Bus. Math q1q2 - Modules

BUSINESS
MATHEMATICS
GRADE 11 (ABM)
Prepared by:
IVY JOYCE L. MANGUIL
School Year 2022-2023
Far East College of Information and Technology Corp.

Sitio Tambacan San Francisco, Magalang, Pampanga
DepEd School ID: 407305
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Republic of the Philippines Far East College of Information and
Department of Education
Technology Corp.
Region III

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS (ABM)
Prepared by: Ms. Ivy Joyce l. Manguil
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
Quarter I – Prelim
Lesson 1: Fractions, Decimal and Percent form

 Express fractions to decimal and percent forms
 Express decimals to fractions and percent forms
 Express percent to fractions and decimal forms
 Give real-life situations to illustrate fractions, decimals, and percent
 Solve problems involving fractions, decimals, and percent
Lesson 2: Proportion
 Identify the different kinds of proportions and write examples of Real-life situations for
each.
 Solve problems involving direct, inverse and partitive proportion
Lesson 3: Mark-on, Mark-up and Mark-down
 Differentiate Mark-on, Mark down and Mark-up.

 Obtain Mark-on, Mark-down, and Mark-up given price of a product.
Quarter I – Midterm
Lesson 1: Mark-on, Margin & Mark-up and Trade Discount

 Differentiate Mark-on, Mark down and Mark-up.
 Obtain Mark-on, Mark-down, and Mark-up given price of a product.
Lesson 2: Profit and Loss

 Differentiate profit from loss.
 Illustrate how profit is obtained and how to avoid loss in a given.
Lesson 3: Break Even Analysis

 Determine the break-even point.
 Solve problems involving buying and selling products.
Lesson 4: Interest
 Compute interest specifically as applied to mortgage, amortization, and on
services/utilities and on deposits and loans.
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Quarter II – Semi Finals
Lesson 1: Commissions
 Illustrate the different types of commission.
 Compute commissions on cash basis and commission on instalment basis.
 Compute down payment, gross balance and current increased balance.
 Solve problems involving interests and commissions
Lesson 2: Salaries, Wages, Income & Benefits

 Define salary, wage, income, benefits.
 Will able to compute the salary, wage, income and benefits
Lesson 3: Gross and Net Earnings

 Define gross and net earnings.
 Compute gross and net earnings.
 Solve world problems involving gross and net earnings.
Lesson 4: Benefits of wage earners and Standard Deduction

 Identify the benefits of a wage earner.
 Define each of the benefits given to wage earners.
 Distinguish taxable from non-taxable benefits
 Compute for taxable income.
 Enumerate the standard deductions of wage and salary earners.
 Compute standard deductions
Quarter II – Finals
Lesson 1: Overtime Pay

 Identify the variables needed in the computation of the overtime.
 Compute overtime pay.
Lesson 2: E- Spreadsheet and Graphical Representation

 Use E- spread sheet in the computation of salary and overtime pay.
 Present graphical representation of the details or particulars of the salary.
Lesson 3: Business Data

 Compare the forms (textual, tabular and graphical) of business data.
 Analyze and interprets the data presented in the table using measures of central
tendency and variability and tests of significant differences.
Lesson 4: Kinds of Graph

 Describe the different kinds of graphs and its essential parts for data presentation.
 Give a set of business data; identify the graphs to be used.
 Draw the graph/table to present the data.
 Analyze and interpret the data presented in a graph/table
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 Use software (i.e., MS Excel, SPSS) programs to compute and present graphical
representation of business data.

Technology Corp.
Region III
First Quarter - Prelim
Prepared by:
Ms. Ivy Joyce l. Manguil
QUARTER 1 – PRELIM – LESSON 01: FRACTIONS, DECIMAL AND PERCENT FORM
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

Express fractions to decimal and percent forms
Express decimals to fractions and percent forms
Express percent to fractions and decimal forms
Give real-life situations to illustrate fractions, decimals, and percent
Solve problems involving fractions, decimals, and percent
I. Expressing Fractions to Decimal and Percent Forms
Fractions are important because they tell you what portion of a whole you need. We use
fractions in one way or another in everyday life even though we may not realize it. While
decimal numbers are used in situations where more precision is required than the whole
numbers can provide. One example is that when we calculate our weight on weighing machine,
we do not always find the weight equal to a whole number on the scale. On the other hand,
percentages are important for understanding the financial aspects of everyday life.
A fraction simply tells us how many parts of a whole we have. You can recognize a fraction
by the slash that is written between the two numbers. We have a top number, the numerator,
and a bottom number, the denominator. For example, 2/5 is a fraction.
2 Numerator
5
Denominator
In a fraction, the denominator tells the number of parts a whole is divided into, while
the numerator indicates how many of those are taken. The fraction 2/5 means unit is divided
into five parts and that two of the five parts are taken. Moreover, 2/5 also means 2 divided 5.
Example Problem:
After receiving her retirement pay, Mrs. Alvarado plans to put up a small internet café in their
barangay. Her total budget for the business is ₱600, 000 and she allots ₱175, 000 for computer
unit costs ₱35, 000, what part of her total budget will be actually spent for computer units?
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Solution:
We first compute the number of computer units Mrs. Alvardo can buy from ₱175,000.
200,000/35,000 = 5
This means she can buy 5 units of computer, which cost ₱175,000. Thus, the part of her budget
to be actually spent for computer is
175,000/600,000 = 7/24.
To express fraction to decimal, simply divide the numerator by the denominator. This
will give us our answer as a decimal. And to express the fraction to percent form is by dividing
the top of the fraction which is the numerator by the bottom which is the denominator, then
multiply by 100 and add “%” sign.
Example 1: Express 27/1000 into a decimal number
Solution:
Beginning with the units digit of the numerator, count off three places to the left (since there
are three zeroes in the denominator 1000) and adding one zero after two. Place the decimal
point before 0.
27/1000 = .027 = 0.027
Example 2: Convert 1/8 to percentage.

Solution:
Simply divide 1 by 8 then multiply by 100 and add (%) sign
1/8 = 0.125 x 100 = 12.5%
Example 3:
On one particular weekend, a computer shop was open for 48 hours straight and earned
Php96,000. Use a simplified fraction to show how much, on the average, did the shop earned
for a day.
Solution:
Php 96,000
=Php 48,000
2 days∈weekend
How much was the average hourly earnings of the computer shop?
Php 48,000
=Php2,000 per hour
24
II. Expressing decimals to fractions and percent forms
How do you express or convert a decimal to a fraction? Any decimal, even complicated-
looking ones, can be converted to a fraction. You just need to follow a few steps in order to get
the correct answer.
A decimal is a fraction written in a special form. Instead of writing 1/2, for example, you can
express the fraction as the decimal 0.5 where the zero is in the ones place and the five is in the
tenths place. A decimal on decimal number is the term used to describe the base-10 number
system.
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Here are the steps on how to express or convert a decimal to a fraction .
 Write down the decimal divided by 1, like this: decimal 1
 Multiply both top and bottom by 10 for every number after the decimal point. (For
example, if there are two numbers after the decimal point, then use 100, if there are
three then use 1000, etc.)
 Simplify (or reduce) the fraction.
Example 1: Convert 7.4 to a fraction.
Solution: Begin by taking out the whole number. In this case, the whole number is 7. We are
left with 0.4 which goes out of the tenths place.
0.4 = 4/10 = 2/5
So adding back the whole number, we have that

7.4 = 7 2/5
Example 2: Convert 0.75 to a fraction

Solution:
Step 1: Write down 0.75 divided by 1:
0.75 / 1
Step 2: Multiply both top and bott om by 100 (because there are 2 digits after the decimal point so
that is 10×10=100):
0.75 75
x 100=
1 100
Step 3: Simplify the fraction:

75 5 15
÷ =
100 5 20
15 5 3
÷ =
20 5 4
Note: 75/100 is called a decimal fraction and 3/4 is called a common fraction
III. Expressing percent to fractions and decimal forms.
Percentages used widely and in many different areas. For example, discounts in shops, bank
interest rates, rates of inflation and many statistics in the media are expressed as percentages.
Percentages are important for understanding the financial aspects of everyday life. Pecentages
which has a symbol of (%). When we say “Percent” we are really saying “per 100”. One percent
(1%) means 1 per 100.
Example 1:
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A clothes shop is having an amazing closing sale on all items, at most 70% off the regular price.
You find the cardigan that you have been wanting for the past year. It was Php2500 before the
sale. How much is it now if it is 70% off?
Solution:
70% of Php2500 = 0.70 x 2500 = Php1750
Php2500 – Php1750 = Php750
A percent is a ratio whose second term is 100. Percent means parts per hundred. Percentages
are important part of our everyday live.
Rules in Converting Percentages to Fractions

The important fact to remember when dealing with percentages is that percent means 'out of
100'. To convert a percentage to a fraction, follow the steps below:
Step 1) Change your percentage to a fraction by putting the percentage number over a
denominator of 100.
Step 2) Change it to simplest form if required.
You have now changed your percentage to a fraction.
Example 1: Convert 35% into a fraction in its simplest form.
To convert the percentage to a fraction we put the percentage number over a denominator of
100.
So we have 35% = 35/100
Next we need to change the fraction to simplest form. In this case, by dividing the numerator
and denominator by 5.
35 5 7
÷ =
100 5 20
35/100 = 35÷5/100÷5=7/20
So we have
35 7
35% = =
100 20
Example 2: Convert 57% into a fraction.
To convert the percentage to a fraction we put the percentage number over a denominator of
100.
57 57
So we have 57% = =
100 100
This fraction is already in simplest form.
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57 57
So we have 57% = =
100 100
Step in expressing/converting from percent to decimal:

When we divide 50 by 100 we get 0.5 (a decimal number). So to convert from percent to
decimal: divide by 100, and remove the “%” sign.
IV. Real life situations to illustrate fractions, decimals and percent.
Giving real-life situation to illustrate fractions, decimals and percent is very important in our
everyday life. Like we have said in the previous lessons, Fractions are important because they
tell you what portion of a whole you need, have, or want while, decimals are very important in
dealing with money, weight and length likewise the percentages also are very important
specially to enumerate the budget allocation of the business and other transactions.
Consider the following problem in a real-life situation:
1. Gab got a summer job on a dessert kiosk. His first customer ordered for an ice cream
that costs Php 28.75. The customer gave P30.00. How much change should he give?
Solution:
If the ice cream costs P 28.75 it takes 28 pieces and three fourths of P1.00. Thus, the change is
P1.00 and one fourth part of P1.00 or P 0.25.
30.00
- 28.75
Php 1.25
Therefore, Gab should give his customer a change of Php1.25

In decimal notation, the fraction 25/100 is written as 0.25. The position of the
decimal point is based on the power of 10 in the denominator of the fraction.
For example,
25/1000 = 25/10³ = 3 25/1000 = 3.025
2. In a clearance sale, a shop offers 30% off the original prices. What fraction is taken off
the prices?
Solution:
Step1:
The percentage off on original prices in the shop = 30%
Step2:
By definition of percent
30% = 30/100 = 3/10
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Step3:
So, 30% = 3/10
V. Problems involving fractions, decimal and percent.
Solving problems involving fractions, decimals and percent is not a very easy task but it
is quite a very interesting things we must consider because it is a part of our daily lives.
Decimals
A. Place Values, Including Decimal Fractions
Below are names of place value of decimals
NAME WHOLE NUMBER/FRACTION DECIMAL FRACTION
MILLIONS 1,000,000
HUNDRED THOUSANDS 100,000
TEN THOUSANDS 10, 000
THOUSANDS 1,000
HUNDREDS 100
UNITS 1
TENTHS 1/10 0.01
HUNDREDS 1/100 0.001
THOUSANDS 1/1000 0.0001
TEN THOUSANDS 1/10000 0.00001
HUNDRED THOUSANDS 1/100000 0.000001
MILLIONS 1/1000000 0.0000001
B. Other forms of decimal:

A mixed decimal is written with a whole number together with decimal fraction.
Example: 103.45
A complex decimal has a common fraction in its decimal place. The fraction is the last digit
in the decimal place. Example: 0.15 1/2=0.155.
C. Reading and writing Decimals
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The numbers to the left of the decimal point are read as whole numbers according to its
place value.
Read the decimal point as “and”
The numbers to the right of the decimal point are read again as whole
numbers but read the name of the last place value.
Here are the steps to compute the percent of a number.
 To find a percent of a number, convert the percent into a decimal number by moving
the decimal point two places to the left.
 Then multiply this decimal number to the given number.
MATH CHECK!!!
Complete the table below.
FRACTION DECIMAL PERCENT

7
1.
45
2. 80%
3. 0.90
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Technology Corp.
Region III
Prepared by:
QUARTER 1 – PRELIM – LESSON 02: PROPORTION

Identify the different kinds of proportions and write examples of Real-life situations
for each
Solve problems involving direct, inverse and partitive proportion
I. Ratio
A ratio is a comparison of two quantities or measurement by division. The terms of the ratio
are the numbers or measurement being compared.
The ratio of a to b can be written in two ways:
a. as a:b (odds notation), where the symbol “:” is read as “is to”; or
b. as 𝑎𝑏, b≠0 (fractional notation)
The ratio of two numbers is a way of comparing them. If we say that the ratio of two
numbers is 3 is to 1, this means that the first number is thrice as large as the second number.
The ratio of the two numbers can be expressed as a fraction, where the first number in the ratio
is the numerator and the second number in the ratio is the denominator.
Note that we handle ratios the way we handle fractions. That is, when we say that the ratio of
5 girls to 10 boys is the same as 1 to 2, we are actually saying the following: 5/10=1/2 =
(reduced to lowest terms).
Example 1:
Express in ratio the 3-flavored ice-cream (4 parts strawberry, 6 parts vanilla, 11 parts chocolate)
a store has.
Solution:
The ratio of ice cream flavors is 4:6:11.
Example 2:
Write the ratio of 10 to 12 using a). odds notation; and b). fractional notation.
Solution:
a). 10:12 (odds notation) b). 10/12 (fractional notation)
Example 3:
Simplify the following ratios to their simplest form.
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a. 1/3 :3/4
b. 1 1/3:3/4
c. 0.09 : 0.12
Solution:
To simplify a ratio involving rational numbers, multiply each of the quantities by the LCM of
their denominators.
a. The LCM of 3 and 4 is 12; hence,
1 3
: →12
3 4
1
3 () ()
:12
3
4
→4: 9
Alternative solution: (Reduce/simplify the way you would a complex fraction.)
( )(
1
1 3
: =
3 4
3
3
1 4 4
= x = ∨4 : 9
3 3 9 )
4
b. The LCM of the denominators of 1 ½: ¾ is 12.
1
1 3 4 3
: → : → 12
3 4 3 4
4
3 () ()
:12
3
4
→ 16 :9
Alternative solution:
( )(
4
1
1 3
: =
3 4
3
3
4 4 16
)
= x = ∨16 :9
3 3 9
4
c. When a ratio is in decimal form, write its equivalent form without the decimals then
reduce the ratio as needed. The ratio 0.09: 0.12 may be cleared of decimals by
multiplying both the numerator and denominator by 100. That is,
0.09 0.09 x 100 9 3

= = = ∨3 :4
0.12 0.12 x 100 12 4
Alternative solution: Convert to fraction so as to show which power of 10 is to be multiplied

to the ratio.
( )
9
0.09 100 9 3
= = = ∨3 : 4
0.12 12 12 4
100
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Example 4:
In a class of 40 students, the ratio of passing grades to failing grades is 5 to 3. How many failed
the course?
Solution:
The ratio 5 to 3 (or 5:3 or 5/3 indicates that for every 5 + 3 = 8 students, there are 3 who
would fail. That is, 3/8 of the class failed or (40) = 15 students failed.
Question: How do we use ratios in measurement?

When comparing measurements, we use the same unit of measurement in the numerator
as in the denominator. (In this case, a ratio has no unit.)
Example 5:
A chocolate cake requires an average of one hour of baking time while a cupcake requires only
20 minutes of baking time. What is the ratio of baking time for chocolate cake to that for the
cupcake? Express you answer in simplest form.
Solution:
The chocolate cake requires 1 hour or 60 minutes to bake. The cupcake requires 20 minutes
to bake. Therefore, the ratio of the baking time for the chocolate cake to that for the
cupcake is 60:20. In simplest form, this is 3:1. (Note that the final answer has no unit.)
Example 6:
Write the ratio, 28 days to 8 weeks, as a fraction in lowest terms.
Solution:
Change 28 days to weeks: 7 days = 1 week, so 28 days = 4 weeks. Therefore,
4 weeks 1
= . The ratio of 28 days to 8 weeks is 1:2.
8 weeks 2
QUESTION: Would the answer be the same when you write the number of weeks as a number
of days? Explain.
One application of ratio is finding the size or value of different groups of quantities given
the ratio.
Example 7:
A piece of string, 20 cm long, is divided into two pieces in the ratio 3:2. What is the length of
each of the two pieces of string?
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Solution:
Ratio = 3:2
Therefore, the Number of parts = 3 + 2 = 5
20
Length of each part = = 4 cm
5
Length of the longer piece = 4 cm 3 parts = 12 cm
Length of the shorter piece = 4 cm 2 parts = 8 cm
Alternative Solution:
The total number of equal parts = 3 + 2 = 5.
3 3
The length of the longer piece = of the length of the whole string = x 20 = 12 cm.
5 5
2 2
The length of the shorter piece = of the length of the whole string = x 20 = 8 cm.
5 5
FURTHER EXAMPLES ON RATIO
PROBLEMS INVOLVING FRACTIONS may be looked at as ratio problems as well. Hence, the
terms ratios and fractions are interchangeable, as given in the following examples.
Example 8
If there are 2 boys in a group of 8 students, we say that 28 of the students are boys or the ratio
of boys to the number of students is 2:8 or 1:4.
Example 9
In a class of 40 students, 16 are from the city and 24 are from the provinces. What fraction of
the students is from the provinces? What is the ratio of students from the provinces to those
from the city?
Solution:
24 3
The fraction of students from the provinces is given by = 𝑜𝑟 = in lowest terms. That is, the
40 5
ratio of students from the provinces to the total number of students in the class is 3:5. The ratio
24
of students from the provinces to those from the city is = or 3:2.
16
Rates
A RATE is a ratio that compares quantities of different units. A unit rate is a rate that has
denominator of 1; that is, a rate for one unit of a given quantity.
A rate is also a ratio. While a ratio compares two quantities of the same kind, a rate compares
two quantities of different kinds or two unlike quantities. A rate is a ratio that is used as a form
of measurement.
Example 1:
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If you drive 120 km in 2 hours, then your rate can be expressed as the ratio of kilometers to
120 km
hours; that is
2hours
60 km
Your unit rate is or 60km/hr. (This is your average rate.
1hour
Example 2:
A car travels 120 km on 10 liters of gas. Give the ratio of kilometers to liters (the rate) and
express as a unit rate.
Solution:
120 km
The ratio of kilometers to liters is .
10liters
12 km
The unit rate is = 12 kilometer/liter.
1liter
Example 3:
Unit prices are what we call prices expressed at a quantity of 1. Observe the table below.
UNIT PRICE PRODUCT RATE

₱40 Notebook ₱40/notebook
₱15 Pencil ₱15/Pencil
₱6 Eraser ₱6/ Eraser
II. Proportion
The concept of proportion can be observed in everyday life. One example is when we go to
the market. We can apply proportion to know the price of a certain number of goods which are
sold per kilo or per dozen.
A statement that two ratios are equal is called a proportion.
a c a c
If and are two equal ratios, then the statement = is called a proportion.
b d b d
Each of the four numbers in a proportion is called a term of the proportion.
a c
From = , a is the first term; b the second term; c the third term; and d the fourth term. The
b d
first and fourth terms are called the extremes. The second and third terms are called the
means.
Example 1:
5 10
In the proportion = , name the four terms, the means, and the extremes.
6 12
Solution:
First term = 5 Second term = 6 Third term = 10 Fourth term = 12. The means are 6 and 10; the
extremes are 5 and 12.
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Fundamental Property of Proportions
In any proportion, the product of the means is equal to the product of the extremes. That is,
the cross
a c
products of the terms are equal. In symbols, if = , then ad = bc.
b d
Example 2:
7 4
We use the Fundamental Property of Proportions to verify that = . Equating the cross
8 16
products of the terms gives 7 x 16 = 8 x 14. That is, 112 = 112
Example 3:
8 18
Do the ratios and form a proportion? Explain.
12 22
Solution:
8 18
We compute for the cross products of and . If they are equal, then and form a
12 22
proportion. We have 8 x 22 = 176; while 12 x 18 = 216. Since 176≠216, and do not form a
proportion.
Example 4:
We also use the Fundamental Property of Proportions to find the missing term in a proportion
as shown below.
7 n
Given = . We set cross products equal: 8n = 7(16) or n = 14.
8 16
Example 5:
(n+ 4) (n−2)
Solve for n: =
5 3
Solution:
The cross products are equated as shown below.
5(n – 2) = 3(n + 4)
5n – 10 = 3n + 12
2n = 22
n = 11
Example 6:
A newly hired secretary can type 100 words in 120 seconds. At that rate, how many words can
she type in 450 seconds?
Solution:
Let w be the number of words the secretary can type in 450 seconds
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100 w
=
120 450
100 x 4500 = 120 x w
45,000 = 120w
45,000 120 w
=
120 120
375 = w
Therefore, the secretary can type 375 words in 450 seconds.
Example 7:
Maritess wants to save money for her son’s birthday. In two weeks, she was able to save
₱2,000. At this rate of saving money, how many weeks will it take her to save ₱15,000?
Solution:
Let a be the number of weeks Maritess is saving money.
2 a
=
2000 15000
2×15,000=2,000×a
30,000=2000a
30000 2000 a
=
2000 2000
a = 15,000
Therefore, it will take 15 weeks for Maritess to save ₱15,000.
III. Types of Proportion
Proportions can be used to solve a variety of word problems. The following examples
show some of these word problems. In each case, we will translate the word problem into a
proportion, and then solve the proportion using the fundamental property of proportions.
Types of proportion (variation):
1. Direct proportion – two variables, say x and y, varying such that as x increases, y also
x
increases or as x decreases, y also decreases proportionally; that is, the ratio is always the
y
y
same. The same holds true with the ratio .
x
There is a direct proportion between two values when one is a multiple of the other. For
example: if the number of individuals visiting a restaurant increases, earning of the restaurant
also increases and vice versa.
In simple terms, direct proportion happens if an increase in quantity results to an increase in
another, then the two quantities are in direct proportion. Examples of direct proportion
includes: score to rating; number of kilos of rice to the amount that you will pay; your body size
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to the size of your uniform; and number of kilometers you travelled to the number of liters you
pumped your car with.
Example 1:
Two boxes of chocolates cost PhP180. How much do 7 boxes of chocolates cost?
Solution:
The more the boxes, the higher the cost; that is, both quantities are increasing. We have a
no . of box
direct proportion. The ratio is always the same.
cost
no . of box no . of box
That is, =
cost cost
Substituting the given values, we have
2 7 180 x 7
= = cost = = P 630
180 cost 2cost
2180=7𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = cost = 180 ×72 = P 630
Example 2:
If Trina works 20 hours, she earns PhP600. How much does she earn if she works 30 hours?
Solution:
This is a direct proportion problem; that is, the more hours Trina works, the more she earns. Let
x represent Trina’s earnings for working 30 hours. The ratio is the always the same.
20 hours 30 hours 30 hours x 600 pesos
That is, = →x= = 900
600 pesos x pesos 2 O hours (x pesos)
2. Indirect/Inverse – two variables, say x and y, varying such that as x increases, y decreases, or
as x decreases, y increases proportionally; that is, the product of x and y is always the same.
Two variables are called inversely proportional, if and only if the variables are directly
proportional to the reciprocal of each other. Or we can say when two variables or quantities
are in inverse proportion, then the product of the two variables is equal to a constant value.
Moreover, inverse variation is just the opposite. As one quantity increases, the other quantity
decreases. For example: as the number of cats increases the number of hours required to catch
a certain number of mice decreases and more workers on a job would reduce the time to
complete the task.
Example 3:
It takes 4 mechanics to repair a car for 6 hours. How long will it take for 7 mechanics to do the
repair if they work at the s
ame rate?
Solution: ,
4 24 3
6x
7
= 7
or 3 7
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The 7 mechanics will finish the repair in 3 3/7 hours
3. Partitive proportion – a whole is divided into more than two parts.
When a whole is partitioned in to equal or inequal ratios, such concept involves partitive
proportions. A partitive proportion, or proportion by parts, describes a whole amount being
divided or distributed into two or more unequal parts.
Example: The ratio of boys to girls in a class is 3:5. If there are 48 students in the class, how
many boys and girls are there?
Example 4:
Forty liters of water is transferred into 3 containers in the ratio 1:3:4. How much water is in
each container?
Solution:
The ratio 1:3:4 indicates 1 + 3 + 4 = 8 portions. 40 liters will be divided into 8 portions; that is,
40
= 5 liters (L) per portion.
8
Container 1 (1 portion) = 1 x 5 L = 5 L in it.
Container 2 (3 portions) = 3 x 5 L = 15 L in it.
Container 3 (4 portions) = 4 x 5 L = 20 L in it.
MATH CHECK!!!
For the lesson summary, answer the following questions or complete the following
statements based on the discussion. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.
1. What is a proportion?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the three types of proportions?
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3. There is a direct proportion between two values when…

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Technology Corp.
Region III
Prepared by:
QUARTER 1 – PRELIM – LESSON 03: MARK-ON, MARK-UP, MARK - DOWN

Differentiate Mark-on, Mark down and Mark-up.
Obtain Mark-on, Mark-down, and Mark-up given price of a product.
Figuring out when you are making a profit is key to business success. A business
enthusiast should know important financial concepts to run his/her business. He/she should
also have an understanding of how inflation or deflation of prices can affect his/her business as
well as the customers. These terms or concepts that he/she should know are what we call
mark-on, mark-up, and markdown.
Example problem:
Donuts for Sale!

The SSG officers of Far East College decided to participate in their foundation day by selling
donuts. They agreed to order 100 donuts per day that cost ₱20.00 each. The group wanted an
initial mark-up of 20% on the first day of the event.
(a) How much is the selling price?
Since the sale was successful, they put an additional mark-up of ₱ 6.00 for each donut on the
second day of the event. The new selling price is ₱30.00.
In the morning of the third day, the students who are buying the product are fewer than the
usual. They came up with a plan of markup cancellation. The donuts are now tagged to sell at
₱ 26.00 each.
(b) How much is the mark-up cancellation?
Before the event ends, they were given extra time to sell the remaining 30 donuts. To
immediately sell them out, they reduced the selling price from ₱ 26.00 to ₱ 18.00. The ₱ 8.00
reduction is termed as markdown.
What do you think of the group’s strategy in buying and selling? Do you think they were able to
gain profit from the event? Why or why not?
Page | 20
Cost
- refers to the price by which a product or an item was bought. In the example above, the cost
of a donut is ₱ 20.00.
Initial mark-up or mark-on

- refers to the amount added to cost to obtain the original selling price. If the SSG officers
wants to add a 20% mark-on to the item, then, the item will be sold for ₱ 24.00.
Cost…………………………… ………… ... ₱ 20.00

Initial Mark-up or Mark – on….… + ₱ 4.00 → (20% of ₱ 20.00)
Original selling price …………….….. ₱ 24.00
Additional Mark-up only

- refers to the amount added to the original selling price to arrive at a new selling price. In our
example above, the SSG officers decided to increase the selling price by ₱ 6.00 which is the
additional mark-up.
Original selling price………….. ₱ 24.00

Additional mark-up…………… + ₱ 6.00
New selling price ……………….. ₱ 30.00
NOTE: In our module, let’s refer to both mark-on/initial mark–up and additional mark-up as “mark-up” only.
Mark-up cancellation
- refers to the decrease in the new selling price that does not reduce below the original selling
price. The SSG officers observed that in the morning of the third day, the new selling price is not
appealing to the customers anymore. That is why they decided to decrease its price to ₱ 26.00.
New selling price……………..….. ₱ 30.00

Mark-up cancellation………… – ₱ 4.00
Reduced selling price …….……. ₱ 26.00 → is still above the original selling price
Original selling price ……………. ₱ 24.00
Markdown
- refers to the reduction in the original selling price. Traders usually do this to sell out the
remaining products or items that were not sold in a specific period of time. Just like what
happened on the example given above, since there were 30 remaining donuts, the officers
reduced the price below the original selling price from ₱ 24.00 to ₱ 18.00.
Markdown = Original selling price – New reduced selling price

= ₱ 24.00 – ₱ 18.00
= ₱ 6.00
NOTE: Original selling price is similar to Old selling price when we are talking about markdown.
Page | 21
The markdown rate is usually expressed as a percent of the new reduced selling price. Let’s use
the example above.
Old selling price ………………………. ₱ 24.00
New reduced selling price………… ₱ 18.00
Markdown……………………………….. ₱ 6.00
Markdown
Markdown rate (% of new reduced selling price) = x 100
New Reduced Selling Price
6.00
= x 100
18.00
1
= x 100
3
=0.3333 x 100
= 33.33 % → Markdown rates based on the
new reduced selling price.
NOTE: The markdown rate can also be expressed as a percent of the old selling price. If that is the case, you may
want to use the formula below:
Markdown
Markdown rate = x 100
New old Selling Price
MATH CHECK!!!
For the lesson summary, answer the following questions or complete the
following statements based on the discussion.
1. What is cost?
2. What is the other term used for mark-on?
3. Differentiate mark-on and mark-up.
4. Differentiate mark-up cancellation and markdown.
Page | 22
Technology Corp.
Region III
First Quarter - Midterm
Prepared by:
QUARTER 1 – MIDTERM – LESSON 01: MARGIN & MARK - UP AND TRADE DISCOUNT

Differentiate mark-up from margins.
Describe how gross margins is used in sales.
Compute single trade discounts and discount series.
I. Margin and Mark – up
Traders or retailers sometimes confuse margin and mark-up. Understanding both terms
are very important because it will help them determine how much profit they want to earn
or make. Setting the prices of their products or items accordingly can only happen if they
know how much profit they wa
nt to make.
Example problem:
Let’s Help Ana!!

Ana is a grade 11 ABM student. Her teacher gave her an extra activity about Margin and Mark-
up because she is facing some difficulties understanding it. Let’s help her answer the activity!
A trader bought a bag that costs ₱650.00. She sells it for ₱1,100.00.
a. How much is the gross margin?
b. How much is the mark-up?
c. What is the % mark-up?
d. What is the % margin?
Margin a.k.a. Gross Margin
- is selling price minus the cost of goods sold (cost). Using the activity above, the bag sells for
₱ 1,100.00 and the cost is ₱ 650.00, subtracting them we will get the gross margin
which is ₱ 450.00. The gross margin is also the gross profit or mark-up.
- stated as percent, the margin percentage or % margin is 40.91%.
mark −up
% Margin = x 100
Selling Price
Page | 23
₱ 450.00
% Margin = x 100
₱ 1 ,100.00
% Margin = 0.4091 x 100

Mark-up based on selling price → Margin = 40.91%
Mark-up
- is the amount by which the cost of a product or item is increased in order to come up with the
selling price. On the activity above, a mark-up of ₱ 450.00 is added to the ₱ 650.00 cost to get ₱
1,100.00 selling price.
- stated as percent, the mark-up percentage or % mark-up is 69.23%.
mark−up
% Mark-up = x 100
cost
₱ 450.00
% Mark-up = x 100
₱ 650.00
% Mark-up = 0.6923 x 100

Mark-up based on cost→ Margin = 69.23%
Note: Margin is addressing the profit based on the selling price, while mark-up addresses the
profit based on cost.
Notice that the mark-up based on selling price (margin) is lower (40.91%) compared to
mark-up based on cost (69.23%) although our mark-up in pesos remains the same (₱450.00).
This is the main reason why traders or retailers usually express their mark-ups based on selling
price (margin) to make it seem like they have lower mark-up or gross profit.
The mark-up in percent can be expressed as either based on selling price or based on cost.
Mark-up Based on Selling Price (Margin)

Mark-up is based on selling price if the selling price is taken as 100%, it being the base(B).
Selling price ……………………….. ₱ 1,100.00 100%
Cost ………………………………….. - ₱ 650.00 - 59.09%
Mark-up ……………………………… ₱ 450.00 40.91%
To express the cost and the mark-up in percent, the selling price is used as the base.
Page | 24
Mark-up Based on Cost (Mark-up)
In some instances, mark-up is expressed as a percent of cost. In this case, the cost is the base,
hence, 100%.
Cost …………………………………… ₱ 650.00 100%
Mark-up …………………………….+ ₱ 450.00 + 69.23%
Selling price ……………………….. ₱ 1,100.00 169.23%
Page | 25
To get the corresponding percent for the selling price and the mark-up, we will use the cost as
the base.
II. Trade Discount
Sellers usually attract customers to purchase their products or items by offering a trade
discount. There are two types of trade discount that vendors use to entice buyers; a single
trade discount wherein the merchant sells an item with a 30% discount or discount series of
15%, 10% and 5% with different conditions to follow before you can avail the manufactured
goods. These discounts will help you get such great deals in the market!
Page | 26
Example problem:
Let’s try to help them.
Angg : Hey Toph! I’m selling airpods for ₱11,790.00 with a single discount of 20%. What
about you?
Toph : Hello Aang, what a coincidence! I’m also selling the same item for the same price but
with a 14% discount and another 6% discount if paid in cash.
Compute for Aang’s: Compute for Toph’s:

1. Discount 1. Total Discount
2. Net Invoice Price 2. Net Invoice Price
3. NIP rate 3. NIP rate
Which has the better offer? Why?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Trade Discount
- refers to a reduction from the list price given to customers or buyers at the discretion
of the seller. Trade discounts could either be a single discount or a series of discount.
Single Discount
- a single discount is computed using the formula:
P = B x R, where, B is the list or original price,

R is the rate of discount, and
P is the amount of discount
Hence, Discount = List Price x Discount Rate
In the example above, Aang is selling airpods for ₱ 11,790.00 and offers a single discount of
20%. To get the discount, we simply multiply the list price with the given discount rate.
Solution 1: Aang’s Discount

= List price x Discount rate
= ₱ 11,790.00 x 20%
= ₱ 2,358.00
Discount Series
- A seller, in some instance, offers additional discounts based on a number of different
conditions other than the discount usually given.
Page | 27
- Toph is selling her airpods for ₱ 11,790.00, same price with Aang’s, but with a series of
discounts of 14% and another 6% discount if paid in cash. To get the total discount, we must
compute for the first and second discount then add them together.
Therefore, Total Discount = Discount 1 + Discount 2
In the example above, Aang is selling airpods for ₱ 11,790.00 and offers a single discount of
20%. To get the discount, we simply multiply the list price with the given discount rate.

= List price x Discount rate
= ₱ 11,790.00 x 20%
= ₱ 2,358.00
Solution 2: Toph’s Total Discount

Discount 1 = ₱ 11,790.00 x 14%
= ₱ 1,650.60
Balance = ₱ 11,790.00 - ₱ 1,650.60

= ₱ 10,139.40 (New List Price)
Discount = ₱ 10,139.40 x 6%
= ₱ 608.364 (New Discount)
Total Discount = Discount 1 + Discount 2

= ₱ 1,650.60 + ₱ 608.364
= ₱ 2,258.964
Net Invoice Price (NIP)

- refers to the amount to be paid after deducting the amount of discount.
- Formula:
▪ Net Invoice Price (NIP) = List Price – Discount
Solution 1: Aang’s Net Invoice Price

NIP = List Price – Discount
= ₱ 11,790.00 - ₱ 2,358.00
= ₱ 9,432.00
Solution 2: Toph’s Net Invoice Price

NIP = Balance (New List Price) – Dicount 2 (New Discount)
= ₱ 10,139.40 - ₱ 608.364
= ₱ 9,531.036
Net Invoice Price (NIP) rate

- The NIP rate is equal to 100% less the discount rate.
Thus, Net Invoice Price (NIP) rate = 100% - Discount rate
Page | 28
Solution 1: Aang’s NIP rate
= 100% - Discount rate
= 100% - 20%
= 80%
Note: This checks the result we got when we multiplied the list price by the discount
- The formula for the NIP rate of a discount series is as follows:
▪ NIP rate = (100% - Discount 1) x (100% - Discount 2)
Solution 2: Toph’s NIP rate

= (100% - Discount 1) x (100% - Discount 2)
= (100% - 14%) x (100% - 6%)
= [86% x 94%] or [.86 x .94 x 100]
= 0.8084 x 100
= 80.84%
Alternative way of solving NIP and Discount

- Another way of computing fot the Net Invoice Price (NIP) is to multiply the list price by
the net invoice price rate.
As such, Net Invoice Price (NIP) = List Price x NIP rate

Solution 1: Aang’s NIP
= List Price x NIP rate
= ₱ 11,790.00 x 80%
= ₱ 9,432.00
Solution 2: Toph’s NIP

= ₱ 11,790.00 x 80.84%
= ₱ 9,531.036
- To get the discount, we deduct the net invoice price from the list price:
Hence, Dicount = List Price – Net Invoice Price

= List Price – NIP
= ₱ 11,790.00 - ₱ 9,432.00
= ₱ 2,358.00
Solution 2: Toph’s Discount
Single Discount Rate = 100% - NIP rate

= 100% - 80.84%
= 19.16% (Discount rate 1 + Discount rate 2)
Total Discount = ₱ 11,790.00 x 19.16%

= ₱ 2,258.964
Note: This checks the result we got when we multiplied the list price by the discount rate to get the discount
Page | 29
MATH CHECK!!!
1. What is gross margin?
2. How do we obtain mark-up/profit?
3. What is the difference between margin and mark-up?
4. Why do trader’s express mark-ups based on selling price?
5. Why does “rate of mark-up based on cost” bigger than “rate of mark-up
based on selling price?”
Page | 30
Technology Corp.
Region III
Prepared by:
QUARTER 1 – MIDTERM – LESSON 02: PROFIT AND LOSS

Differentiate profit from loss.
Illustrate how profit is obtained and how to avoid loss in a given.
In our daily life, we buy commodities from the vendors in the market which they buy
either directly from the manufacturers or through the wholesalers. For them to bring in money
and to avoid bankruptcy, they increase the selling price of their goods before selling it to the
public.
Example problem:
Solve each problem and write the matching letter on the box above the correct answer then
complete the message.
E
1. Jackson purchased a toy car at ₱2,625.00 and sold it at ₱4,038.00. How much is
the profit or loss?
U 2. Yuki bought a notebook set for ₱440.00. She spent ₱18.00 for transportation fee.
She sold her notebook set to her classmate for ₱450.00. How much is the profit or
loss?
R 3. A small company earned ₱210,000.00 in revenue by selling photo cards, and has
₱17,000.00 costs of goods sold. How much is the gross profit?
E 4. Haru Merchandising has a gross profit of ₱85,110.00 and incurred an operating

expense of ₱28,305.10. How much is the operating profit?
F 4. Haru Merchandising has a gross profit of ₱85,110.00 and incurred an operating

expense of ₱28,305.10. How much is the operating profit?
How do you get a person to like you?
₱1,341 ₱1,413
Page | 31
Y
₱4,131 ₱8 (₱8) ₱193,000 ₱391,000 56,804.9 ₱17,690 ₱17,960
Cost
- How much the seller buys the item is the cost of the item. It is termed cost of goods
sold or cost of sales.
Profit
- It refers to the amount left of the selling price after all costs and expenses had been
deducted. It is computed using the formula:
P/L = SP – CP,
where, SP is the selling price
CP is the cost price, and
P/L is the profit or loss
Hence, Profit/Loss = Selling Price – Cost Price
In the problem 1 above, Jackson purchased a toy car at ₱ 2,625.00 (cost price) and sold it at ₱
4,038.00 (selling price). To get the profit or loss, we simply subtract the selling price with the
given cost price.
Solution 1:
P/L = Selling price - Cost price

= ₱ 4,038.00 - ₱ 2,625.00
Profit = ₱ 1,413.00
Note: If the answer is negative, it can be labeled as loss.
Loss
- Loss occurs when the cost and expenses exceed the selling price or sales.
In problem 2, Yuki bought a notebook set for ₱ 440.00. She spent ₱ 18.00 for
transportation fee (expense). She sold her notebook set to her classmate for ₱450.00. To get
the loss, we must add the cost and expenses then subtract it to the selling price. Therefore,
Profit/Loss = Selling Price - (Cost Price + Expense)
Solution 2:
P/L= ₱ 450.00 - (₱ 440.00 + ₱ 18.00)
Loss = (₱ -8)
Note: If the answer is positive, it can be labeled as profit
Gross Profit
Page | 32
- Also known as Gross Margin, it appears on a company's income statement and can be
calculated using this formula:
Gross Profit = Revenue (sales) - Cost of goods sold (cost of sale)
In problem 3, a small company earned ₱ 210,000.00 in revenue by selling photo cards, and has
₱ 17,000.00 costs of goods sold.
Solution 3:
Gross Profit = Revenue - COGS
= ₱ 210,000.00 - ₱ 17,000.00
= ₱ 193,000.00
Operating Expenses
- refers to the expenses incurred to run the business. Expenses refer to operating
expenses (administrative and selling expenses) and financial expense (interest and other
finance charges) may appear on a company’s income statement.
Operating Profit/Loss
- refers to the profit from business operations that appear on a company’s income
statement. Thus,
Operating Profit/Loss = Gross Profit - Operating Expenses
In problem 4, Haru Merchandising has a gross profit of ₱ 85,110.00 and incurred an

operating expense of ₱ 28,305.10.
Solution 4:
Operating Profit/Loss = Gross Profit - Operating Expenses
= ₱ 85,110.00 - ₱ 28,305.10
= ₱ 56,804.90
Other Income includes interest income and other incidental income the firm earns like rent
income if it has a property that it rents out.
Other Expense includes interest expense or finance charges financial institutions charge firms
to their services.
Net Profit/Loss
- Net profit forms part of a business’ income statement. It is what is left after all the
costs of a business have been added up and taken from its sales revenue. As such,
Net Profit/Loss = (Operating Profit + Other Income) – Other Expenses
In problem 5, JK co. concluded its other income, other expenses and operating profit to
₱6,500.00, ₱2,090.00 and ₱13,550.00 respectively.
Solution 5:
= (Operating Profit + Other Income) – Other Expenses

= (₱ 13,550.00 + ₱ 6,500.00) - ₱ 2,090.00
Page | 33
= ₱ 20,050 - ₱ 2,090.00
= ₱ 17,960.00
Income Statement for a Trading Firm

A trading or merchandising firm buys goods that it sells. The account used to report the
selling price of the merchandise is sales while gross sales refers to total sales.
An income statement is the financial statement that shows the results of operation, that
is, if it earns a profit or incurs a loss for a given period of time. Generally, a firm prepares
financial statement on a monthly basis. For tax purposes, it is prepared quarterly and
annually. It details the sales (revenue), the cost of sales (cost of goods sold), the
operating expenses, and other expense and/or other income, if any.
Below is a sample income statement of a trading firm.
Page | 34
Page | 35
MATH CHECK!!!
1. What are the other terms for cost?
2. Differentiate profit from loss
3. How to avoid loss?
4. What is the other term for gross profit?
5. Define operating expense
6. Differentiate other income from other expense.
7. Define net profit or loss
8. What is the purpose of income statement?
Page | 36
Technology Corp.
Region III
First Quarter – Midterm
Prepared by:
QUARTER 1 – MIDTERM – LESSON 03: BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS

Determine the break-even point.
Solve problems involving buying and selling products.
Ideally, you should conduct an analysis before you start a business so you have a good
idea of the risk involved. In other words, you should figure out if the business is worth it.
Existing businesses should conduct this analysis before launching a new product or service to
determine whether or not the potential profit is worth the startup costs.
In order for a business to do well they need to be in control of their income and their
expenses.
Income – Expenses = Profit
Where the income graph is above the expenses, the area represents where the business
is making a profit.
Break-Even Point
 Break-even point happens when business has no profit nor loss. In case, the amount of
expenses is equal to the amount of cost.
 A break-even analysis is used to determine how much sales volume your business needs
to start making a profit.
 A break-even analysis is especially useful when you’re developing a pricing strategy,
either as part of a marketing plan or a business plan.
Page | 37
The break-even point is the point at which cost and income are equal and there is neither
profit nor loss.
There are two basic of costs a company incurs.

 Variable Costs
 Fixed Costs
Variable costs are costs that change with changes in production levels or sales.
(Examples include: Cost of materials used in the production of the goods)
Fixed costs remain roughly the same regardless of sales/output levels.
(Examples include: Rent, Insurance and Wages)
Overhead costs
Overhead costs often referred to as overhead or operating expenses, it refers to those
expenses associated with running a business that can’t be linked to creating or producing a
product or service.
At break-even point:
Pn = cn + FC
where, P = unit price

n = number of units
c = cost per unit
FC = fixed cost
To find the number of units to break-even:

Pn = cn + FC
Pn – cn = FC
n(P – c) = FC, hence,
Derived Formula:
FC
n=
P−C
Page | 38
¿ Cost
Break−Even Point ( ¿ units )=
Selling Price−Variable Cost
Let’s take a look at this example for better understanding:
Example # 1
Find the break-even point (BEP) given the following information:
Unit Price = ₱50
Variable Cost = ₱14
Fixed Cost = ₱18 000
18,000
Break−Even Point ( ¿ units )= → 500
50−14
Amount of BEP = 500 units x 50

= ₱25 000
Example # 2
Find the break-even point (BEP) given the following information:
Unit Price = ₱18
Variable Cost = ₱9
Fixed Cost = ₱8 200
8,200
Break−Even Point ( ¿ units )= → 911.11≈ 911
18−9
Amount of BEP = 911 units x 18

= ₱16 398
Break-Even Analysis Advantages
 The main advantage of a Break-Even Point is that it explains the relationship between
costs, production volume and revenue.
 It is helpful in sales price and quantity.
 It is helpful in examining effects upon organization’s profitability.
MATH CHECK!!!
Read and analyze the problem then solve. Show your complete solution.
Aling Puring is running a sari-sari store. Last week, she purchased grocery
items amounting to ₱5,250.00. She was able to sell 70% of the goods and earned
₱4,900. Find her gross profit.
Answer: P1,225
Page | 39
Technology Corp.
Region III
Prepared by:
QUARTER 1 – MIDTERM – LESSON 04: INTEREST
Illustrate how interest is computed specifically as applied to mortgage,

amortization, and on services/utilities and on deposits and loans.
Compute interest specifically as applied to mortgage, amortization,
and on services/utilities and on deposits and loans.
In the financial world, simple interest can be found many places. You might encounter it
when taking out a personal loan, borrowing money to buy a car, or setting up a bank account.
Nowadays people need money to live. We can no longer erase the fact that we need money to
buy our essential needs. People need money if they want to purchase something. But
sometimes they don’t have the exact money needed to pay for a certain product that’s when
interest and amortization applies. Interest applies to different aspects in real-life situation.
From deposits, loans, services, utilities, etc. Money is not free to borrow. It costs to borrow
money.
I. SIMPLE INTEREST
Simple Interest (Is) is the interest that is computed on the principal and then added to it.
Lender or creditor is a person (or institution) who invests the money or makes the funds
available.
Borrower or debtor is a person (or institution) who owes the money or avails of the funds from
the lender.
Maturity Value or Future value (F) is the amount t years that the lender receives from the
borrower on the maturity date.
Annual Simple Interest

IS= Prt
where :
Page | 40
IS = simple interest
P = principal, or the amount invested or borrowed
r = simple interest rate
t = term of time in years
Note: When the term is expressed in months (M), it should be converted in years by t= 𝑀/12
Derived Formulas:
Is
P=
rt
To get the value of the Principal amount, divide the interest by the product of the rate and time.
Is
r=
Pt
To get the interest rate, divide the interest by the product of the Principal amount and time.
Is
t=
Pr
To get the time, divide the interest by the product of the Principal amount and rate.
Illustrative Example:
A bank offers 0.25% annual simple interest rate for a particular deposit. How much interest will be
earned if 1 million pesos is deposited in this savings account for 1 year?
Given: P = 1 000 000 I = 0.25% or 0.0025 t = 1 year
Find IS :
Solution: Is = Prt
Is= (1000000) (0.0025) (1)
Is= 2,500
Answer: The interest earned is ₱2,500
II. Mortgage Loan
Mortgage Loan is a type of loan which is secured by some physical property such as real estate
hence it involves big amount.
Mortgagor is the person who borrows the money for a mortgage.
Mortgagee is the lender of money for a mortgage
Down Payment is a type of payment made in cash during the onset of the purchase of an
expensive good or service.
Amortization is a debt-payment scheme wherein the original amount borrowed is repaid by
making equal payments periodically.
Illustrative Example:
Chris would like to purchase a kitchen package worth ₱75,000. He agreed to give 20% down
payment and settle the balance with equal installments. How much is the down payment? How
Page | 41
much is the mortgage loan? If the mortgage loan is to be paid in 6 months, how much is the
cost of monthly amortization?
Down Payment = 20% of P75 000

= 0.20 x 75 000
= ₱ 15 000
Mortgage Loan = Purchase price – down payment

= 75 000 – 15 000
= ₱60 000
Monthly Amortization = ₱60,000 ÷ 6

= ₱10 000 If there is no interest charged
Monthly Payment
The computation shown above is true if there no interest added to the mortgage loan. But if
the loan is obtained from a bank, for sure an interest will be added to the mortgage loan.
Monthly Amortization with Interest
Where
A = monthly payment
P = mortgage loan
i = monthly interest rate
n= the total number of payments
What is an Amortization Table?

An amortization table is a table showing the monthly payments on a loan acquired including the
interest and balance.
Consider this example:

If a bank charges 5% interest annually, 5% is also known as Annual Percentage Rate or APR.
But since payments are to be done monthly, hence 5% APR is to be divided by 12 to get the
monthly rate. (Or 5% ÷ 12 = 0.416% or 0.00416).
Page | 42
MATH CHECK!!!
Supply the necessary answers to complete the statements about simple interest.
Write your answer on your notebook.
1. _______________ is the interest that is computed on the principal and

then added to it.
2. _____________ is the person who borrows the money for a mortgage.
3. _____________ is the lender of money for a mortgage
4. _____________ is a type of payment made in cash during the onset of the

purchase of an expensive good or service.
5. ______________ is a debt-payment scheme wherein the original amount

borrowed is repaid by making equal payments periodically.
Page | 43
Technology Corp.
Region III
Second Quarter – Semi - Final
Prepared by:
QUARTER 2 – SEMI - FINAL – LESSON 01: COMMISSIONS
Illustrate the different types of commissions.

Compute commissions on cash basis and commission on instalment basis.
Compute down payment, gross balance and current increased balance.
Solve problems involving interests and commissions.
I. Basic Concepts of Commissions

When a business sells a product, it needs to know if it is making money, and
employees need to know how their pay is calculated. In this lesson you will learn
about calculating commissions.
Commissions is a fee paid to person who makes a sale. The commission is usually a
percent of the selling price. The percent is called the Commission Rate.
Three Types of Commissions
1. Straight Commission – It is a type of commission where a person is paid a percentage of

his/her sales only.
Example:
Karyl works on a “commission only” basis and received 3% on her monthly sales without
a base salary. What is her commission and total pay during a month when she sells
P108,000 worth of appliances? Compute for the commission.
Page | 44
Solution: The commission will be 3% of P108,000
P108,000 (0.03) = P3,240
2. Salary plus Commission – It is a type of commission where a person gets paid a salary
and a percentage of his/her sales.
Example:
Mr. Cueva decides to work for ABX Company that will pay him P3,500 per week and 6%
of any sales above P3,000. If he sold goods worth P5,000, what is his gross and pay?
Solution: P5,000 – P3,000 = P2,000

His commission will be 6% of P2,000 and that is: (P2,000) (0.06) = P120
His gross pay is computed as P3,500 + P120 = P3,620
3. Graduated Commission - It is a type of commission where the percentage changes

based on how much someone sells. Most of the companies encourage the agents to sell
more goods.
Example:
Mary has a monthly commission plan where she receives 2.5% on the first P100,000 of
sales during the month and 3.5% on the sales above P100,000. If her total sales during
the month is P150,000, compute her commission.
Solution: P150,000 – P100,000 = P50,000
II. Commission on Installment Basis
All computation of computations above are on cash sales. If the sales are on
installment basis, they are giving commission based on the payment made by the
buyer.
Example:
A salesman, earning 4% commission made a sale of P100,000 to be paid in 5 equal
monthly installments. How much will be his monthly commission?
Solution: P100,000 ÷ 5 = P20,000

4% of 20,000 is P800,00
Therefore, the salesman’s monthly commission is P800,000
Page | 45
III. Down payment, Gross Balance and Current Increased Balance
Down payment – is a type of payment made in cash during the onset of the purchase of an
expensive good or service. The payment represents a percentage of the full purchase.
Example:
Other companies selling houses or condo units also have schemes like requiring the
buyer to pay a certain cash amount after one year aside from the monthly amortization. The
cash amount increases for the next year up to a third year. At the end of the third year, all
cash amounts and monthly amortizations paid by the buyer are deducted from the
purchase price of the unit being bought. The remaining amount will be the one subjected to
an interest either through in-house or bank financing.
Gross Balance – this refers to the total amount of money and bank has on deposit before
adjusting for uncleared checks or deposits, as well as reserve requirements.
Example:
A check amounting to P5,000 that has been deposited today may not be withdrawn the
next day because it has not cleared yet. If your bank passbook currently contains P30,000,
you may not be able to withdraw the whole amount yet because your gross balance is only
P25,000 since your check has not been cleared yet.
Current Increased Balance – this may refer to the total amount you have to pay that
includes penalties or interest incurred by unpaid balance from a loan or payment you are
supposed to have made but was not able to do so on time.
Example:
As of this month’s cut –off date, the current total amount due from your purchases using
your credit card is P99, 386.59. The minimum required payment is 5% of the total amount
due. If you pay only the minimum required payment, a financing charge 3.4% of the
remaining balance will be charged to the next bill. Assuming you refrain from using your
credit card on any of your purchases or the next 3 months and the financing charge of 3.4%
is charged every billing period. Show your expected monthly bill for the next 3 months.
Solution:
Current bill is P99, 386.59 and the required payment bill is 5%

(P99, 386.59) (0.05) = P4, 969.33
If the only remaining balance is paid, then the remaining debt balance is:
P99, 386.50 – P4,969.33 = P94, 417.26
Assuming there are no credit bill transactions for the next 3 months and only the minimum
required payment each is month is paid, the table below shows the monthly total amount due
for each of the next 3 months.
Page | 46
IV. Problems Involving Interest and Commission
Interest – the charge for the privilege of borrowing money.
Principal – is the amount borrowed.
Interest rate – is the cost of using money expressed as a percentage of the principal given
period of time, which is usually per year. It is generally regarded as the cost of borrowing or
lending out money or the cost of credit.
Time- is period of the loan.
Simple Interest Formula
Formula (1) : I = Prt
Where:
I – interest (amount paid for the use of money)
P – principal (amount borrowed/ lent/ invested)
r – rate (percent of interest being charged)
t – time (number of periods which the money will be borrowed/lent/invested)
The rate and time should always agree:
1. If the rate is per annum, time should be in years.

2. If rate is per month, time should be in month.
3. If rate is per day, time should be in days.
In the absence of stipulation to the contrary , a stated rate of interest is understood to be

an per annum or annual basis
To find the maturity value of future value F (total amount due upon maturity)
Formula (2) : F = P + I
Page | 47
If we substitute our basic formula for the interest in formula 2, we will have:
F=P+I
F = P + Prt
Formula (3) : F = P [1+ rt)
Example:
Mr. Cruz as a teacher of Deli High School borrows P300,000 in the bank for two years with 6%
annually. Find the interest (I) and the maturity value (F).
Given:
P- P300,000
r- 6%
t – 2 years
Find I and F
Solutions:
a. Interest (I)
I = Prt
6%
I = (P300,000) x x 2 years
yr
= P 300,000 x 0.06 x 2
I = P36,000
b. Maturity Value (F)

F=P+I
=P300,000 + P36,000
F = P336,000
NOTE: If we are not asked for the amount of interest, but only for the maturity value, we can
make use formula 3.
F= P(1+rt)
= P300,000 [ 1 + (0.06) (2)]
= P300,000 [ 1 + 0.12]
= P300,000 [ 1.12]
F= P336,000
Knowing the maturity value, it would be very easy to get the interest. We simply deduct the
principal (P) from the maturity value (F). Thus:
I=F-P
= P336,000 – P330,000
=P36,000
Actual Time and Approximate Time
If problem does not state the term in days, month or years, then give the loan date and the
maturity date. We can use either actual time or approximately time.
Page | 48
Approximate time, like ordinary interest, assumes that each of the 12 months in a year has 30
days (360 days in a year).
Actual time counts the exact number of days; hence, a year is taken as composed of 365 days.
In as much as each 12 months does not equality have 30 days, actual time is longer than
approximate time.
Example:
1. Find the actual time between My 22 to September 25.
a. Actual time
May Has 31 days
31 – 22 = 9
Days in May 9
June 30
July 31
August 31
September 25
126 days
2. Find the approximate time between May 22 to September 25

b. Approximate time
9 (September) 25 (September)
-5 (May) - 22 (May)
4 mos. 3
x 30 day/mo.
120 days
+ 3 days
123 days
Note: As stated actual time is longer than approximate time.
Ordinary Interest and Exact Interest
When time is expressed in days, interest could either be ordinary interest or exact
interest.
Ordinary Interest, one year is taken as 360 days (approximate days in a year hence
D
Io = P x r x
360
Where: D – is the number of days or the time expressed in days
Exact Interest, one year is taken as 365 days ( exact days in a year)
Page | 49
D
Ie = P x r x
365
D D
Note that or replaces t in our basic formula I=Prt.
360 365
Example:
Compute for ordinary and exact interest on P1,000 at 8% for 90 days.

Given: P – P1,000
r- 8%
t – 90 days
Solve for Ie and Io
Solutions:
a. Ordinary Interest
D
Io = P x r x
360
90
= P1,000 x 8% x
360
8 1
= P1,000 x x
100 4
1
= P10 x 8 x
4
80
=
4
= P20
b. Exact Interest
D
Ie = P x r x
365
90
= P1,000 x 8% x
365
8
= P1,000 x x .2466
100
= P80 x .2446
= P 19.728 or P 19.73
MATH CHECK!!!
Supply the necessary answers to complete the statements about commissions.
Write your answer on your notebook.
______________ is fee paid to a person who makes a sale. The commission is Page | 50
usually a percent of the selling price. The percent is called the ____________.
There are three types of commission these are______________, ______________
and _______________.
Technology Corp.
Region III
Second Quarter – Semi - final
Prepared by:
QUARTER 2 – SEMI - FINAL – LESSON 02: SALARIES, WAGES, INCOME AND BENEFITS
Define salary, wage, income, benefits.

Will able to compute the salary, wage, income and benefits.
I. Salaries, Wages, Income and Benefits
People in our community have different professions and jobs. These people who work
expect a monetary return for their goods or services. It allows them to make a living from their
labour. There are different ways on how a person get paid for his/her services through different
manners of payment like salary, wages, benefits and other sources of income.
The top 10 Highest-Paying Jobs in the Philippines
Page | 51
Salary – is a fixed amount usually associated with employee compensation usually received on
a monthly or semi-monthly basis, but it may be quoted in an annual sum.
It is, sometimes, necessary to convert salaries on an annual basis into monthly basis, weekly to
monthly, monthly to semi- monthly, etc. In these cases we should always remember that:
1 year = 12 months = 24 semi-monthly

1 year = 52 weeks = 26 bi-weekly
1 month = 2 semi-monthly
Where:
“semi-monthly” means “given twice a month”
“bi-weekly” means “given every two weeks”
Salary Earners
 These are employees who receive the salaries and usually get paid every 15 days (Semi-
monthly).
 These are employee are not paid less if they are work for only a fraction of the required
number of hours of week.
 They are not paid for working overtime.
Examples:
1. Mr. Sarmiento, a manager of the Maharlika Company earns P420,000 annually. If he
is paid monthly, how much does he get on his paycheck?
Solution: Since there are 12 months in a year, then we divide the annual salary by
12. That is:
Page | 52
annual salary P 420,000
Monthly salary = = = P35,000
12 12
2. A university assistant professor in a state university gets a monthly salary of

P50,000. How much will he received if the salary is given semi-monthly?
Solution: Since semi-monthly salary is given two times a month, then we divide the
monthly salary by 2. That is:
monthly salary P 50,000

Semi - monthly salary = = = P25,000
2 2
3. Mrs. Sanchez works as an accountants and gets a salary of P15,000 which is given
semi-monthly. How much will be her annual salary?
Solution: Since semi-monthly salaries are given twice a month or 24 times in a year,
then we multiply the semi-monthly salary by 24. That is:
Annual Salary = ( semi-monthly salary) (24)
= (P15,000) (24)
= P360,000
4. Mr. Reyes gets a salary of P10,000 which is given bi-weekly. How much will be his
annual salary?
Solution: Since bi-weekly salaries are given every two weeks or 26 times in a year.
Then we multiply the bi-weekly salary by 26. That is:
Annual Salary = ( bi-monthly salary) (26)

= (P10,000) (26)
= P260,000
Wage – is usually associated with employee compensation that is based on the number of
hours/days worked multiplied by an hourly/daily rate of pay.
Wage is usually paid on weekly basis, but it may be quoted in an hourly rate or daily rate
of an employee. To solve for the wage, remember that:
Wage = (hourly rate) (no. of hours worked)

= (daily rate) (no. of days worked)
Wage Earners
 These are the employee who receive the wages and usually get paid either weekly or
monthly depending on the employer’s convenience.
Page | 53
 These employees are under the “no work, no pay” policy where they are only paid for
the actual number of hours or day that they rendered work but they are paid for
working overtime.
Examples:
1. Marygin works as math tutor and is paid P150 per hour. How much wage does she earn
for a 10-hour per week of work?
Solution: Since the given is the hourly rate, we simply multiply it by the number of hours
worked. That is:
Wage = (hourly rate) (no. of hours worked)

= (P150) (10 hours)
= P1500
2. Mang Pedro, a minimum wage earner in Metro Manila is paid P450.50 for an 8 hour
workday. What is his hourly wage?
Solution: Since the given is wage and he worked for 8 hours, then we must divide the
wage by 8. That is:
wage
Hourly rate =
no . of hours worked
P 450.50
=
8
= P56.31
Income – is the total amount that people earn in exchange of the goods, employment,
businesses, investments and professional services that they have rendered.
Types of Income
1. Active Income – is when you the work and are paid for that work. If you do nothing, you
will no longer be paid.
2. Passive Income - is when the payment is not directly tied to active work. It is usually
front loaded with active work and gets paid with small amount, while the bulk of
incomes comes later.
Sources of Income
1. Commission Income – payment for the commission on sales

2. Rental Income - payment from rentals of properties and real estates.
3. Dividends – from investments and partnership
4. Royalties – payments for authors, product sold or license.
5. Business Income – profits from business
6. Interest – from a variety of loans from individuals or companies.
Page | 54
7. Capital gains – from the sales of investments
8. Goods- such as crops, fish and other products.
Benefits – are employee compensation given by an employer other than the basic salary/wage.
It may come in the form of cash or in kind.
Examples of Benefits
a. Vacation or sick leaves

b. Housing
c. Group insurance
d. Rice subsidy
e. Cash benefits
f. 13th month pay
g. Meal and transportation allowance
h. Hospitalization benefits
i. Clothing allowance
j. Commission, overrides and bonuses.
Illustration:
Kristine is an elementary teacher and got an offer from two different private schools in nearby
city.
Great Minds School offers a monthly salary of P30,000. However, the school is far from where
she lives, where renting a house cost P5,000 a month. On the other hand, Bright Kids Academy
offers a monthly salary of P27,000 and a free accommodation near the school.
Based on the given information, which is company is offering a better compensation and
benefit package?
Solution:
 Great Minds School offer P30,000 per month while renting a house amounting to P5,000.
Therefore, the income will be reduced to:
P30,000 – P5,000 = P25,000
 Bright Kids Academy offers a lower monthly salary of P27,000 but provides free
accommodation. Therefore, the income of P27,000 will not be affected by the house
rent.
Therefore, Bright Kids Academy offers a better compensation and benefits package.
MATH CHECK!!!
Give 5 examples of Salary Earners.
Page | 55
1.
2.
3.

Technology Corp.
Region III
Prepared by:
QUARTER 2 – SEMI - FINAL – LESSON 03: GROSS AND NET EARNINGS
Define gross and net earnings.

Compute gross and net earnings.
Solve world problems involving gross and net earnings.
I. Gross and Net Earnings
For almost all employees, a part of their earnings is usually taken out before they can
receive their take-home pay. Have you ever wondered how employees solve for their
expected salary on their pay day? How do employers solve for their employee’s deductions?
Page | 56
In the figure shown above, it can be observed that, in a payslip there are three parts
namely Total Earning, Total Deductions and Net Pay.
Gross Earnings – is the total amount earned by any person before deductions are made. It is
also known as the Gross Income.
Using Mr. Ocampo’s pay slip, we can solve for the missing value on his Earnings by
simply adding all his earnings. That is:
An employee does not receive his total earning during payday. Generally, there are
deductions from his gross earnings in order to compute for his net pay.
Page | 57
Deductions – are fixed amount or a percentage of the basic salary held by any authority as form
of necessary dues.
Some of the deductionns may include, among other the following:
1. SSS Contribution
2. GSIS Contribution
3. Philhealth Contribution
4. Withholding Taxes
5. Salary Advances or Temporary Vales (IOUs)
6. Union Dues
Using Mr. Ocampo’s pay slip, we can solve for the missing value on his pay slip’s Total
Deductions by simply adding all his required deductions. That is:
Net Earnings – may be defined as the amount earned by any person from the gross earnings
less the total deductions. It is also known as the net income, net pay, or take-home pay.
Therefore, to solve for the net earnings, we simply substract the total deductions from
the gross earnings, therefore:
NE = GE – TD
Where: NE – net earnings

GE – gross earnings
TD – Total Deductions
Using Mr. Ocampo’s pay slip, we can solve for his net earnings by subtracting his total
deductions of P11,676.35 from his gross earnings of P40,947.50, that is:
NE = GE – TD
= P27, 880.00 – P1, 969.33
= P25, 910.67
Mr. Ocampo’s pay slip is now complete.
Page | 58
More Examples:
1. Mang Teban has total earnings of P10,500.25 from working the entire week. If he has a
total deduction of P2,125.50, how much will be his net earnings?
Solution:
NE = GE – TD
= P10,500.25 – P2,125.50
= P8, 374.75
2. Mrs. Espinosa received a net pay of P22,500. If her gross earning is P30,000, how much
was her total deduction?
Solution: Since the amount of total deduction is missing, then we shall subtract the next
earnings from the gross earnings, that is:
TD = GE – NE
=P30,000 – P22,500
= P7,500
3. If Felix received a net pay of P5, 745.25 after he was deducted P1,825.50 from his salary,
how much was his gross income?
Solution: Since the amount of gross earning is missing , then we shall add the net
earnings and the total deduction, that is:
GE = NE + TD
= P5,745.25 + P1,825.50
=P7, 570.75
4. Mrs. Suing, a teacher, gets a monthly salary of P25,000 and a rice subsidy of P2,000 per month.
How much will be her monthly gross income?
Solution:
Suppose every month, Mrs. Suing has to pay an amount P653.08 for income tax,
P371.25 for Philhealth, P100 for Pag-ibig and P2,430 for GSIS contributions. What is her
monthly net income?
Solution:
Page | 59
5. SPO1 Antonio Reyes gets a basic salary of P33,000 per month, a living allowance of
P2,500 per month, and a hazard pay of P1000 every month. What is his monthly gross
income?
Solution:
Suppose he has to pay annually an amount of P2,355.96 for income tax, P501.88 for
Philhealth, P100 for Pag – Ibig and P3,285 for GSIS contributions .What is his monthly
income?
Solution:
MATH CHECK!!!
Differentiate the Total Deductions, Net Earnings and Gross Earnings.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
__________________________________
Page | 60
References:

Technology Corp.
Region III
Prepared by:
QUARTER 2 – SEMI - FINAL – LESSON 04: BENEFITS OF WAGE EARNERS AND STANDARD
DEDUCTIONS
Identify the benefits of a wage earner.

Define each of the benefits given to wage earners.
Distinguish taxable from non-taxable benefits
Compute for taxable income.
Enumerate the standard deductions of wage and salary earners. Page | 61
Compute standard deductions.
I. Benefits of a Wage Earner
People are the greatest assets. Therefore, it is a must to take care of the employees by
giving them the proper employee benefits which may include leave benefits, allowances
and the like.
The different benefits of wage earner are the following:
Page | 62
Page | 63
Updated list of de minimis benefits base on the BIR Revenue Regulations No. 11-2018
(RR 11-2018)
Page | 64
Example:
Page | 65
II. Standard Deductions
Aside from earnings and benefits, certain deductions are usually taken out before they
can receive their take-home pay. Employee withhold or deduct taxes , contributions for SSS,
Philhealth, PAG-IBIG and other required deductions.
Standard Deductions – are mandatory and fixed amount or a percentage of the basic salary
held by any authority as a form of necessary dues.
Different Deductions
a. SSS Contribution
All employees of private companies and enterprises in the Philippines are covered
by the Social Security System (SSS). It is a government agency founded in 1957 provides
retirement and health benefits. Members can also avail salary and calamity loans.
The monthly contributions are based on the monthly salary bracket of each
member. The current SSS contribution rate effective April 2019 is 12% of the monthly
salary and this is being shared by the employer (8%) and the employee (4%).
Example:
Freya, a cashier in a supermarket, received a monthly salary of P15,000. How much will
be her SSS contribution?
Solution:
SSS contributions = Monthly salary x 0.04
= P15,000 x 0.04
= P600
b. PhilHealth Contribution
All employees (private and government), are to be members of PhilHealth. This agency
help the members and their beneficiaries in times of sickness. PhilHealth monthly
premium is shared equally shared by the employer and employee. The PhilHealth
contribution table is shown below.
Page | 66
Example:
On June 2020, Harley received a monthly basic salary of P25,000. How much will be her
PhilHealth contribution?
Solution:
PhilHealth Contribution = monthly basic salary x rate

= P25,000 x 0.015
= P375
c. GSIS Contribution
All government employees (permanent and non-permanent) are members of the
Government Service Insurance System (GSIS). It is a government owned and controlled
social insurance institution that provides defined benefit schemes for its members
under the law. The GSIS contribution is shown below.
Example:
Mr. Garcia, a public school teacher receives a monthly basic salary of P27,000. How
much will be his GSIS Contributions?
Solution:
GSIS Contribution = monthly salary x rate

= P27,000 x 0.09
= P2,430
d. Pag- Ibig Contribution
The Home Development Mutual Fund (HDMF), more popularly known as the Pag-Ibig
Fund is a government-owned and controlled corporation established to provide national
savings program, short-term loans, and affordable shelter financing for the Filipino
workers. The Pag-Ibig contribution table is shown below:
Page | 67
Example:
Ms. Alberto received a monthly basic salary of P18,000. How much will be her Pag-Ibig
contribution?
Solution:
Since the employee receives a salary more than the maximum of P5,000 , therefore her
monthly contribution is P100.
e. Income Tax
Income is taxed progressively up to 32% . The following rates apply to individuals on all
their net income derived from business or from the practice of their profession.
Page | 68
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MATH CHECK!!!
Direction: Determine the nature of the following by checking the correct

column for each item.
Page | 72
Technology Corp.
Region III
Second Quarter – Final
Prepared by:
QUARTER 2 – FINALS – LESSON 01: OVERTIME PAY
Identify the variables needed in the computation of the overtime.

Compute overtime pay.
I. Overtime Pay
The Philippine Labor Code prescribes a maximum of eight hours per day as the normal working
hours of employee. Hence, additional compensation in the form of overtime pay or premium is
paid for hours worked beyond eight hours. This holds true unless there is prior agreement of
offsetting, compressed work week agreement, and similar arrangements between the
management and the employees. Business must carefully study the schedule of requiring
employees to do overtime as this would mean higher premium when it falls on scheduled rest
day or holiday.
Overtime (OT) – work refers to the work done by an employee more than their normal working
hours (eight hours a day). The additional compensation paid for the work performed beyond
eight hours a days is called overtime.
Variables Needed in the Computation of Overtime
Payment for Overtime

Overtime pay rates vary according to the day the overtime work is performed as shown
below:
Page | 73
Example:
Wane receives a daily rate of P2,000. Compute her overtime pay rate when the overtime
work performed on the following day.
a. Regular beyond normal working hours

b. Regular night shift, between 10:00 PM and 6:00 AM
c. Rest day, beyond * hours
d. Rest day night shift, between 10:00 PM and 6:00 AM
e. Special Holidays, beyond 8 hours
Solution:
a. Regular beyond normal working hours (plus 25%)

P2,000 x 1.25 = P2,500
b. Regular night shift, between 10:00 PM and 6:00 AM (plus 10%)

P2,000 x 1.25 x 1.10 = P2,000 x 1.374 = P2,750
c. Rest day, beyond 8 hours (plus 30%)

P2,000 x 1.30 x 1.30 = P2,000 x 1.69 = P3,380
d. Rest day night shift between 10:00 PM and 6:00 AM

P2,000 x 1.30 x 1.30 x 1.10 = P2,000 x 1.859 = P3,718
Page | 74
e. Special holidays, beyond 8 hours
P2,000 x 1.30 x 1.30 = P2,000 x 1.69 = P3,380
MATH CHECK!!!
Direction: Answer the following questions based on your own understanding.
1. Why do overtime pay rates vary?

_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. What realization do you get from this varying overtime pay rates from
the point of view of the employer?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. What realization do you get from this varying overtime pay rate from
the point of view of the employee?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Page | 75
Technology Corp.
Region III
Prepared by:
QUARTER 2 – FINAL – LESSON 02: E – SPREADSHEET AND GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
Use E- spread sheet in the computation of salary and overtime pay.

Present graphical representation of the details or particulars of the salary.
I. Using Microsoft Excel in Computing Salary and Overtime Pay
Microsoft Excel or MS Excel is the most commonly available and user – friendly
electronic spreadsheet program today. But there are alternatives to Microsoft Excel that you
pay try exploring like Google Sheets, Open Office, Excel Web Application, Zoho Sheet.
Version of Microsoft Excel are Microsoft Excel 2017 for windows 7, Microsoft Excel 2010
and 2013, Microsoft Office 2016 for Mac with Microsoft Excel version 15.15 running OS X
Yosemite and Microsoft office 365. The procedures were found applicable with a very slight
difference in the user interface like commands, menus or icon.
To open Microsoft Excel, click start, Programs, and MS Excel (or check for the shortcut icon for
MS Excel on desktop or laptop, simply double – click on the shortcut icon). The program will
start blank spreadsheet, which should like the in Figure 1.
Page | 76
Screen shot by Ivy Joyce Manguil from her Laptop.
Figure 1. Blank MS Excel Spreadsheet
Example:
Compute the salary for one week of the following employees using MS Excel. Refer to the given
time sheet.
Page | 77
Page | 78
Screenshot and Solved by Ivy Joyce Manguil from her Laptop
Figure 2. MS Excel Spreadsheet or workbook that shows the computation of overtime pay
rate and regular, overtime and total pay.
II. Graphical Representation of the Details of Salary Using Microsoft Excel

You can represent graphically the details or paticulars of an employee’s salary using
Microsoft Excel.
Example:
Michael Ryan is working in MIKOY Company. The following are the details or particular of his
salary.
Using Microsoft Excel, present a graphical representation of the details or particulars of

the salary of Michael Ryan.
Solution:
Page | 79
Screenshot and solved by Ivy Joyce Manguil from her laptop
Figure 3: Pie Chart that shows Michael Ryan’s Gross Earnings
MATH CHECK!!!
Direction: Answer the following question based on your own understanding.
1. On your personal point of view, is it advisable to use Microsoft

Excel in computing Salary and Overtime pay? Why or Why not?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________ Page | 80
QUARTER 2 – FINAL – LESSON 03: BUSINESS DATA
Compare the forms (textual, tabular and graphical) of business data.

Analyze and interprets the data presented in the table using measures of central
tendency and variability and tests of significant differences.
Page | 81
Technology Corp.
Region III
Prepared by:
I. Ways of Presenting Data

There are three ways in which data can be presented, namely: textual, tabular and
graphical.
Textual Form – data are presented in paragraph or sentences. This is applicable when there are
few numbers involved.
Example:
Female customers correspond to 65.81% of the total customers of a Pet shop. With a frequency
of 77, female customers ranked first. Male customers ranked second with frequency of 34.19.
Tabular Form – data are arranged in columns and rows. This form of data presentation is very
effective and efficient because it presents a lot of information and comparison of figures. The
categories are listed in one column and the frequency, percent or amount in another column.
Example:
Tables are commonly used in organizing and summarizing data. Table should be simple, easy to
read and understand, and should contain only relevant data.
Graphical Form - data are presented using graph. A graph is a pictorial or visual representation
data that enables us to see briefly the general characteristics and special features of the data.
Example:
Page | 82
II. Analyzing and Interpreting Data Using the Measures of Central Tendency and
Variablity and Test of Significant Differences
Measures of Central Tendency
A measure of central tendency, is a single value that attempts to describe a set of data
by identifying the central position within the set of data. As such, measures of central
tendency are sometimes called measures of central location. They are also classed as
summary statistics.
The mean, median and mode are all valid measures of central tendency, but under
different conditions, some measures of central tendency but under different conditions ,
some measures of central tendency become more appropriate to use the others.
Example:
Problem: Analyze and interpret data using the measures of central and variability. The average
monthly sales of 30 sales agent of MIKOY Company in thousand pesos were as follows:
Solution:
Construct a grouped frequency distribution table for the data.

The ideal number of class intervals is between 5 and 15.
Highest Score = 96
Lowest Score = 29
Use multiples of 10 to create the class intervals
Table 1: Frequency Distributions of Sales Agent According to their Average monthly sales.
Page | 83
 Determine the measures of central tendency (mean, median and mode) and interpret
the computed values.
 To create the column for the midpoint, compute the midpoint for each sales.
 Midpoint, x= Average Lower Class Limit and Upper Class Limit (UCL).
(Note: LCL refers to the smallest data value in a class; UCL refers to a largest data value
in a class)
20,000+29,999
x= =24 ,999.50
2
To create the column for less than cumulative frequency (<CF), simply add the frequencies.
Start with 1 then add the next frequency, 1+1 =2 , to obtain the <C) which is 2. Add the <CF and
the next frequency, 2 + 3 =5, and so on.
Page | 84
Page | 85
III. Measures of Variation
IV. Test of Significance of Differences
Page | 86
Page | 87
Page | 88
MATH CHECK!!!
Direction: Explain the following terms.
1. Compare the ways of presenting data (textual, tabular, graphical form)

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2. Measures of tendency
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
3. Test of Significance of Difference, Variability and Significant Difference
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Adapted from: DepED self-learning modules
Page | 89
Technology Corp.
Region III
Prepared by:
QUARTER 2 – FINAL – LESSON 04: KINDS OF GRAPH
Describe the different kinds of graphs and its essential parts for data
presentation.
Give a set of business data; identify the graphs to be used.
Draw the graph/table to present the data.
Analyze and interpret the data presented in a graph/table
Use software (i.e., MS Excel, SPSS) programs to compute and present graphical
representation of business data.
I. Graphical Form
Essential parts of Graph
Kinds of Graph
Page | 90
Page | 91
Page | 92
Page | 93
Page | 94
MATH CHECK!!!
Direction: Answer the following questions based on your own understanding.

Write your answer on separate sheet of paper.
1. Describe and compare the different kinds of graph for presentation of

data.
2. Describe the different parts of a graph. Explain the importance of each

part.
3. Draw the graph/table on the presented data below.
a. Pie graph
b. Line graph
c. Scattered Graph
d. Bar Graph
Sales of Wine Company for past 6 months
References:
Page | 95
Adapted from: Self Instructional Learning Materials of DepEd
 Brian Roy C. Lopez, Leah C. Martin-Lundag, Kenneth Adrian P. Dagal.2016. Business

Math. Davao City: Vibal Group.Inc.
 Norma D. Lopez-Mariano, PhD. 2018. Business Mathematics. Manila. Rex Book Store,
Inc. (RBSI)
 Solano, Dr. Irene P. 2016. Business Math. DIWA LEARNING SYSTEMS INC.
Page | 96

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BUSINESS

Far East College of Information and Technology Corp.

School Year 2022-2023

Lesson 1: Fractions, Decimal and Percent form

Lesson 3: Mark-on, Mark-up and Mark-down

 Differentiate Mark-on, Mark down and Mark-up.

Lesson 1: Mark-on, Margin & Mark-up and Trade Discount

Lesson 2: Profit and Loss

Lesson 3: Break Even Analysis

Lesson 2: Salaries, Wages, Income & Benefits

Lesson 3: Gross and Net Earnings

Lesson 4: Benefits of wage earners and Standard Deduction

Lesson 1: Overtime Pay

Lesson 2: E- Spreadsheet and Graphical Representation

Lesson 3: Business Data

Lesson 4: Kinds of Graph

Republic of the Philippines Far East College of Information and

QUARTER 1 – PRELIM – LESSON 01: FRACTIONS, DECIMAL AND PERCENT FORM

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

I. Expressing Fractions to Decimal and Percent Forms

Example 1: Express 27/1000 into a decimal number

Example 2: Convert 1/8 to percentage.

II. Expressing decimals to fractions and percent forms

Example 1: Convert 7.4 to a fraction.

So adding back the whole number, we have that

Example 2: Convert 0.75 to a fraction

Step 3: Simplify the fraction:

III. Expressing percent to fractions and decimal forms.

Rules in Converting Percentages to Fractions

Example 1: Convert 35% into a fraction in its simplest form.

Example 2: Convert 57% into a fraction.

This fraction is already in simplest form.

Step in expressing/converting from percent to decimal:

IV. Real life situations to illustrate fractions, decimals and percent.

Consider the following problem in a real-life situation:

Therefore, Gab should give his customer a change of Php1.25

V. Problems involving fractions, decimal and percent.

A. Place Values, Including Decimal Fractions

Below are names of place value of decimals

NAME WHOLE NUMBER/FRACTION DECIMAL FRACTION

HUNDRED THOUSANDS 100,000

TEN THOUSANDS 10, 000

TENTHS 1/10 0.01

HUNDREDS 1/100 0.001

THOUSANDS 1/1000 0.0001

TEN THOUSANDS 1/10000 0.00001

HUNDRED THOUSANDS 1/100000 0.000001

MILLIONS 1/1000000 0.0000001

B. Other forms of decimal:

C. Reading and writing Decimals

Complete the table below.

FRACTION DECIMAL PERCENT

QUARTER 1 – PRELIM – LESSON 02: PROPORTION

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

The ratio of a to b can be written in two ways:

Alternative solution: (Reduce/simplify the way you would a complex fraction.)

b. The LCM of the denominators of 1 ½: ¾ is 12.

0.09 0.09 x 100 9 3

Alternative solution: Convert to fraction so as to show which power of 10 is to be multiplied

Question: How do we use ratios in measurement?