Group 8 Presentation

Represented By
Qaiser Umer
Sikandar
Hafiz Hamad
Salman
Sohail
Waheed
Topic Neoplasms
Over View
1-Introduction
2- Mechanism
3- Types
4-Causes
5- Diagnosis
6- Treatment
7- Prevention
 Introduction
Neoplasma refers to an abnormal growth of cells,
commonly known as a tumor. It can be either benign
or malignant.
Malignant Neoplasms
Malignant neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can
invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of
the body. They require medical attention and
treatment.
 What is the difference between neoplasm and
cancer?
A neoplasm is an abnormal growth of tissue that can
be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Benign tumors(noncancerous neoplasms) usually
grow slowly and don’t spread. However, malignant
tumors (cancerous neoplasms) usually grow rapidly
and invade other parts of your body.
 Mechanism Of
Neoplasms
The mechanism of neoplasms involves the uncontrolled
growth and division of abnormal cells. These cells can
form a mass or tumor, which can invade nearby tissues
and spread to other parts of the body. The exact
mechanisms behind neoplasms can vary depending on
the specific type of cancer and the genetic and
environmental factors involved. It's a complex process
that often requires medical intervention for diagnosis,
treatment, and management.
Types Of Neoplasms
There are 5 types of Neoplasms
1-Carcinomas
2-Sacromas
3-Myelomas
4-Leukemias
5-Lymphomas
 1- Carcinomas
Making up about 90% of all cancer cases, carcinomas
originate in your epithelial (eh-puh-THEE-lee-uhl)
tissue, such as the skin or linings of your organs.
Common carcinomas include malignant neoplasms of
your skin, breast, prostate, bladder, cervix,
endometrium (lining of your uterus), lung, colon and
rectum.
 2-Sarcomas
• This type of cancer begins in your connective
tissues, like your bones, cartilage, muscle, tendons
and fat. Unlike many other types of cancer, sarcomas
are more common in young adults. The most
common type of sarcoma is soft tissue sarcoma.
 3-Myelomas
Also called multiple myeloma, this type of cancer
forms in the plasma cells (immune cells) of your bone
marrow. The two main types of myelomas are
smoldering (early, precancerous stage) and active
(cancerous stage).
 4-Leukemias
Also called blood cancers, leukemias are cancers of
bone marrow. This disease is often associated with
the overproduction of immature blood cells, which
leads to anemia, fatigue and blood clotting problems.
 5-Lymphomas
• . This type of cancer develops in the glands or
nodes of your lymphatic system. Lymphomas can occur
anywhere in your body, but they’re most commonly felt
as lumps in your neck, underarm or groin areas.
 Nomenclature for
benign neoplasms
In general, the name of a benign neoplasm often ends
with –oma.
Examples: Adenoma (benign neoplasm of glandular
epithelium), fibroadenoma (benign neoplasm of the
breast), and leiomyoma (benign neoplasm of smooth
muscle).
 • Some exceptions: Hepatoma (malignant
neoplasm of liver), melanoma (malignant neoplasm
of melanocytes), mesothelioma (malignant neoplasm
of mesothelial cells), and seminoma (malignant germ
cell neoplasm of testis).
In general, the name of a malignant neoplasm often ends
with –carcinoma or –sarcoma.
• Examples: Adenocarcinoma (malignant neoplasm
of glandular tissue), rhabdomyosarcoma (malignant
neoplasm of skeletal muscle), and leiomyosarcoma
(malignant neoplasm of smooth muscle).
Causes and Symptoms Of
Neoplasms
People with malignant neoplasms usually have varying
symptoms depending on where the tumor is located. For
example, someone with malignant neoplasm of their breast
may notice breast pain or abnormal nipple discharge. People
with malignant neoplasm of their colon might have
abdominal pain or notice changes in their stool.
There are also general symptoms that people with
cancerous tumors may experience, including:
• Fatigue
• Shortness of breath
• Anemia
• Diarrhea
• Weight loss
• Drenching night sweats
• Abnormal Lumps Or Bumps
 What causes malignant
neoplasm?
Malignant neoplasms form when cells grow and divide
faster than they should. But experts don’t know why this
happens in the first place.But there are certain risk
factors associated with malignant neoplasms, including:
1-Smoking
2-Genetics
3-Obesity
4-Excess of Alcohol use
How do malignant neoplasm spread

Cancer cells can break away from their point of origin, travel
through your blood or lymph system and form new tumors in
other areas of your body. This is called metastasis.
 Diagnosis and Test
Your healthcare provider may suspect cancer after performing
a routine test, such as a mammogram or colonoscopy. In most
cases, a biopsy is needed to determine if the tumor is benign
(noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Your healthcare
provider may also take imaging tests, such as MRI, CT scans or
PET scans.
 Treatment
Treatment depends on the type and size of the tumor and
whether it has spread to other areas of your body. If the
malignant neoplasm is localized to one area, surgery may be
an option. If the cancer has spread, then your healthcare
provider may recommend chemotherapy, radiation therapy or
targeted drug therapy.
 Surgery
If the tumor is small and still contained to one area,
surgical removal may be possible. Your surgeon will
remove the entire mass, as well as some healthy tissue
around it. Surgery usually isn’t an option if the cancer has
spread to other areas of your body.
 Chemotherapy
If the tumor is small and still contained to one area, surgical
removal may be possible. Your surgeon will remove the entire
mass, as well as some healthy tissue around it. Surgery usually
isn’t an option if the cancer has spread to other areas of your
body.
 Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses strong beams of energy to destroy
cancer cells. During this procedure, high-energy radiation is
directed at the tumor — and the machine can be
repositioned to aim at different levels. Sometimes, radiation
therapy is used before surgery to shrink a tumor. It can also
be used after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells.
 Targeted Drug Therapy
Targeted therapy attacks proteins that control how cancer cells
grow, divide and spread. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) has approved targeted therapies for more than 15 different
types of cancer, including lung, breast, colon and prostate.
Targeted drug therapy is often combined with other cancer
treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
What are the complications of treatment
for malignant neoplasm?

If you’re undergoing cancer treatment, you’ll likely have some

 Diarrhera
 Loss of appetite
 Cancer fatigue
 Pain
Recovery times vary considerably for each person.
Depending on your circumstances, it may take several
months to several years to recover after cancer treatment
 Prevention
There’s no way to prevent malignant neoplasms altogether,
but there are certain things you can do to reduce your risk:
 Don't smoke
 Protect your skin when you go outside
 Limit the amount of alcohol
 Maintain a healthy lifestyle by eating