum, the wave functions are out of phase,
Pmin = ( ψ 1 − ψ 2 )
2
Now,
2
P1 ψ 1
= 2 = 25.0 ,
P2 ψ 2
ψ1
so = 5.00
ψ2
Pmax ( ψ 1 + ψ 2 ) = ( 5.00 ψ )
2 2
=
2 + ψ2
=
( 6.00 )
2
=
36.0
= 2.25
and
Pmin ( ψ 1 − ψ 2 ) ( 5.00 ψ
2
2 − ψ2 )
2
( 4.00)2 16.0
Challenge Problems
P41.59 (a) The claim is that Schrödinger’s
equation
∂ 2ψ 2m
= − 2 ( E − U )ψ
∂x 2

has the solutions
ψ 1 = Ae ik1 x + Be − ik1 x [region I] ANS. FIG. P41.59(a)
ψ 2 = Ce ik2 x [region II]

Check that the solution for region I satisfies Schrödinger’s
equation:
∂ 2ψ 1 2m
= − 2 Eψ 1
∂x 2

∂ 2
∂ 2
2m
2 (
Ae ik1 x ) + 2 ( Be − ik1 x ) = − 2 E ( Ae ik1 x + Be − ik1 x )
∂x ∂x 
2m
−k 12 ( Ae ik1 x ) − k12 ( Be − ik1 x ) = − 2 E ( Ae ik1 x + Be − ik1 x )

2m
−k 12 ( Ae ik1 x + Be − ik1 x ) = − 2 E ( Ae ik1 x + Be − ik1 x )

2m
The last line is true if k 12 = E, which it is because
2
p 2 ( k1 )
2
2mE
E= = → k1 =
2m 2m 
Therefore, the equation is satisfied in region I.
Chapter 41 985
Check that the solution for region II satisfies Schrödinger’s

equation:
∂ 2ψ 2 2m
= − 2 ( E − U )ψ 2
∂x 2

∂ 2
2m
2 (
Ce ik2 x ) = − 2 ( E − U ) ( Ce ik2 x )
∂x 
2m
−k 22 ( Ce ik2 x ) = − 2 ( E − U ) ( Ce ik2 x )

2m
The last line is true if k 22 = 2 ( E − U ) , which it is because

E=
p2
+U =
( k2 ) 2
→ k2 =
2m ( E − U )
2m 2m 
Therefore, the equation is satisfied in region II. We apply boundary
conditions. Matching functions and derivatives at x = 0, we find that
(ψ 1 )0 = (ψ 2 )0 gives A + B = C,
⎛ dψ ⎞ ⎛ dψ ⎞
and ⎜ 1 ⎟ = ⎜ 2 ⎟ gives k1 ( A − B) = k2C.
⎝ dx ⎠ 0 ⎝ dx ⎠ 0
1 − k 2 k1 2
Then B= A and C= A.
1 + k 2 k1 1 + k 2 k1
Incident wave Aeikx reflects Be–ikx, with probability
B 2 ( 1 − k 2 k1 ) ( k1 − k 2 )
2 2
R= 2 = 2 =
A ( 1 + k 2 k 1 ) ( k 1 + k 2 )2
(b) With E = 7.00 eV and U = 5.00 eV:
k2 E −U 2.00 eV
= = = 0.535
k1 E 7.00 eV
The reflection probability is R=

( 1 − 0.535 )
2
= 0.092 0 .
(1 + 0.535)2
(c) The probability of transmission is T = 1 − R = 0.908 .
P41.60 (a) The potential energy of the system is given by
⎤ ( − 7 3) e
2
e 2 ⎡⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
U= ⎜ −1 + − +
⎟ ⎜ −1 + ⎟ + ( −1) =
4π ∈0 d ⎢⎣⎝ 2 3⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎥⎦ 4π ∈ d
0
7ke e 2
= −
3d
(b) There are two electrons, each with minimum energy E1. From
Equation 41.14, the total energy is
2h2 h2
K = 2E1 = 2 =
8me ( 3d ) 36me d 2
(c) The total energy of the system is

h2 7ke e 2
E = K +U = −
36me d 2 3d
dE
For a minimum, we require = 0 . Differentiating,
d (d)
dE
=0
d (d)
d ⎛ h2 7ke e 2 ⎞
− =0
d ( d ) ⎜⎝ 36me d 2 3d ⎟⎠
h2 7ke e 2
( −2 ) − ( −1) =0
36me d 3 3d 2
h2 7ke e 2
=
18me d 3 3d 2
3h2 h2
d= =
7 ( 18me ) ke e 42me ke e 2
Substituting numerical values,
(6.626 × 10 J ⋅ s ) −34 2
d=
( 42 ) ( 9.11 × 10−31 kg ) ( 8.99 × 10 N ⋅ m /C ) ( 1.60 × 10 C)
9 2 2 −19 2
= 4.99 × 10−11 m = 49.9 pm
(d) The lithium spacing is d and the number of atoms N in volume V

Nm
is related by Nd3 = V, and the density is , where m is the mass
V
of one atom. We have:
Nm Nm m
density = = =
V Nd 3 d 3
Chapter 41 987
From which we obtain

13
⎡ 6.94 g ⎛ 1 mol ⎞⎤
13
⎢ ⎜ ⎟
⎛ m ⎞ mol ⎝ 6.022 × 10 atoms ⎠ ⎥
23
d=⎜ = ⎢ ⎥
⎝ density ⎟⎠ ⎢ 0.530
g ⎥
⎣⎢ cm 3 ⎦⎥
= 2.79 × 10−8 cm = 2.79 × 10−10 mm = 279 pm
The lithium interatomic spacing of 280 pm is 5.59 times larger.

Therefore, it is of the same order of magnitude as the interatomic
spacing 2d here.
P41.61 The wave functions and probability densities are the same as those
shown in Active Figure 41.4 of the textbook. From Equation 41.13, the
wave functions are
2 ⎛ nπ x ⎞ where n = 1, 2, 3…
ψn = sin ⎜
L ⎝ L ⎟⎠
(a) For n = 1,
0.350
0.350 nm
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ πx ⎞
∫
2
P1 = ∫ ψ1 dx = ⎜ ⎟ sin 2 ⎜ dx
0.150 nm ⎝ 1.00 nm ⎠ 0.150 ⎝ 1.00 nm ⎟⎠
0.350 nm
⎡ x 1.00 nm ⎛ 2π x ⎞ ⎤
= ( 2.00 nm ) ⎢ − sin ⎜
⎣2 4π ⎝ 1.00 nm ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦ 0.150 nm
In the above result we used
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ x 1
∫ sin ( ax ) dx = ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ − ⎜⎝ 4a ⎟⎠ sin ( 2ax )
2
Therefore,
0.350 nm
⎡ 1.00 nm ⎛ 2π x ⎞ ⎤
P1 = ( 1.00 nm ) ⎢ x − sin ⎜
⎣ 2π ⎝ 1.00 nm ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦ 0.150 nm
⎧
P1 = ( 1.00 nm ) ⎨0.350 nm − 0.150 nm
⎩
1.00 nm ⎫
−
2π
[ sin ( 0.700π ) − sin ( 0.300π )]⎬
⎭
= 0.200
0.350 0.350
2 ⎛ 2π x ⎞ ⎡ x 1.00 ⎛ 4π x ⎞ ⎤
(b) P2 = ∫
1.00 0.150
sin 2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1.00 ⎠
dx = 2.00 ⎢ −
⎣ 2 8π
sin ⎜
⎝ 1.00 ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦ 0.150
0.350
⎡ 1.00 ⎛ 4π x ⎞ ⎤
P2 = 1.00 ⎢ x − sin ⎜
⎣ 4π ⎝ 1.00 ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦ 0.150
{
= 1.00 ( 0.350 − 0.150 ) −
1.00
4π
[ sin (1.40π ) − sin ( 0.600π )] }
= 0.351
n2 h 2
Using En = , we find that
8mL2
(c) E1 = 0.377 eV and
(d) E2 = 1.51 eV
P41.62 (a) and (b) The Wave functions are shown in ANS. FIG. P41.62(a) and
ANS. FIG. P41.62(b).
ANS. FIG. P41.62(a) ANS. FIG. P41.62(b)

(c) ψ is continuous and ψ → 0 as x → ±∞. The function can be
normalized. It describes a particle bound near x = 0.
(d) Since ψ is symmetric,
∞ ∞
2 2
∫ ψ dx = 2 ∫ ψ dx = 1
−∞ 0
∞
⎛ 2A 2 ⎞ −∞
or 2
2A ∫ e
0
−2 α x
dx = ⎜
⎝ −2α ⎠⎟ ( e − e 0 ) = 1.
This gives A = α .
(e) The probability of finding the particle between –1/2 α and
+1/2 α is
1 2α
2α
( ) ⎛ ⎞ − 2α 2α
∫ e dx = ⎜⎝ −2α ⎟⎠ ( e − 1)
2
−2 α x
P( −1 2α )→(1 2α ) = 2 a
x=0
= (1 − e −1
)= 0.632
Chapter 41 989
P41.63 (a) Recall from Section 41.7 that the potential energy of a harmonic
1 1
oscillator is kx 2 = mω 2 x 2 . We can find the energy of the
2 2
oscillator E by substituting the wave function into the
Schrödinger equation.
− 2 d 2ψ − 2 d 2ψ 1
+ Uψ = Eψ → + mω 2 x 2ψ = Eψ
2m dx 2 2m dx 2
2
From ψ = Bxe (
− mω 2 ) x 2
, we have
dψ ⎛ mω ⎞
= Be (
− mω 2 )x 2
2xe (
− mω 2 )x 2
+ Bx ⎜ − ⎟
dx ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ mω ⎞ 2 −( mω 2 )x2
= Be (
− mω 2 )x 2
− B⎜ xe
⎝  ⎟⎠
d 2ψ ⎛ mω ⎞ −( mω 2 )x2 ⎛ mω ⎞
2xe (
− mω 2 )x 2
= Bx ⎜ − ⎟ xe − B⎜ ⎟
dx 2 ⎝  ⎠ ⎝  ⎠
⎛ mω ⎞ 2 ⎛ mω ⎞ −( mω 2 )x2
− B⎜ x − xe
⎝  ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝  ⎟⎠
2
d 2ψ ⎛ mω ⎞ −( mω 2 )x2 ⎛ mω ⎞ 3 −( mω 2 )x2
= −3B ⎜ ⎟ xe + B⎜ xe
dx 2 ⎝  ⎠ ⎝  ⎟⎠
Substituting the above into the Schrödinger equation, we have
− 2 d 2ψ 1
+ mω 2 x 2ψ = Eψ
2m dx 2 2
− 2 ⎡ ⎛ mω ⎞ 3 −( mω 2 )x2 ⎤
2
⎛ mω ⎞ −( mω 2 )x2
⎢ −3B ⎜⎝ ⎟ xe + B⎜
⎝  ⎟⎠
xe ⎥
2m ⎣  ⎠ ⎦
1
+ mω 2 x 2 ⎡ Bxe (
− mω 2 )x 2
⎤
2 ⎣ ⎦
= E ⎡ Bxe (
− mω 2 )x 2
⎤
⎣ ⎦
⎛ 3ω ⎞ ⎡ −( mω 2 )x 2
⎤+ ⎛ 1 2 2⎞ −( mω 2 )x 2
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎣ Bxe ⎦ ⎜⎝ − mω x ⎟⎠ ⎡⎣ Bxe ⎤
⎦
2 2
⎛1 ⎞
+ ⎜ mω 2 x 2 ⎟ ⎡ Bxe (
− mω 2 )x 2
⎤
⎝2 ⎠⎣ ⎦
= E ⎡ Bxe (
− mω 2 )x 2
⎤
⎣ ⎦
⎛ 3ω ⎞
⎜⎝
2
⎟⎠ Bxe(−( mω 2 )x 2
) (
= E Bxe (
− mω 2 )x 2
)
3ω
The last line is true if E = .
2
(b) We never find the particle at x = 0 because ψ = 0 there.

(c) ψ is maximized if
dψ ⎛ mω ⎞ 2 − ( mω 2 ) x2
= Be − ( mω 2 ) x − B ⎜
2
xe =0
dx ⎝  ⎟⎠
⎛ mω ⎞ 2
1− ⎜ x =0
⎝  ⎟⎠

which is true at x = ± .
mω
∞
2
(d) We require ∫ ψ dx = 1 :
−∞
∞
1 = ∫ B2 x 2 e − ( mω  ) x dx = 2B2 ∫ x 2 e − ( mω  ) x dx
2 2
−∞
32
1 π π1 2 ⎛  ⎞
= 2B 2
=B 2
⎜ ⎟
4 ( mω  )3 2 ⎝ mω ⎠
Then,
34 14
2 1 2 ⎛ mω ⎞ ⎛ 4m3ω 3 ⎞
B= 14 ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜
π ⎝  ⎠ ⎝ π  ⎟⎠
3
At x = 2 (  mω ) , the potential energy is

12
(e)
1 1 ⎛ 4 ⎞
mω 2 x 2 = mω 2 ⎜ = 2ω
2 2 ⎝ mω ⎟⎠
3ω
This is larger than the total energy , so there is zero classical
2
probability of finding the particle here.
(f) The actual probability is given by
( )δ
2
P = ψ dx = Bxe − ( mω 2 ) x
2 2
12
2 −( mω  )x
2 ⎛ 4m3ω 3 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞ −( mω  )x2
P = δB x e2
=δ⎜ ⎜⎝ ⎟e
⎝ π  ⎟⎠ mω ⎠
3
2 ⎛ m3 2ω 3 2 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞ −( mω  )4(  mω )
12
⎛ mω ⎞
=δ 12 ⎜ ⎜ ⎟e = 8δ ⎜ e −4
π ⎝  3 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ mω ⎠ ⎝ π ⎟⎠
Chapter 41 991
L
2
P41.64 (a) To find the normalization constant, we note that ∫ ψ dx = 1 , or
0
L
⎡ ⎛ π x⎞ 2 ⎛ 2π x ⎞ ⎛ π x⎞ ⎛ 2π x ⎞ ⎤
∫ ⎢⎣ sin ⎟⎠ + 16 sin ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ + 8 sin ⎜⎝ ⎟ dx = 1
2 2
A ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ sin ⎜⎝
0
L L L L ⎠ ⎥⎦
Noting that
L
2 ⎛ π x⎞
L
1 − cos ⎡⎣ 2 (π x L ) ⎤⎦
∫0 ⎜⎝ L ⎟⎠
sin dx = ∫0 2
dx
⎡ x L sin ( 2π x L ) ⎤
L
L
=⎢ − ⎥ =
⎣2 π 2 ⎦0 2
the integral becomes
L ⎡
2 ⎛ L⎞ ⎛ L⎞
L
⎛ π x⎞ ⎛ 2π x ⎞ ⎤
∫
2
∫ ψ dx = A ⎢⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ + 16 ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ + 8 sin ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ dx
0 ⎣ 2 2 0
⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ L ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
⎧⎛ L ⎞ ⎛ L⎞
1 = A 2 ⎨⎜ ⎟ + 16 ⎜ ⎟
⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ π x ⎞ ⎤ ⎫⎪
L
⎛ π x⎞ ⎡ ⎛ π x⎞
+8 ∫ sin ⎜ ⎟ 2 sin ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜⎝ ⎟ dx ⎬
0
⎝ L ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ L ⎠ L ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭
⎡ 17L L
⎛ π x⎞ ⎛ π x⎞ ⎤
1 = A2 ⎢ + 16 ∫ sin 2 ⎜ ⎟ cos ⎜ ⎟⎠ dx ⎥
⎣ 2 0
⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ L ⎦
⎡ 17L 16L ⎛ π x⎞
x=L
⎤ 2 ⎛ 17L ⎞
1= A ⎢ 2
+ sin 3 ⎜ ⎥ = A ⎜⎝
⎢⎣ 2 3π ⎝ L ⎟⎠ x=0 ⎥ 2 ⎠
⎟
⎦
2
→ A=
17L
(b) To determine the relationship between A and B, we note that
a
2
∫ ψ dx = 1 . Therefore,
−a
a
⎡ ⎛ π x⎞ ⎛ π x⎞
∫ ⎢⎣ A
2 2
cos 2 ⎜ + B sin 2 ⎜
−a
⎝ 2a ⎟⎠ ⎝ a ⎟⎠
⎛ π x⎞ ⎛ π x⎞ ⎤
+ 2 A B cos ⎜ sin ⎜ dx = 1
⎝ 2a ⎟⎠ ⎝ a ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
Noting that
a
2 ⎛ π x⎞
a
1 − cos ⎡⎣ 2 (π x 2a ) ⎤⎦
∫− a ⎜⎝ 2a ⎟⎠ −∫a
sin dx =
2
dx
⎡ x 2L sin (π x a ) ⎤
a
=⎢ + ⎥ =a
⎣2 π 2 ⎦ −a
and
a
2 ⎛ π x⎞
a
1 + cos ⎡⎣ 2 (π x 2a ) ⎤⎦
∫− a ⎜⎝ 2a ⎟⎠ −∫a
cos dx =
2
dx
⎡ x 2L sin (π x a ) ⎤
a
=⎢ + ⎥ =a
⎣2 π 2 ⎦ −a
the integral becomes
a
⎡ ⎛ π x⎞ ⎛ π x⎞ ⎤
∫ ⎢⎣ 2 A
2 2
A a+ B a+ B cos ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ dx = 1
−a
⎝ 2a ⎠ ⎝ a ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
The third term is:

a
⎛ π x⎞ ⎡ ⎛ π x⎞ ⎛ π x⎞ ⎤
2A B ∫ cos ⎜⎝ 2a ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ 2 sin ⎜⎝ 2a ⎟⎠ cos ⎜⎝ 2a ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦ dx
−a
a
⎛ π x⎞ ⎛ π x⎞
=4A B ∫ cos
2
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ sin ⎜⎝ ⎟ dx
−a
2a 2a ⎠
a
8a A B ⎛ π x⎞
= cos 3 ⎜ =0
3π ⎝ 2a ⎟⎠ − a
so the whole integral is
(
a A + B
2 2
) = 1 , giving 2
A + B =
2 1
a
Chapter 41 993
ANSWERS TO EVEN-NUMBERED PROBLEMS
1
P41.2 (a) See ANS. FIG. P41.2; (b) ; (c) 0.865
a
1
P41.4
2
P41.6 (a) n ≈ 4; (b) 6.03 eV
P41.8 The photon does not have the smallest possible energy to cause the
transition between states n = 1 to n = 2.
3hλ
P41.10
8me c
P41.12 (a) 5.13 × 10−3 eV; (b) 9.41 eV; (c) The electron has a much higher
energy because it is much less massive.
P41.14 (a) 2.00 × 10−9 J; (b) 1.66 × 10−28 m; (c) No. The length of the box would
have to be much smaller than the size of a nucleus (~10−14 m) to confine
the particle.

P41.16 (a) ; (b)  2 /8mL2 ; (c) This estimate is too low by 4π 2 ≈ 40 times, but
2L
it correctly displays the pattern of dependence of the energy on the
mass and on the length of the well.
P41.18 See P41.18 for full explanation.
P41.20 (a) x = L/4, L/2, and 3 L/4; (b) We look for sin (3π x/L) taking on its
extreme values 1 and –1 so that the squared wave function is as large
as it can be. The result can also be found by studying Figure 41.4b.
 1 ⎛ 2π  ⎞
− sin ⎜ ; (b) See ANS FIG P41.22(b); (c) The wave function
⎝ L ⎟⎠
P41.22 (a)
L 2π
is zero for x < 0 and for x > L. The probability at  = 0 must be zero
because the particle is never found at x < 0 or exactly at x = 0. The
probability at  = L must be 1 for normalization: the particle is always
found somewhere in the range 0 < x < L; (d) 0.585L
P41.24 See P41.24 for complete solution.
2 ⎛ π x⎞ 2 ⎛ π x⎞
(a) n = 1: ψ 1 ( x ) = ; P1 ( x ) = ψ 1 ( x ) = cos 2 ⎜
2
cos ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ L ⎟⎠
P41.26 ,
L ⎝ L ⎠ L
2 ⎛ 2π x ⎞ 2 ⎛ 2π x ⎞
n = 2: ψ 2 ( x ) = ; P2 ( x ) = ψ 2 ( x ) = sin 2 ⎜
2
sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ L ⎟⎠
,
L ⎝ L ⎠ L
2 ⎛ 3π x ⎞ 2 ⎛ 3π x ⎞
n = 3: ψ 3 ( x ) = ; P3 ( x ) = ψ 3 ( x ) = cos 2 ⎜
2
cos ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ L ⎟⎠
;
L ⎝ L ⎠ L
(b) See ANS FIG. P41.26(b).
2 15
P41.28 (a) ; (b) ; (c) 0.580
L2 m 16L
P41.30 (a) See ANS. FIG. P41.30(a); (b) 2L
P41.32 (a) 1.03 × 10−3 ; (b) 1.91 nm
P41.34 1.35
mω 3
P41.36 (a) See P41.36(a) for full explanation; (b) b = and ω ;
2 2
(c) first excited state
m
P41.38 2π c
k
P41.40 (a) See P41.40(a) for full explanation; (b) See P41.40(b) for full
1 k
explanation; (c) f =
2π µ
P41.44 (a–b) See P41.44(a) and (b) for full explanations.
P41.48 (a) See P41.48(a) for full proof; (b) For 2 to 1, λ = 1.38 µm, infrared; For
3 to 2, λ = 827 nm, infrared; For 4 to 1, λ = 275 nm, ultraviolet; For 4 to
2, λ = 344 nm, near ultraviolet; For 4 to 3, λ = 590 nm, yellow-orange
visible.
30
P41.50 ∼10−10
Chapter 41 995
P41.54 Looking at Figure 41.7, we see that wavelengths for a particle in a finite
well are longer than those for a particle in an infinite well. Therefore,
the energies of the allowed states should be lower for a finite well than
for an infinite well. As a result, the photons from the source have too
much energy to be absorbed or, equivalently, the photons have a
frequency that is too high. In order to lower their apparent frequency
using the Doppler shift, the source would have to move away from the
particle in the finite square well, not toward it.
h2
P41.56 (a) E =
8me L2
nx
2
(+ ny
2
; (b) )
nx = ny = 1; (c)
h2
4me L2
; (d) nx = 1 and ny = 2, or
h2 3h2 4me cL2

nx = 2 and ny = 1; (e) nx = 2 and ny = 2; (f) ; (g) ; (h)
me L2 4me L2 3h
P41.58 2.25
7ke e 2 h2
P41.60 (a) − ; (b) ; (c) 49.9 pm; (d) The lithium interatomic
3d 36me d 2
spacing of 280 pm is 5.59 times larger. Therefore, it is of the same order
of magnitude as the interatomic spacing 2d here.
P41.62 (a) See ANS. FIG. P41.62(a); (b) See ANS. FIG. P41.62(b); (c) ψ is
continuous and ψ → 0 as x → ±∞. The function can be normalized. It
describes a particle bound near x = 0; (d) A = α ; (e) 0.632
2 2 2 1
P41.64 (a) A = ; (b) A + B =
17L a

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41

41.1 The Wave Function

* An asterisk indicates a question or problem new to this edition.

ANSWERS TO OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

(ii) Answer (b). The particle’s momentum in its ground state is

ANSWERS TO CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS

CQ41.1 Consider the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. It implies that

SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS

Section 41.1 The Wave Function

ψ ( x ) = Ae ( ) = A cos 5 × 1010 x + iA sin 5 × 1010 x

will go through one full cycle between x1 = 0 and (5.00 × 1010)x2 =

To say the same thing, we can inspect Ae

[We use u to represent the speed of a particle with mass in chapters

ANS. FIG. P41.2

(b) Normalization requires

(c) The expectation value is

P41.4 The probability is given by

Section 41.2 Analysis Model: Quantum Particle

= 8.22 × 10 –14 J = 0.513 MeV

Substituting numerical values,

ANS. FIG. P41.7

λ (nm) 4.71 2.75 2.20 6.59 4.12 11.0

P41.8 The energy of the photon is

Solving for the length of the box then gives

3 ( 6.626 × 10−34 J ⋅ s ) ( 694.3 × 10−9 m )

= 7.95 × 10−10 m = 0.795 nm

Solving for the length of the box then gives

For a proton (m = 1.673 × 10–27 kg) in a 10.0-fm wide box:

(b) The wavelength of the photon is

(c) This is a gamma ray, according to the electromagnetic spectrum

= 8.22 × 10−22 J = 5.13 × 10−3 eV

= 1.51 × 10−18 J = 9.41 eV

P41.13 E1 = 2.00 eV = 3.20 × 10–19 J. For the ground state,

state, ΔE = E2 − E1 = 4E1 − E1 = 3E1 = 6.00 eV

(b) The length L can be found from

(b) Let λ ′ represent the wavelength of the photon emitted:

(c) The probability of finding the particle in the range

(d) In the n = 2 graph in the text’s Figure 41.4(b), it is more probable

(b) The probability function is sketched in ANS. FIG. P41.22(b).

ANS. FIG. P41.22(b)

(d) The probability of finding the particle between x = 0 and x =  is

This equation for u can be solved by homing in on the solution

ANS. FIG. P41.23(b)

Section 41.3 The Schrödinger Equation

where K is the kinetic energy. Therefore, the given wave function

And its second derivative is

This is true as an identity (functional equality) for all x if

and the probability density is

ANS. FIG. P41.26(b)

(b) U(x) is sketched in ANS. FIG. P41.27(b).

ANS. FIG. P41.27(b)

Section 41.4 A Particle in a Well of Finite Height

ANS. FIG. P41.29

ANS. FIG. P41.30(a)

Section 41.5 Tunneling Through a Potential Energy Barrier

P41.32 (a) T = e −2CL , where

= exp ( −6.88 ) = 1.03 × 10−3

(b) We require e −2CL = 10−6. Taking logarithms,

P41.33 The original tunneling probability is T = e −2CL , where

Section 41.6 Applications of Tunneling