1

HISTORY RESOURCE BOOK

CLASS 9

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Table of contents
Chapters Sub Topics Page
No
CHAPTER 1  Work of Shah Waliullah
Role of Religious  Work of Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barailvi
thinkers in spreading  Work of Haji Shariatullah 1
Islam in the
subcontinent during
the 18th and 19th
centuries
CHAPTER 2  Policies of Aurengzaib Alamgir
Causes and  Reasons for the decline of Mughal Empire
consequences of the  British entrance and expansion till 1857 4
decline of Mughal
Empire?
CHAPTER 3
Causes and Causes, Events, Reasons of failure and consequences
consequences of the of the War. 7
War of Independence
1857
CHAPTER 4
Work of Sir Syed  Reasons for the formation of Aligarh Movement
Ahmed Khan to the  Services of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan 10
development of the
Pakistan movement in
the 19th century
CHAPTER 5  Reasons for choosing Urdu as National
Language
Languages –  Development of Regional
development and languages(Sindhi,Punjabi,Balochi,Pushto)since
contribution 1947 12
 Reasons for the development of Regional
languages
CHAPTER 6  Indian National Congress
 Partition of Bengal 1905
 Simla Deputation 1906
Pakistan Movement  Formation of All India Muslim League 1906
during early 20th  Morley-Minto Reforms 1909
century  Reversal of Partition of Bengal 1911
 WWI and its impact on India 15
 The Lucknow Pact 1913
 The Montague-Chelmsford Reforms 1919
 The Rowlatt Act 1919
 The Amritsar Massacre 1919
CHAPTER 7
Khilafat Movement Reasons,Events ,Resons of failure and consequences 21
1919 to 1924

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CHAPTER 8  Delhi Proposal 1927

Pakistan Movement in  Simon Commission 1927
1927 to 1939  Nehru Report 1928,Jinnah’s 14 points 1929 23
 Allahabad Address 1930
 Round Table Conferences 1930-32
 Now or Never 1933
 Government of India Act 1935
 Elections 1936-37
 Congress Rule 1937-1939
 Day of Deliverance
 Reorganisation of Muslim League.
CHAPTER 9  Pakistan Resolution 1940
 August Offer 1940,Cripps Mission 1942
 Quit India Resolution 1942
 Gandhi-Jinnah Talks 1944
Subcontinent in years  Simla Conference 1945,Elections 1945-46
1940 to 1947  The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946
 Direct Action Day
 Formation of Interim Government 28
 The 3 June Plan
 Boundary Commission and the Radcliffe
Award
 The Independence Act.
CHAPTER 10  Contributions of Jinnah before and after
Contributions of Partition.
Jinnah, Allama Iqbal  Contribution of Allama Iqbal and Ch.Rehmat 34
and Rehmat Ali Ali
CHAPTER 11
Establishment of an Problems of partition faced by Pakistan and their 36
independent nation solution.
between 1947 and
1948
CHAPTER 12 Early Ministries of:
Pakistan’s stability  Liaquat Ali Khan
following the death of  Khawaja Nazimuddin 38
Jinnah 1948 to 1958  Malik Ghulam Mohammad
 Gen.Iskandar Mirza

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1 Role of Religious thinkers in spreading Islam in the

subcontinent during the 18th and 19th centuries

Work of Shah Waliullah

REASONS FOR REVIVING ISLAM
 Disunity among Muslims and sectarian divisions
 Weak leadership of the Mughals
 Lack of awareness about meanings of Holy Quran
 Un-Islamic practices in Islamic society
CONTRIBUTION(WORK)
 Learned Hadith,Fiqh and Tasawwuf to become a role model.
 Translated Holy Quran into Persian
 Wrote 51 books on different social,religious and economic aspects.
 Famous books were Hujjatallah- al-Baligha and Izalat-Akhfa
 Sent Letters to Muslim leaders to fight against Marathas
IMPORTANCE (INFLUENCE)
 First person to thought about the decline of Muslims in India
 Showed the way of regeneration
 His writings in Persian made Islamic teachings available
 Inspiration to work for betterment of Muslim society
 Sectarian differences cooled
 His work was universal as it was written work
 Inspiration for future Muslim leaders
SUCCESS
 Shah Waliullah was accepted as role model by the people.
 Holy Quran became accessible to the common people
 Influenced his sons to further translate Holy Quran into Urdu
 Shia Sunni conflict cooled
 His Books made Islamic teaching available to all and Socio-economic conditions
improved
 Ahmed Shah leader of Persia responded to his letter and defeated the Marathas at
the battle of Panipat.

LESS SUCCESS
 Ulemas critcise him due to the translation of Holy Quran
 Could not remove Shia, Sunni conflict completely
 He was unable to persuade Ahmed Shah Abdali to stay in India to rule.

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Work of Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barailvi

REASONS FOR REVIVING ISLAM(JIHAD MOVEMENT)

 He wanted that Muslims should be ruled by the Muslims
 Muslims were oppressed under rule of Ranjit Singh
 Evils were spreading in Muslim society
 To restore Muslim Power in sub-continent

CONTRIBUTION(WORK)
 Jihad Movement
 Collected Mujahideen from different areas from outside and within India
 Fought against Sikhs and defeated them
 Guided Muslims about the true teachings of Islam
IMPORTANCE(INFLUENCE)
 Jihad movement was the first armed struggle in India against non-Muslims
 Religious and spiritual freedom spread through the Jihad Movement
 Unity was created
 Jihad Movement proved to be the fore-runner of Pakistan Movement
 Inspiration for the future Muslim leaders
 Religious revival
RASONS FOR THE FAILURE OF JIHAD MOVEMENT
 Disunity among the Muslims
 Treachery of Yar Mohammad and Sultan Mohammad Khan
 Strength of Sikhs
SUCCESSES
 Armed struggle launched
 Huge number of Mujahedeen were enrolled
 Defeated Sikhs at the battle of Okara and Hazroth
 Established as successful military leader
 Imam of all the sectarian groups.
LESS SUCCESS
 Unable to liberate Muslims from Ranjit Singh’s rule
 Betrayed twice
 Lost the battle of Balakot
 Jihad Movement failed

WORK OF HAJI SHARIATULLAH

REASONS FOR REVIVING ISLAM

 Muslims were under control of The British and Hindu landlords
 Muslim community was away from Islam
 Muslims were not observing proper duties”Faraiz” of Islam
 To purify Muslim society from unIslamic practices.
CONTRIBUTION(WORK)
 Faraizi Movement
 Muslims were made aware about true practices of Islam

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 Work carried out by his son Mohsinuddin

 Gathered Muslims on one platform against Hindu landlords
 Refused to pay taxes to the British
IMPORTANCE (INFLUENCE)
 Encouraged Muslims to stand for their rights
 Brought Spiritual revival in Muslims
 Hindu Influence was removed
 Bengal peasants became united

SUCCESS
 He was able to remove un-Islamic practices from Muslim society
 Muslims started observing obligations of Islam
 Muslim peasants rose against Hindu landlords
 United Muslims
 Work carried by Mohsin-ud-Din

LESS SUCCESS
 Hindu landlords drove Haji Sharituallah out of Bengal where he died
 Unable to remove British and Hindu landlord influence
 Faraizi Movement ultimately failed
 Mohsin-ud-Din was arrested by the British

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NOW SOLVE

Source (A )

The rise of British power ·in India, internecine feuds among Muslims and the resultant
dispersion and decline of Islamic influence disturbed him. Raising the 'Voice of Truth' and
need for liberation of Islamic lands made a demand for 'jihad' from all duty-conscious and
self-respecting Muslims. In his opinion 'jihad' was an important part of religion and he
considered emigration as the first step towards it.

(LIFE SKETCH OF SYED AHMED SHAHID by MAULANA SYED ABUL HASAN ALI NADWI)

Q.1According to Source (A) what were the reasons for the disturbance of Syed
Ahmed Shaheed ? [3]

Ans.According to Source(A) reasons for Syed Ahmed Shaheed’s disturbance were:

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Three points required

Take points only from the source

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2 Decline and Fall of Mughal Empire

AURENGZEB’S RESPONSILBILTY IN DECLINE

 Failure of Deccan Policy-Aurengzeb was unable to defeat Marathas despite of
fighting with them for 25 years
 Religious policy-His strict religious policies made many Hindus and Muslims hate
him
 Administrative weakness-His negligence towards administration led to the rise of
rebellions in government. His mansabdars went against him and declares
themselves kings in their areas.
OTHER REASONS OF DECLINE
 Mansabdari System which was once the most effective system in Mughal Empire
collapsed gradually.Lack of interest by the emperors and later successors allowed
mansabdars to go corrupt. Many of them started collecting more taxes and
keeping with themselves, others declared themselves as kings.
 Aurangzeb’s policies played a big role in decline, his continuous wars with
Marathas and internal rebellions made the government weak.
 British arrival was the last nail in coffin. British who arrived for trade soon found
India a favourable place to rule.So they soon started annexations and finally taken
over it from the Mughals.
 Foreign intruders like the Persians Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali played
great ole as their intention was to get as much bounty as they could from India so
they attacked again and again and plundered Indian wealth which made the
country and the government even weaker.
 There was no rule of succession within the Mughal family.Appointment of the next
king usually depends on the long wars between the brothers to get the throne.
These wars left the treasury empty.
 Internal rebellions of Marathas,Jats,Sikhs and Rajboot further weaken the
empire.Their continuous rebellions had not allowed the later Mughals to
concentrate on the administrative side. Alongside there was continuous emptying
of treasury
 Later Mughals had no idea how to run such a vast country.By the times of
Aurengzeb India was the largest country in south Asia.Orders get delayed due to
the vastness of Empire and sometimes messages never reach which led to extreme
mismanagement.
 It’s a fact that Mughals had spent huge sums of money on their army but later on
too much money led the army go ease loving.They started believing that their
success will remain forever so they started neglecting to enhance their skills
according to changing time.This resulted into major defeats against invaders.
 Mughals were extreme pleasure seekers.Too much wealth and power made them
forget about the welfare of the people. Successors of Aurengzeb were totally
inefficient and pleasure loving.They use to spend their lives in wearing expensive
cloths and jwellery.Extreme lavish meals and highly expended buildings emptied
the treasury.

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BRITISH ENTRANCE AND EXPANSION TILL 1857

EAST INDIA COMPANY

East India Company also known as the John’s Company was given charter to do trade in
India by Queen Elizebath I in 1600 A.D.The main objective of this company was to deal
in spice and other resources trade.Soon the company officials became involved in politics
and spied to the British about crumbling situation of Mughal Empire.From 18th to 19th
century the company became involved in opium business with China and started earning
huge profits.Company was abolished after 1857 due to its massive corruption.

REASONS FOR THE ENTERING OF EIC IN INDIA

 Valuable resource(Spices,cotton,precious gems and minerals e.t.c)
 French companies were already working and making profits in India.British
wanted to end their supremacy in trade.
 Monopoly of Dutch and Portuguese on sea trade.

BRITISH EXPANSION
 First three British presidencies in Bombay,Madras and Calcutta
 War with Aurangzeb in 1686
 Battle of Plassey 1757
 Battle of Buxar 1764
 British Act of Parliament 1773
 Pitt’s Indian Act 1784
 Anglo-Maratha treaty 1782
 Anglo-Mysore wars 1767-1799) 3 won by British out of 4
 1799 Nawab of Oudh defeated
 Mughal emperor Shah Alam accept British protection in 1803
 Anglo-Maratha wars 2 out of three won by British 1775-1818
 Defeated Titu Mir
 Defeated Amirs of Sindh(Battle of Miani) 1843
 Defeated Sikhs, captured NWFP and Punjab (Battle of Aliwal)1846
 Two Anglo-Sikh wars won by British
 Modernisation(Railways,Telegraph,Telegram,Printing Press,New education
system,replacement of Persian by English,Machine looms and other maechanised
items)
INDIAN RESISTANCE
 British forces defeated by Aurengzeb 1686
 Attack of Siraj-ud-Daula at Calcutta 1756(Black hole incident)
 Attempt to rule out British by Mir Qasim,Nawab of Oudh and Mughal emperor
Shah Alam 1784(Buxar)
 Anglo-Maysor wars I won by Mysore out of 4
 Anglo-Maratha wars I out of 3 won by Marathas(finally ended on treaties)

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 Titu Mir defeated British at Narkalbaria

 Sikh attack on British 1848-49 but lost

REASONS OF BRITISH CONTROL 1750-1857:

MILITARY SUPERIORITY
The British were successful in gaining control over India because of their military
superiority. They fought a series of bloody wars and defeated a number of strong local
rulers like Siraj-ud-Daulah in the battle of Plassey, Tipu Sultan in the battle of Mysore,
the Marathas and the Sikhs. They had latest warfare tools, efficient communication for
quick deployment of troops and sound financial resources for fighting costly wars in the
far-flung areas. They had well-trained army and good planners of war strategies. They
were also expert in bribing and conspiring with the key persons like Mir Jafar and Mir
Sadiq.
DEALING/ NEGOTIATIONS SKILLS
The British were very skilled diplomatic experts. They gained the support of a number of
local rulers. They were shrewd in purchasing the loyalties of influential Indians. They
signed “subsidiary alliances” with local rulers under which the rulers were granted
protection by the British troops. Local rulers were persuaded to sign subsidiary alliances
by Lord Wellesley who became Governor General in 1798. The local ruler continued to
run their affairs while British soldiers offered protection. In return for this protection the
ruler paid towards the cost of the soldiers and accepted a British resident adviser. This
consolidated Britain’s power in India at little cost and extended British control.
INDIAN DISUNITY
Indians were not united as a single nation. They were divided along religious, language
and ethnic lines. Local rulers were interested only to their own territories. Some princely
states even supplied troops to the British when they were fighting against their
countrymen. It was very easy for the strong British army to conquer them one after the
other. Majority of the well-off Indians stayed away from the wars. They were making
profits by trading with the English merchants.
DOCTRINE OF LAPSE 1852
The doctrine of lapse, introduced in 1852 by Lord Dalhousie, was a land-grabbing law, If
the ruler/landowner doesn’t have a direct heir, his kingdom would become property of
the British. A number of states were seized under this law.
PITTS INDIA ACT OF 1784
This act made the position of Governor General a royal appointment. Lord Cornwallis
was appointed to this position in 1786. A Board of Control replaced the East India
Company’s Board of Directors, changing it from a trading concern to a sovereign body in
which the Crown had direct control of Bengal. A police system was developed to help in
the administering of justice and maintaining law and order.
IMPROVEMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE
The British built a huge network of roads and later railways that meant that
communication and transport links between cities became better. Soldiers could travel
much more easily from trouble spot to trouble spot. It also benefitted British trading
links which in turn produced more wealth. The introduction of the railway in India
revolutionized communication and transformed the country. For Britain, it meant that
there was another means of extending their power and helped industry to profit by
transporting raw materials to the ports. For the Indians, there were many advantages,
especially in times of famine when food could be transported more easily.

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EDUCATIONAL REFORMS
Lord Macauley introduced schools across the country to teach Western ideas using the
English language. He believed that British ideas were far better than anything that came
from India and that it would impose Western values and help the British to govern India
more effectively. Indians had to send their children to coeducational schools, which was
unpopular, since it appeared to impose the British system on the Indians without due
regard to their religious and cultural feelings.
WESTERNIZATION
British westernized the India. They interfere in road, communication, railways which
offended Indians. British interfered in social services, hospitals as well as in education.
This offended Indians and makes Indians angry.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The industrial revolution took place in England. So British officers took raw material
from India to England. The product was sold in India at a cheaper price. The product
was cheaper and efficient than local products. There was less selling of local products so
Industries suffered. Due to which the rate of employment decreases.
LANGUAGE ISSUE 1834
English was made an official language replacing native language in India. Persian was
the official language of Muslims and Sanskrit was the official language of Hindus. In
1835, English education act was passed. Under this act the English was introduced in
education. Western curriculum was established with English in Indian schools and
colleges. English become the language of administration and of the higher law courts.
RELIGIOUS ISSUES
British thought their culture superior and the Indians were considered as an inferior
race. Christian missionaries came to India to convert the local population as well as to
set up schools. In these schools the missionaries taught Christianity and expected local
religions to be given up which was resented by Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs alike. They
were also forced to abandon purdah which had been an Indian custom for centuries. In
1795 the killing of baby daughters (female infanticide) was declared to be murder, but
the British found difficulty in enforcing this as it was again a tradition practiced in many
parts of India. Suttee, the ritual burning of Indian women on the funeral prayers of their
husbands was also banned by the British, first in Bengal and then in the rest of the
country. Although the British had been reluctant to get involved in banning this practice,
there was little opposition to the outlawing of it. Widows were allowed to remarry. Co-
education was started

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3
Causes and consequences of the War of Independence
1857

CAUSES
POLITICAL CAUSES

 The British policy of Subsidiary Alliance.

 Annexation under the pretext of mal-administration.
DOCTRINE OF LAPSE 1852
Doctrine of lapse was the policy of Dalhousie, the then Governor General, to annex the
independent Indian States in 1848 A.D. This doctrine was based on the idea that in case
a ruler of dependent state died childless, the right of ruling over the State reverted or
'lapsed' to the sovereign.Adopted child would not be eligible to take over land or assets.
SOCIAL CAUSES
 High ranking jobs were always with the British.
 The education reduced the importance of the Pundits and maulvis.
 Indians were thought as inferior race.
 Spread of British culture
ECONOMIC CAUSES
 The British confiscated land which ruined the farmers.
 Cash tax payment ruined the peasants.
 British goods were sold at a cheaper rate in the Indian market because of the
Industrial revolution across the globe. This ruined the Indian industry.
 Royal patronage to poets, musicians, artists, was withdrawn which rendered them
penniless. Soldiers lost their jobs.
RELIGIOUS CAUSES
 British interference in the Indian religious customs and traditions.
 Force full conversion of religion. The Hindus and Muslims were forced by Christian
missionaries to embrace Christianity.
 The social order of the centuries felt threatened when British started abolishing
practices of Sati,thuggee and female infanticide.
 Widow re-marriage was legalized which offended the Hindus.
 The issue of greased cartridge
MILITARY CAUSES
 The Indian soldiers were paid very little wages than the British soldiers.
 The Indian soldiers were considered lower than the British soldiers and were
continuously abused and humiliated.
 The Indian sepoys were not selected for the higher posts in the army and were only
allowed till the post of a subedar.
 The British forced Indian soldiers to fight wars outside India which was not
accepted to the Indian soldiers.

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 The high and the low caste Indian soldiers were treated equally and was a great
disappointment to the higher caste soldiers.
ISSUE OF GREASED CARTRIDGES
In the mid-1850s, a new Enfield rifle was introduced into India that required a soldier to
bite off the ends of greased cartridges in order to load the weapon. A rumour spread
among the sepoys that the grease used to lubricate the cartridges was a mixture of pigs'
and cows' lard; thus, they refused to use it as the Hindu sepoys were reluctant to take it
in mouth as for them cow was sacred.Muslim sepoys were also annoyed as for them pig
was forbidden.
EVENTS OF THE WAR
The main event which became the immediate cause of the war was the refusal of the
Sepoys to use the grease covered cartridges (greased with fat of pig and cow) on January
23, 1857. On 29 March 1857 at the Barrackpore parade ground, near Calcutta, 29-
year-old Mangal Pandey , angered by the recent actions of the East India Company,
declared that he would rebel against his commanders, killed two British officers, when
he was forced to use greased cartridges. He was arrested and hanged to death on April
8, 1857. This news spread as fast as jungle fire.
Meerut
On 6th May, 1857, 85 out of 90 Indian soldiers at Meerut refused to bite the greased
cartridges with their teeth. These 85 soldiers were court-martialled and imprisoned for
10 years. They were stripped off their uniforms in the presence of the entire Indian
crowd. It was too much of a disgrace and this incident sent a wave of indignation. On
10th May 1857, the Indian soldiers at Meerut broke into open revolt. They released their
companions and murdered a few European officers. On the night of 10th May the
mutineers marched to Delhi and reached there on 11th May.
Delhi
The revolutionaries reached from Meerut to Delhi and the small British garrison at Delhi
was not able to resist and consequently fell into their hands within 2 days. The Mughal
Emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was proclaimed Emperor of India. In order to regain Delhi.
After a long siege of four months, the British recovered Delhi. The Mughal Emperor
Bahadur Shah Zafar was captured, his two sons and a grandson were shot dead before
his eyes and he was sent to Rangoon where he died.
Kanpur
At Kanpur the struggle for Independence was led by Nana Sahib and Tantia Tope, joined
him. After a fierce battle at Kanpur, A number of British fell into his hands and he showed
great kindness to them. But when he heard about inhuman attitude of Gen. O’Neil towards
Indians, at Allahabad and Banaras made the crowd angry who retaliated by murdering
British men, women and children. Many innocent lives were lost at ‘Massacre
Ghat’ and ‘Bibi ka Ghar’ in Kanpur.In June 1857 the British defeated Nana Sahib.Nana
Sahib escaped to Nepal and his whereabouts afterwards were unknown. Tantia Tope
escaped and joined the Rani of Jhansi.

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Lucknow
The struggle for independence at Lucknow was led by Nawab, Wajid Ali Shah. The Chief
Commissioner, Sir Henry Lawrence, sought refuge with 1000 English and 700 Indian
soldiers inside the Residency. The Indians did not make any concession and killed most of
the Englishmen, including Sir Henry Lawrence and the notorious English General O’Neil.
At last, the Commander-in-Chief General Collin Campbell, marched towards Lucknow and
captured it after a fierce battle in March 1858.
Jhansi
The leader of the revolutionaries in Central India was Rani Laxmi Bai of Jhansi. General
Sir Huge Rose attacked Jhansi in March 1858 but the brave Rani Laxmi Bai kept the
British General unnerved for quite some time. She with the help of Tantya Tope created
problems for the British troops. Both fought many successful battles against the British.
A fierce battle was fought between the British and the revolutionaries under Rani Laxmi
Bai and Tantya Tope Tantya Tope was betrayed by the Gwalior Chief Man Singh and fell
into the hands of the British. He was subsequently hanged on April 18, 1859.

CAUSES OF FAILURE OF WAR

 Lack of Leadership and Discipline
 Lack of unity
 Lack of Resources
 Lack of Popular Support
 Superior Technology of English troops
 Non-cooperation of the rulers of the State
 Non-Cooperation of Sikhs of Punjab
 Role of traitors
 Return of British troops from Crimea
SUCCESSES
 Queen’s Proclamation of 1858, the crown took over the control of Indo-Pakistan
from the English East India Company.
 Indians were placed on equality with the subjects of the British crown.
 The British Government abolished the Doctrine of Lapse
 The policy of annexations was totally abandoned.
 British Government changed its agrarian policy in Indo-Pakistan. The Permanent
Settlement of Bengal was reconsidered. The land owners were provided
safeguards.
LESS SUCCESS
 After the War the number of European soldiers was increased
 The army was reorganized into separate regiments. The artillery was totally put
under the control of Europeans.
 British subjected the Muslims to oppression
 The British considered Muslims responsible for the War of Independence
 Many of the leading Muslims were hanged or exiled.
 The properties of the Muslims were confiscated and they were subjected to all
sorts of terror and repression.
 The British adopted a discriminatory policy towards the Hindus and the Muslims.
The Hindus were given preference over the Muslims.

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 The failure of the Independence War encouraged the Christian missionaries to

resume the propagation of their religion with new vigour and assurance.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ataW-bloIEY

NOW SOLVE

Q.Why did Indians decided to start a war against the British in 1857? [7]

Ans Simple statement:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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4
Work of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan to the development of the
Pakistan movement in the 19th century

SIR SYED AHMED KHAN

POLITICAL SERVICES
 Pamphlet”Causes of Indian Revolt”
 In 1860 he wrote “The Loyal Mohammadens of India”.
 Sir Syed Ahmed khan wrote a commentary on William hunter’s book.
 Sir Syed founded a Patriotic Association.
 He proposed the system of separate electorate for the Muslims.

SOCIAL SERVICES
 Orphanage at Muradabad to provide refuge to the orphan Muslim children. In fact
his whole life revolved round his desire for the betterment of his community.
 Magazine Tehzib-ul-Akhlaq in which he outlined the ethical aspects of the
Muslims’ life. In this magazine he criticized the conservative way of the Muslims
and advised them to adopt new trends of life.
 He founded Anjuman-i-Tarki-i-Urdu which worked for the protection of Urdu.
 He wrote another magazine as Ahkam-i-Ta’am-i-Ahle-Kitab in which the principles
and etiquettes of eating and dinning in Islam were discussed.

RELIGIOUS SERVICES
• Essay On Life Of Muhammad (PBUH) as an answer to William Muir’s book.

• Tabeen-e-Alkalam

EDUCATIONAL SERVICES
• Two Madrassahs in Muradabad (1858) and Ghaziabad (1862) which imparted
education in Persian.
• In 1864, Sir Syed laid the foundation of a Scientific Society which translated English
works into Urdu.
• M.A.O High School was founded in 1875.
• In 1877, M.A.O High School was given the status of a college and inaugurated by
Viceroy Lord Lytton. Later on, this college became a University in 1920A.D.

TWO NATION THEORY

Sir Syed was the first Muslim leader of the Sub-continent who used the word nation
(quam) for the Muslims. In clear language, he pronounced that the Hindus and the
Muslims were two different communities with different interests. Their
lifestyle,language,religion almost everything is different from each other.

REMOVING MISUNDERSTANDING BETWEEN BRITISH AND MUSLIMS

In 1860 Sir Syed wrote “The Loyal Mohammedans of India”. In this work he defended
Muslims and listed the name of those Muslims who remained Loyal to the British during
the uprising. In order to convince that the British were wrong to fully blame the Muslims
for the uprising so he wrote a pamphlet “Essay on the Causes of the Indian Revolt”. In

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this he pointed the reasons for the uprising. He told that British were unable to
understand the Indians. This Pamphlet was circulated freely among the British officials
in India and the copies were also sent to England were it was studied carefully. Many
British thought that he was blaming them for uprising but others sympathetic and
accepted the truth in his words. He also cleared the misunderstanding that Muslim
called the British “Nadarath”, He told that this was no insult but the word came from
Arabic word “Nasir” which means helpers. Sir Syed was aware that the British knew very
little about Islam. Indeed, on a visit to England he was so offended by an English book
on the life of the Prophet (PBUH) that he immediately wrote his own work correcting the
many errors. Sir Syed was aware that Muslim in India knew very little about
Christianity. He tried to overcome this by writing “Tabyin-ul-Kalam” in which he
pointed out the similarities between Islam and Christianity
LITERARY WORKS
Sir Syed Ahmed khan was not only a prominent educationalist but also a capable
author. His writings include the following:
• Asarul Sanadid,Rasala-i-Asbab-e-Baghawat-i-Hind,Tarikh Sarkashi-e-Bijnaur,Risalah
Ahkam-i-Ta’am-i-Ahle-Kitab,Tabeen-Ul-Kalam, Kutbat-e-Ahmadiyah, Risalah Tehzib-Ul-
Akhlaq

HINDI-URDU CONTROVERSY
In 1867, some prominent Hindus started a movement in Banaras in which they
demanded the replacement of Urdu with Hindi, and the Persian script with the Deva
Nagri script.This controversy was highly supported by many prominent educated Hindus
who were also friends of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.Seeing their support to this Sir Syed
realized that reservation of Muslim rights in India is inevitable.

REASONS FOR FORMING ALIGARH MOVEMENT

 to remove misunderstanding between the British and the Muslims
 to convince the Muslims to get western education
 to aware the Muslims politically

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RgPxxXEbZjw

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5
Languages – development and contribution

REASONS FOR CHOOSING URDU AS NATIONAL LANGUAGE

 Great Power of Assimilation
 Source of National Identity
 Rich Treasure of Prose and Poetry
 Urdu - An Important Part of Our Cultural Heritage
DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL LANGUAGES SINCE 1947
SINDHI
 Sindhi Literary Board 1948
 Poets:Pir Ali Bux,G.Allana,Faqir Nabi Baksh
 Bazm-e-Talib-ul-Muala 1954
 Sarmast Academy
 Sindhiology department at Sindh University Jamshoro
 Writers:Sheikh Ayaz,Qamar Shahbaz,Amar Jalil,Noor ul Huda shah
 Umar Marvi , the first ever Sindhi feature film released in Pakistan in 1956. An
early success was Abana , released in 1958 in black and white.Since then several
Sindhi films have been made.
 In 1952, Noor-ud-din Sarki and Abdul Ghafoor Ansari restructured the literary
forum of Sindhi language and called it Sindhi Adabi Sangat.
 Mehran Publication also published children's magazine “Waskaro” in Sindhi in
1990.
 Sindhi Adabi board established in 1955
 Sindhi newspapers:Kawish,Watan,Mehran
 PTV talecast Sindhi programmes through PTV NATIONAL and PTV Mehran
 TV channels KTN,Awaz,Sindh TV
 Compulsory in Schools till Matric.
PUSHTO
 Writers:Khan Abdul Ghani Khan,Pareshan Khatak,Khatir Afridi
 Poets:Hamza Shinwari,Ajmal Khattak
 Aruj TV paksat.
 AVT Khyber.
 Newspaper Daily Wahdat

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 Yousuf Khan Sher Bano (1971) was the first Pashto film made.Since then industry
has produced several films.
 The Pashto language Academy was set up in 1954 with Maulana Abdul Qadir, a
well-known scholar of Pashto Language, as its Director.The Academy has done
tremendous service towards promotion of the Pashto Language and literature.
 Maulana Abdul Qadir prepared a widely accepted Pashto dictionary.
 Post graduate classes in Pashto literature have been established at university level
in KPK.
PUNJABI
 Poets:Anwar Masood,Muneer Niazi,Majeed Amjad
 Writers:Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi,Mustansar Hussain Tarrar,Mirza Adeeb
 Huge Punjabi Cinema Industry
 Newspaper:Khabran,Lokai
 TV Channels Punjab TV,Apna
Every factor
newsmust contain
 Identification
 Translation of Holy Quran into Punjabi by Mohammad Ali Faiq
 Explanation
 Punjabi Literature a subject
 taught upto MA Level at the University of Punjab
Outcome/analysis
BALOCHI
 Balochi Academy was established in 1961
 Writers:Munir Ahmed Badini,Manzoor Bismil,Zafar Mairaj
 Poets:Gul Khan Naseer,Azad Jamaluddin,Ata Shad
 Newspaper:Daily Tawar
 TV channels PTV Bolan,Vash
 Radio Pakistan Karachi began broadcasting in Balochi
 Balochi literary Association

REASONS FOR PROMOTING REGIONAL LANGUAGES

 Regional languages contain rich history of cultures

 Fear of extinction
 Awareness among young generation about their past

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6 Pakistan Movement during early 20th century

PARTITION OF BENGAL 1905

CAUSES
 Vastness of Province
 Limited Sources of Communication
 Difference of Language
 Need of the time(Muslim Cooperation)
 Counter Congress
 Development of Chittagong Port
 Curbing the revolutionary activities
EFFECTS
MUSLIMS
 More political power
 More religious freedom
 Social development
 Economic development
HINDUS
 Said it was Britain’s divide and rule policy
 Began protests and strikes Labor strikes – production decreased dramatically
 Started Swadeshi movement
 Assassination attempt on Minto
 Faced competition in politics from Muslims
 Unable to suppress Muslims
REASONS FOR REVERSAL
 Swadeshi Movement
 Riots, Rallies conducted by the Hindus
 Assassination attempt on Lord Minto
 Hindus’ reaction to 1909 reforms
SIMLA DEPUTATION 1906
CAUSES
 To show importance of partition of Bengal for Muslims
 To prove Muslims were loyal to British
 To put Muslim demands to the Labour Party
DEMANDS
 Separate electorates for Muslims
 System of weightage in government
 Continue Bengal Partition
IMPORTANCE
 Proved loyalty towards British

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 Communal tension on constitution plane

 Showed that there was no faith in Congress
 Approval of separate electorates proved that Muslims were a separate nation
 Led to the formation of Muslim League
 Many Muslims broke away from Congress to form separate political party
All INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE 1906
REASONS
 To protect the rights of Muslims
 To protect political rights – protect Bengal from reversal
 To organize Two-Nation Theory
 Success of Simla Deputation
 To counter Congress’s claim that they represent whole of India
 To show the League is representative of the Muslims
 To convince British about Muslim loyalty
OBJECTIVES
 To protect the rights of Muslims
 To represent the demands of Muslims, discuss their problems with British
 To promote the feeling of loyalty towards British
 To prevent the rise of hostility against any political party
 To remove misunderstanding among the Muslims against the Government.
MORLEY-MINTO REFORMS 1909
REASONS FOR INTRODUCTION
 To win the support of Indians
 To stop Hindu agitation(Swadeshi Movement)
 To gain influence in Muslim society
SUCCESS
 Imperial Council increased to 60 members
 Executive Council increased with 60 new members
 Provincial Assemblies increased to 50 in large provinces and 30 in small province
 Separate electorates for Muslims
 More political power and role in governing the state
 Made Muslims able to counter Congress
 More roles of Hindus in government which they were asking for a long time.
LESS SUCCESS
 Suppressed demands of Congress
 British made it clear that they are not going to give self-rule for which Congress
was asking.
 Mostly appointments of members by the British
 The Indians members were only to advice
 Franchise Criteria very high
 Rejected by Indians
 Hindus criticised separate electorate for Muslims.

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LUCKNOW PACT 1916

CAUSES
 Shifting Muslim League policy
 Failure of British to grant rights to Indians, brought Hindus and Muslims
closer.
 Persuasion of Jinnah
 Joint demands pressing the British.
 Realization of British policy of “Divide and Rule”
IMPORTANCE
 Joint demands were made to the British.
 Separate electorates and partition accepted by Hindu
 Congress worked with Muslims
 High-mark of Hindu-Muslim unity
ROWLATT ACT 1919
REASONS
 To impose Montague-Chelmsford Reforms
 Stop non-cooperation movement.
 To show that British are not willing to give more part to the Indians in politics
 To check Revolutionary activities – silk letter conspiracy
THE ACT
According to the Rowlatt Act:
 Police was given full authority by the British government to arrest anyone without
showing warrant.
 There was no bail for the arrested person.
 No right was given to the arrested person to hire any lawyer to prove him non-
guilty.
 Provincial Governors had all the authority to order any family to shift to some
other area without prior notice.
MONTAGUE-CHELMSFORD REFORMS 1919
SUCCESSES
 More elected Indian members
 Separate electorate for Muslims and Sikhs
 Council of Princes
 Under Diarchy more provincial autonomy granted
 Voting rights extended

LESS SUCCESS
 Reforms rejected by the Indians
 Franchise was very limited.
 At the center, the legislature had no control over the governor-general and his
executive council.
 Division of subjects was not satisfactory at the center.
 Allocation of seats for Central Legislature to provinces was based on ‘importance’
of provinces.

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 The provincial ministers had no control over finances and over the bureaucrats,
leading to constant friction between the two.
 Diarchy introduced at provincial level,but transferred subject highly dependent on
reserved subjects that were with the British
 Council of Princes had no powers
 Viceroy could still pass any law
 Executive council still made up of nominated members
 Other minorities rise for separate electorates

THE AMRITSAR MASSACRE 1919

The Rowlatt Act ignited great anger in India.Slowly and gradullay people started rising
against unfair British laws.A huge crowd gathered in a Bagh to conduct peaceful
protest.These people were innocent and unarmed. General Dyer ordered to close the only
gate of the park and opened fire.Many were killed and wounded badly.This incident is
reffered as “Jallianwala Bagh Incident” or “The Amritsar Massacre”.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQn7SC4a_W4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2LaoamJ3vbs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGa0KPndX1U

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7 Khilafat Movement 1919 to 1924

CAUSES
 Fear of breakup of Turkey
 To save the Caliph of Turkey
 Muslims mistrust of West/Afghan, Persian
 To secure the Holy places in Ottoman Empire
 British attitude towards Muslim countries
 As reminder to British promise
 To show Muslim determination
REASONS OF FAILURE
 Aim of Hindus/Gandhi – Self-rule
 Violent events like Chaura Chauri incident,Moplah Uprising,Bombay incident
 Failure of Hijrat Movement
 Abolishment of Khilafat – 1924
 Arrest of important leaders
 Gandhi called off non-Cooperation Movement
 No support of Muslim League
SUCCESES
 United Muslims and Hindus against British Rule
 Muslims realized that they have political power and can fight for their rights
 Muslims realized they can’t rely on Hindus or British
LESS SUCCESS
 Because of failure of Hijrat Movement, Muslims lost their jobs, property and
education.
 Communal violence – different opinion on self-rule
 Movement failed with no gain
 Breakup of Hindu-Muslim unity

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nq-XVA3KgmY

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8 Pakistan Movement in 1927 to 1939

DELHI PROPOSAL 1927

REASONS
 Growth of Congress which worked only for Hindus
 Congress refused to support Muslim demands for provincial autonomy
 Hindu revivalist Movement “Hindu Mahasabha” – 1923
PROPOSALS
 Muslims should be given 1/3rd of the seats in Central Legislature through joint
electorates.
 Sindh should be separated from Bombay and given full provincial status.
 All British reforms should be extended to Balochistan and N.W.F.P.
 Number of seats to be given to Muslims in Punjab and Bengal should be
proportional to the Muslim population living there.
SIMON COMMISSION 1927
REASONS
 To frame future constitution for India
 To check working of Montague-Chelmsford reforms
 To control growing communalism in India
PROPOSALS
 Abolishment of Diarchy
 Federal system – maximum Indian autonomy
 Separate electorates for Muslims
 Muslims should not have 1/3rd of seats in central legislature, no reserved seats
 Sindh was to be a part of Bombay
 Status of N.W.F.P. and Balochistan should remain the same
OBJECTIONS
HINDUS
 Commission only contains British members
 Federal system
 Separate electorates for Muslims
MUSLIMS
 No reserved seats in central legislature
 Sindh was to remain a part of Bombay
 Status of N.W.F.P. and Balochistan remained the same

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NEHRU REPORT 1928

REASONS
 To make some proposals which might be a part of a future Indian constitution
 To counter British claim that Indians cannot produce an acceptable constitution
 To counter Simon Commission
PROPOSALS
 Dominion status with two-chamber Parliament
 If full religious liberty is given then no need for separate electorates for Muslims
 No reserved seats for Muslims in center
 No weightage
 Unitary form of government
 Hindi should be main language
 Vote for all men and women
REASONS OF REJECTION BY MUSLIM LEAGUE
 Muslim rights not reserved
 Supremacy of Hindus in Unitary form of government
 Urdu undermined
JINNAH’S 14 POINTS
CAUSES
 Rejection of Delhi Proposals
 Failure of Nehru Report and Simon Commission
 Rejection of Jinnah’s amendments in Nehru Report
 Answer to British challenge
IMPORTANCE
 Sign of parting of ways of Muslim League and Congress
 Complete form of Government
 Negotiations with British/Hindus to protect Muslim rights
 To unite different shades of Muslims
 Muslims to get all safeguards
 Safeguard of all including minorities and majority.
ALLAHABAD ADDRESS
IMPORTANCE
 Clarification of Muslim requirement and demands
 Two Nation Theory – father of ideology of Pakistan
 Inspiration towards the need of separate state
 Inspiration for other people to defend their rights
 Clear cut objective
ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES 1930-1932
REASONS(OVERALL)
 To decide future for India
 Failure of Simon Commission/Nehru Report and 14 points
 Attempt to finalize constitution for India

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REASONS(EACH RTC)
 1st RTC……To decide future constitution for India with mutual cooperation
 2nd RTC……Congress was absent in 1st RTC…Gandhi-Irwin Pact
 3rd RTC…..Gandhi took a hard line and chances were that British would
implement constitution without Indian consultation.
SUCCESSES
 1st R.T.C.
Princely states agreed to join future federal India
British agreed that representative government should be introduced at provincial level
 2nd R.T.C.
Sindh was to be made province with governor
All reforms would be introduced in N.W.F.P. and Balochistan
 3rd R.T.C.
Nothing substantial achieved
LESS SUCCESS
 Absence of Congress – unable to achieve anything without major party in 1st RTC
 Gandhi’s stubborn attitude in 2nd RTC
 Absence of all major political parties in 3rd RTC
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1935
SUCCESSES
 Federation/princely states alongwith British Indian provinces
 Bicameral structure
 Provinces increased
 Property qualification lowered – more Indians could vote
 Sindh, Orissa and NWFP given provincial status
 Provincial autonomy
 Diarchy dropped at provincial level
LESS SUCCESS
 Diarchy adopted at central government
 Distribution of seats according to Communal Award 1932 threatened Muslims
 Special powers to the provincial governors(1) Can dismiss ministers(2)Rule by
proclamation during emergency
 Viceroy can exert powers on reserved subjects
 Princes didn’t like arrangements of central government so it was not implemented
 Only 25% population was allowed to vote

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1937 ELECTIONS
REASONS FOR FAILURE OF MUSLIM LEAGUE
 First major elections for Muslim League-no experience
 Image problem – as though Muslim League was only composed of aristocrats Not
popular among masses including
 Muslim majority areas were yet not threatened by Hindu Domination
 Poor organization and planning
 Differences and rifts within the party itself

IMPORTANCE
 Experience for Muslim League for later elections
 Helped to unify the party(Sir Shafi joined Jinnah)
 Realized that it had to improve its organization and planning
 Realized that their main support lies in Muslim minority areas – so they worked
to get support of Muslim majority areas as well
 Realized the image problem.

CONGRESS RULE 1937-1939

REASONS OF OPPOSITION BY MUSLIMS
 Bande Matram – Hindu nationalist song forced to be sung by Muslims as well
which contain Hindu rituals to worship idols
 Wardha Scheme and Vidya Mandir Scheme – Hindu-oriented education scheme
 Oppression, Tyranny done on Muslims
 Muslims were killed and abused by Hindus without charges
 Hindi enforced as official language
 Muslim worshippers were attacked
 Tricolor flag hoisted on government buildings
 No interference by Muslims in official matters
 Muslim League leaders were forced to leave party in order to join government

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJdErHQGEHM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZr6GL0klZo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0moAnnQM2yA

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9 Subcontinent in years 1940 to 1947

PAKISTAN RESOLUTION 1940

REASONS
 Demand of separate homeland to reserve Muslim rights
 Western democracy was a threat to Muslims as they were always a minority
 All efforts to protect Muslim interests were in vain, and now the only solution was
proposed i.e. partition
IMPORTANCE
 Showed Muslims how to protect their rights
 All negotiations between British/Hindus on this issue
 Muslim League was the voice of the Muslims and Jinnah was declared the
undisputed leader.
 Clear cut demand of a new country
 Final call to the Muslims of India for their rights
 Iqbal’s vision became reality
AUGUST OFFER 1940
 In order to convince Indians to support British in WW2,British government
promised for the establishment of an independent Indian Constituent Assembly
with a power to frame the future constitution of the country.
 The offer also proposed extension of the Viceroy’s Executive Council.
 It also talked about the rights of minorities, especially Muslims as it declared that
the majority community will not be given the veto power and full weight would be
given to the views of minorities in making of the Constitution.
 The document made it clear that all the promises will be fulfilled after the
conclusion of the war and that too if all the communities and political parties
would help the British in their war efforts.
 Muslim League appreciated the clauses of the offer in which the British agreed to
accept that no future constitution will be recognized by the Government without
the approval and consent of the minority communities.
 Muslim League showed its reservations on issues like the composition of the
Executive Council and the vagueness of the War Advisory Council. The working
Committee also made it clear that nothing will be accepted else then formation of
Pakistan.
 The Indian National Congress also opposed the offer and their president, Abul
Kalam Azad, even refused to discuss the formula with the Viceroy.
CRIPPS MISSION PLAN 1942
REASONS
 To get Indian support for WWII
 To promise them self-rule at the end of the war
 To provide more authority to the Indians

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Proposals
 Indian Union would be set up with Dominion status
 After war Constituent Assembly should frame new constitution
 Immediately after war elections for Constituent Assembly shall be held
 Provinces could opt out of the Union
 Defence and Finance ministries will remain under British control
REAONS FOR OPPOSITION
 No reference of Pakistan
 Congress wanted immediate control of Central Government
 British were negotiating from a weak position
 Congress rejected the idea of provinces opt out of Indian Union after ten years as
it was an indirect hint of partition
IMPORTANCE
 Muslim League showed that they will not accept anything less than Pakistan
 British realized they can’t rule India for a long period now
 Muslim League realized that Congress was totally against Pakistan
 British for the first time allowed Indians to make their own constitution
GANDHI-JINNAH TALKS 1944
REASONS
 To discuss about the future of India after British departure
 Failure of Cripps Mission
 To gain Muslim support against British
IMPORTANCE
 Forced Congress to negotiate with Muslim League on equal footing By agreeing to
negotiate on possible
 Muslim League claim to speak for Muslims
 Jinnah’s standing went up, allowing him to deal with the problem in Muslim
ranks especially in Punjab
 Inviting Jinnah for talk showed that Congress was somehow ready to accept
Muslim League as representative party of Muslims.
FAILURE
 Gandhi claimed to speak not for Congress but for whole India
 Gandhi rejected the idea of Nationhood for Muslims
 Provinces of Punjab, Bengal and Assam to be governed along communal law
 Gandhi wanted Muslim League to cooperate with Congress and ask for partition
after British departure
 Gandhi wanted Defence and Foreign policy to be in centre while Jinnah wanted
them in the provinces
SIMLA CONFERENCE 1945
REASONS
 To form an interim Executive Council to transfer power to the Indians

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 British decided to leave

 British wanted smooth departure
FAILURE
 Congress insisted to nominate Muslim members in the total Muslim quota of the
Executive Council
 Jinnah objected this as Muslim League is the only representative of Muslims and
Muslims would also be able to nominate Hindu members
 The Sikhs and scheduled castes will always support Congress
IMPORTANCE
 Equal number of seats for Muslims in Executive Council showed that they have
same political power and rights as those of Hindus/Congress
 Showed that Muslim League is also friendly towards Hindus
 Hindus realized that they should be more careful against Sikhs and other
minorities
 Muslim League was proven as only representative of Muslims
 Showed that without the League no reforms would be accepted
1945 ELECTIONS
REASONS FOR WELL PERFORMANCE BY MUSLIM LEAGUE
 More organized and united
 1940 Resolution – clear cut idea for what Muslim League was fighting for
 Congress Rule experience
 Experience from 1937 elections
 Image problem resolved
 Reorganization of party by Jinnah
IMPORTANCE
 Muslim League as major political party representing all Muslims of India
 Vote to Muslim League meant vote for Pakistan
 No settlement could be reached unless Muslim League agreed to it
CABINET MISSION PLAN 1946
REASONS
 Failure of Simla Conference
 Failure of Cripps Mission
 Hand over power to Indians
FAILURE
 No reference of Pakistan
 Demand of Congress – defence, foreign affairs communication with provinces
 Denial of Congress to remain agree on the plan after the departure of British
 Congress objected over formation of Muslim majority areas
3RD JUNE PLAN 1947
PROPOSALS (DECIDED)
 British would leave in August 1947
 Sub-continent divided into 2 parts – India and Pakistan

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 Constitutions would be of 1935 Government of India Act·

 Dominion status
 Option for princely states to decide
 Division of Assets
UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS
 Issue of accession of princely states
 Division of financial and military assets
 Relationship of the British Crown
 Boundary issue in Punjab and Bengal

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HUivOLkt3WE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAIfH0jgX18&t=91s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOdoaDvN1yQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kwbc9s_US_o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgNMNyiqzfE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXj8Fwk7jd4&t=9s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E045-tEYjaY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dH-rl7cxH1c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKHIAyQdB-c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrBeK4ALkcE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmGj_F7G1Dw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-IgwnzrBDA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agR_h5MTycM

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10 Contributions of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah,

Allama Iqbal and Ch.Rehmat Ali

QUAID-E-AZAM 1947-48
SUCCESSES
 First Governor General of Pakistan
 President of the Constituent Assembly
 Toured across Pakistan to develop sense of unity
 Protector-General for minorities
 Established ‘Relief Fund’ for the rehabilitation of refugees
 Secured Pakistan’s membership in UNO
 Appointed Liaquat Ali Khan as the Prime Minister of the country
 Made Karachi as capital of country
 Setup Central Secretariat to run the country
 Special trains were send to India to bring experienced Muslim officials
 Civil service was reorganized
 Established State Bank of Pakistan
 Issued Industrial Policy Statement for the industrial development in Pakistan
 Temporary agreement signed with India on canal water dispute
 Offered temporary commission to British army officers to train the army
LESS SUCCESS
 Kashmir issue remained unresolved (ceasefire)
 Canal Water Dispute not fully resolved
 Unable to make constitution
CH.REHMAT ALI
IMPORTANCE OF WORK

 Choudhry Rahmat Ali was one of the earliest advocates of the creation of the state
of Pakistan.
 In 1915 Bazm-i-Shibli was formed by him
 He remained critique during Round Table conferences
 Rahmat Ali a Pakistani Muslim nationalist is generally recognized as the creator of
the name “Pakistan” for a separate Muslim, homeland in South Asia
 Founder of the Pakistan National Movement.
 Presented the concept of Baang-i-Islamistan (Bengal and Assam)
 Ali’s writings, in addition to those of Muhammad Iqbal and others were major
catalysts for the formation of Pakistan.
 Published various booklets about his vision for South Asia.
 On January 28, 1933, he issued his first memorable pamphlet “Now or Never;
 The famous 1933 pamphlet, also known as the Pakistan Declaration
 Choudhry Rahmat Ali propagated the Scheme of Pakistan with a missionary zeal
since its inception in 1933.
 He coined the word “Pakistan”

SYEDA AMNA KHATOON

 31

 He argued on his behalf at the United Nation over the issue of Kashmir and the
rights of Muslim minority of India.
 Published weekly newspaper”Pakistan”
 Issued revised June plan in 1947 “The greatest betrayal”.

ALLAMA IQBAL
IMPORTANCE OF WORK
 Sir Muhammad Iqbal, also known as Allama Iqbal was a philosopher, poet and
politician in British India.
 Most important figures in Urdu literature, with literary work in both Urdu and
Persian languages.
 Deeply grounded in religion since childhood
 Iqbal had remained active in the Muslim League.
 He did not support Indian involvement in World War I, as well as the Khilafat
movement and remained in close touch with Muslim political leaders such as
Maulana Mohammad Ali and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
 critic of the mainstream Indian National Congress, which he regarded as
dominated by Hindus
 Disappointed with the League when during the 1920s, it was absorbed in
factional divides between the pro-British group led by Sir Muhammad Shafi and
the centrist group led by Jinnah.
 Iqbal believed that only Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a political leader capable of
preserving this unity and fulfilling the League’s objectives on Muslim political
empowerment.
 Building a strong, personal correspondence with Jinnah, Iqbal was an influential
force in convincing Jinnah to end his self-imposed exile in London, return to India
and take charge of the League.
 In his presidential address(Allahabad Address) on December 29, 1930, Iqbal
outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in
northwestern India
 Iqbal was the first patron of the historical, political, religious, cultural journal of
Muslims of British India. This journal played an important part in the Pakistan
movement. The name of this journal is The Journal Tolu-e-Islam.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rib49SzxxrY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bh2woLP3MVU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFVfnzRlofk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNVbuVMnGoE

SYEDA AMNA KHATOON

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11 Establishment of an independent nation between

1947 and 1948

EARLY PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN

GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEMS
 Country was comprise of two wings EAST PAKISTAN and WEST PAKISTAN
 Both the wings were about 1600 km apart
 Rival country India in between the two wings
POLITICAL PROBLEMS
 Lack of government buildings,furnishings,offices
 Lack of experienced officials
 Lack of governmental and administrative machinery
 No capital
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
 Underdeveloped areas
 Lack of industry
 90% population living in villages
 Agriculture totally dependent on Jute crop
 Not a single jute mill in the country
 Lack of employment opportunities
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
 Five different regions with different background
 Five different nations
 Difference of traditions,culture,languages and lifestyle
ACCESSION OF PRINCELY STATES
 State of Hyderabad was captured by India despite the fact that it voted to join
Pakistan
 States of Junagarh and Manavader were annexed by India despite they wanted to
join Pakistan
 State of Gurdaspur also taken illegally by India resulting into easy access for India
to enter Kashmir
 State of Kashmir was also not given to India despite of Muslim majority area and
wish to join Pakistan.
DIVISION OF ASSETS
 Unjustified division of assets 17:5,17 to India and 5 to Pakistan
 200 million rupees given to Pakistan out of 750 million
 500 million were further paid after hunger strike of Gandhi
 Armed forces divided as per Muslim and Hindu soldiers. Muslim soldiers quite
less and untrained
 Lack of experienced armed officials to train the new army

SYEDA AMNA KHATOON

 33

 No ordinance factory in Pakistan

 Military supplies did not arrive in time or even not arrived
 Most of the supplies were damaged, rusted and outdated
CANAL WATER DISPUTE
 Headworks of Pakistani rivers in Indian occupied Kashmir
 India stopped Pakistan’s water immediately after partition
 India refused to settle the Matter in International Court of Justice
REFUGEES AND ACCOMMODATION CRISIS
 10 million people moved from India to Pakistan
 Accommodation was not available
 Refugees were bare hands bare foot
 Hundreds of Muslims died ,killed and kidnapped during migration

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bR3MKuq5rVw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKb0zPVz1wI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfFW7K3_ILk

NOW SOLVE

Q.What was Canal Water Dispute between India and Pakistan? [4]
Ans:
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Write four facts on the topic given in

question
No explanation or analysis required

SYEDA AMNA KHATOON

 34

12 Pakistan’s stability following the death of Jinnah

1948 to 1958

LIAQUAT ALI KHAN

DOMESTIC SUCCESSES
 Objectives Resolution
 Proper handling of coup (Rawalpindi conspiracy)
 Managed to keep economy going and produce surplus budgets for new state
 Establishment of the Sindh University Jamshoro.
 Establishment of National Bank in November 1949.
 Installation of a paper currency mill in Karachi
DOMESTIC LESS SUCCESS
 PRODA
 Failed to frame constitution
FOREIGN SUCCESSES
 Minority Pact 1950(Liaquat-Nehru Pact)
 UN ceasefire over Kashmir dispute
 First visit to USA 1950
 Established relations with China by sending ambassador.
FOREIGN LESS SUCCESS
 Failed to handle Hyderabad crisis
 Unable to resolve Kashmir issue (ceasefire)
 Unable to resolve Canal water issue
OBJECTIVES RESOLUTION
IMPORTANCE
 First move towards constitutional development
 Focused on principles of Islam and human rights designed to deflect criticism
from religious leaders
 Base of every future constitution
 Choosing Urdu created sense of equality

REASONS OF REJECTION/OBJECTION
 Ulemas demanded Ahmedis to be declare as non-Muslims.
 East Pakistan demanded Bengali as official language and more representation in
National Assembly.
 Provincial governors objected over more authority to the federal government.

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 35

MALIK GHULAM MUHAMMAD 1951-55

DOMESTIC SUCCESSES
 Economic development 1951
 Planning Commission 5 years plan 1953
 Planning Board further 5 year plan
 Jute processing plant at Narayanganj.
 Discovery of Natural Gas at Sui in Baluchistan.
 The Sui Southern Gas Company was established.
DOMESTIC LESS SUCCESS
 Political instability
 dissolved assembly
 Campaigns against Ahmedis – Forced to expel Zafarullah Khan (Foreign Minister)
 Improper handling of drought – led to riots
 Shortage of Salt in 1952 in East Pakistan.
 Unable to make constitution
 Rejection of the second draft of Objective Resolution
FOREIGN SUCCESSES
 Foreign aid – wheat
 CENTO(Baghdad Pact)
 SEATO(Manila Pact)
 Mutual Defence agreement with USA
FOREIGN LESS SUCCESS
 Unable to resolve water dispute and Kashmir dispute with India.
 Jute export decline
MAJOR GENERAL ISKANDER MIRZA 1955-58
DOMESTIC SUCCESSES
 1956 Constitution
 Modernization
 Rural development program
 Industrialization
 Karachi airport established (1955)
 Telephone system expanded
 Provision in health, education services

DOMESTIC LESS SUCCESS

 One Unit Scheme
 Rise of Nationalism in East Pakistan – they realized that they needed to take solid
steps to protect their rights
 Undemocratic Rule established (Martial Law)
 Political instability – changed prime ministers too much
FOREIGN SUCCESSES
 Establishment of Defence Pacts
 Took Kashmir issue in UN
FOREIGN LESS SUCCESS
 USSR backed India over Kashmir issue

SYEDA AMNA KHATOON

 36

 Unable to solve Kashmir issue

 USSR aid to build a steel mill was put down
 Pakistan embassy attacked in Kabul

ONE UNIT POLICY

REASONS FOR ADOPTION
 Better administration
 Develop Unity
 To counter growing influence of East Pakistan
REASON FOR OPPOSITION
 East Pakistan found it an attempt to overpower them
 Provinces lost their identity
 Princely statesmen lost their control

REASONS FOR DECLARING MARTIAL LAW IN 1958

 There were a number of Prime Ministers between 1956 and 1958 and it reached a
stage when Ayub Khan achieved that status that he felt the army should take
control until stability had been restored and questions answered.
 East Pakistan’s politicians wanted more say in the running of the central
government which increased tension.
 The governments were corrupt and very little progress was seen since 1947.
 Ayub Khan believed that democracy has failed.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wd8I4Wh_7AU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_Hb8IDU4Tk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xcue-xsFuFs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_Nb_s9sojY

SYEDA AMNA KHATOON

 37

NOW SOLVE

Q. What does the Picture Source tells us about a Pact signed with India during
Ministry of Liaquat Ali Khan? [5]

Historypak.com

Ans: The picture is about-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

In the picture source I can see------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------which shows that------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------I can also see--------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------which means
that---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------One
more thing in the picture is---------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------which means-----------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------I can say this because-----------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SYEDA AMNA KHATOON