MP MC r16 Unit 5 Material

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MP-MC R16 - UNIT-5 - MATERIAL
Electrical & Electronics (V.K.R, V.N.B & A.G.K College Of Engineering)
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UNIT V: INTEL 8051 MICRCONTROLLER
Introduction:
A decade back the process and control operations were totally implemented by the
Microprocessors only. But now a day the situation is totally changed and it is occupied by the new
devices called Microcontroller. The development is so drastic that we can’t find any electronic gadget
without the use of a microcontroller. This microcontroller changed the embedded system design so simple
and advanced that the embedded market has become one of the most sought after for not only
entrepreneurs but for design engineers also.
What is a Microcontroller?
A single chip computer or A CPU with all the peripherals like RAM, ROM, I/O Ports, Timers,
ADCs etc... on the same chip. For ex: Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8 and PIC 16X etc…
MICROPROCESSORS & MICROCONTROLLERS:

Microprocessor:
A CPU built into a single VLSI chip is called a microprocessor. It is a general-purpose device and
additional external circuitry are added to make it a microcomputer. The microprocessor contains
arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), Instruction decoder and control unit, Instruction register, Program
counter (PC), clock circuit (internal or external), reset circuit (internal or external) and registers. But the
microprocessor has no on chip I/O Ports, Timers , Memory etc.
For example, Intel 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor and Intel 8086/8088 a 16-bit microprocessor. The
block diagram of the Microprocessor is shown in Fig.1
Fig.1 Block diagram of a Microprocessor.
www.Jntufastupdates.com 1
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Microcontroller:
A microcontroller is a highly integrated single chip, which consists of on chip CPU (Central Processing
Unit), RAM (Random Access Memory), EPROM/PROM/ROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory), I/O (input/output) – serial and parallel, timers, interrupt controller. For example, Intel 8051 is
8-bit microcontroller and Intel 8096 is 16-bit microcontroller. The block diagram of Microcontroller is
shown in Fig.2.
Fig.2.Block Diagram of a Microcontroller
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Distinguish between Microprocessor and Microcontroller
S. No Microprocessor Microcontroller
A microprocessor is a general
A microcontroller is a dedicated chip which
1 purpose device which is called a
is also called single chip computer.
CPU
A microprocessor do not contain A microcontroller includes RAM, ROM,

2 onchip I/OPorts, Timers, Memories serial and parallel interface, timers,
interrupt circuitry (in addition to CPU) in a
etc.. single chip.
Microprocessors are most

Microcontrollers are used in small,
3 commonly used as the CPU in minimum component designs performing
microcomputer systems control-oriented applications.
Microprocessor instructions are Microcontroller instructions are both bit

4
mainly nibble or byte addressable addressable as well as byte addressable.
Microprocessor instruction sets are Microcontrollers have instruction sets

5 mainly intended for catering to catering to the control of inputs and
large volumes of data. outputs.
Microprocessor based system Microcontroller based system design is

6
design is complex and expensive rather simple and cost effective
The instruction set of a Microcontroller is

The Instruction set of
very simple with less number of
7 microprocessor is complex with
instructions. For, ex: PIC microcontrollers
large number of instructions.
have only 35 instructions.
A microprocessor has zero status

8 A microcontroller has no zero flag.
flag
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EVOLUTION OF MICROCONTROLLERS:
The first microcontroller TMS1000 was introduced by Texas Instruments in the year 1974. In the
year 1976, Motorola designed a Microprocessor chip called 6801 which replaced its earlier chip 6800
with certain add-on chips to make a computer. This paved the way for the new revolution in the history of
chip design and gave birth to a new entity called “Microcontroller”. Later the Intel company produced
its first Microcontroller 8048 with a CPU and 1K bytes of EPROM, 64 Bytes of RAM an 8-Bit Timer
and 27 I/O pins in 1976. Then followed the most popular controller 8051 in the year 1980 with 4K bytes
of ROM,128 Bytes of RAM , a serial port, two 16-bit Timers , and 32 I/O pins. The 8051 family has
many additions and improvements over the years and remains a most acclaimed tool for today’s circuit
designers. INTEL introduced a 16 bit microcontroller 8096 in the year 1982 . Later INTEL introduced
80c196 series of 16-bit Microcontrollers for mainly industrial applications. Microchip, another company
has introduced an 8-bit Microcontroller PIC 16C64 in the year 1985.The 32-bit microcontrollers have
been developed by IBM and Motorola. MPC 505 is a 32-bit RISC controller of Motorola. The 403 GA is
a 32 -bit RISC embedded controller of IBM.
In recent times ARM Company (Advanced RISC machines) has developed and introduced 32 bit
controllers for high-end application devices like mobiles, IPods etc...
TYPES OF MICROCONTROLLERS:
Microcontrollers can be classified on the basis of internal bus width, architecture, memory and
instruction set as 4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit microcontrollers.
4-bit Microcontrollers : These 4-bit microcontrollers are small size, minimum pin count and low cost
controllers which are widely used for low end applications like LED & LCD display drivers ,portable
battery chargers etc.. Their power consumption is also low. The popular 4-bit controllers are Renasa
M34501 which is a 20 pin DIP chip with 4kB of ROM, 256 Bytes of RAM,2-Counters and 14 I/O Pins.
Similarly ATAM862 series from ATMEL.
8-bit Microcontrollers : These are the most popular and widely used microcontrollers .About 55% of all
CPUs sold in the world are 8-bit microcontrollers only.The 8-bit microcontroller has 8-bitinternal bus and
the ALU performs all the arithmetic and logical operations on a byte instruction. The well known 8-bit
microcontroller is 8051 which was designed by Intel in the year 1980 for the use in embedded systems.
Other 8-bit microcontrollers are Intel 8031/8052 and Motorola MC68HC11 and AVR Microcontrollers,
Microchip’s PIC Microcontrollers 12C5XX ,16C5X and 16C505 etc...
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16-bit Microcontrollers: When the microcontroller performs 16-bit arithmetic and logical operations at
an instruction, the microcontroller is said to be a 16-bit microcontroller. The internal bus width of 16-bit
microcontroller is of 16-bit. These microcontrollers are having increased memory size and speed of
operation when compared to 8-bit microcontrollers. These are most suitable for programming in High-
level languages like C or C ++. They find applications in disk drivers, modems, printers, scanners and
servomotor control. Examples of 16-bit microcontrollers are Intel 8096 family and Motorola MC68HC12
and MC68332 families, the performance and computing capability of 16 bit microcontrollers are
enhanced with greater precision as compared to the 8-bit microcontrollers.
32-Bit Microcontrollers: These microcontrollers used in high-end applications like Automotive control,
Communication networks, Robotics, Cell phones ,GPRS & PDAs etc..
For EX: PIC32, ARM 7, ARM9, SHARP LH79520, ATMEL 32 (AVR) ,
Texas Instrument’s –.TMS320F2802x/2803x etc... are some of the popular 32-bit microcontrollers.
COMMERCIAL MICROCONTROLLERS
There are various manufacturers who are supplying various types of microcontrollers suitable for
different applications depending on the power consumption and the available features..They are given
below in tables. First the various members of INTEL 51 family are given in below table.
INTEL MCS 51 Family
On chi p RAM On chi p program

Microcontroller Ti mers/Counters Interrupts Serial ports
(Bytes) memory
8031 128 None 2 5 1
8032 256 None 3 6 1
8051 128 4K ROM 2 5 1
8052 256 8K ROM 3 6 1
8751 128 4K EPROM 2 5 1
8752 256 8K EPROM 3 6 1
MICROCONTROLLER DEVELOPMENT TOOLS:
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To develop an assembly language program we need certain program development tools. An

assembly language program consists of Mnemonics which are nothing but short abbreviated English
instructions given to the controller. The various development tools required for Microcontroller
programming are explained below.
1. Editor: An Editor is a program which allows us to create a file containing the assembly language
statements for the program. Examples of some editors are PC writes WordStar. As we type the program
the editor stores the ACSII codes for the letters and numbers in successive RAM locations. If any typing
mistake is done editor will alert us to correct it. If we leave out a program statement an editor will let
you move everything down and insert a line. After typing all the program we have to save the program .
This we call it as source file. The next step is to process the source file with an assembler.
Ex: Sample. asm
2. Assemble r: An Assembler is used to translate the assembly language mnemonics into machine
language ( i.e binary codes). When you run the assembler it reads the source file of your program from
where you have saved it. The assembler generates a file with the extension .hex. This file consists of
hexadecimal values encoding a sequence of data and their starting offset or absolute address.
3. Compiler: A compiler is a program which converts the high level language program like “C” into
binary or machine code. Using high level languages it is easy to manage complex data structures which
are often required for data manipulation. Because of its ease, flexibility and debug options now a days the
compilers have become very popular in the market. Compilers like Keil, Ride and IAR workbench are
very popular.
3. Debugger/Simulator: A debugger is a program which allows executes the program, and

troubleshoots or debugs it. The debugger allows looking into the contents of registers and memory
locations after the program runs. We can also change the contents of registers and memory locations and
rerun the program. Some debuggers allow stopping the program after each instruction so that you can
check or alter memory and register contents. This is called single step debug. A debugger also allows
setting a breakpoint at any point in the program. If we insert a break point, the debugger will run the
program up to the instruction where the breakpoint is put and then stop the execution.
A simulator is a software program which virtually executes the instructions similar to a

microcontroller and shows the results. This will help in evaluating the results without committing any
errors. By doing so we can detect the possible logic errors
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INTEL 8051 MICRCONTROLLER :
The 8051 microcontroller is a very popular 8-bit microcontroller introduced by Intel in the year
1981 and it has become almost the academic standard now a days. The 8051 is based on an 8-bit CISC
core with Harvard architecture. Its 8-bit architecture is optimized for control applications with extensive
Boolean processing. It is available as a 40-pin DIP chip and works at +5 Volts DC. The salient features of
8051 controller are given below.
SALIENT FEATURES: The salient features of 8051 Microcontroller are
1. 4 KB on chip program memory (ROM or EPROM)).

2. 128 bytes on chip data memory (RAM).
3. 8-bit data bus
4. 16-bit address bus
5. 32 general purpose registers each of 8 bits
6. Two -16 bit timers T0 and T1
7. Five Interrupts (3 internal and 2 external).
8. Four Parallel ports each of 8-bits (PORT0, PORT1, PORT2, PORT3) with a total of 32 I/O lines.
9. One 16-bit program counter and One 16-bit DPTR ( data pointer)
10. One 8-bit stack pointer
11. One Microsecond instruction cycle with 12 MHz Crystal.
12. One full duplex Serial Communication port.
PIN Diagram of 8051 Microcontroller:
The 8051 microcontroller is available as a 40 pin DIP chip and it works at +5 volts DC. Among
the 40 pins, a total of 32 pins are allotted for the four parallel ports P0, P1, P2 and P3 i.e each port
occupies 8-pins .The remaining pins are VCC, GND, XTAL1, XTAL2, RST, EA, PSEN.
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XTAL1, XTAL2: These two pins are connected to Quartz crystal oscillator which runs the on-chip
oscillator. The quartz crystal oscillator is connected to the two pins along with a capacitor of 30pF as
shown in the circuit. If we use a source other than the crystal oscillator, it will be connected to XTAL1
and XTAL2 is left unconnected.
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RST: The RESET pin is an input pin and it is an active high pin. When a high pulse is applied to this pin
the microcontroller will reset and terminate all activities. Upon reset all the registers except PC will reset
to 0000 Value and PC register will reset to 0007 value.
(Exte rnal Access): This pin is an active low pin. This pin is connected to ground when
microcontroller is accessing the program code stored in the external memory and connected to Vcc when
it is accessing the program code in the on chip memory. This pin should not be left unconnected.
(Program Store Enable): This is an output pin which is active low. When the microcontroller
is accessing the program code stored in the external ROM, this pin is connected to the OE (Output
Enable) pin of the ROM.
ALE (Address latch enable): This is an output pin, which is active high. When connected to external
memory , port 0 provides both address and data i.e address and data are multiplexed through port 0 .This
ALE pin will de-multiplex the address and data bus .When the pin is High , the AD bus will act as address
bus otherwise the AD bus will act as Data bus.
P0.0- P0.7(AD0-AD7) : The port 0 pins multiplexed with Address/data pins .If the microcontroller is
accessing external memory these pins will act as address/data pins otherwise they are used for Port 0 pins.
P2.0- P2.7(A8-A15) : The port2 pins are multiplexed with the higher order address pins .When the
microcontroller is accessing external memory these pins provide the higher order address byte otherwise
they act as Port 2 pins.
P1.0- P1.7: These 8-pins are dedicated for Port1 to perform input or output port operations.
P3.0- P3.7: These 8-pins are meant for Port3 operations and also for some control operations like Read,
Write, Timer0, Timer1, INT0, INT1, RxD and TxD
ARCHITECTURE & BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER:
The architecture of the 8051 microcontroller can be understood from the block diagram. It has Harvard
architecture with RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) concept. The block diagram of 8051
microcontroller is shown in Fig 3. below1.It consists of an 8-bit ALU, one 8-bit PSW(Program Status
Register), A and B registers , one 16-bit Program counter , one 16-bit Data pointer register(DPTR),128
bytes of RAM and 4kB of ROM and four parallel I/O ports each of 8-bit width. 8051 has 8-bit ALU
which can perform all the 8-bit arithmetic and logical operations in one machine cycle. The ALU is
associated with two registers A & B
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Fig.3. Internal Architecture of 8051 Microcontroller
A and B Registers : The A and B registers are special function registers which hold the results of many
arithmetic and logical operations of 8051.The A register is also called the Accumulator and as its name
suggests, is used as a general register to accumulate the results of a large number of instructions. By
default it is used for all mathematical operations and also data transfer operations between CPU and any
external memory.
The B register is mainly used for multiplication and division operations along with A register.
M UL A B : DIV A B.
It has no other function other than as a location where data may be stored.
The R registers: The "R" registers are a set of eight registers that are named R0, R1, etc. up to
R7. These registers are used as auxiliary registers in many operations. The "R" registers are also used to
temporarily store values.
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Program Counter (PC): 8051 has a 16-bit program counter .The program counter always points to the
address of the next instruction to be executed. After execution of one instruction the program counter is
incremented to point to the address of the next instruction to be executed. It is the contents of the PC that
are placed on the address bus to find and fetch the desired instruction. Since the PC is 16-bit width, 8051
can access program addresses from 0000H to FFFFH, a total of 6kB of code.
Stack Pointer Register (SP): It is an 8-bit register which stores the address of the stack top. i.e the Stack
Pointer is used to indicate where the next value to be removed from the stack should be taken from.
When a value is pushed onto the stack, the 8051 first increments the value of SP and then stores the value
at the resulting memory location. Similarly when a value is popped off the stack, the 8051 returns the
value from the memory location indicated by SP, and then decrements the value of SP. Since the SP is
only 8-bit wide it is incremented or decremented by two. SP is modified directly by the 8051 by six
instructions: PUSH, POP, ACALL, LCALL, RET, and RETI. It is also used intrinsically whenever an
interrupt is triggered.
STACK in 8051 Microcontrolle r: The stack is a part of RAM used by the CPU to store information
temporarily. This information may be either data or an address .The CPU needs this storage area as there
are only limited number of registers. The register used to access the stack is called the Stack pointer
which is an 8-bit register. So, it can take values of 00 to FF H. When the 8051 is powered up, the SP
register contains the value 07.i.e the RAM location value 08 is the first location being used for the stack
by the 8051 controller
There are two important instructions to handle this stack. One is the PUSH and the other is the
POP. The loading of data from CPU registers to the stack is done by PUSH and the loading of the
contents of the stack back into a CPU register is done by POP.
EX: MOV R6, #35 H
MOV R1, #21 H
PUSH 6
PUSH 1
In the above instructions the contents of the Registers R6 and R1 are moved to stack and they occupy
the 08 and 09 locations of the stack. Now the contents of the SP are incremented by two and it is 0A
Similarly POP 3 instruction pops the contents of stack into R3 register. Now the contents of the SP is
decremented by 1
In 8051 the RAM locations 08 to 1F (24 bytes) can be used for the Stack. In any program if we need more
than 24 bytes of stack, we can change the SP point to RAM locations 30-7F H. This can be done with the
instruction MOV SP, # XX.
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Data Pointer Register (DPTR): It is a 16-bit register which is the only user-accessible. DPTR, as the
name suggests, is used to point to data. It is used by a number of commands which allow the 8051 to
access external memory. When the 8051 accesses external memory it will access external memory at the
address indicated by DPTR. This DPTR can also be used as two 8-registers DPH and DPL.
Program Status Register (PSW): The 8051 has a 8-bit PSW register which is also known as Flag
register. In the 8-bit register only 6-bits are used by 8051.The two unused bits are user definable bits. In
the 6-bits four of them are conditional flags .They are Carry –CY, Auxiliary Carry-AC, Parity-P, and
Overflow-OV .These flag bits indicate some conditions that resulted after an instruction was executed.
CY PSW.7 Carry Flag
AC PSW.6 Auxiliary Carry Flag
FO PSW.5 Flag 0 available for general purpose .
RS1 PSW.4 Register Bank select bit 1
RS0 PSW.3 Register bank select bit 0
OV PSW.2 Overflow flag
--- PSW.1 User definable flag
P PSW.0 Parity flag .set/cleared by hardware.
The bits PSW3 and PSW4 are denoted as RS0 and RS1 and these bits are used to select the bank registers
of the RAM location. The meaning of various bits of PSW register is shown below.
The selection of the register Banks and their addresses are given below.
RS1 RS0 Register Bank Address
0 0 0 00H-07H
0 1 1 08H-0FH
1 0 2 10H-17H
1 1 3 18H-1FH
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Memory Organization:
The 8051 microcontroller has 128 bytes of Internal RAM and 4kB of on chip ROM .The RAM is
also known as Data memory and the ROM is known as program memory. The program memory is also
known as Code memory .This Code memory holds the actual 8051 program that is to be executed. In
8051 this memory is limited to 64K .Code memory may be found on-chip, as ROM or EPROM. It may
also be stored completely off-chip in an external ROM or, more commonly, an external EPROM. The
8051 has only 128 bytes of Internal RAM but it supports 64kB of external RAM. As the name suggests,
external RAM is any random access memory which is off-chip. Since the memory is off-chip it is not as
flexible in terms of accessing, and is also slower. For example, to increment an Internal RAM location by
1, it requires only 1 instruction and 1 instruction cycle b ut to increment a 1-byte value stored in External
RAM requires 4 instructions and 7 instruction cycles. So, here the external memory is 7 times slower.
Inte rnal RAM OF 8051:
This Internal RAM is found on-chip on the 8051 .So it is the fastest RAM available, and it is also the
most flexible in terms of reading, writing, and modifying it’s contents. Internal RAM is volatile, so when
the 8051 is reset this memory is cleared. The 128 bytes of internal RAM is organized as below.
(i) Four register banks (Bank0, Bank1, Bank2 and Bank3) each of 8-bits (total 32 bytes). The
default bank register is Bank0. The remaining Banks are selected with the help of RS0
and RS1 bits of PSW Register.
(ii) 16 bytes of bit addressable area and
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(iii) 80 bytes of general purpose area (Scratch pad memory) as shown in the diagram below.
This area is also utilized by the microcontroller as a storage area for the operating stack.
The 32 bytes of RAM from address 00 H to 1FH are used as working registers organized as four banks of
eight registers each. The registers are named as R0-R7 .Each register can be addressed by its name or by
its RAM address.
For EX: MOV A, R7 or MOV R7, #05H
Inte rnal ROM (On –chip ROM): The 8051 microcontroller has 4kB of on chip ROM but it can be
extended up to 64kB. This ROM is also called program memory or code memory. The CODE segment is
accessed using the program counter (PC) for opcode fetches and by DPTR for data. The external ROM is
accessed when the EA(active low) pin is connected to ground or the contents of program counter exceeds
0FFFH.When the Internal ROM address is exceeded the 8051 automatically fetches the code bytes from
the external program memory.
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SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTERS (SFRs): In 8051 microcontroller there certain registers which
uses the RAM addresses from 80h to FFh and they are meant for certain specific operations. These
registers are called Special function registers (SFRs). Some of these registers are bit addressable also.
The list of SFRs and their functional names are given below. In these SFRs some of them are related to
I/O ports (P0, P1, P2 and P3) and some of them are meant for control operations (TCON, SCON,
PCON...) and remaining are the auxiliary SFRs, in the sense that they don't directly configure the 8051.
S.No Symbol Name of SFR Address (Hex)
1 ACC* Accumulator 0E0
2 B* B-Register 0F0
3 PSW* Program Status word register 0DO
4 SP Stack Pointer Register 81
DPL Data pointer low byte 82

5 DPTR
DPH Data pointer high byte 83
6 P0* Port 0 80
P1* Port 1 90
8 P2* Port 2 0A
9 P3* Port 3 0B
10 IP* Interrupt Priority control 0B8
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11 IE* Interrupt Enable control 0A8
12 TMOD Tmier mode register 89
13 TCON* Timer control register 88
14 TH0 Timer 0 Higher byte 8C
15 TL0 Timer 0 Lower byte 8A
16 TH1 Timer 1Higher byte 8D
17 TL1 Timer 1 lower byte 8B
18 SCON* Serial control register 98
19 SBUF Serial buffer register 99
20 PCON Power control register 87
The * indicates the bit addressable SFRs

Table: SFRs of 8051 Microcontroller
PARALLEL I /O PORTS :
The 8051 microcontroller has four parallel I/O ports, each of 8-bits .So; it provides the user 32 I/O lines
for connecting the microcontroller to the peripherals. The four ports are P0 (Port 0), P1 (Port1), P2 (Port
2) and P3 (Port3). Upon reset all the ports are output ports. In order to make them input, all the ports must
be set i.e a high bit must be sent to all the port pins. This is normally done by the instruction “SETB”.
Ex: MOV A, #0FFH ; A = FF
MOV P0, A ; make P0 an input port
PORT 0:
Port 0 is an 8-bit I/O port with dual purpose. If external memory is used, these port pins are used for the
lower address byte address/data (AD0 -AD7 ), otherwise all bits of the port are either input or output.
Unlike other ports, Port 0 is not provided with pull- up resistors internally, so for PORT0 pull- up resistors
of nearly 10k are to be connected externally as shown in the fig.2.
Dual role of port 0: Port 0 can also be used as address/data bus (AD0-AD7), allowing it to be used for
both address and data. When connecting the 8051 to an external memory, port 0 provides both address
and data. The 8051 multiplexes address and data through port 0 to save the pins. ALE indicates whether
P0 has address or data. When ALE = 0, it provides data D0-D7, and when ALE =1 it provides address
and data with the help of a 74LS373 latch.
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Port 1: Port 1 occupies a total of 8 pins (pins 1 through 8). It has no dual application and acts only as
input or output port. In contrast to port 0, this port does not need any pull- up resistors since pull- up
resistors connected internally. Upon reset, Port 1 is configured as an output port. To configure it as an
input port, port bits must be set i.e a high bit must be sent to all the port pins. This is normally done by the
instruction “SETB”. For
Ex: MOV A, #0FFH ; A=FF HEX
MOV P1, A ; make P1 an input port by writing 1’s to all of its pins
Port 2: Port 2 is also an eight bit parallel port. (Pins 21- 28). It can be used as input or output port. As this
port is provided with internal pull- up resistors it does not need any external pull- up resistors. Upon reset,
Port 2 is configured as an output port. If the port is to be used as input port, all the port bits must be made
high by sending FF to the port. For ex,
MOV A, #0FFH ; A=FF hex
MOV P2 , A ; make P2 an input port by writing all 1’s to it
Dual role of port 2: Port2 lines are also associated with the higher order address lines A8-A15. In
systems based on the 8751, 8951, and DS5000, Port2 is used as simple I/O port. But, in 8031-based
systems, port 2 is used along with P0 to provide the 16-bit address for the external memory. Since an
8031 is capable of accessing 64K bytes of external memory, it needs a path for the 16 bits of the address.
While P0 provides the lower 8 bits via A0-A7, it is the job of P2 to provide bits A8-A15 of the address. In
other words, when 8031 is connected to external memory, Port 2 is used for the upper 8 bits of the 16 bit
address, and it cannot be used for I/O operations.
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PORT 3: Port3 is also an 8-bit parallel port with dual function. (Pins 10 to 17). The port pins can be used
for I/O operations as well as for control operations. The details of these additional operations are given
below in the table. Port 3 also do not need any external pull- up resistors as they are provided internally
similar to the case of Port2 & Port 1. Upon reset port 3 is configured as an output port. If the port is to be
used as input port, all the port bits must be made high by sending FF to the port. For ex,
MOV A, #0FFH ; A= FF hex
MOV P3 , A ; make P3 an input port by writing all 1’s to it
Alte rnate Functions of Port 3: P3.0 and P3.1 are used for the RxD (Receive Data) and TxD (Transmit
Data) serial communications signals. Bits P3.2 and P3.3 are meant for external interrupts. Bits P3.4 and
P3.5 are used for Timers 0 and 1 and P3.6 and P3.7 are used to provide the write and read signals of
external memories connected in 8031 based systems
S. No Port 3 bit Pin No Function

1 P3.0 10 RxD
2 P3.1 11 TxD
3 P3.2 12
4 P3.3 13
5 P3.4 14 T0
6 P3.5 15 T1
7 P3.6 16
8 P3.7 17
Table: PORT 3 alternate functions
Interrupt Structure : An interrupt is an external or internal event that disturbs the microcontroller to
inform it that a device needs its service. The program which is associated with the interrupt is called the
interrupt service routine (ISR) or interrupt handler. Upon receiving the interrupt signal the
Microcontroller, finish current instruction and saves the PC on stack. Jumps to a fixed location in
memory depending on type of interruptStarts to execute the interrupt service routine until RETI (return
from interrupt) upon executing the RETI the microcontroller returns to the place where it was interrupted.
Get pop PC from stack
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The 8051 microcontroller has FIVE interrupts in addition to Reset. They are
 Timer 0 overflow Interrupt
 Timer 1 overflow Interrupt
 External Interrupt 0(INT0)
 External Interrupt 1(INT1)
 Serial Port events (buffer full, buffer empty, etc) Interrupt
Each interrupt has a specific place in code memory where program execution (interrupt service routine)
begins.
 External Interrupt 0: 0003 H
 Timer 0 overflow: 000B H
 External Interrupt 1: 0013 H
 Timer 1 overflow: 001B H
 Serial Interrupt : 0023 H
Upon reset all Interrupts are disabled & do not respond to the Microcontroller. These interrupts must be
enabled by software in order for the Microcontroller to respond to them. This is done by an 8-bit register
called Interrupt Enable Register (IE).
Inte rrupt Enable Register:
 EA : Global enable/disable. To enable the interrupts this bit must be set high.
 --- : Undefined-reserved for future use.
 ET2: Enable /disable Timer 2 overflow interrupt.
 ES : Enable/disable Serial port interrupts.
 EX1: Enable/disable External interrupt1.
 EX0 : Enable/disable External interrupt0

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Inte rrupt Priority Register:
Upon reset the interrupts have the following priority. (Top to down). The interrupt with the highest
PRIORITY gets serviced first.
1. External interrupt 0 (INT0)
2. Timer interrupt0 (TF0)
3. External interrupt 1 (INT1)
4. Timer interrupt1 (TF1)
5. Serial communication (RI+TI)
Priority can also be set to “high” or “low” by 8-bit IP register.- Interrupt priority register
IP.7: reserved
IP.6: reserved
IP.5: Timer 2 interrupt priority bit (8052 only)
IP.4: Serial port interrupt priority bit
IP.3: Timer 1 interrupt priority bit
IP.2: External interrupt 1 priority bit
IP.1: Timer 0 interrupt priority bit
IP.0: External interrupt 0 priority bit
TIMERS in 8051 Microcontrollers :
The 8051 microcontroller has two 16-bit timers Timer 0 (T0) and Timer 1(T1) which can be used
either to generate accurate time delays or as event counters. These timers are accessed as two 8-bit
registers TLO, THO & TL1, TH1 because the 8051 microcontroller has 8-bit architecture.
TIMER 0 : The Timer 0 is a 16-bit register and can be treated as two 8-bit registers (TL0 & TH0) and
these registers can be accessed similar to any other registers like A,B or R1,R2,R3 etc…
Ex: The instruction MOV TL0,#07 moves the value 07 into lower byte of Timer0.
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Similarly MOV R5, TH0 saves the contents of TH0 in the R5 register.
TIMER 1 : The Timer 1 is also a 16-bit register and can be treated as two 8-bit registers (TL1 & TH1)
and these registers can be accessed similar to any other registers like A,B or R1,R2,R3 etc…
Ex: The instruction MOV TL1,#05 moves the value 05 into lower byte of Timer1.
Similarly MOV R0, TH1 saves the contents of TH1 in the R0 register
TMOD Register:
The various operating modes of both the timers T0 and T1 are set by an 8-bit register called
TMOD register. In this TMOD register the lower 4-bits are meant for Timer 0 and the higher 4-bits are
meant for Timer1.
GATE: This bit is used to start or stop the timers by hardware .When GATE= 1, the timers can be started
/ stopped by the external sources. When GATE= 0, the timers can be started or stopped by software
instructions like SETB TR0 or SETB TR1
C/T (clock/Timer): This bit decides whether the timer is used as delay generator or event counter. When
C/T = 0, the Timer is used as delay generator and if C/T=1 the timer is used as an event counter. The
clock source for the time delay is the crystal frequency of 8051.
M1, M0 (Mode): These two bits are the timer mode bits. The timers of the 8051 can be configured in
three modes. Mode0, Mode1 and Mode2. The selection and operation of the modes is shown below.
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S. No M0 M1 Mode Ope ration

13-bit Timer mode
1 0 0 0 8-bit Timer/counter. THx with TLx as 5-bit
prescalar
16-bit Timer mode.16-bit timer /counter
2 0 1 1
without pre-scalar
8-bit auto reload. THx contains a value that
3 1 0 2 is to be loaded into TLx each time it
overflows
4 1 1 3 Split timer mode
Let us understand the working of Time r Mode 1
• For this , let us consider timer 0 as an example.
• 16-bit timer (TH0 and TL0)
• TH0-TL0 is incremented continuously when TR0 is set to 1. And the 8051 stops to increment
TH0-TL0 when TR0 is cleared.
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• The timer works with the internal system clock. In other words, the timer counts up each machine
cycle.
• When the timer (TH0-TL0) reaches its maximum of FFFFH, it rolls over to 0000, and TF0 is
raised.
• Programmer should check TF0 and stop the timer 0.
Steps of Mode 1
1. Choose mode 1 timer 0
– MOV TMOD,#01H
2. Set the original value to TH0 and TL0.
– MOV TH0,#FFH
– MOV TL0,#FCH
3. You better to clear the TF: TF0=0.
– CLR TF0
4. Start the timer.
– SETB TR0
5. The 8051 starts to count up by incrementing the TH0-TL0.
– TH0-TL0= FFFCH,FFFDH,FFFEH,FFFFH,0000H
6. When TH0-TL0 rolls over from FFFFH to 0000, the 8051 set TF0=1.
– TH0-TL0= FFFE H, FFFF H, 0000 H (Now TF0=1)
7. Keep monitoring the time r flag (TF) to see if it is raised.
– AGAIN: JNB TF0, AGAIN
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8. Clear TR0 to stop the process.
– CLR TR0
9. Clear the TF flag for the next round.
– CLR TF0
TCON Register:
Timer control register TMOD is a 8-bit register which is bit addressable and in which Upper nibble is
for timer/counter, lower nibble is for interrupts.
• TR (Timer run control bit)
– TR0 for Timer/counter 0; TR1 for Timer/counter 1.
– TR is set by programmer to turn timer/counter on/off.
• TR=0 : off (stop)
• TR=1 : on (start)
• TF (timer flag, control flag)
– TF0 for timer/counter 0; TF1 for time r/counte r 1.
– TF is like a carry. Originally, TF=0. When TH-TL roll over to 0000 from FFFFH, the
TF is set to 1.
• TF=0 : not reach
• TF=1: reach
• If we enable interrupt, TF=1 will trigger ISR.
Simple applications using Ports &Time rs
• Using a port, by a simple program you can generate a Square wave of any duty cycle.
HERE: SETB P1.0 (Make bit of Port 0 High)
LCALL DELAY
CLR P1.0
LCALL DELAY
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SJMP HERE ; Keep doing it
Here same delay is used for both High & low
8051-SERIAL COMMUNICATION:
Basics of Serial communication
Data transfer between two electronic devices (Ex Between a computer and microcontroller or a
peripheral device) is generally done in two ways
(i).Serial data Transfer and
(ii).Parallel data Transfer
Serial communication uses only one or two data lines to transfer data and is generally used for
long distance communication. In serial communication the data is sent as one bit at a time in a timed
sequence on a single wire. Serial Communication takes place in two methods, Asynchronous data
Transfer and Synchronous data Transfer.
Asynchronous data transfer allows data to be transmitted without the sender having to send a clock
signal to the receiver. Instead, special bits will be added to each word in order to synchronize the sending
and receiving of the data. When a word is given to the UART for Asynchronous transmissions, a bit
called the "Start Bit" is added to the beginning of each word that is to be transmitted. The Start Bit is used
to alert the receiver that a word of data is about to be sent, and to force the clock in the receiver into
synchronization with the clock in the transmitter.
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Serial data transmission
After the Start Bit, the individual bits of the word of data are sent .Here each bit in the word is
transmitted for exactly the same amount of time as all of the other bits. When the entire data word has
been sent, the transmitter may add a Parity Bit that the transmitter generates. The Parity bit may be used
by the receiver to perform simple error checking. Then at least one Stop Bit is sent by the transmitter. If
the Stop Bit does not appear when it is supposed to, the UART considers the entire word to be corrupted
and will report a Framing Error.
Baud rate is a measurement of transmission speed in asynchronous communication , it represents the

number of bits/sec that are actually being sent over the serial link. The Baud count includes the overhead
bits Start, Stop and Parity that are generated by the sending UART and removed by the receiving UART.
In the Synchronous data transfer method the receiver knows when to “read” the next bit coming from
the sender. This is achieved by sharing a clock between sender and receiver. In most forms of serial
Synchronous communication, if there is no data available at a given time to transmit, a fill character will
be sent instead so that data is always being transmitted. Synchronous communication is usually more
efficient because only data bits are transmitted between sender and receiver, however it will be more
costly because extra wiring and control circuits are required to share a clock signal between the sender
and receiver.
Devices that use serial cables for their communication are split into two cate gories.
1. DTE (Data Terminal Equipment). Examples of DTE are computers, printers & terminals.
2. DCE (Data Communication Equipment). Example of DCE is modems.
Parallel Data Transfer:
Parallel communication uses multiple wires (bus) running parallel to each other, and can transmit data
on all the wires simultaneously. i.e all the bits of the byte are transmitted at a time. So, speed of the
parallel data transfer is extremely high compared to serial data transfer. An 8-bit parallel data transfer is
8-times faster than serial data transfer. Hence with in the computer all data transfer is mainly based on
Parallel data transfer. But only limitation is due to the high cost ,this method is limited to only short
distance communications.
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Differences between Serial data transfer and Parallel data transfer
S.No Serial Communication Parallel Communication
1 Data is transmitted bit after the bit in a Data is transmitted simultaneously

single line through group of lines(Bus)
2 Data congestion takes place No, Data congestion
3 Low speed transmission High speed transmission
4 Implementation of serial links is not an Parallel data links are easily

easy task. implemented in hardware
5. In terms of transmission channel costs It is more expensive

such as data bus cable length, data bus
buffers, interface connectors, it is less
expensive
6 No , crosstalk problem Crosstalk creates interference between

the parallel lines.
7 No effect of inter symbol interference and Parallel ports suffer extremely from
noise inter-symbol interference (ISI) and
noise, and therefore the data can be
corrupted over long distances.
8 The bandwidth of serial wires is much The bandwidth of parallel wires is much
higher. lower.
9 Serial interface is more flexible to Parallel data transfer mechanism rely on

upgrade , without changing the hardware hardware resources and hence not
flexible to upgrade.
10 Serial communication work effectively Parallel buses are hard to run at high
even at high frequencies. frequencies.
SERIAL COMMUNICATION IN 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
The 8051 has two pins for transferring and receiving data by serial communication. These two pins are
part of the Port3(P3.0 &P3.1) .These pins are TTL compatible and hence they require a line driver to
make them RS232 compatible .Max232 chip is one such line driver in use. Serial communication is
controlled by an 8-bit register called SCON register,it is a bit addressable register.
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SCON (Serial Control) Register:
SM0 SCON.7 Serial port mode selector
SM1 SCON.6 Serial port mode selector
Used for multiprocessor mode communication

SM2 SCON.5
(not applicable for 8051)
Receive enable. Set or cleared by making this bit

REN SCON.4
either 1 or 0 foe enable /disable reception.
TB8 SCON.3 9th data bit transmitted in modes 2 and 3
9th data bit received in modes 2 and 3.it is not

RB8 SCON.2 used in mode 0 & mode 1.If SM2 = 0 RB8 is the
stop bit .
TI SCON.1 Transmit interrupt flag
RI SCON.0 Receive interrupt flag.
 SM0, SM1: These two bits of SCON register determine the framing of data by specifying the
number of bits per character and start bit and stop bits. There are 4 serial modes.
SM0 SM1
0 0 : Serial Mode 0
0 1 : Serial Mode 1, 8 bit data, 1 stop bit, 1 start bit
1 0 : Serial Mode 2
1 1 : Serial Mode 3
 REN (Receive Enable) also referred as SCON.4. When it is high,it allows the 8051 to receive data
on the RxD pin. So to receive and transfer data REN must be set to 1.When REN=0,the receiver is
disabled. This is achieved as below
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SETB SCON.4
& CLR SCON.4
 TI (Transmit interrupt) is the D1 bit of SCON register. When 8051 finishes the transfer of 8-bit
character, it raises the TI flag to indicate that it is ready to transfer another byte. The TI bit is
raised at the beginning of the stop bit.
RI (Receive interrupt) is the D0 bit of the SCON register. When the 8051 receives data serially ,via RxD,
it gets rid of the start and stop bits and places the byte in the SBUF register. Then it raises the RI flag bit
to indicate that a byte has been received and should be picked up before it is lost. RI is raised halfway
through the stop bit.
Communication through RS232
A personal computer has a serial port known as communication port or COM Port used to connect a
modem for example or any other device, there could be more then one COM Port in a PC. Serial ports are
controlled by a special chip called UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter).
RS 232 standard describes a communication method where information is sent bit by bit on a physical
channel. The RS stands for Recommended Standard. The information must be broken up in data
words. The length of a data word is variable.
It is one of the popularly known interface standard for serial communication between DTE &
DCE. This RS-232-C is the commonly used standard when data are transmitted as voltage .This standard
was first developed by Electronic industries association(EIA). For the RS-232C, a 25 pin D type
connector is used . DB-25P male and DB-25S female. RS-232 standard was first introduced in 1960’s by
Telecommunications Industry Association(TIA).
Inte rfacing the 8051 Microcontroller to PC:
As the RS-232 standard is developed earlier to TTL devices ,a USART such as 8251 is not
directly compatible with these signal levels .Because of this ,voltage transistors called line drivers and
line receivers are used to interface TTL logic with RS-232 signals . The line driver MC 1488 is used to
convert RS-232 to TTL.The microcontroller is connected to the PC using the DB9 connector.
The TxD and Rx D pins are connected to the TI in and RI in pins of the MAX 232 IC and the TI
out and RI in pins of the MAX IC are connected to the RxD and TxD pins of the DB9 connector as shown
in the interface diagram.
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ADDRESSING MODES OF 8051:
The way in which the data operands are accessed by different instructions is known as the addressing
modes. There are various methods of denoting the data operands in the instruction. The 8051
microcontroller supports mainly 5 addressing modes. They are
1. Immediate addressing mode
2. Direct Addressing mode
3. Register addressing mode
4. Register Indirect addressing mode
5. Indexed addressing mode
Immediate addressing mode : The addressing mode in which the data operand is a constant and it is a
part of the instruction itself is known as Immediate addressing mode. Normally the data must be preceded
by a # sign. This addressing mode can be used to transfer the data into any of the registers including
DPTR.
Ex: MOV A , # 27 H : The data (constant) 27 is moved to the accumulator register
ADD R1 ,#45 H : Add the constant 45 to the contents of the accumulator
MOV DPTR ,# 8245H :Move the data 8245 into the data pointer register.
MOV P1,#21 H
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Direct addressing mode: The addressing mode in which the data operand is in the RAM location (00 -
7FH) and the address of the data operand is given in the instruction is known as Direct addressing mode.
The direct addressing mode uses the lower 128 bytes of Internal RAM and the SFRs
MOV R1, 42H : Move the contents of RAM location 42 into R1 register
MOV 49H,A : Move the contents of the accumulator into the RAM location 49.
ADD A, 56H : Add the contents of the RAM location 56 to the accumulator
Register addressing mode :The addressing mode in which the data operand to be manipulated lies in
one of the registers is known as register addressing mode.
MOV A,R0 : Move the contents of the register R0 to the accumulator
ADD A,R6 :Add the contents of R6 register to the accumulator
MOV P1, R2 : Move the contents of the R2 register into port 1
MOV R5, R2 : This is invalid .The data transfer between the registers is not allowed.
Register Indirect addressing mode :The addressing mode in which a register is used as a pointer to the
data memory block is known as Register indirect addressing mode.
MOV A,@ R0 :Move the contents of RAM location whose address is in R0 into A (accumulator)
MOV @ R1 , B : Move the contents of B into RAM location whose address is held by R1
When R0 and R1 are used as pointers, they must be preceded by @ sign
One of the advantages of register indirect addressing mode is that it makes accessing the data more
dynamic than static as in the case of direct addressing mode.
Indexed addressing mode : This addressing mode is used in accessing the data elements of lookup table
entries located in program ROM space of 8051.
Ex : MOVC A, @ A+DPTR
The 16-bit register DPTR and register A are used to form the address of the data element stored in on-
chip ROM. Here C denotes code .In this instruction the contents of A are added to the 16-bit DPTR
register to form the 16-bit address of the data operand.
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8051 Instruction Set:

• Assembly language is machine dependant.
• Each family of microprocessors or microncontrollers has its own instruction set.
• Each instruction has an 8 bit op-code with an associated mnemonic.
• Some instructions have one or two additional bytes for operand (data or addresses).
• The 8051 has 255 instructions
Every 8-bit opcode from 00 to FF is used except for A5.
• The instructions are grouped into 5 groups
 Arithmetic
 Logic
 Data Transfer
 Boolean
 Branching
Arithmetic Instructions:
• ADD
– 8-bit addition between the accumulator (A) and a second operand.
• The result is always in the accumulator.
• The CY flag is set/reset appropriately.
• ADDC
– 8-bit addition between the accumulator, a second operand and the previous value of the
CY flag.
• Useful for 16-bit addition in two steps.
• The CY flag is set/reset appropriately.
Example – 16-bit Addition
ADD 1E44H to 56CAH
CLR C ; Clear the CY flag
MOV A, #44H ; The lower 8-bits of the 1st number
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ADD A, #CAH ; The lower 8-bits of the 2nd number
MOV R1, A ; The result 0EH will be in R1. CY = 1.
MOV A, #1EH ; The upper 8-bits of the 1st number
ADDC A, #56H ; The upper 8-bits of the 2nd number
MOV R2, A ; The result of the addition is 75H
The overall result: 750EH will be in R2:R1. CY = 0.
• DAA
– Decimal adjust the accumulator.
• Format the accumulator into a proper 2 digit packed BCD number.
• Operates only on the accumulator.
• Works only after the ADD instruction.
• SUBB
– Subtract with Borrow.
• Subtract an operand and the previous value of the borrow (carry) flag from the
accumulator.
– A  A - <operand> - CY.
– The result is always saved in the accumulator.
– The CY flag is set/reset appropriately.
Example – BCD addition
ADD 34 to 49 BCD
CLR C ; Clear the CY flag
MOV A, #34H ; Place 1st number in A
ADD A, #49H ; Add the 2nd number.

; A = 7DH
DAA ; A = 83H
• INC
– Increment the operand by one.
• The operand can be a register, a direct address, an indirect address, the data pointer.
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• DEC
– Decrement the operand by one.
• The operand can be a register, a direct address, an indirect address.
• MUL AB / DIV AB
– Multiply A by B and place result in A:B.

– Divide A by B and place result in A:B.
Logical Operations:
• ANL / ORL
– Work on byte sized operands or the CY flag.
• ANL A, Rn
• ANL A, direct
• ANL A, @Ri
• ANL A, #data
• ANL direct, A
• ANL direct, #data
• ANL C, bit
• ANL C, /bit
• XRL
– Works on bytes only.
– CPL / CLR
– Complement / Clear.
– Work on the accumulator or a bit.
• CLR P1.2
• RL / RLC / RR / RRC
– Rotate the accumulator.
• RL and RR without the carry
• RLC and RRC rotate through the carry.
• SWAP A
– Swap the upper and lower nibbles of the accumulator.
• No compare instruction.
– Built into conditional branching instructions.
Data Transfer Instructions:
• Data is stored at the source address and moved (copied) to a destination address.
• The way these addresses are specified are determined by the addressing mode.
• There are 28 different instructions for data transfer, which can be categorized into three types:
– MOV <dest>, <src>
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– Push <source> or Pop <dest>

– XCH <dest>,<src>
• MOV
– 8-bit data transfer for internal RAM and the SFR.
• MOV A, Rn
• MOV A, direct
• MOV A, @Ri
• MOV A, #data
• MOV Rn, A
• MOV Rn, direct
• MOV Rn, #data
• MOV direct, A
• MOV direct, Rn
• MOV direct, direct
• MOV direct, @Ri
• MOV direct, #data
• MOV @Ri, A
• MOV @Ri, direct
• MOVC
– Move Code Byte
• Load the accumulator with a byte from program memory.
• Must use indexed addressing
• MOVC A, @A+DPTR
• MOVC A, @A+PC
• MOVX
– Data transfer between the accumulator and a byte from external data memory.
• MOVX A, @Ri
• MOVX A, @DPTR
• MOVX @Ri, A
• MOVX @DPTR, A
• PUSH / POP
– Push and Pop a data byte onto the stack.
– The data byte is identified by a direct address from the internal RAM locations.
• PUSH DPL
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• POP 40H
• XCH
– Exchange accumulator and a byte variable
• XCH A, Rn
• XCH A, direct
• XCH A, @Ri
• XCHD
– Exchange lower digit of accumulator with the lower digit of the memory location
specified.
XCHD A, @Ri
• The lower 4-bits of the accumulator are exchanged with the lower 4-bits of the
internal memory location identified indirectly by the index register.
• The upper 4-bits of each are not modified.
Boolean Operations:
• This group of instructions is associated with the single-bit operations of the 8051.
• This group allows manipulating the individual bits of bit addressable registers and memory
locations as well as the CY flag.
– The P, OV, and AC flags cannot be directly altered.
• This group includes:
– Set, clear, and, or complement, move.
– Conditional jumps.
• CLR
– Clear a bit or the CY flag.
• CLR P1.1
• CLR C
• SETB
– Set a bit or the CY flag.
• SETB A.2
• SETB C
• CPL
– Complement a bit or the CY flag.
• CPL 40H ; Complement bit 40 of the bit addressable memory
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• ORL / ANL
– OR / AND a bit with the CY flag.
• ORL C, 20H ; OR bit 20 of bit addressable memory with the CY
flag
• ANL C, /34H ; AND complement of bit 34 of bit addressable
memory with the CY flag.
• MOV
– Data transfer between a bit and the CY flag.
• MOV C, 3FH ; Copy the CY flag to bit 3F of the bit addressable
memory.
• MOV P1.2, C ; Copy the CY flag to bit 2 of P1.
• JC / JNC
• Jump to a relative address if CY is set / cleared.
• JB / JNB
• Jump to a relative address if a bit is set / cleared.
• JB ACC.2, <label>
• JBC
• Jump to a relative address if a bit is set and clear the bit.
Branching Instructions:
• The 8051 provides four different types of unconditional jump instructions:
– Short Jump – SJMP
• Uses an 8-bit signed offset relative to the 1st byte of the next instruction.
– Long Jump – LJMP
• Uses a 16-bit address.
• 3 byte instruction capable of referencing any location in the entire 64K of program
memory.
– Absolute Jump – AJMP
• Uses an 11-bit address.
• 2 byte instruction
• The upper 3-bits of the address combine with the 5-bit opcode to form the
1st byte and the lower 8-bits of the address form the 2nd byte.
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• The 11-bit address is substituted for the lower 11- bits of the PC to calculate the
16-bit address of the target.
• The location referenced must be within the 2K Byte memory page
containing the AJMP instruction.
– Indirect Jump – JMP
JMP @A + DPTR
• The 8051 provides 2 forms for the CALL instruction:
– Absolute Call – ACALL
• Uses an 11-bit address similar to AJMP
• The subroutine must be within the same 2K page.
– Long Call – LCALL
• Uses a 16-bit address similar to LJMP
• The subroutine can be anywhere.
– Both forms push the 16-bit address of the next instruction on the stack and update the stack
pointer.
• The 8051 provides 2 forms for the return instruction:
– Return from subroutine – RET
• Pop the return address from the stack and continue execution there.
– Return from ISV – RETI
• Pop the return address from the stack.
• Restore the interrupt logic to accept additional interrupts at the same priority level
as the one just processed.
• Continue execution at the address retrieved from the stack.
• The PSW is not automatically restored.
• The 8051 supports 5 different conditional jump instructions.
– ALL conditional jump instructions use an 8-bit signed offset.
– Jump on Zero – JZ / JNZ
• Jump if the A == 0 / A != 0
• The check is done at the time of the instruction execution.
– Jump on Carry – JC / JNC
• Jump if the C flag is set / cleared.
– Jump on Bit – JB / JNB
• Jump if the specified bit is set / cleared.
• Any addressable bit can be specified.
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– Jump if the Bit is set then Clear the bit – JBC

• Jump if the specified bit is set.
• Then clear the bit.
• Compare and Jump if Not Equal – CJNE
– Compare the magnitude of the two operands and jump if they are not equal.
• The values are considered to be unsigned.
• The Carry flag is set / cleared appropriately.
• CJNE A, direct, rel
• CJNE A, #data, rel
• CJNE Rn, #data, rel
• CJNE @Ri, #data, rel
• Decrement and Jump if Not Zero – DJNZ

– Decrement the first operand by 1 and jump to the location identified by the second operand
if the resulting value is not zero.
• DJNZ Rn, rel
• DJNZ direct, rel
• No Operation
– NOP
Applications of Microcontrollers
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Seven segment Interfacing
Traffic light controller
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Interfacing Keyboard/ Displays:

The key board here we are interfacing is a matrix keyboard. This key board is designed with a
particular rows and columns. These rows and columns are connected to the microcontroller through its
ports of the micro controller 8051. We normally use 8*8 matrix key board. So only two ports of 8051
can be easily connected to the rows and columns of the key board.
Whenever a key is pressed, a row and a column gets shorted through that pressed key and all the
other keys are left open. When a key is pressed only a bit in the port goes high. Which indicates
microcontroller that the key is pressed. By this high on the bit key in the corresponding column is
identified.
Once we are sure that one of key in the key board is pressed next our aim is to identify that key. To
do this we firstly check for particular row and then we check the corresponding column the key board.
To check the row of the pressed key in the keyboard, one of the row is made high by making one of
bit in the output port of 8051 high . This is done until the row is found out. Once we get the row next
out job is to find out the column of the pressed key. The column is detected by contents in the input
ports with the help of a counter. The content of the input port is rotated with carry until the carry bit is
set.
The contents of the counter is then compared and displayed in the display. This display is designed
using a seven segment display and a BCD to seven segment decoder IC 7447.
The BCD equivalent number of counter is sent through output part of 8051 displays the number of
pressed key.
Fig: Interfacing Key Board to 8051.
The programming algorithm, program and the circuit diagram is as follows. Here program is explained
with comments.
Circuitwww.Jntufastupdates.com
Diagram: Interfacing Key Board to 8051. 41
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Keyboard is organized in a matrix of rows and columns as shown in the figure. The microcontroller
accesses both rows and columns through the port.
1. The 8051 has 4 I/O ports P0 to P3 each with 8 I/O pins, P0.0 to P0.7, P1.0 to P1.7, P2.0 to P2.7,
and P3.0 to P3.7. The one of the port P1 (it understood that P1 means P1.0 to P1.7) as an I/P port
for microcontroller 8051, port P0 as an O/P port of microcontroller 8051 and port P2 is used for
displaying the number of pressed key.
2. Make all rows of port P0 high so that it gives high signal when key is pressed.
3. See if any key is pressed by scanning the port P1 by checking all columns for non zero
condition.
4. If any key is pressed, to identify which key is pressed make one row high at a time.
5. Initiate a counter to hold the count so that each key is counted.
6. Check port P1 for nonzero condition. If any nonzero number is there in [accumulator], start
column scanning by following step 9.
7. Otherwise make next row high in port P1.
8. Add a count of 08h to the counter to move to the next row by repeating steps from step 6.
9. If any key pressed is found, the [accumulator] content is rotated right through the carry until
carry bit sets, while doing this increment the count in the counter till carry is found.
10. Move the content in the counter to display in data field or to memory location
11. To repeat the procedures go to step 2.
Interfacing seven segment display to 8051:

7 segment LED display is very popular and it can display digits from 0 to 9 and quite a few
characters like A, b, C, ., H, E, e, F, n, o,t,u,y, etc. Knowledge about how to interface a seven segment
display to a micro controller is very essential in designing embedded systems. A seven segment display
consists of seven LEDs arranged in the form of a squarish „8‟ slightly inclined to the right and a single
LED as the dot character. Different characters can be displayed by selectively glowing the required LED
segments. Seven segment displays are of two types, common cathode and common anode. In common
cathode type , the cathode of all LEDs are tied together to a single terminal which is usually labeled as
„com„ and the anode of all LEDs are left alone as individual pins labeled as a, b, c, d, e, f, g & h (or
dot) . In common anode type, the anode of all LEDs are tied together as a single terminal and cathodes
are left alone as individual pins. The pin out scheme and picture of a typical 7 segment LED display is
shown in the image below.
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Digit drive pattern.

Digit drive pattern of a seven segment LED display is simply the different logic combinations of its
terminals „a‟ to „h„ in order to display different digits and characters. The common digit drive patterns
(0 to 9) of a seven segment display are shown in the table below.
Digit a b c d e f g
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
2 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
3 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
4 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
5 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
6 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
7 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
9 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
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Interfacing seven segment display to 8051
The circuit diagram shown above is of an AT89S51 microcontroller based 0 to 9 counter which
has a 7 segment LED display interfaced to it in order to display the count. This simple circuit illustrates
two things. How to setup simple 0 to 9 up counter using 8051 and more importantly how to interface a
seven segment LED display to 8051 in order to display a particular result. The common cathode seven
segment display D1 is connected to the Port 1 of the microcontroller (AT89S51) as shown in the circuit
diagram. R3 to R10 are current limiting resistors. S3 is the reset switch and R2, C3 forms a de-bouncing
circuitry. C1, C2 and X1 are related to the clock circuit. The software part of the project has to do the
following tasks.
 Form a 0 to 9 counter with a predetermined delay (around 1/2 second here).

 Convert the current count into digit drive pattern.
 Put the current digit drive pattern into a port for displaying.
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All the above said tasks are accomplished by the program given below.
Program.
ORG 000H //initial starting address
START: MOV A,#00001001B // initial value of accumulator
MOV B,A
MOV R0,#0AH //Register R0 initialized as counter which counts from 10 to 0
LABEL: MOV A,B
INC A
MOV B,A
MOVC A,@A+PC // adds the byte in A to the program counters address
MOV P1,A
ACALL DELAY // calls the delay of the timer
DEC R0 //Counter R0 decremented by 1
MOV A,R0 // R0 moved to accumulator to check if it is zero in next
instruction.
JZ START //Checks accumulator for zero and jumps to START. Done
to check if counting has been finished.
SJMP LABEL
DB 3FH // digit drive pattern for 0
DB 06H // digit drive pattern for 1
DB 5BH // digit drive pattern for 2
DB 6DH // digit drive pattern for 5
DB 7DH // digit drive pattern for 6

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DELAY: MOV R4,#05H // subroutine for delay
WAIT1: MOV R3,#00H
WAIT2: MOV R2,#00H
WAIT3: DJNZ R2,WAIT3
DJNZ R3,WAIT2
DJNZ R4,WAIT1
RET
END
Multiplexing 7 segment displays to 8051.

Suppose you need a three digit display connected to the 8051. Each 7 segment display have 8 pins
and so a total amount of 24 pins are to the connected to the microcontroller and there will be only 8 pins
left with the microcontroller for other input output applications. Also the maximum number of displays
that can be connected to the 8051 is limited to 4 because 8051 has only 4 ports. More over three 3
displays will be ON always and this consumes a considerable amount of power. All these problems
associated with the straight forward method can be solved by multiplexing.
In multiplexing all displays are connected in parallel to one port and only one display is allowed to
turn ON at a time, for a short period. This cycle is repeated for at a fast rate and due to the persistence of
vision of human eye, all digits seems to glow. The main advantages of this method are
 Fewer number of port pins are required .

 Consumes less power.
 More number of display units can be interfaced (maximum 24).
The circuit diagram for multiplexing 2 seven segment displays to the 8051 is shown below.
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When assembled and powered on, the circuit will display the number ‟16‟ and let us see how it is
done. Initially the first display is activated by making P3.0 high and then digit drive pattern for “1” is
loaded to the Port 1. This will make the first display to show “1”. In the mean time P3.1 will be low and
so do the second display will be OFF. This condition is maintained for around 1ms and then P3.0 is
made low. Now both displays will be OFF. Then the second display is activated by making P3.1 high
and then the digit drive pattern for “6” is loaded to the port 1. This will make the second display to show
“6”. In the mean time P3.0 will be low and so the second display will be OFF. This condition is
maintained for another 1ms and then port 3.1 is made low. This cycle is repeated and due to the
persistence of vision you will feel it as “16”.
Transistor Q1 drives the first display (D1) and transistor Q2 drives the second display (D2). R11
and R12 are the base current limiting resistors of Q1 and Q2. The purposes of other components are
explained in the first circuit.
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Program:
ORG 000H // initial starting address

MOV P1,#00000000B // clears port 1
MOV R6,#1H // stores "1"
MOV R7,#6H // stores "6"
MOV P3,#00000000B // clears port 3
MOV DPTR,#LABEL1 // loads the address of line 29 to DPTR
MAIN: MOV A,R6 // "1" is moved to accumulator
SETB P3.0 // activates 1st display
ACALL DISPLAY // calls the display sub routine for getting the pattern for "1"
MOV P1,A // moves the pattern for "1" into port 1
ACALL DELAY // calls the 1ms delay
CLR P3.0 // deactivates the 1st display
MOV A,R7 // "2" is moved to accumulator
SETB P3.1 // activates 2nd display
ACALL DISPLAY // calls the display sub routine for getting the pattern for "2"
MOV P1,A // moves the pattern for "2" into port 1
ACALL DELAY // calls the 1ms delay
CLR P3.1 // deactivates the 2nd display
SJMP MAIN // jumps back to main and cycle is repeated
DELAY: MOV R3,#02H
DEL1: MOV R2,#0FAH
DEL2: DJNZ R2,DEL2
DJNZ R3,DEL1
RET
DISPLAY: MOVC A,@A+DPTR // adds the byte in A to the address in DPTR and loads A with data
present in the resultant address

RET
LABEL1: DB 3FH
DB 06H
DB 5BH
DB 4FH
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DB 66H
DB 6DH
DB 7DH
DB 07H
DB 7FH
DB 6FH
END
Interfacing A/D and D/A converters:

A/D Converter:-
ADC is the Analog to Digital converter, which converts analog data into digital format; usually
it is used to convert analog voltage into digital format. Analog signal has infinite no of values like a sine
wave or our speech, ADC converts them into particular levels or states, which can be measured in
numbers as a physical quantity. Instead of continuous conversion, ADC converts data periodically,
which is usually known as sampling rate. Telephone modem is one of the examples of ADC, which is
used for internet, it converts analog data into digital data, so that computer can understand, because
computer can only understand Digital data. The major advantage, of using ADC is that, we noise can be
efficiently eliminated from the original signal and digital signal can travel more efficiently than analog
one. That‟s the reason that digital audio is very clear, while listening.
In present time there are lots of microcontrollers in market which has inbuilt ADC with one or
more channels. And by using their ADC register we can interface. When we select 8051
microcontroller family for making any project, in which we need of an ADC conversion, then we
use external ADC. Some external ADC chips are 0803,0804,0808,0809 and there are many more.
Today we are going to interface 8-channel ADC with AT89s52 Microcontroller namely ADC0808/0809.
Circuit of “Interfacing ADC0808 with 8051” is little complex which contains more connecting
wire for connecting device to each other. In this circuit we have mainly used AT89s52 as 8051
microcontroller, ADC0808, Potentiometer and LCD.
A 16x2 LCD is connected with 89s52 microcontroller in 4-bit mode. Control pin RS, RW and En
are directly connected to pin P2.0, GND and P2.2. And data pin D4-D7 is connected to pins P2.4, P2.5,
P2.6 and P2.7 of 89s52. ADC0808 output pin are directly connected to port P1 of AT89s52. Address
line pins ADDA, ADDB, AADC are connected at P3.0, P3.1, and P3.2.
ALE (Address latch enable), SC (Start conversion), EOC (End of conversion), OE (Output
enable) and clock pins are connected at P3.3, P3.4, P3.5, P3.6 and P3.7.
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And here we have used three potentiometers connected at pin 26, 27, and 28 of ADC0808.
A 9 volt battery and a 5 volt voltage regulator namely 7805 are used for powering the circuit.
D/A Converter:-
The Digital to Analog converter (DAC) is a device, that is widely used for converting digital
pulses to analog signals. There are two methods of converting digital signals to analog signals. These
two methods are binary weighted method and R/2R ladder method. In this article we will use the
MC1408 (DAC0808) Digital to Analog Converter. This chip uses R/2R ladder method. This method can
achieve a much higher degree of precision. DACs are judged by its resolution. The resolution is a
function of the number of binary inputs. The most common input counts are 8, 10, 12 etc. Number of
data inputs decides the resolution of DAC. So if there are n digital input pin, there are 2 n analog levels.
So 8 inputs DAC has 256 discrete voltage levels.
The MC1408 DAC (or DAC0808)
In this chip the digital inputs are converted to current. The output current is known as Iout by connecting
a resistor to the output to convert into voltage. The total current provided by the Iout pin is basically a
function of the binary numbers at the input pins D0 - D7 (D0 is the LSB and D7 is the MSB) of DAC0808
and the reference current Iref.
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The following formula is showing the function of Iout
The Iref is the input current. This must be provided into the pin 14. Generally 2.0mA is used as Iref
We connect the Iout pin to the resistor to convert the current to voltage. But in real life it may cause
inaccuracy since the input resistance of the load will also affect the output voltage. So practically
Iref current input is isolated by connecting it to an Op-Amp with Rf = 5KΩ as feedback resistor. The
feedback resistor value can be changed as per requirement.
Generating Sine wave using DAC and 8051 Microcontroller
For generating sine wave, at first we need a look-up table to represent the magnitude of the sine value of
angles between 0° to 360°. The sine function varies from -1 to +1. In the table only integer values are
applicable for DAC input. In this example we will consider 30° increments and calculate the values from
degree to DAC input. We are assuming full-scale voltage of 10V for DAC output. We can follow this
formula to get the voltage ranges.
Vout = 5V + (5 ×sinθ)
Let us see the lookup table according to the angle and other parameters for DAC.
Angle(in θ ) sinθ Vout (Voltage Magnitude) Values sent to DAC
0 0 5 128
30 0.5 7.5 192
60 0.866 9.33 238
90 1.0 10 255
120 0.866 9.33 238
150 0.5 7.5 192
180 0 5 128
210 -0.5 2.5 64
240 -0.866 0.669 17
270 -1.0 0 0
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Angle(in θ ) sinθ Vout (Voltage Magnitude) Values sent to DAC
300 -0.866 0.669 17
330 -0.5 2.5 64
360 0 5 128

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MP-MC R16 - UNIT-5 - MATERIAL

Electrical & Electronics (V.K.R, V.N.B & A.G.K College Of Engineering)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

UNIT V: INTEL 8051 MICRCONTROLLER

MICROPROCESSORS & MICROCONTROLLERS:

Fig.1 Block diagram of a Microprocessor.

Fig.2.Block Diagram of a Microcontroller

Distinguish between Microprocessor and Microcontroller

A microprocessor do not contain A microcontroller includes RAM, ROM,

Microprocessors are most

Microprocessor instructions are Microcontroller instructions are both bit

Microprocessor instruction sets are Microcontrollers have instruction sets

Microprocessor based system Microcontroller based system design is

The instruction set of a Microcontroller is

A microprocessor has zero status

For EX: PIC32, ARM 7, ARM9, SHARP LH79520, ATMEL 32 (AVR) ,

INTEL MCS 51 Family

On chi p RAM On chi p program

8031 128 None 2 5 1

8032 256 None 3 6 1

8051 128 4K ROM 2 5 1

8052 256 8K ROM 3 6 1

8751 128 4K EPROM 2 5 1

8752 256 8K EPROM 3 6 1

MICROCONTROLLER DEVELOPMENT TOOLS:

To develop an assembly language program we need certain program development tools. An

Ex: Sample. asm

3. Debugger/Simulator: A debugger is a program which allows executes the program, and

A simulator is a software program which virtually executes the instructions similar to a

INTEL 8051 MICRCONTROLLER :

SALIENT FEATURES: The salient features of 8051 Microcontroller are

1. 4 KB on chip program memory (ROM or EPROM)).

PIN Diagram of 8051 Microcontroller:

ARCHITECTURE & BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER:

Fig.3. Internal Architecture of 8051 Microcontroller

CY PSW.7 Carry Flag

AC PSW.6 Auxiliary Carry Flag

FO PSW.5 Flag 0 available for general purpose .

RS1 PSW.4 Register Bank select bit 1

RS0 PSW.3 Register bank select bit 0

OV PSW.2 Overflow flag

--- PSW.1 User definable flag

P PSW.0 Parity flag .set/cleared by hardware.

RS1 RS0 Register Bank Address

Inte rnal RAM OF 8051:

For EX: MOV A, R7 or MOV R7, #05H

S.No Symbol Name of SFR Address (Hex)

1 ACC* Accumulator 0E0

3 PSW* Program Status word register 0DO

4 SP Stack Pointer Register 81

DPL Data pointer low byte 82

10 IP* Interrupt Priority control 0B8

11 IE* Interrupt Enable control 0A8

12 TMOD Tmier mode register 89

13 TCON* Timer control register 88

14 TH0 Timer 0 Higher byte 8C

15 TL0 Timer 0 Lower byte 8A

16 TH1 Timer 1Higher byte 8D