I &II SEM BA ENGLISHCALICUT

UNIVERSITY

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION AND JOURNALISM2021

ADMISSION
Semester I &II

Course 11 Code: JOU1B01

I NTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION AND JOURNALISM

Contact Hours: 6

Credits: 5

External Marks :80

Internal Marks :20

1. Class Tests: 8

2. Assignment: 4

3. Seminar Presentation: 4

4. Class room participation based on attendance: 4Time:

2.5 Hrs

Objectives

To make students acquaint with the basic concepts of communication.

Course Outcomes

1. To attain the basic concepts of communication and the evolution of mass communication.

2. The knowledge gained from the course should act as a gateway and navigator to the various
branches of mass communication.

3. To gain the capacity to examine the working of the media and to develop betterperspectives of
media.

Module I – Fundamentals of communication

Definition of communication, evolution of human communication, elements of communication, types of
communication: Intra, inter, group, organizational, public and mass;Verbal and nonverbal communication.

Module II – Basic communication models and theories

Models of Aristotle, Lasswell, Shannen and Weaver, Osgood and Schramm, Berlo. Stimulusresponse theory,
Normative theories.

Module III

Concept of Mass; Evolution of mass communication and mass communication technology; Invention of
printing and democratization of knowledge

Module IV

Nature, characteristics, functions and dysfunctions of mass media. Types of media, an overview of folk media,
print, radio, TV, film and new media history of broadcasting: Growth of radio broadcasting in India, FM radio.
Growth of television broadcasting in India,SITE, Prasar Bharati

Module V- New Media

Characteristics, internet, blog, online newspaper, social media networks, troll, citizen journalism,
online media platform.

Module VI -Freedom of the Press

Article 19(1)(a), reasonable restrictions,defamation, censorship, RTI Act, contempt ofcourt,plagiarism,

sting operation.

Module VI – Evolution of Indian press

James Augustus Hicky, James Silk Buckingham, Serampore missionaries, Raja Ram Mohun Roy. Freedom
movement and the press. Gandhi as a journalist. Press in the post-independentperiod

Module VIII - History of Malayalam Journalism

Rajyasamacharam, Paschimodayam, Gnana Nikshepam, Deepika, Malayala Manorama, Kerala Mitram,

Kerala Patrika, Mathrubhumi, Kerala Kaumudi , Al-Ameen, Deenabhandu,Prabhatham
Module IX - Legends of journalism

Herman Gundert, Kandathil Varughese Mappilai, Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai , Kesari Balakrishna
Pillai , Chengulathu Kunhirama Menon, Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar,K P Kesava Menon, C V Kunjiraman

Books for Reference

1. International Encyclopedia of Communication: Oxford.

2. Turow, Joseph : Media Today: An Introduction to Mass Communication, 4th Edition,

3. Parthasarathy, R Journalism in India Sterling.

4. Krishna Murthy, Dr N Indian journalism

5. Raghavan, G N S The press in India

6. Robin Jeffrey, India‘s newspaper revolution

7. Raghavan, Puthupally Kerala pathrapravarthana charithram

8. Thomas, M V Bharathiya Pathracharithram Bhasha Institute

Chapter -1 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION

• Communication - the art of transmitting information, ideas, and attitudes from oneperson to
another.

Elements of Communication

• Source - person who sends a message.

• Receiver - person who receives message.

• Context - communication always takes place within a context. It can either restrict orstimulate the
communication process.
• Message - anything that is send and received.

• Channel - it is the route along which message is transmitted.

• Noise - anything that distorts or interferes with the message.

• Encoding - the message is translated into a language or code suitable for transmission to the intended
receivers.
• Decoding - the act of understanding or comprehending a message.
 • Feedback - information that is fed back to the source. It may be positive or negetive.
• Effect - consequences of communication are reffered to as effect.

Types of Communication

• Intrapersonal Communication - Communication that take place within an individual.

• Interpersonal Communication - face to face communication between two or more inclose physical
proximity. Three stages of interpersonal communication are casual, personal and intimate stage.

• Group Communication - communication by many persons in a face to face situation.Eg: in

classroom, office, playground etc.
• Public Communication - When the group becomes too large for all members to contribute. Here one
or two persons deliver their remarks and the remaining members act as audience. Eg: public meeting,
political conventions.

• Mass Communication - process of delivering information, ideas and attitudes to asizeable and
diversified audience.
• Verbal and written communication - verbal communication refers to spoken messages.
Written communication refers to Communication through written orprinted words.

• Non Verbal Communication - communication through facial expressions and bodymovements.

• Proxemics - it is the distance people observe between each other in communicationsituation.

Functions of Mass Communication

• Inform
• Entertain

• Educate
• Reinforce

• Socialise
• Activate

• Change or persuade.
• Confer status

• Focus attention
• Create ties of union

• Ethicise

Dysfunctions of Mass Communication

 • Ethicizing - media enforces social norms of society. It can also have negetive impact.
• Narcotizing - increasing dosages of mass media make the audience passive.

• Create stereotypes - media can create stereotypes by catagorizing people's races,institutions,

professions etc.

Chapter – 2 BASIC COMMUNICATION MODELS ANDTHEORIES

Aristotle's Model of Communication

• This is a linear model in which there are three elements in communication such asspeaker speech
and audience.
• Mainly focuses on public speaking.

• Here the audience are passive listeners.

Lasswell's Model of Communication

• Introduced by Harold Lasswell.

• Based on the questions who, what, which channel, to whom etc the communication process is
carried out.

• It is described for print media.

• It does not provide feedback.

Shannon and Weaver's Mathematical Model

• Designed by Shannon and Weaver.

• Their intention was to find most efficient channel for communication.

• Eight components in communication - Source, message, transmitter, signal, channel,noise, receiver,

destination.

Osgood and Schramm's Circular Model

• Introduced by Charles Osgood and adapted by Wilbur Schramm.

• It is circular mode.

• Provision of feedback.
• Suitable to describe interpersonal communication.

Berlo's SMCR Model

• SMCR - Source, Message, Channel, Receiver

• Here receiver interprets messai based on the individual's communication skills.
Basic Mass Communication Theories

• Stimulus Response Theory - also known as magic bullet theory or hypodermic theory.It considers
media as powerful and audience as passive recipients of message.

Normative Theories of Media

• Authoritarian Media Theory - Here media act as a servant. The government under adictator or
ruling elite imposes restrictions over the media.
• Libertarian Theory of media - here the individual is given freedom of speech andexpression. The
individual is supreme and not the state or society.
• Social responsibility theory - the unrestricted press freedom in America was misusedby press owners.
As a result the ahutchins Commission, headed by Robert Hutchins was appointed to look into the role
of media.
• Soviet Media Theory/Totalitarian Media Theory - the socialist government should have a total
control over the media do that it can educate and reflect the intrest and ideology of the working
class.
• Development Media Theory - it advocates that media should support the rulinggovernment to
bring development.
• Democratic-participant theory- it advocates media support for cultural pluralism. TheTheory
emphasizes the importance of role of receiver in communication process.

Chapter – 3 PRINT MEDIA

• The history of newspaper is as long as history of books. The first true news paper wasOxford
Gazette(1665)
• First daily news paper in English - The Daily Courant (1702)

• First news paper in India - Bengal Gazette (1780)

Advantages of news paper

• Can report stories in detail.

• Can read according to the reader's time schedule.
• Cheaply available
• Large audience can be reached.
• Easy to carry.
Limitations of news paper

• Short life span.

• Breaking news first appears on electronic media.
• Messy with commercials.
• Cause pollution.
• Large numbers of trees are cut to produce pay.
Media Ethics

• Ethics are moral principles of correct behaviour. Code of ethics should be voluntaryand should
come from the profession itself.

Challenges faced by print media

• Proliferation of news media

• Changes in news media audience.
• Convergence of media.
• Business values.
• Overdependence on advertising revenue.
• Paid news system.
• Corporatisation of the media.

Chapter – 4 ELECTRONIC MEDIA

• Film - Lumiere brothers made the first film ' Leaving the Lumiere Factory' which lasted for one
and half minutes.
• CBFC - Central Board of Film Certification is a certifying body which certifies allIndian and
foreign films. Its headquarters is in Bombay.

• Radio - In 1985, Marconi, an Italian inventor sent first Radio signals. The first Radio programme in
India was broadcast by the Radio Club of Bombay in June 1923.
Strengths of Radio

• Radio broadcast can be highly target selective by station format.

• Intrusive and local.

• Relatively low cost and production charges.

Excellent local market coverage.

• Community involvement high.

Limitations of Radio

• Lack of visual support.

• Passive listeners

• Considered as a background medium.

• Difficult to build large reach.

• Community Radio - it broadcast content that is popular and relevant to local specificaudiences who
are often overlooked by commercial broadcasters.

Television

• Started in India in September 15, 1959.

 • Regular broadcasting of television began in 1965.

• SITE - Satellite Instructional Television Experiment brought TV to 2400 villages inbackward areas.
Strength of television

• Credible and prestige media.

• Considered highly persuasive.
• Ability to reach large audience.
• High impact medium.

Limitations of television

• Very expensive production costs.

• High cost of entry.
• Difficult to generate adequate reach and frequency unless media budget is very large.
• Availabilities greatly affected by season cycles and viewing patterns.

TelevisionNews Channels in India

• Doordarshan's monopoly was challenged by CNN in 1991 with live coverage of Gulfwar.
• Later Star TV introduced five major channels.NDTV 24x7 was the first privately owned news
channel in India.
• India Vision was the first 24 hour news channel in Malayalam.
• It was followed by Asianet, People, Manorama News, Jai Hind, Reporter,Mathrubhumi
etc .

Chapter – 5 NEW MEDIA Characteristics of New

Media

• Hypertextuality - Any verbal, visual or audio data that has within itself links to otherdata is referred
to hypertext.
• Multimediality - It is the sum of different media formats such as audio, video,graphics and
text.

• Digital - here all data's are converted to binary codes. It can be accessed at very highspeed.
• Interactivity - new media allows consumers and users to get more involved.

Internet

• It is a world wide network of computers which can communicate with one another indigital form.
• Internet developed in US in 1960s
 • Internet started in India in 1987.
• Presently there are more than 200 internet service providers in India.

Blog

• Blog came from the word "weblog" coined by Jorn Barger.

• The modern blog evolved from the online diary, where people would keep a runningaccount of their
personal lives.

Types of blogs

• Personal blogs - an ordinary diary or commentary by an individual. It is the traditionaland most

common blog.
• Corporate Blogs - used in marketing branding or public relations purposes.
• Media blogs - blogs that focus on reporting and analysing events.
• Political blogs - blogging can have unforeseen consequences in politically sensitiveareas. As a
result some blogs are being suppressed and punish those who maintain them.
• Other blogs - includes travel blogs, house blogs, fashion blogs education blogs, musicblogs etc.
Online Newspapers

• Entered in India in mid 1990s.

• THE HINDU is the first online Indian newspaper.
• DIPIKA is the first Malayalam online newspaper.
• It is a combination of writing with various types of visual elements plus audio.
• Almost all television news channels host their websites.

Citizen Journalism

• Also known as public, participatory or street Journalism.

• Citizen journalist is of the people, for the people and by the people.
• The people without professional journalism training uses the tools of modern technology and internet
connectivity to create, expand or check media on their own orin collaboration with others.
• Citizen journalist are people formerly known as audience who were on the receivingend.

Social Media Networks

• Today there has been a tremendous increase in the use of social media.
• Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, wechat etc are some commonly used social medias.

Module – 6 FREEDOM OF THE PRESS

Freedom of the press – provisions in the Indian Constitution

• This freedom is referred to in general terms and includes not only freedom of speech,but also freedom
of expression.
• Article 19(1) of the Constitution reads as follows: 19(1). All citizens shall have theright: a) To
freedom of speech and expression.
Laws of libel/defamation

• It is a false, malicious or negligent publication that injures a person’s reputation bylowering the
community’s regard for that person holding up him or her to hatred, contempt or ridicule.
RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT, 2005

• A citizen should not only have the freedom to speech and expression but also the rightto information
on all the activities of the government except those dealing with the security of the country.
• The Indian Parliament passed the Right to Information Act (RTI Act) on May 11, 2005. The Act
came into force on October 12, 2005 in all states except Jammu andKashmir.
Censorship

• It is the control of speech and other forms of human expression.

Types of censorship

• Moral
• Military
• Political
• Religious
• Corporate
Plagiarism

• Practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own istermed as
plagiarism.
• It is considered as academic dishonesty and a violation of journalistic ethics.
Sting Operation

• An operation designed to catch a person committing a crime by means of deception.

• Due to Positive sting operation, the society is benefited. It makes government andother entities
responsible and accountable.
• Negative sting operation do not benefit the society, but they do harm to the society.

Module – 7 EVOLUTION OF INDIAN PRESS

James Augustus Hicky

• Published the first newspaper in India bearing the name Bengal Gazette or Calcutta General
Advertiser.
James Silk Buckingham
 • one of the important personalities in Indian journalism, assumed the editorship ofCalcutta Journal
in 1818.
• Calcutta Journal was entirely different from Hicky’s Gazette which mostly containedgossip, scandals
and scurrilous writing.
• Rangaswami Parthasarathy in his book Journalism in India describes James SilkBuckingham as
the father of Indian Journalism.
Serampore Missionaries

• A group of Baptist missionaries from England who settled down at Serampore in Bengal.
• Their publications include Dig Darshan and The Friend of India.
Rajaram Rammohan Roy

• The father of Indian journalism.

• He fought for social reforms and defended criticisms levelled against Vedantaphilosophy by
the Christian missionaries.
• Newspapers were published by Rammohun Roy – SambadKaumudi, Mirat-ul-akhbar,Brahminical
Magazine.
Freedom Movement and the Press

• The brutal suppression of the revolt of 1857, suppression of the Indian nationalist press and
founding of Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885 and other citizens’ associations were shaping
Indian public opinion against the British.
Indian National Congress

• Founded by Allen Octavian Hume in 1885 which was in subsequent years responsiblefor freeing the
country from British imperialism.
World War I and the press in India

• Three days after the declaration of the War, an order was issued by the Government ofIndia taking
control of the press in India and controlling the publication of naval and military news.
• The Indian nationalist press pleaded that British Government should accord to Indiansthe rights and
liberties for which the allies were fighting in Europe.

Emergence of Gandhi

• Gandhi edited three publications namely, Young India, Harijan and Navajivan.
• Through these journals Gandhi guided the national movement and propagated hisideas of
nonviolence and satyagraha.
Quit India Movement

• The British authorities made every effort to control and muzzle the nationalist pressduring the Quit
India Movement launched by Indian National Congress in 1942.
• Gandhiji suspended the publication of Harijan and other weeklies on account of pre-censorship
imposed by the Government.
Role of Mahatma Gandhi as a Journalist

• Gandhi was the editor of Young India , and Harijan.

 • His newspapers were subjected to stoppages and revival according to the political situations.
• Among the publications of Gandhi, Harijan was the most important one. It wasstopped in
1942 and was resumed in 1946. It ceased publication in 1949.
Objectives of journalism

• To understand the popular feelings and give expression to them.

• To arouse among the people certain desirable sentiments.
• His newspapers carried no advertisements and depended solely on subscription from readers.
Press in the post-independence era

• The Indian press includes 48 centenarians.

• The Gujarat daily Mumbai Samachar, published from Mumbai, is the oldest survivingnewspaper. It
was first published in 1822.
• Ananda Bazar Patrika, a Bengali daily from Kolkata is the largest circulated singleedition daily
with a claimed circulation of 11,81,112copies per publishing day followed by The Times of India.
Press Council of India (PCI)

• The notion of a national Press Council in India was introduced by the First Press Commission
Report of 1954.
Composition of the Press Council

• The Council is a body corporate having perpetual succession. It consists of a chairperson

and 28 other members.
• The chairperson is, by convention, a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India and is nominated by
a committee consisting of the chairman of the Rajya Sabha, Speaker of the Lok Sabha and a person
elected from amongst themselves by the 28 members of the Council.
• The Council has the power to consider complaints suo moto, in addition to inquiring into complaints
brought before it.
Press during emergency

• During emergency many journalists were jailed, newspaper offices were raided andpower supply
was cut off to printing presses.
• The press as a whole did not stand against the emergency.
Paid News

• It undermines the basic principles of journalism.

• It adulterates news, abandoning the separation between news and advertisements.
Corporatization of Media

• Many of the media institutions in India were corporatized.

• One of the example is takeover of the network 18 by the Mukesh Ambani`s Reliance Industries Ltd in
2014.

Module - 8 HISTORY OF MALAYALAM JOURNALISM

The credit for starting the first newspaper in Malayalam goes to a Christian missionary groupfrom Germany,
the Basel Mission Society (BMS).

Rajyasamacharam

• This was the first journal published in Malayalam.

• Dr. Herman Gundert was the man behind this first Malayalam journal. This paperlasted up to
1840.
Paschimodayam

• This was the second journal in Malayalam brought out from October 1847 fromThallassery.
Jnana Nikshepam

• Jnana Nikshepam, a monthly magazine in Malayalam, was published by the ChurchMission Society.
Vidyasamgraham

• It was the fourth journal in Malayalam and the first educational publication.
• This quarterly had a variety of articles in English and Malayalam written by scholars.It ceased
publication in 1867.
Keralopakari

• It was magazine published by the Basel Mission Society from 1878.

• Its contents included articles on Christian literature, essays, proverbs, parables, storieswith moral
content and Western literature.
Deepika

• Nasrani Deepika started as a fortnightly publication from St. Joseph’s Press at Mannanam on
April 15,1887.
• In 1938, the name Nasrani Deepika was changed to Deepika and the place ofpublication
was shifted from Mannanam to Kottayam
• . It is the oldest surviving newspaper in Malayalam.
Kerala Mitram

• Kerala Mitram, a weekly newspaper from Kochi, began on January 1,1881.

• Devji Bhimji, a Gujarathi settled in Kochi, was the promoter of this paper. KandathilVarghese
Mappilai, was its first editor.
• Devji exposed the rampant corruption prevailing in the administration of KochiGovernment.
• Kerala Mitram could not continue publication much after the death of Devji.
Kerala Patrika

• Kerala Patrika was published as a weekly from Calicut in 1884. Its founder-editor wasChenkulath
Kunhirama Menon.
• The editor laid emphasis on promoting nationalist feelings and on opposing the autocratic
functioning of the bureaucracy.
Malayala Manorama
 • The first issue of Malayala Manorama rolled out of its press in Kottayam on March22, 1890 as
weekly.
• Kandathil Varghese Mappilai was its founder-editor.
• From January 26, 1928 Malayala Manorama became a daily newspaper.
Role of Malayalam Press in the Freedom Struggle

A brief history of the leading newspapers that supported the freedom struggle are:

Lokamanyan

• It was edited by K.Neelakanda Pillai and published by Poovathungal Sebastian fromThrissur from
1920.
• Lokamanyan actively supported the Indian National Congress and it activities.
• The government prosecuted the editor and publisher and sentenced them to six months imprisonment
on charges of sedition. The paper was closed down as a result.
Swarad

• Swarad was a biweekly newspaper published from Kollam.

• This paper was started in 1921 for the purpose of spreading the ideology of INC and to support the
Congress activities in Travancore.
Mathrubhumi

• The founders of Mathrubhumi were members of the Indian National Congress led by
K.P. Kesava Menon (1886-1978).
• The paper lost money regularly in the initial years but that did not matter because itsgoals were not
those of profitable commerce but of social service.
Al-Ameen

• Al-Ameen was launched in October 12, 1924 from Calicut. It was edited and promoted by
Muhammed Abdul Rahiman.
• While other newspapers faced difficulties from the Government, Al-Ameen had to face obstacles
both from the Government and the orthodox sections of the Muslimcommunity.
Malayala Rajyam

• It was a weekly newspaper edited and published by K. G. Shanker from Kollam in 1929.
• Its main aim was to support the Congress Party’s activities. Malayala Rajyam is saidto be the first
morning newspaper in Kerala.
Prabhatham

• Prabhatham started publication from Shoranur with E.M.S. Namboodiripad as its editor.
• It was the organ of the newly-formed Congress Socialist Party.
Deenabandhu

• This newspaper was started as a weekly on January 26, 1941 from Thrissur.
• V.R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan was its editor.
• Its editor was imprisoned in 1942 during the Quit India Movement.
Module - 9 LEGENDS OF JOURNALISM

Dr Herman Gundert

• Dr. Herman Gundert was a German missionary who came to Kerala in 1839 in orderto spread the
teachings of Christ.
• It was under his leadership that the two earliest newspapers, RajyasamacharamandPaschimodayam
were published.
• It could be said that Gundert laid the foundation for the enviable growth ofMalayalam
journalism.

Kandathil Varghese Mappilai

• Kandathil Varghese Mappilai was the brain behind the success story of MalayalaManorama.
• . Varghese resigned from this post and established the Malayala Manorama Companyin Kottayam
with the intention of starting a newspaper.
• In 1891 Varghese formed a literary club, Bhashaposhini Sabha.

Swadeshabhimani RamakrishnaPillai

• Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai was one of the stalwarts of Malayalam journalism. Pillai
began his career in journalism as the editor of Kerala Darpan in1899.
• Under the pen name Keralan, Pillai wrote articles and editorials criticizing the Divanof Travancore
and the maladministration.

Kesari Balakrishna Pillai

• BalakrishnaPillai joined Samadarshiin 1923 as its editor.

• The sharp criticism in the Samadarshi went down well with the reading public but the authorities were
displeased. The management of the paper was not prepared to invite official displeasure and Pillai had
to resign in 1926.

K. P. Kesava Menon

• K.P. KesavaMenon, the founder-editor, made Mathrubhumi a voice of the forcesfighting for
freedom.
• He courted imprisonment in the Vaikom Sathyagraha.
• Mathrubhumi, under the dynamic leadership of K.P. Kesava Menon, played a memorable role in the
freedom struggle and did much to spread the ideals of Gandhiand the Congress party

C. V. Kunhiraman

• C. V. Kunhiraman started his career in journalism in Sujana Nandini published fromQuilon in 1890.
Later he started Kerala Kaumudi as a weekly in 1911 from Mayyanad.
• C. V. Kunhiraman could not work as the editor then since he was a governmentemployee. He
resigned the job and took up the editorship of the paper in 1912.
 • C.V. through the columns of Kerala Kaumudi, commented on political, social andcultural affairs.
Under his editorship, KeralaKaumudi prospered and became a respected newspaper.

Raghu Rai

• Raghu Rai is an Indian photographer and photojournalist.

• He became a photographer in 1965, and a year later joined The Statesman in NewDelhi.
• In 1976, he left the paper and became a freelance photographer.

K. Shankar Pillai

• He is considered as the father of political cartooning in India.

• He founded Shankar’s Weekly in 1948, which also groomed cartoonists like AbuAbraham,
Ranga and Kutty.
• He was awarded Padma Vibhushan in 1976.
• Today he is most remembered for setting up Children’s Book Trust established 1957and Shankar’s
International Dolls Museum in 1965.

Pothan Joseph

• He was a close associate of Jawaharlal Nehru and for some time editor of Mahatma Gandhi’s Young
India.
• Joseph was either the founder or developer of many famous newspapers such as Hindustan
Times, The Mail, The Indian Express, Deccan Herald and The Dawn started in New Delhi by
Jinnah.