HVAC Design:

Level I – Essentials

Julia Keen, PhD, PE, BEAP, HBDP

&
Ng Yong Kong, P.Eng., GBIF

Copyright Materials
• Copyright 2014 by ASHRAE. All rights reserved.
• No part of this presentation may be reproduced
without written permission from ASHRAE, nor
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from ASHRAE.

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 AIA/CES Registered Provider
• ASHRAE is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of
Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on
completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA
members. Certificates of Completion for non‐AIA members are
available on request.

• This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing

professional education. As such, it does not include content that may
be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the
AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of
handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be
addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

USGBC Education Provider

ASHRAE

HVAC Design: Level I – Essentials [ID# 90009904]

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 Learning Objectives
• Calculate heating and cooling loads
• Explain the basics of psychrometrics, hydronic system
design and air system design
• Discuss system selection
• Describe HVAC equipment and systems
• Explain controls and building automation systems
• Discuss codes and standards
• Describe building commissioning
• Explain technical sales skills
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Course Outline
• Fundamentals • Design Process
• Load Calculations • HVAC Systems II
• Psychrometrics • BAS/Controls
• System Selection • Codes & Standards
• Air Systems • Commissioning &
Standard 180
• Hydronic Systems
• Technical Sales
• HVAC Equipment
• Conclusion
• HVAC Systems I

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 Overall Course Content
• > 95% of materials are from ASHRAE
• Heating/Steam
• Some applications are not commonly used here.
• Cooling Load/Heat Load Calculation
• Some slides are not in the notes – NYK
• Exclude Project Management

FUNDAMENTALS

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 Lesson Content
• Components of HVAC ( ACMV )
• Heat transfer
• Fan/pump laws
• Refrigeration Cycle

COMPONENTS OF HVAC

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 What is Air Conditioning?

5 Functions:
• Heating
• Cooling
• Dehumidification
• Humidification
• Filtration/Ventilation
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Why HVAC?

To create a comfortable environment in

which humans can work, live, sleep,
play,…

(This course focuses mostly on human comfort

solutions, although the lessons learned can certainly
be applied to process applications.)

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 UNDERSTANDING HEAT TRANSFER

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Three Types of Heat Transfer

Conduction ‐ Transfer by contact

Convection – May be natural or forced

transfer by density currents and fluid motion

Radiation – Transfer by electromagnetic waves

Mechanical refrigeration uses the first two.

Section 2 – Basic Principles

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 Processes of Heat Transfer

convection
warm air

radiation

hot cool air

conduction
water
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Transferring Heat

1 lb
water
1 Btu
60°F 61°F

1 kg
water
1 kcal
15°C 16°C
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 Transferring Heat (cont.)

1 lb
water + 152 Btu =

60°F 212°F

1 kg
water + 85 kcal =

15°C 100°C
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Sensible Heat

1 lb
water
1 Btu
60°F 61°F

1 kg
water
1 kcal
15°C 16°C
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 Transferring Heat (cont.)

1 lb + 970.3 Btu =
water

212°F 1 lb 212°F
steam

1 kg + 244.5 kcal =
water

100°C 1 kg 100°C
steam
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Transferring Heat (cont.)

1 lb
steam - 970.3 Btu =

1 lb
212°F water 212°F

1 kg
- 244.5 kcal =
steam
1 kg
100°C water 100°C
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 Latent Heat

1 lb
1 lb steam
water
970.3 Btu
212°F 212°F

1 kg
1 kg steam
water
244.5 kcal
100°C 100°C
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Change of State
Latent Heat of Fusion Latent Heat of Vaporization

1 lb ice
32° F

970 Btu/lb
32° F
144 Btu/lb
Section 2 – Basic Principles

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 Total Heat = Sensible Heat + Latent Heat

212° F
212° F

Not measured on
a thermometer

Change of State

Section 2 – Basic Principles

Specific Heat

140°F 200°F

A B

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 Heat Transfer Formula

Q = Mass Flow x Specific Heat x ΔT

This formula is used to create

the formulas for water & air

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Heat Transfer with Water

Q = (gal/min x 60 min/hr x 8.33 lb/gal)

x 1 Btu/lb‐ oF x ΔT (oF)

Q = 500 x GPM x Change in Temperature (T2 – T1)

Q = Btu/hr

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 Airflow Heat Transfer
Sensible

Q = (ft3/min x 60 min/hr x 1 lb/13.33 ft3)

x 0.24 Btu/lb‐ oF x ΔT oF

Q = 1.10 x CFM x Change in Temperature (oF)

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Airflow Heat Transfer (cont.)

Latent

Q = (ft3/min x 60 min/hr x 1 lb/13.33 ft3) x (Δ

Humidity Ratio in lbs of H20/lbs of dry air)
x 1061 Btu/lb (latent heat of vaporization)

Q = 4840 x CFM x (Wo‐Wc)

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 Air Total Heat
Enthalpy

Q = (ft3/min x 60 min/hr x 1 lb/13.33 ft3)

x Δ Enthalpy (Btu/lb)

Q = 4.5 x CFM x Change in Enthalpy

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What’s a Ton of Refrigeration?

One ton of refrigeration
produces the same cooling
effect as the melting of 2000 lb
of ice over a 24‐hour period.

When 1 lb of ice melts, it absorbs 144 Btu. Therefore,

when 1 ton (2000 lb) of ice melts, it absorbs 288,000
Btu (2000 x 144). Consequently, 1 ton of refrigeration
absorbs 288,000 Btu within a 24‐hour period or 12,000
Btu/hr (288,000/24).
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HEAT TRANSFER
THROUGH A SURFACE

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Heat Conduction through Surfaces

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Conduction through a Shaded Wall
Simplest
application

Q = U  A  T

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Heat Conductance vs. Resistance

• Conductance = U (Btu/hr•ft2•°F)
• Resistance = R (ft2•°F/Btu/hr)
• U = 1/R
• R1 + R2 + R3 + … = Rtotal
• Utotal = 1/Rtotal

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 U‐factor for Learning Center Wall

1
U =
Rtotal

U = 0.059 Btu/hr•ft2•°F

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Heat Transfer through a Window

The process is the same as a wall…

Except:
• Window manufacturers will usually provide the U‐
factor for the glass (measured at the center of the
glass).
• The designer has to determine the U‐factor for the
Window Assembly, to consider the losses through
the window frame.
• http://windows.lbl.gov/software/window/6/index.
html
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 The Laws

Pump Affinity Laws

Fan Laws

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Law #1
Speed is directly related to flow
and is directly related to diameter

CFM2 = CFM1 X (RPM2 / RPM1)

CFM2 = CFM1 X (DIA2 / DIA1)

GPM2 = GPM1 X (RPM2 / RPM1)

GPM2 = GPM1 X (DIA2 / DIA1)

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 Law #1: Example
TAB contractor Bill wants to increase the air flow in a
vaneaxial fan from 1200 CFM to 1300 CFM. If the
fan is currently turning at 1050 rpm, how fast does
the fan need to go?

RPM2 = RPM1 X (CFM2 / CFM1)

= 1050 rpm x (1300/1200)
= 1137.5 rpm

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Law #1: Example…

What size of sheave would be required to make
this happen (assuming the fan is not on a speed
drive) if the diameter of the sheave was
originally 4 inches?
Dia2 = Dia1 X (CFM2 / CFM1)
= 4 in. x (1300/1200)
= 4-1/3 in.

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 Law #2
Pressure changes as the square of the flow
(or speed)

P2 = P1 X (CFM2 / CFM1)2

P2 = P1 X (RPM2 / RPM1)2

CFM2 = CFM1 X

NOTE: GPM can substituted for CFM

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Law #3

Horsepower varies as the cube of the speed

(or flow)

BHP2 = BHP1 X (RPM2 / RPM1)3

BHP2 = BHP1 X (CFM2 / CFM1)3

NOTE: GPM can be substituted for CFM

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 Law #3: Example…
Bill is now being asked what will the increase in speed
cost in energy? Let’s assume that for every additional
HP, the fan will cost $2.75 more per month to operate.
The HP draw on the fan was originally 5 HP.
BHP2 = BHP1 X (CFM2 / CFM1)3
= 5 HP x (1300/1200)3
= 6.36 HP
Or $17.48/month

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Fans and Centrifugal Pumps Fundamentals Affinity Laws

Air Flow2 Fan Speed2

=
Air Flow1 Fan Speed1
– Air/Water flow is proportional to Fan/Pump Speed

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Static Pressure2 =
Air Flow2
Static Pressure1 Air Flow1
e.g
– Static Pressure is proportional to (Fan/Pump Speed)2
3 80% speed
Input Power2 = Air Flow2 Input power
Input Power1 Air Flow1 = (0.8x0.8x0.8)
– Input Power is proportional to (Fan/Pump Speed)3 = 0.51 or 51%
w/o system effect

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Eg. A 415V, 3phase, 50 Hertz 37kW fan
motor in an Air Handling Unit ( AHU ) is
running at 35Hz . What is the input power
and the saving in energy? ( assuming no
system loss )

e.g

3 80% speed
Input Power 2 = Air Flow 2 Input power
Input Power 1 Air Flow 1 = (0.8x0.8x0.8)
= 0.51 or 51%

Input Power 2 35 3
=
Input Power 1 50

Input Power 2 = ( 0.7 )3 x 37 =

= 0.343 x 37

e.g
= 12.7 kW
70% speed
Input power
= (0.7x0.7x0.7)
= 0.343 or
34.3%

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Saving in energy = 37 – 12.7

= 24.3 kW

Assumption :
1.) No System loss
2.) Fan performance
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THE REFRIGERATION CYCLE

(A BRIEF INTRODUCTION)

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 Principles of Mechanical Refrigeration
Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from a substance in
order to lower its temperature. This substance is an evaporating
refrigerant in a refrigeration machine e.g. ACSU, WCPU, Chiller.
In most air conditioning or refrigeration systems, a simple vapour
compression cycle performs the cooling.
• Refrigerant travels in a closed loop from an evaporator, where heat is
removed from the cooling load as the refrigerant boils
• to a compressor; where refrigerant vapour is compressed,
• to a condenser; where compressed vapour is condensed,
• to a throttling or expansion device; where condensed liquid is
expanded at constant enthalpy, and then back to the evaporator.
• the cycle repeats itself over and over again.

Refrigeration Cycle

Condenser

Expansion
Device Compressor

Evaporator
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 Components in a Vapor Compression
Refrigeration Cycle

Refrigeration Cycle

on p-h Chart 

Components in a Vapor Compression

Refrigeration Cycle
1. Evaporators
Type: - Flooded Refrigerant Vaporizes on the outside of the tube
- Direct Expansion Refrigerant Evaporates inside of the tube
- Liquid Overfeed Cooling Coil with /W/o.Fins
Used:-To cool Liquid (water for Chillers)

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Flooded Shell‐and‐Tube Liquid Cooler

Direct Expansion Air Coil

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Direct Expansion Shell‐and‐Tube Liquid
Cooler

Draw‐Through
Evaporative Condenser

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 Principles of Mechanical Refrigeration

3. Heat rejecting section

( Condenser)
4. Pressure/
flow control 2. Vapour pump
valve
( Compressor )

1. Heat absorbing section

(Evaporator)
Section 3 – The Mechanical Refrigeration Cycle

Pressure Zone
120° F / 431.6 psia
Typical conditions
at peak load for:
120° F / 274.7 psia
HCFC‐22 Condenser
HFC‐410A (Rejects Heat)

Hot Gas Line High Side

Compressor
Metering Low Side
Suction Line

Device

Evaporator
(Absorbs Heat)

45° F / 90.8 psia

45° F / 144.5 psia
Section 3 – The Mechanical Refrigeration Cycle

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 Pressure‐Enthalpy Diagram

condenser
pressure

expansion
device compressor

evaporator

enthalpy 63

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