500 Advanced Engineering Mathematics

+j
dy

-(3r+3y2)i +(3y +3r2)) +3xyk =3(+ yz) i +3(y +

Thus Vo at(1, 2, -1) is -3i +9j +6k; also | Vo| at (1, 2, -1) is 3/14
Thus the unit vector normal to the given surface at (1, 2, -1) is
-3i +9j +6k
3/14
Jai+3j +2k).
Example 8.11: Find the directional derivative of o(x, y, z) =xy + yz at
the point (
direction ofthe vector i +2j +2k.
2,-1,15int
Solution: We have, VÙ = i ¡090
dz +
dy i+(2xy+
dz =i (2xy +))+3y:² k

Thus, VÙat (2, -1, 1) = i-3j -3£.

The directional derivative of is the
component of VÙ at the given point in the
given vector i +2j +2k.Thus it isequal to direction oft
(i -3 -3k)t2j+2k_ 1-6-6 11
J1+4+4 3 3
Example 8.12: Find the angle between the surfaces x +y
tz=9, and z=x -3at (2,-12
Solution: Let o(x, y, z) = t+y+and v(r, y, z)
=*+-z
Therefore, VÙ= 2(xi +yj +zk), and Vä= 2x i +2yj - k.
Thus
VÙ at (2, -1, 2) =4i -2j +4k,and Vy at
(2, -1, 2) =4i -2j - k.
Also, |Vo| at (2, -1, 2) =16+4 +16 =6, |
and Vy| at (2, -1, 2)= 16 +4+1 = N21
Let N and N' be the unit
respectively at (2, -1, 2). Then, vectors normal to the surfaces o(x, y, z) = G and ye, y -)
6 3 i-j+k.and
33 C' -2j-k 4 2
If 0is the angle W21 V21
between the twosurfaces o(x, y, z) C and yx, y, z) =F Ch at (2, -1, 2), the:
8+2-2
3/21 321
 Calculus 501

8.13: If .
+,then show that V() and hence, or
otherwise, prove
(a) "
By definition dr-i. Here r- |Y\.:
() + k
dx dy dz

dr dr
+ + dr
dy dx
+
dy dz
dr dr
f=r+y+2, wehave, 2r dx =2x, or
dx
etc.

nce, +j +-)7.
Sin=idr + or
dr
+k dr
-= + j +R - - .
dy dz r

)-*i))-% i
1

* nr?=nr-7.
1
1 r)7,gives V()=
Take O() Fr, then Vo(r) =
that '(r) = , then
Take o(r) dr,
1

Vo() =
1 o)Y.gives V('ár) that Vu, V,
Vware
coplanar

Xyt yz t zx,show
2 w=
 502 Advanced Engineering Mathematics
Solution: By definiton
u
dy

dy +2(*i +yj +zk)

dw
dy
i(y+ z) + j(z*)+k(r* y)
The vectors Vu, Vv, Vw, will be
Vu-(Vrx Vw) -0, or if coplanar if their scalar triple product is
1 1
Zero, that j
1 1 1 1
2r 2y 2z=0 or, if 2x 1
y+z z+x x t y 2y 2z =0, (R, -’ Rt
x+y+z x+y+z X+y+2
1 1
or,if (x +y+z)|2x 2y 2z =0,
1 1
since the first and third rows in the
determinant are the same. Thus, Vu, Vv,
Example 8.15: The temperature of a point in Vw are
located at (1, 1, 2) desires to fly in space is given by T, y, z) =x ty-z.coplanar.
direction should it fy? sucha direction that it will get warm as soon as .A mosInqu
possible
Solution: T= cis the level surface, then VT
If
have VT =2xi +2y j- gives the direction of
k, and VT at (1,1, 2) =2i +2j -k maximum rate of chanoe1
It should move in
the direction of the unit
(1/3)2i +2j -k). vector normal along VT, that is, alo

Example 8.16: If fand &are

components of the latter, normalrespectively the scalar and vector point
and tangential to the functions, prove that
surface f=0, are
and
N
Solution: We know that Vfis
normal to the level surface f=0. Thus
A

we are to find the

components
Let Obe the point
of g along and
of reference and F normal to Vf.
chat Vf= Ofand = 0G as and Gbe twO points
such
orojection of along Vf. shown in Fig. 8.7, and let OM be the M

Fig. 8.7
 Vector Differential Calculus 503

n0nent of g along V) is = OM tinesthe unit vector along Vf= ( V)Vf =

7heccomponent of g normal to Vfis = M - 0GOM

(Vfx &) x Vð
|V'
Pample8.17: Determinethe coNstant asuch that at any point of intersection of the two spheres
3. and a' +(u- 1)+ z=1 their tangent planes are perpendicularto each other.
btion: Let o; (r - a)'+y'+;? and ), = +(y-1)'+ .We have
+ k
dz = 2(r- a)i +2y + 2z k
+ + k =2xi +2(y - 1) j +2z k
dy dz
vectors Vo, and Vo, are along the normals to the two spheres at a point (x, y, z) of their
Rrsection. The tangent planes to thetwo spheres at a point of intersection will be perpendicular
whentheirrnormals are perpendicular
to each other and for that

(2(x- a)i +2yj + 2zk]-(2xi +2(y -1) +2zk] =-0

4rl-a)+ 4/y-1) + 42 =0
+ + -ax -y= 0. ...8.24)
Also atany point P(x, y, z) of intersection of the given spheres, we have
f++-2ax +a'-3=0 and + + -2y =0.
Adding these two and dividing by 2, we obtain

t++z- ax - y+ =0. ...8.25)

3
From(8.24) and (8.25), we obtain =0, Or a= V3
2

Eample B.18: Show that the vector field defined by F = xyz(yzi +xzj +xyk)is conservative.
boiution: fthe vector field defined by the given vector function F is conservative, then there
ists some scalar function fsuch that F = Vf. It gives
xyz(yzi +xzj+xyk)= i +j +i dz
dy

This implies -xñz, dz

=zx'. Integrating Of = xyzw.r.t. x, we get
dy
 504
Advanced Engineering Mathematics
f, y, -
z) +s(y z)
Substituting for fin -yr'z we get xyz?+ - y', or Og -0, that is,
Oy g=g(2)
Therefore, from (8.26), we have

we getry'z
zx'y, or dg
dz
0. that iS,g = C, a
corst
Substituting for ffin Jz zxy

1
Hence from (8.27), f(x, y, z) =2 y + c
that F = Vf.
functionfr, y, z) such
Thus there exists a scalar EXERCISE 8.2

the following scalarfields.

=y+ -Zat(3, 1, 1)
1. Find the gradient of (b) o(x,y, z)
o(a, ) = - 4ry at (1,to2)the surface
(a) vector normal at (2, - 2, 3).
unit 2rz=4
2. Find a -1, 2) (b) ry
(b) xy++
surface z = /r*P+y? at the point
at (-1, planeto the
(a) y'z =2 tangent
the
equationofthe +y'+'=29 and ++z'
that
3. Show 4y-5z = 0. of thespheres
is 3r t
intersection
Inz =y-1,xy=2
angle of cos(19/29). x
Show thatthe 2)is = plarnesto thesurface
4. 47 at(4,
-3, tangent
-8z = between the
that theangle
cos(-1/\30). function
ShOw vectori +2j
5. the
1,1)is derivativeof
point(1,directional
the
directionof
1)in the
the point (2, - 1, alongz-a surfac
Find the normal to
(2,- 1,2)directionofthe
3
6.
=xytyz°at point
) 4rz'-3xyz'atthe
(a) (uy -1, 1)inthe makesan
wz)= point (2, vector
which
(b) (a, a t the unit
zl=xy'+yz octionof a 2,2,4 ma>
 Vector DifferentialCalculus 505
may
Findthe constants
intersect
Aand so that the surfaces Ar'
orthogon.ally at the point (1, - 1, 2). yz (a+ 2)x and 4r'y + z'= 4
IfuH(T, V, 2,1 ), x=X(), y= V), z z(/), show that

+"V, where Y- xi tyjtzk.

that
I ris
the position vector of the point (x, y, z) and d andb are constant vectors, prove
10.

DIVERGENCE AND CURL OF A VECTOR FIELD

84
ta vector fields, like that of gradient, are of wide applications
curl of
fheconceptsoffdivergernce and
nngineering.and physics. We introducethese two in this section.

Divergence of a Vector Field

841
function. Then
+F,(x, y, z) j + Fs(x, y, z) k be a differentiable vector point

dediergence ofthe vector field F, denoted by divF, is defined as

divÅ = V. =dxii+:dy +
oy
since
V·F is simply anotation and not a scalar product in the usual sense,
We note that
4

is a scalar operator while V.F = dx dy dz

RE# FV.In fact, F.V = E:dx
sascalar. For example,
( ) + )=1+1 +1=3.
@x
+ j
dy
+2 i +yj +zk)=.
3xzi +2xy j -zk, then div F V.F= 32 +2x - 2y'z.
=
As another example, if F=

B4.2 Physical Meaning of the Divergence a regio

interpretation to the divergence, consider the motion of a fluid in
produced
gvethe physical is, there is no point in R at which the fluid is
avng no source or sink in R. that
disappears. be the velocity of the fluid at a point P(%,
Let ö=o, y. z)i +v,(x, y, z) j + v.(r, y, z) k
ôr, Sy, Sz in the fluid as shown in Fig. 8.8. Cons
akrectangular parallelopiped of sides
bak of the y-axis.
at the fluid is inthe positive direction
flowing
 physical diverges
function.
representing heat at
which
a through using
Similarly, point Dividing
is Accounting This is
issuing is Therefore
resultantthe
The The 506
per equal
(x, Taylor
quantity the
y, ammount
amount
any from unit if z). to by six called
series Atvanced
k div the faces for
is volume
physical the
represernts
issuing point a k. volume the and of of
is flux fluid fluid
Hence resultant Engineering
in neglecting
of
quantity leaving
from per unit x the fluid
entering
unittime. divergence
an Sy
that electric ðz, fluidvector flow the the
volume.
gives Jx the Mathernatics
point. If the face face k
gives fieldõ terms
flows out
k dx flux
at flux,
represents oy
PCBA'
of PAB'C
This each In a A
per through of
across these Fig.8.8
general then measure dy second
justifiespoint + unit dvzSxdz
ðz.Sy two ina
in
the
the div dz a
the of volume other the and dyparallel unit unit
the the heat the area
divergence isk higher Gzôy
Sx
, time time
name rate flux, the outward is two
ðz faces=Vy+&y
1s =
given Uy
per then
amount faces,
pars of orders
ðx.
0z
divergence flux Dy
y
unit of by 0z 0*.
divka per Òx.
volumevector of
unit
electric
is
of the volume the
a point
at rate total
vector
whichfuncton atflux of flux
whic h which the
pou the flo of
 Vector DifferentialCalculus 507
HthefiudiN Oressible, then the balance of outflow and inflow for a given volume element
and hence, div ö 0. This
equation iis known as the condition of incompressibility.
assumpion that the flow has no source or sink in the region is essential for this
function æ, div ö=0everyohere, then such apoint function öis called asolenoidal
and the field represented by such a
vector function is called the solenoidal field.
84.3 Curl of a Vector Field
ecutlefavctor F, denoted by curl F, is ddefined as

curl F =Vx =
dx dy dz i + + k
dy dz dx dx dy

We note that Vx F is simply a notation and is not a vector product in the usual sense, since
FxY*-FxV. Sometimes, curl F is
also written as
curl F
dy dz

where summation is over the cyclic rotation of the unit vectors i, i, k, the
components F, F, Fs
nd the independent variables x, y,z. For example, if

F=yzi + 3zx / + z k, then curl F= =-3xi +yi +2zk.

dx dy z
yz 3zx

Next we give a physical interpretation to curl of a vector function.

8.4.4. Physical Interpretation of the Curl
Suppose a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis through the origin Owith a uniform angular
velocity W=w,i +w, j +w,k and let Y=xi tyj +zk be the position vector of any point P(I, y, z)
on the body.
The linear velocity k of the point P(x, y, z) is given by
k

ö=WXx =w w, ws (wz - way)i +(w,* - wz) j +(w,y - w,x) i.

mple Curl Y
=
div Solution:
Example
Correspondingmechanics,
velocity. Or,
508
used ,velocity
Because Hence,the Therefore
curl -
F
=
8.20: =i(3rt3x) + 3(x-yz) V-[(3 8.19: Mathematics
Engineering
Advanced
dy dx (3-3yz)+ Take if of
=grad
u=i F motion the isöthis angularthe
3yz) -
If uFininterpretation,
d
a =+tz-3xyz.
is 3(y-xz) div velocity is -
a i
onstant j(-3y + dy oy + F
said 2 1 (w,

-3xz)(3y + (34 dx du and to of + dx

3y) -3xz) be a of w)i
vector 3(z-
+
curl sometimes
fluid, a
+ dz irrotational tuniformly
he +
k(-32+ j dy du Y, (w,
and xy) oz + + Then and
-(3z-3xy) (3z k when w)
++
zr)-3(-z
Y+k|3(-
3z) y) -3xy) dz du curl rotating
body w) j
=xi F
otherwise, )
= dx - grad 7=word
t 0. (3r-3y2)i
]k
rotation
then 0,
(w, + 0z
yj y2)-3(z-y)- = +
6x (+y+rotational. equalis
+ w,)
6y k
+ is is =
dy 6z+ (3y - said also one-to 2(w,
= to
be i
6(x 3xz) - 3ryz). half of +
+y+z). irrotational
and:field in wyj
j+ place tu,kj
(ã (3z-3ry)
of Curl
curl. of =2,
=
2i
the
In lr
i
 Solution:(a) is
Example
(b) constant
a
Thus. Solution:
8.21: curl Iet
vector.
(2 d
Show x
Y)= ii
= that= t}
=0+ =3p" nr"x =3
+ (4 i (u,2 =
lax-i@x)-0. +
p+n-1dr = dx (a)
a,)
+
- t
dx nr
V.(7)= lv)i ayk,
)+ oy
+
where
= dy (a, j dy
(n
-'y)2) +*(i+ (n + (a,r t
+3)". dx dr
+y
ryj+rzk) dz +3)-", a,) a,
+ a,z) - Thena,
dz ,
dy dr k M}
+
Z
yn-1 dr (b)
V. a)+
(a,
(a,y-a,x)
j
+
constants.
are
dz dr dy (k
zn"-1,p++ xY) -
=3"+
n"-1 , 2(4,i Differential
Calculus
Vector
=
0, k
where +
aj
dz t
+äx Xr F agk)
=xi
=
tyj 2a.
dx
+
zk 509
and
 formulae. V-F Since
8.5.1identities point thisIn 8.5 In 510
5. 4. 3. 2. 1. is
Vfand 8. 7. 6. the
function,section SOME 3. 4. 3.
grad curl div curl div scalar a 'Dcontribute
el' scalar Show Iff= Show Determine F= (i) If If Iroblems
curl Advanced
div curl gradf= gradf= V r r F
and we r (1y2)" is = =
F F F point Applied
x
F
VECTOR function that ++ that irrotational i(rty+j
= = VV.Vf= are thstudy
e (1-2), ).)
= further the the (e"i the +yj
V(V.F) Vx(V V.VxF x function, the second two |+1)i Engineering
Vf= Twice fsuch vector andi vector +y"i
values +zk compute
x =0 vector IDENTITIES
in types
= F) 0 the type that field field +'k)
Vx(V
= = only to =xi of and
V(V point developmentresults of
a F defined and m å (r- div Mathematics
x
F) F) ., f functions, Point
gradient vector =gradf. i= +yi is nconstant
is +
y)
k, curl ,
when 31/zi +zk irrotational. so(i )
'F
+ V'F -
can
Function identities.
del
by
F
that curl show EXERCI
and
SE 8.3
+ =yi
of show the (ã vector, that
= = so the is
curl grad be we
applied First 2r'yzj vector xi)= verify
subject. that
curl divY formulated. can show curl F divcrl
that
form type
to div(fr) point 2i.
Ë product +4ryz'k + that
+-y²F results j =
2Ë their = + function 0.
This 5f. k)
divergence
two
of
when is
results is solenoidal
point del irrotational
in is
the and functions.applied
followin: curl, toicetoa and
wh. Thes k
 VVx; Vx
2
Next, Tator. We
=i we nothatte
i prove
dx
dx dx
dy dx in
dx dx dz dx these
dy + dy the 1
y
dy Ox dy dz +k results. operator
dy oz -+k
(aray dz dz
+
dz df
V2
+ oy dz
dz
dx
dz dz dx ox
dy
dz
dy dz dy
dz
dx dx
+ k
2i5) dz
(O5_0s+k|
+

oy
dx
dy dx dx
=(-F) dx
dz dz
dy operator, isa
scalar Vector
dy dx
Ýy, Differential
v²F - =0

- dx
y 0=

called Calculus
the
Laplacian 511
 pointtwo product. 4 2 1
10. 9.
1. 8. 7.V3) 6. delformsConsider 8.5.2functions.
=fVg+gVf 3 helRemark.
psto 512
obvious
one.
where We V-(F V(FG)Vx(f) V-fG) applied is In&5.Vx Also Thus
Vx(E of continuation
These note the two Del (VxF) VxV=0
VxVf=0;
here remember the 1he his
t Advanced
G x =Vf.G VVf-V
here
= thatxG)= = product
to scalar xF interpretationinplies
results Gi G)
=G-(Vx (F-V)G VfxG = these Applied =0;
F(VG)= tGyj in to V(V- = Engineering
eY canÉNGj= +fV. V(=x(xI)+v'T,
result F(V +fV products, are: point the albove
also V)=|
+ i9f (F (G- + fg, to above here|V,V,
F)-V
be Gyk; 9, G E) x functions
the f ot
forulae
proved dx the - - V)F F.G, Vas Malhemalcs
and
term
G(V-(Vx)
- + we Product noted VE
in F arrive fandth e =V(V-Ë)-; F}=0, ad
ak a
vector
using result
+(G- F) (VxG) x scalar results,
lollowS.
as
the 11,
dy Of at g of scalar
beingthe OPeralor
results the
+ V)Ë +Gx(Vx the the andtwo
products, next
dz following Two
term dz (- - twe which
on vector Point heereexpanding justification
givesthe
vector V and consider
F) tormulae: fGFunctions tripple is
5,
dx G ,
point
ation. -Fi F the
functions
x product
+Fj G, operation
dy Vx(Vx
+Esk vector vectors
equal with of
pOssible and F
AG.The of
F)two the
The toV
products. asa result
result the tripple
vector
producto;
is6
cut When
 Vector Diferential Calculus 513

rc)-/i.
; d,
(Ki) (i)
Of
du d . VG)+ (V) G

+
(()

Of
dx

JG JF
rË ) = (F) - i +

dG ...8.28)
|i+
dx

Als0, k x(b x) =(ã-)b - ( b), therefore, ( b) = (- )b - ä x(bx)

JG
Thus,
dG
- (F-i) -Fx xi-(Ëi.
+Fxix
M
dG
ndtherefore, =(E- V) +Fx (Vx)

nterchanging Fand G, we have

dx
i= (G-V)Ë + x(Vx Ë)

i and in (8.28), we get the desired result.

Substutingthe values of)E. dx
OG
10 xG+ËX
dx dx

JG

dx
Exi-é-| dx

(Vx F)· -(Vx).F -. (Vx Ë)- Ë:(Vx).

=
 514| Advanced Engineering Mathematics

11. x+Ëx dx

ax

Now åx(bx) - (-)6 Using this, wehave

- (-b)ë. Using
dx
dx

-2-E -( )Ë-(0-Fy.
Similarly,

Thus from (8.29), we have

(7-F) +(V.)Y - (Ë:V), which is 11.
Vx(F xG) =(-)-
fo.
Example 8.22: Prove that (a) V) =n(n +1)"-² (b) VA) =f") +

Solution: (a) V²= +

dx dx

dx

-nt+(n -2)y-*
- n[3r +(n-2)-"(++]=n[3-2+ (n -2)-=n(n +1)
(b) )=V- (V/(n) =div (grad fr) =div (f) grad r}
div

3f() 1
div F+ 7-grad
)
igrad f')+f)grad
 Vector Differential Calculus 515

-roroi-}roi
ro+ro-0-r)ro
If= 0.
Example8.23: ff- (r+y't)", find div grad fand determine nif div gradf

Solution: We have, f=r.Thus grad f= grad rn= (-2n)rn-'i, and

-
(-2n 2n-2i) =(-2n) [r2n -2 y.F +7.Vr2n-1
divgradf=
-(-21) 3rn-2+i-(-2n - 2) 2n-47|
- (-2n) [3rn-2+ (-2n -2)-2n-31
-(-2n) (-2rn +1)21-2= (2n) (2n - 1)2-2
or 1/2.
div grad f=0, gives n =0,
F,where F is solenoidal field.
Eyample 8.24: Prove that curl curl curlcurl F =
solenoidal, therefore, div F = 0. Thus
Solution: Since the vector field F is
=G, sav.
curl curl F =grad div F - V'F=- F
Consider, curl curlG = grad divG - '
V(-V'F) =-V(F) = 0. Therefore, curl curl G= -'G, and thus
Now diyG =
yË.
curl curlcurlcurl F =--'Ë) -
vectors, show that
Example 8.25: If äand b are constant

|= (b) Vx{ã x(bx F)) =äxb.

Solution:
(a)
since V(a-F) =a.
ä+(ä-F)(-n)r-,

Vx (-b)Y
(F)b -(b)Y] =Vx (ä-F)b - (-b)Vx FI
b) Vx (ã x(b x F) =Vx xb+ (ä-f)Vx b)- (V(-b) x F+
- (V(ä-i) = 0, and V(ã -b) =0.
Vxi= 0, Vx b
-ixb, since V(-F) - ä,
 516 Advanced Engineering Mathematics
and Is acontit
Example 8.26: lIr and i have their usual neanings Velor, prove that
2-1

Solution: LHS, =Vx[r"(£ x Y)) Vr"x (úxY)

=r"Vx (ãx Y))+
Since
We Vx(dxY)
a is a Constant
have, = ä(V-F)
vector,
F(V-á) +(?: V)a- (a- V)r
- VA and (rV)a are zeros; also V.; -3 and (a Vjr-
therefore,

thus (8.31) beconmes

2ã
Vx (ã xF) =3ã - å =
V =-nr(+);
Also
we have
Using (8.32) and (8.33) in (8.30),
2a (F-F)ä- (-F)F]
LH.S. = 2
. " x(ãx F)) =
= R.H.S.
2a i-(ä-F)F] =.2-n
1d
Example 8.27: Prove that

Solution: V.

Now,

Sfr). Similarly,

+
3 ) .and
dz

Thus, v0;)-ro)*e*y*)ro-*)fo
-fo+fo-2r) +t O )dr- ) .
 Vector Differential Calculus 517

828: I Aand R are irrotational, prove that ÄxB is solenotdal.

Pmple

Since Aand BAre irrotational,therefore, curl À 6, and curl 0

iv(¢ xB) = BcurlA -A curlB - B6 -¢ 6-0
is solenoidal.

EXERCISE 8.4

+tand =x tyj tzk, show that div (uö) =5u.

scalars andEis a vector, show that F-curl F =0
2 u =Vo, where u andv are the normal of
directional. derivative of V(V¢) at the pointt((1, -2, 1) in the direction
indthe +z, where =2r'yz.
surface xyz= 3x
tothe: respectively to a
be the vectors joining the fixed points (x y z1) and(» yo z)
4Lfr, and Y, prove that
variable point (r, y,z) 2(7;- ,).
=0 (b) grad(+ 7) =i+i; (c) curl (;xi)=
a) div (7,x ) Vå is solernoidal.
Show that the vector Vo x
(, y, 2)
-0, where ris the distance of a point
1
grad| grad -

&showthat curl kx
unit vector in the direction of z-axis.
from theorigin and k is a show that Vfisa vector which is
of the Laplace equation V'f=0,
Let flx, y,z) be a solution
solenoidal.
both irrotational and constant. If ö = Vf,
Vf= c, where c is a
Let fx, y, z) be a solution of the Poisson equation
but div k 0.
show that curl =0, (gV)] =0.
V-(fVg) - V-(gV) =N'g-gVf (b) V-(fVg) x
9 Show that (a)
satisfy the wave
1ah ,and Vxh= 1oh then show that e and h
=
10. If V- =0, V-h =0, Vx c dt cdt

where cis a constant, and f is a vector function.

equation
OJ227.
ANSWERS

Exercise 8.1 (p. 494)

+( cost +
3Fsin ) k
cos t +sin t) j
1. (5 costt 10t sin f)i +(t
3. wk
2. 4cos 4t + 3F
 518 Advanced EngneeringMathematics
4. (3-2e)i -I(1-2) -(2*ne|j -e+ (2 +391k
5. 2ri()+ 2r° ü) 6. ai''at) -(a/P)ö'(a/)
7. i() x "() +i)x ü"() 8. ü()- ü(0) x " )
10. r() -(1 +)/V2,v() - (1- )/ N2,z(/) - (r/4) +t
11. (-3 sin ti +3 cos tj +4k)/5 12. cos (3/7)
13. V37,5/13 14. 8414/7,-/14/7
15. 70//29 ,J(436/29)
16. 17 m.p.h in the direction tan (0.25) north of east

Exercise 8.2 (p. 504)

1. (a) -8i (b) 7i +24 -2k
2. (a) -(i +3j -y//i+ (b) (-i +2j +2k)y3
6. (a) (b) 144 (0) 15/ 17 (d) (15 +14 V3 )/2
7. (4i +3j -12k)/13, 1 8. =2.5, u =1.
10. (xx/) +(yyo/b) +zz0/ c) =1
Exercise 8.3 (p. 510)
5. m = 0, n=1

Exercise 8.4 (p. 517)

3. 1724/ V21