Frontiers of Urban and Rural Planning

Nature-Inspired Urban River Recovery in Duhok, Iraq: Addressing the Challenges of

Rapid Urbanization
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Full Title: Nature-Inspired Urban River Recovery in Duhok, Iraq: Addressing the Challenges of
Rapid Urbanization

Article Type: Research article

Funding Information:

Abstract: As cities face rapid urbanization, the detrimental impact on the environment becomes
increasingly evident, exemplified by the neglect and canalization of the Hishkaroo
River in Duhok, Iraq. To tackle these pressing issues, this research presents nature-
inspired solutions grounded in biophilic design principles, aimed at rejuvenating the
river and harmonizing urban development with the natural environment. The project's
core objective is to symbolically integrate green infrastructure, fostering recreational
opportunities and ecological benefits while promoting regenerative sustainability for
long-term well-being and municipal resilience. Through the implementation of nature-
based interventions, the river restoration seeks to mitigate climate change-related
hazards and foster positive outcomes, encompassing improved public health, social
cohesion, and overall well-being. This study significantly contributes to the growing
knowledge on sustainable urban development, providing valuable insights into effective
strategies for revitalizing urban rivers and fostering harmonious coexistence between
human settlements and nature.

Corresponding Author: AHMED KHAIRADEEN ALI

University of Duhok
Duhok, Duhok IRAQ

Corresponding Author E-Mail: ahmedshingaly@gmail.com

Corresponding Author Secondary

Information:

Corresponding Author's Institution: University of Duhok

Corresponding Author's Secondary

Institution:

First Author: AHMED KHAIRADEEN ALI

First Author Secondary Information:

Order of Authors: AHMED KHAIRADEEN ALI

Awar Naaman Saleem

Sardar Mohammed Salih

Order of Authors Secondary Information:

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Nature-Inspired Urban River Recovery in Duhok, Iraq:

Addressing the Challenges of Rapid Urbanization

Ahmed Khairadeen Ali1, Awar Naaman Saleem1,Sardar Mohammed Salih2

1
Department of Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
2
Department of Architectural Engineering, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Vaan, Turkey

________________________________

Complete authors’ information:

1st Author’s organizational email: ahmed.khairadeen@uod.ac
1st Author’s ORCID link: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8558-4778
1st Author’s Google Scholar Citation link: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=EsRkWAEAAAAJ&hl=en

2nd Author’s organizational email: awar.guharzi@uod.ac

2nd Author’s ORCID link: https://https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1826-4458
2nd Author’s Google Scholar Citation link: https://https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=MiPx-
B4AAAAJ

3rd Author’s organizational email: sardaror@gmail.com

3rd Author’s ORCID link: https://orcid.org/my-orcid?orcid=0000-0001-6174-4570
3rd Author’s Google Scholar Citation link: Sardar Or - Google‫الباحث العلمي من‬
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4 Nature-Inspired Urban River Recovery in Duhok, Iraq:
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6 Addressing the Challenges of Rapid Urbanization
7
8
9
10 ABSTRACT
11
12 As cities face rapid urbanization, the detrimental impact on the environment becomes increasingly
13
14 evident, exemplified by the neglect and canalization of the Hishkaroo River in Duhok, Iraq. To
15
16 tackle these pressing issues, this research presents nature-inspired solutions grounded in biophilic
17
design principles, aimed at rejuvenating the river and harmonizing urban development with the
18
19 natural environment. The project's core objective is to symbolically integrate green infrastructure,
20
21 fostering recreational opportunities and ecological benefits while promoting regenerative
22
23 sustainability for long-term well-being and municipal resilience. Through the implementation of
24
25 nature-based interventions, the river restoration seeks to mitigate climate change-related hazards
26
27 and foster positive outcomes, encompassing improved public health, social cohesion, and overall
28 well-being. This study significantly contributes to the growing knowledge on sustainable urban
29
30 development, providing valuable insights into effective strategies for revitalizing urban rivers and
31
32 fostering harmonious coexistence between human settlements and nature.
33
34
35
36 Index Terms—Biophilic Design; Green Infrastructure; Nature-Inspired Solutions; Sustainable Urban
37
38
Development; Urban River Recovery
39
40
I. INTRODUCTION
41
42
43 Urbanization continues to accelerate, with 54% of the world's population currently residing in urban
44
45 areas, and an expected increase to 66% by 2050 (Alizadeh, 2016; Al Ani, 2022). In response to the
46 growing population and the underlying need for sustainable growth, environmentally conscious policies
47
48 have become imperative to address challenges concerning the health of our environment. The quality of
49
50 city life and the appeal of urban centers have emerged as crucial determinants in the global competition
51
52 for growth. To meet the evolving demands of society, a paradigm shift is essential, necessitating a
53
54 transition from the conventional circular economy towards a regenerative economy (Africa et al., 2019;
55
56 Huang et al., 2023).
57 A regenerative economy goes beyond the circular economy's goal of maintaining products at their
58
59 maximum usefulness through a healthy development cycle by working to create a stable and healthy
60
61 system that includes not only environmentally friendly practices but also humanistic and ecological
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3 values that promote the renewal of life (Drebee and Abdul-Razak, 2020). Regenerative systems use a
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5 transformative approach that combats sudden climate change and social and ecological collapse, in
6
7 contrast to the present linear design method, which is characterized by production, consumption, and
8
9
waste generation (Smith, 2012; Ragozino, 2016). A regenerative economy by definition continuously
10 renews capital assets and offers goods and services that enhance wellbeing (Beverly et al., 2008;
11
12 Ragozino, 2016). It is fundamentally a continuing process of self-renewal, relationship-care, and support
13
14 for the steady evolution of socio-ecological systems.
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16 Urban planners are urged to use Biophilic design, a theory that fills cities with more nature to create
17
18 greener and nature-rich environments, in the quest of enhancing well-being and environmental health
19
20
(Angold et al., 2006; Beatley and Newman, 2013; Africa et al., 2019). The vital connection between
21 green infrastructure and the urban environment is well known for having a significant impact on
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23 population health and well-being. According to Keller (Keller, 2012), landscape design that restores
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25 humankind's connection to nature is essential for giving people the chance to live and work in healthier
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27 environments, which lowers stress and improves general health and well-being.
28
29 Sustainable development strategies that protect and improve our cities' ecosystems are crucial as
30
urbanisation continues unabated and the effects of global warming become more foreseeable.
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32 Urbanisation has brought about a number of problems that have a negative impact on the wellbeing of
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34 city people, including the loss of green public places for recreational activities, increased surface runoff,
35
36 and increased dangers of flooding. Urban river restoration initiatives have become effective means of
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38 reintroducing nature to cities and promoting climate-resilient urban landscapes (Barbosa et al., 2007;
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40 Bedla, Halecki and Król, 2021). With river restoration utilising nature-inspired tactics, there are chances
41 to reduce floods and heatwaves while enhancing water quality and quantity. Nature-based solutions
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43 provide excellent approaches for coping with and mitigating climate change. The supply of ecosystem
44
45 services is considerably aided by the use of green infrastructure (Behrens, 2010; Abbasnejad et al., 2021;
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47 Campbell-Arvai and Lindquist, 2021).
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49 The literature offers strong support for the idea that cities can change, grow, and re-establish a
50
51
connection to nature (Albert et al., 2021). The Hishkaroo River in Duhok, Iraq, which has been harmed
52 by canalization and conversion into culvert pipes, will be revitalised using ideas inspired by nature in
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54 this study. By encouraging the incorporation of nature into the built environment and boosting long-term
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56 wellbeing and urban resilience, the proposed project aims to create a "Biophilic City." The project also
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58 promotes a regenerative sustainability approach based on biophilic design principles, which not only
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60 reduces risks associated with climate change, such as the heat island effect and flash floods, but also
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aligns with the advantages of moving towards a regenerative economy and holistic thinking.
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3 II. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK OF STUDY
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5 A. Infrastructure for river restoration
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7 Urban infrastructure constitutes a complex network of streets, tunnels, roads, and utilities, typically
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9 perceived as a functional necessity. However, contemporary perspectives envision infrastructure as a
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11 multifaceted entity capable of offering not only practical solutions but also contributing to social,
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13 cultural, ecological, and economic value within a city. By integrating the concept of real integrated design
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and construction, infrastructure projects can address traffic flows while serving as an essential element
16 of daily urban life (Babatunde et al., 2020; Bedla, Halecki and Król, 2021). As urbanisation intensifies
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18 and societal needs grow more intricate (Grabowski, McPhearson and Pickett, 2023), the convergence of
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20 infrastructure and architecture becomes imperative to cater to the diverse demands of urban inhabitants.
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22 Drawing from infrastructure theory (Gill et al., 2007), landscape systems should incorporate various
23
24 societal agents, employing technological advancements and logistical innovation to establish design
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26
frameworks that can effectively accommodate complex future scenarios.
27 To exemplify this vision, a collection of 30 inspiring international best practices from 15 diverse
28
29 perspectives showcases how infrastructure can transcend mere functionality to offer holistic benefits.
30
31 These instances illustrate the potential of true collaboration, intelligent design, and a progressive mindset
32
33 to imbue infrastructure projects with social, cultural, and ecological significance, while addressing the
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35 pragmatic requirements of urban mobility. As cities evolve into multifaceted environments with growing
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needs, embracing an integrated approach that combines infrastructure and architectural elements emerges
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38 as a promising strategy to create urban systems that are resilient, adaptive, and capable of fulfilling the
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40 diverse needs of urban dwellers]. Integrating various societal stakeholders and leveraging technological
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42 advancements will be vital in devising design principles that cater to the complex and dynamic urban
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44 landscapes of the future.
45
46 B. Biophilic Design
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Biophilia, defined as the innate biological affinity humans possess with nature, has been a subject of
50 interest due to its persistent presence in human history, intuition, and neurological research. Brownell
51
52 (Brownell, 1998) asserts that maintaining a connection with nature is essential for fostering a healthy and
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54 thriving urban lifestyle. The evolution of human civilization, characterised by recent developments such
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56 as large-scale food production in the last 12,000 years, urbanisation approximately 6,000 years ago, and
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58 the industrialization of goods and services since the nineteenth century, underscores the significance of
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humanity's direct interaction with the environment. This long history explains our fascination with
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61 crackling fires, the creative boost from a garden view, and the improvements in mental and physical
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3 health from animal companionship and leisurely walks in parks (Li and Zhu, 2023).
4
5 Girling and Kellett (Girling and Kellett, 2005) underline that the human body, mind, and senses
6
7 evolved inside a bio-centric world rather than a civil-engineered one, which further supports this
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9
viewpoint. Given this knowledge, biophilic design becomes an important strategy that acknowledges the
10 interconnectedness between natural and constructed environments, treating our surrounds with reverence
11
12 rather than dominance. Biophilic design (Blau, Luz and Panagopoulos, 2018) emphasises the value of
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14 landscape design that re-connects people with nature, resulting in healthier living and working
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16 environments with reduced stress and overall improved health and well-being. It aims to improve people's
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18 well-being by incorporating green infrastructure. A sustainable development strategy that prioritises the
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restoration and preservation of urban ecosystems is necessary in light of ongoing urbanisation and the
21 negative effects of climate change on wellbeing.
22
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24 C. The Restoration of Urban Rivers to Improve City Resilience
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26 River restoration has gained popularity worldwide as environmental awareness grows (Göldi, 2014;
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28 Dahm and Hering, 2016). In Europe, human activities have adversely impacted urban ecosystems,
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30 particularly with the expansion of cities and the consequent increase in ground sealing, necessitating the
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restoration of urban waterways, especially in the context of climate change and its implications. The
33 presence of hard surfaces obstructs natural water flow through the soil, leading to a host of issues,
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35 including increased flooding, erosion, pollution, and loss of habitat. Urbanisation has significant effects
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37 on a river's water quality, physical structure, and capacity to support various species. It also alters run-
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39 off patterns from impermeable surfaces like roads and rooftops, impacting water quantity through
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41 reduced flow and groundwater levels due to abstraction. Consequently, rivers face heightened
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43
vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, which significantly affects urban climates (Alizadeh and
44 Hitchmough, 2018).
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46 A simple way to make improvements is to return rivers to their natural state. Implementing a "green-
47
48 blue" infrastructure, which includes green roofs and sustainable urban drainage, provides a long-term
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50 strategy for properly managing surface and groundwater while reducing runoff volume and rate.
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52 Numerous advantages result from river restoration, including enhanced habitat, decreased danger of flash
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floods, improved groundwater management, and reduced urban heat island effect (Leslie et al., 2005).
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55 The recent catastrophic flooding, the growing need for public green areas to address climate change
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57 threats, and the recognition of the need to rehabilitate harmed urban ecosystems present difficulties,
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59 though (Jim and Chen, 2009; Ciach, Wrazid\lo and Fedyń, 2023). Urban regeneration, with its focus on
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61 improved flood management through natural processes, enhanced ecosystem resilience to climate change
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3 impacts, and reconnection of communities to nature through enhanced recreational opportunities and
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5 improved well-being, highlights the ecological, social, and economic advantages of such initiatives
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7 (Nassauer and Faust, 2013).
8
9
The Cheonggyecheon river restoration project in Seoul, Korea, stands as a notable example of
10 successful urban regeneration on a large scale. By decommissioning a highway that had concealed the
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12 river since 1967, a new river channel was created, accompanied by the establishment of a linear park
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14 river corridor that not only reduced flood risks but also provided recreational spaces (Bondi, 1998; Foth
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16 and Sanders, 2016). Similarly, the Madrid Rio Project in Madrid exemplified urban regeneration by
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18 transforming one of the city's most neglected areas into a vibrant cultural center. Through the restoration
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of the river and the connection of green zones and historical gardens, this project reinvigorated the usage
21 of the river and revitalized the urban landscape (Blau, Luz and Panagopoulos, 2018).
22
23
24 D. Regenerative Urban Ecosystem Design
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26 In order to restore socio-ecological systems to a state of health, restorative sustainability represents a
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28 design method that has a significant influence on the environment, society, and human well-being
29
30 (Davenport and Anderson, 2005; Eaton et al., 2019). The built environment has to go beyond these
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32
efforts, and European communities have been at the vanguard of the transition to a low-carbon, resource-
33 efficient, and environmentally friendly economy. It should aim to produce a net positive environmental
34
35 impact while actively enhancing life (Sim, 2019). In order to develop a new economic system that
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37 confronts the issues of urban growth from a completely different viewpoint, the pursuit of creativity and
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39 innovation becomes essential. A proactive effort to create a green economy that restores the crucial
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41 relationship between nature and mankind is regenerative design (Ragozino, 2016).
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43
Central to the principles of regenerative design is the notion of creating in an adaptive manner,
44 minimizing unnecessary waste by focusing on restoration, reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling. To
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46 develop a more regenerative built environment, the utilization of ecologically friendly, adapted, and
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48 repurposed materials plays a fundamental role.As shown in Figure 1, the process of changing from
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50 traditional to regenerative design entails moving away from reductionist thinking and towards patterns
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52 that embrace the coevolving relationship between nature and humans, away from technical systems
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development and towards living systems development, and away from degenerative design and towards
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55 regenerative design (Smith, 2012).
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57 In recognizing the built environment's significant contribution to climate change, the pursuit of green
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59 infrastructure sustainability becomes an imperative benchmark for current and future urban planning.
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61 Regenerative urban systems should address the pressing challenges of climate change, resource
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3 limitations, and social disparities, with the aim of not merely reducing negative impacts but actively
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5 fostering beneficial effects. Improving energy, water, and carbon resource utilization within cities can
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7 yield positive environmental, health, and educational outcomes. Notably, the advantages of regenerative
8
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economic systems include things like improved thermal comfort and energy efficiency, net positive water
10 usage, the use of recycled or upcycled materials, a secure environment, a strong sense of community,
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12 increased well-being, and the promotion of environmental justice (Huang et al., 2023).
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E. Successful landscape global strategies:
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17 depending on some studies, several successful strategies have been collected and mentioned as follows:
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19 a. The Green Space Strategy (The Kurilpa peninsula)
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22 The Green Space Strategy for the Kurilpa peninsula stands as an exemplar of urban living in
23 Queensland and Australia. Within this region, encompassing the neighbourhoods of West End, Highgate
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25 Hill, and South Brisbane, a substantial population growth of 27,000 individuals is projected by 2031,
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27 predominantly comprising apartment dwellers with limited access to private gardens (Anon., 2023)the .
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29 Consequently, ensuring an adequate quantity of high-quality green space becomes essential to meet the
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31 escalating demand (Groenewegen et al., 2006). The development of the Green Space Strategy evolved
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33 organically through collaborative efforts between the community and local landscape architects. This
34 comprehensive Strategy embodies a synthesis of the finest ideas and research, continually evolving as a
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36 living document to empower the local community in realising their envisioned futures (Walters and
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38 McCrea, 2011). At its core, the Strategy aims to revitalise a minimum of 11 hectares of underutilised
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40 publicly owned land into new green spaces, presenting a range of thirteen diverse types of green areas.
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42 Furthermore, the Strategy identifies potential sites for an expansive eight-hectare metropolitan riverfront
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44
park and a novel stadium. Representing two decades of concerted planning and design collaboration, the
45 Green Space Strategy serves as an influential blueprint for local initiatives and serves as a potential model
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47 for community planning endeavours throughout Australia (Walters and McCrea, 2011; Liu and Nijhuis,
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49 2020)austra.
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51 b. Delta New Orleans
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54 In the context of the urban landscape, Delta New Orleans grapples with profound challenges associated
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56 with ground subsidence and recurrent flooding due to intense rainfall events, which strain the existing
57 dikes. In response to these pressing issues, landscape architects have joined forces with international
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59 partners to craft an intricately woven fabric of integrated water management strategies tailored to the
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61 city's unique context. Within this innovative architectural framework, water is regarded as a precious
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3 resource to be embraced and managed on-site, allowing it to gracefully infiltrate the subsurface.
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5 Subsequently, after the apex of rainfall events, a controlled and artful drainage process comes into play,
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7 artfully alleviating pressure on the drainage system while curbing the impact of floods. In this
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9
transformative collaborative pursuit, landscape architects shine as virtuosos, deftly orchestrating the
10 harmonious symphony of urban water management in the captivating city of New Orleans, where every
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12 droplet finds its purpose and every landscape element serves as a stroke of resiliency and sustainability
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14 on the urban canvas (Reyes et al., 2000; Mossop and Carney, 2010)delta .
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16 c. First climate-adapted Neighbourhood Copenhagen Denmark
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19 The plans for the city's adaptable climate change strategies were recently presented to the public in
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21
Copenhagen, with a particular emphasis on the conversion of Saint Kjeld's Quarter into Copenhagen's
22 greenest district. The extensive urban development plans, which are intended to efficiently manage
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24 rainwater in a more natural and efficient manner despite the city's changing climate circumstances, were
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26 announced during the project's formal inauguration by the Danish Environment Minister. (Broadmeadow
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28 et al., 2002; Shen and Hsu, 2023). The city's climate patterns are impacting human behaviour, with
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30 expectations of reduced but intensified rain showers, as observed during the previous two summers. The
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project aims to expand the city's biological variety while offering creative solutions for urban areas to
33 adapt to climate change through the integration of stormwater channels, water towers, green roofs, urban
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35 gardens, green houses, and canals for water transportation (Mossop and Carney, 2010).
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37 The project's concept embraces a holistic approach, addressing the community as a whole, while
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39 simultaneously catering to specific spaces, locations, and individuals within the neighbourhood. By
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41 enhancing the city's visible surface with green infrastructure, the initiative aims to not only manage water
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43
more effectively but also to create inviting and engaging urban spaces for the city's residents to socialise
44 and engage in recreational activities (NATUR 2012). The design envisions a dynamic interplay between
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46 natural elements and urban fabric, fostering a more resilient and environmentally conscious cityscape.
47
48 Through its multifaceted strategies, the project strives to set a new standard for climate change adaptation
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50 within cities, exemplifying how urban environments can harmoniously coexist with nature while
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52 enhancing overall livability as shown in Table 1.
53 Table 1 Successful green spaces landscape strategies analysis
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55
56 # Item & Strategies Used Key Features Impact and Outcomes
57 Location
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3 1 The Green Community -Collaboration between the - Revitalization of 11 hectares of
4 Space involvement in the community and local landscape underutilised publicly owned land
5 Strategy design stage. architects. into diverse green spaces.
6
(The Kurilpa -Creating 13 diverse types of green - Potential sites identified for an
7
peninsula). Community areas. expansive eight-hectare
8
involvement in -Development of an eight-hectare metropolitan riverfront park and a
9
Kurlpa construction stage riverfront park and a novel stadium. novel stadium.
10
PEninsula, -Serves as a blueprint for local -Model for community planning
11
Queensland, initiatives and potential model for endeavors in Australia.
12
Australia community planning in Australia.
13
14
2 Integrated On-site water would -Integration of water management -Enhanced resilience to ground
15
urban water be stored and strategies to address ground subsidence subsidence and flooding.
16
management permitted to seep and recurrent flooding. -On-site water management and
17
18 strategy for into the subsoil. -Landscape architects collaborate with controlled drainage system to
19 New Orleans, international partners. mitigate flood impact.
20 USA. Water would be -Artful drainage process to alleviate -Sustainable and resilient urban
21 stored locally and pressure on drainage system. water management model.
22 New Orleans, allowed to seep into
23 USA the ground.
24
25 3 First climate- It is possible to -Transformation of Saint Kjeild’s -Effective management of rainfall
26 adapted handle rainwater in Quarter into Copenhagen’s greenest amidst climate change.
27 neighbourhoo the streets in a more neighbourhood. -Creation of inviting and engaging
28 d |Copenhagen efficient and natural -Holistic approach addressing urban spaces for residents.
29 Denmark. way. community needs. -Setting a new standard for climate
30 -Harmonious interplay between nature change adoption in cities.
31 Copenhangen, Urban areas are and urban fabric.
32 Denmark concurrently turned
33 into amazing
34 locations for city
35 dwellers to relax or
36 exercise.
37
38 4 Ours This research - Utilization of infrastructure with -Implementation of nature-based
39 (Infrastructure utilises multiple purpose for landscape design solutions for drainage system and
40 Design). infrastructure by elements. preservation of natural plantation on
41 giving more than -Reguvenation of Hishkaroo River the river bank.
42 one purpose to each using biophilic design principles to -Integration of green infrastructure
43 Duhok, Iraq landscape design harmonize urban development with the symbolically for recreational
44 element. natural environment. opportunities and ecological benefits.
45 -Promotion of regenerative
46 This research sustainability to enhance long-term
47 utilises nature-based well-being and municipal resilience.
48 solution for drainage -Mitigation of climate change-related
49 system and natural hazards and fostering positive
50 plantation outcomes such as improved public
51 preservation on the health, social cohesion, and overall
52 river bank. well-being.
53 -Contribution to the knowledge on
54 sustainable urban development and
55 effective strategies for reviving urban
56 river while promoting harmonious
57 coexistence with nature.
58
59
60
61 The literature review discusses several landscape architecture projects that have successfully
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3 implemented green space strategies worldwide: 1. The Green Space Strategy, Kurilpa Peninsula,
4
5 Australia: This project demonstrates how community collaboration with landscape architects can address
6
7 limited access to private gardens in a growing population. It revitalizes underused publicly owned land
8
9
into green spaces, offering high-quality areas for the community and providing a blueprint for Australian
10 community planning. 2. Delta New Orleans, USA: In this project, landscape architects partner with
11
12 international experts to combat ground subsidence and recurrent flooding by integrating water
13
14 management strategies that embrace water as a resource. This initiative promotes resilience and
15
16 sustainability in New Orleans by harmonizing urban water management with natural environments. 3.
17
18 First Climate-Adapted Neighbourhood, Copenhagen, Denmark: This project offers an adaptive climate
19
20
change strategy for Copenhagen's Saint Kjeld's Quarter, fostering a resilient and environmentally
21 conscious cityscape, providing insights into effective climate change adaptation strategies in urban areas.
22
23 4. Ours (Infrastructure Design), Duhok, Iraq: This research focuses on using nature-inspired solutions
24
25 and biophilic design principles, using infrastructure for multiple landscape design elements to rejuvenate
26
27 the Hishkaroo River. The project aims to mitigate climate change-related hazards, enhance well-being,
28
29 and promote regenerative sustainability while fostering harmonious coexistence between human
30
settlements and nature. These projects collectively emphasize the importance of green infrastructure,
31
32 collaboration, and nature-based solutions in addressing environmental challenges and promoting
33
34 sustainable urban development.
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37
38
III. RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
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40 This paper focuses on the role of landscape architects in restoring the Hishkaro River in Duhok, Iraq,
41
42 to improve the city's environmental quality. It addresses two major challenges: revitalizing the river and
43
44
tackling high NO2 emissions in the region. The research consists of four phases: site analysis (Phase 1),
45 a comprehensive community questionnaire (Phase 2), a community awareness campaign (Phase 3), and
46
47 a design proposal (Phase 4). The design integrates infrastructure, biophilic design, and nature-based
48
49 solutions to create a sustainable landscape along the river, improving air and water quality and enhancing
50
51 the urban environment.
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26 Figure 1. Research framework explaining the research problem and contribution.
27
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29 IV. METHODOLOGY
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31
32
Based on the research framework illustrated above, site analysis, questionnaire, environmental
33 awareness campaign and proposed design solutions were developed as phases of the research
34
35 methodology.
36
37 Phase 1: Site Analysis (study area and site sections); Phase 2: Questionnaire design; Phase 3:
38
39 Environmental Awareness Campaign; Phase 4: Proposed Design Solution as shown in table below:
40
41 Table 2.Methodology Phases for Hishkaro River Revitalization
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2
3 Metho
4 dology Method
5 Phase Description Objectives Used Expected Outcome
6
7 - Detailed understanding of
8 the river's challenges and
9 - To assess the current state
potential for revitalization.
10 Undertaking a of Hishkaru River and its
Site-specific analysis of
11 comprehensive surrounding environment.
different sections of the river.
12 investigation into the - Identify key challenges
Identification of potential
13 pivotal role of and opportunities for river
Site visits, areas for public spaces and
14 Phase landscape architects in restoration.
data green infrastructure.
15 1: Site the comprehensive - Evaluate the ecological,
collection,
16 Analys recuperation of urban aesthetic, and functional
mapping,
17 is rivers within Duhok, qualities of the river
and analysis.
18 Iraq, through the landscape.
19 strategic deployment of - Gather data on flood
20 infrastructure and risks, pollution, informal
21 nature-based solutions. properties, and public
22 space transformation.
23
24
25
Phase Designing and - To understand residents' Questionnai - Insights into residents'
26
2: formulating a perceptions and re attitudes and evaluations
27
Questi discerning preferences related to the developmen regarding river challenges
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onnair questionnaire that river and its development. t and design. and development.<br>-
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e serves as the bedrock Identification of existing
30
Design of data acquisition challenges and proposed
31
methodology, activities for river
32
ensconcing the tenets development. Identification
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34 of architectural of key attributes of an ideal
35 analysis and urban riverside environment from
36 design within its residents' perspectives.
37 structure. Assessment of the
38 community's perception of
39 the river landscape and its
40 impact on daily lives and
41 well-being.
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43 Phase Conducting a virtual - To increase community Environmen - Greater community
44 3: and on-site campaign awareness about the tal understanding of the
45 Enviro to raise environmental importance of revitalising awareness environmental challenges and
46 nment awareness among the the Hishkaru River. campaign potential solutions. Increased
47 al community on the need - Educate the community including community involvement and
48 Aware to revitalise the on the benefits of virtual and interest in river restoration.
49 ness Hishkaroo River in participatory landscape on-site Education about the benefits
50 Campa Duhok City - Iraq, design. activities. of participatory landscape
51 ign emphasising the design and its role in creating
52 importance of a resilient and sustainable
53 community urban environment.
54 participatory landscape
55 strategy.
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3 Phase Proposing a novel - To develop a Conceptual - A holistic design strategy
4 4: design strategy that comprehensive landscape design that integrates ecological and
5 Propos synergistically blends strategy for Hishkaru developmen aesthetic qualities of the river
6 ed three landscape design River rejuvenation. t and landscape. Increased flood
7 Design approaches - biophilic integration protection and ecological
8 Solutio design, infrastructure of biophilic enhancement. Creation of a
9 n integration, and nature- principles harmonious and engaging
10 based solutions - to and river landscape that meets
11 rejuvenate the infrastructur residents'
12
Hishkaru River e. preferences.Proposal for
13
landscape and create a nature-based solutions and
14
resilient urban green infrastructure to
15
environment. enhance the river
16
environment and surrounding
17
urban areas.
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19
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21 A. Phase 1: Site Analysis
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24 This research focuses on landscape architects' role in revitalizing urban rivers in Duhok, Iraq,
25 employing infrastructure and nature-based solutions. Duhok, nestled amidst mountains on three sides
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27 and extending to the Sumail plain, serves as a crucial crossroads for regional interactions and trade. Its
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29 landscape features rolling hills, valleys, and towering mountains, with a population of around 1,133,627,
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31 reflecting ongoing urbanization. The city's climate is temperate, and it lies within specific geographical
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33 coordinates. The central endeavor of this research is the comprehensive rehabilitation of the Hishkaro
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35
River, an essential urban watercourse in Duhok that faces encroachments and industrial impacts,
36 necessitating a comprehensive restoration to preserve its ecological integrity. To facilitate this, a detailed
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38 watershed assessment was conducted, dividing the basin into two distinct sub-catchments. This research
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40 sets the stage for sustainable landscape architecture and urban design interventions, aiming to guide
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42 Duhok towards environmental resilience and a harmonious blend of nature and urbanity.
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44 1) Analyzing the Study Area
45
46
47
The study area for the Hishkaro River rehabilitation project was analyzed using the science of walking,
48 which aims to enhance our environmental perception. The project seeks to achieve four main goals:
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50 improving overall well-being, implementing a biophilic approach for flood protection, creating a
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52 distinctive sense of place, and maximizing socio-economic benefits through natural solutions. Through
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54 a walker's perspective, four distinct zones within the research area were identified, each characterized by
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56 its surroundings, presenting various conflicts and potentials. Figure 3 visually represents the spatial
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distribution of these zones, while Table 1 summarizes their characteristics as revealed through the science
59 of strolling analysis. Notably, several parties with conflicting interests are involved in the development
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3 of the Hishkaro River, including the municipality, local residents, and various municipal directorates,
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5 each expressing differing perspectives on how to address the river's issues.
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30 Figure 2. Conflicting Parties and their Conflict Levels in Hishkaro River Management: An Assessment of
31 Stakeholder Perspectives.
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33 The methodology encompassed a comprehensive assessment of the river and its environment to guide
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35 sustainable landscape architecture and urban design interventions. Key findings revealed that the Hishkaro
36
37 River's width, initially around 20 meters, has been variably reduced due to encroachments and residential
38
39 constructions along its banks, potentially posing flood risks to nearby houses. The river's water quality is affected
40 by urban and industrial influences, receiving greywater from Duhok City. These observations underscore the
41
42 need for focused efforts to address these issues and revitalize the river effectively.
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44 Table 3. Targeted river site analysis illustrating main conflicts.
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46 Zones Conflict Potential
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48 It is possible to create a tranquil backyard atmosphere by
Plain, unmarked park area
49 employing the river as a unifying element and extending the
Section A without any recognisable
50 mood of the densely wooded camping area with its
characters
51 community gardens.
52
53 The provision of a sound and visual barrier for the bordering
54 road connecting both sides by a pedestrian subway, the
55 landscape pieces arranged in promotion of interaction between the residential
Section B
56 a line with no interaction neighbourhood and the park, and the construction of a joyful
57 public space with the river integration as the major attraction
58 are all made possible.
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60 An active road divides the establishing a green bridge to connect the green belt,
Section C
61 municipal greenbelt. creating urban woods and wetlands to extend the forest
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3 ambiance of the nearby mountains, and creating a retention
4 basin that is tangible in all flood conditions.
5
6 A climate-adapted
7 Following the symbolic waterline and connecting public
infrastructure and the lack of
8 Section D urban places at the same time helps to recreate the feeling
the river exacerbate the heat
9 of place.
island effect.
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Section A: Chirping morning Section B: Urban Waves
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46 Section C: Nature sunset Section D: Sub Urban Laughter
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48 Figure 3. Zones of the Hishkaro River Study Area Analysed through the Science of Strolling
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50 The analysis expanded to cover the entire river basin, spanning approximately 79.2 square kilometers,
51 thoughtfully divided into Upper Hishkaro and Lower Hishkaro sub-catchments for specific examination based on
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53 their topographic features. It revealed limited access to the river from the main road but better access points
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55 from the surrounding neighborhood. The landscape featured a mix of dirt-covered land and local tree planting
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57 efforts, indicating potential for further green enhancements. Noise pollution from the bustling street and nearby
58
electricity generators was a concern. Despite challenges, the site analysis identified high potential for
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60 revitalization, with the opportunity to create attractive views for the neighborhood. However, conflicts and
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3 hazards, including waste pollution impacting local residents' health, were recognized. This site analysis offers
4
5 crucial insights for informed decision-making and effective strategies in the river's restoration and rejuvenation.
6
Table 4. Site Analysis Methodology for Hishkaro River Restoration
7
8
9 Analysis Aspect Observation Description
10
11 The width of the Hishkaro River was observed at
Variable, initially 20 meters,
12 various points along its course, revealing variations
River Width reduced due to
13 caused by encroachments and residential
encroachments
14 constructions.
15
16 The total extent of the Hishkaro River's basin was
17 determined using advanced ASTER DEM data and
River Basin Extent Approximately 79.2 km²
18 found to cover an area of approximately 79.2 square
19 kilometers.
20
21
The ease of access to the Hishkaro River from the
22 Limited access from the
Accessibility to the main road was assessed, with limited direct access,
23 main road, better from the
River but better access points identified from the
24 neighborhood
surrounding neighborhood.
25
26
27
The ground quality of the river surroundings was
28
Landscape and Mostly dirt with some areas examined, revealing mostly dirt-covered land, with
29
Ground Quality of tree planting some segments showing tree planting efforts by
30
local residents.
31
32
33 The area around the Hishkaro River was found to be
Busy street with additional
34 a busy street with car noise, and nearby electricity
Noise Pollution noise from electricity
35 generators added to the overall noise pollution in the
generators
36 vicinity.
37
38 Despite the current state, the land along the
39 Potential for High potential with proper Hishkaro River was identified to have significant
40 Revitalization care and interventions potential for revitalization and the creation of
41 beautiful views for the neighbourhood.
42
43 The presence of houses close to the river edges
44 Conflicts and Houses close to the river poses a risk during wet weather and floods, and the
45 Hazards edge, waste pollution area's waste pollution may pose health hazards to
46 nearby residents.
47
48
49 Highlighting the main conflicts encountered during the study. Each conflict is accompanied by an illustration,
50
51 offering visual representations of the specific issues observed in the area. The conflicts cover various aspects,
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53 including urban design, accessibility, land use, noise, user groups, views, and potential activities. For instance,
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55 the area is characterised by random and informal built properties near the river, leading to potential risks for
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57
houses during wet weather and floods. Additionally, the lack of greenery and the presence of waste raise
58 concerns about the environmental quality and well-being of nearby residents.
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3 The analysis also revealed challenges in terms of accessibility, as direct access to the river from the main road
4
5 was not available, and the ground conditions were muddy during winter. Furthermore, noise pollution from busy
6
7
streets and nearby electricity generators adds to the environmental burdens of the site. On a positive note, the
8 study identified potential opportunities for rejuvenating the area and enhancing its public realm through proper
9
10 care and development. Addressing the conflicts identified in Table 2 will be crucial for the successful
11
12 implementation of the proposed river recovery project, fostering a more sustainable and resilient urban
13
14 environment for the city of Hishkaro as shown in figure 4.
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3 Figure 4. The case study river is divided into 5 sections in accordance with bridges crossing it.
4
5 B. Phase 1: Site Analysis
6
7
8 Hishkaru River Landscape Analysis Questionnaire:
9 The analysis extended to evaluate the entire river basin, covering an area of around 79.2 square kilometers. This
10
11 basin was thoughtfully segmented into two sub-catchments, the Upper Hishkaro and Lower Hishkaro, allowing
12
13 for specific examination based on their distinct topographic features. The primary access to the river was noted to
14
be limited from the main road, while more favorable access points were identified from the surrounding
15
16 neighborhoods. The landscape within the basin exhibited a combination of dirt-covered land and local tree planting
17
18 initiatives, indicating untapped potential for further greening efforts.
19
Noise pollution emerged as a significant concern, largely stemming from the bustling street adjacent to the river
20
21 and the added noise generated by nearby electricity generators. Despite the existing challenges, the site analysis
22
23 unveiled a considerable potential for revitalization and the creation of appealing riverside views for the
24
neighborhood through careful interventions. Nevertheless, the analysis didn't shy away from acknowledging the
25
26 conflicts and hazards present in the area, including concerns about waste pollution that may have adverse effects
27
28 on the health of local residents. This comprehensive site analysis stands as a valuable resource for well-informed
29
30
decision-making and the formulation of effective strategies to guide the restoration and rejuvenation of this vital
31 urban watercourse.
32
33 The questionnaire includes several sections, each addressing specific aspects of residents' perceptions and
34
35
preferences related to the river and its development. These sections are as follows:
36
37 1) Section 1: Hishkaru River Conditions - Residents' Perceptions
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39 This section aims to capture the attitudes and evaluations of the residents concerning the various challenges
40
41 faced by Hishkaru River. Participants are encouraged to express their views on issues such as flood risks, informal
42
properties, and the transformation of the river area into public spaces. Moreover, respondents are invited to share
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44 their personal experiences with the river's environmental challenges, including pollution and seasonal flooding.
45
46 2) Section 2: Envisioning the Perfect Riverside
47
48
49 Through this section, participants are asked to envision an ideal riverside environment. The focus is on
50 identifying the key attributes that residents associate with an aesthetically pleasing and functional river landscape.
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52 Additionally, participants are prompted to identify the existing challenges in the area and propose activities that
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54 would contribute to universal satisfaction with the river development.
55
56 3) Section 3: Community Perception and Landscape Analysis
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58 In this section, the questionnaire aims to assess the community's perception of the general landscape and the
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60 various outdoor activities currently taking place along Hishkaru River. Participants are encouraged to provide
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3 insights into their experiences with the river landscape and the ways in which it contributes to their daily lives and
4
5 well-being.
6
7 4) Section 4: Proposed Solutions for Hishkaru River
8
9 Building upon the information gathered in previous sections, this part of the questionnaire presents potential
10
11 solutions formulated by the research team. Participants are asked to evaluate these proposed solutions and offer
12
13
additional recommendations to upgrade the area and address the identified challenges effectively.
14 The completion of the questionnaire by the residents of the Hishkaru River area will play a crucial role in shaping
15
16 the research on urban river recovery in Duhok, Iraq. The insights and perspectives gathered through this
17
18 community participatory approach will inform the development of a landscape strategy that integrates infratecture
19 and nature-based solutions to enhance the ecological and aesthetic qualities of the river, contributing to the overall
20
21 well-being of the local communities as shown in table 5..
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23 Table 5. Community Questionnaire for Hishkaru River Recovery in Duhok, Iraq: Target Group, Participants'
24 Demographics, and Questionnaire Focus
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Sect Questionn Target Number of Age
6 ion aire Focus Description Purpose Group Participants Gender Group
7
8
9 Gather views
10 Hishkaru Assessing residents' attitudes on flood risks,
11 River and evaluations of challenges informal
12 Conditions faced by Hishkaru River. properties,
13 - Seeking input on experiences and the
Residents' with environmental transformatio Residents of
14
Perception challenges, pollution, and n of river Hishkaru Male/Fe 18 and
15
1 s seasonal flooding. areas. River 40-50 male above
16
17 Identify key
18 attributes
19 Asking participants to associated
20 envision an ideal riverside with an
21 environment. Prompting aesthetically
22 Envisionin identification of existing pleasing and
23 g the challenges and proposing functional Residents of
24 Perfect activities for universal river Hishkaru Male/Fe 18 and
25 2 Riverside satisfaction. landscape. River 30-40 male above
26
27 Gather
28 insights into
29 Communit how the river
30 y Assessing community landscape
31 Perception perception of the general contributes to
32 and landscape and outdoor daily lives Residents of
33 Landscape activities along Hishkaru and well- Hishkaru Male/Fe 18 and
34 3 Analysis River. being. River 40-50 male above
35
36 Proposed Presenting potential solutions
37 Solutions formulated by the research Urban Residents of
38 Male/Fe
4 for team. Seek evaluation of planners, Hishkaru 30-40 Any Age
39 male
Hishkaru proposed solutions and researchers River
40 River additional recommendations.
41
42 The completion of this questionnaire by residents of the Hishkaru River area will be instrumental in shaping
43
44 research on urban river recovery in Duhok, Iraq. The insights and perspectives gathered through this community
45
46 participatory approach will inform the development of a landscape strategy that integrates infratecture and nature-
47 based solutions. This strategy aims to enhance the ecological and aesthetic qualities of the river, contributing to
48
49 the overall well-being of local communities. Urban planners and researchers will also provide valuable input and
50
51 evaluation of proposed solutions.
52
53 C. Phase 3: Environmental Awareness Campaign
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55 The researchers conducted a virtual and on-site campaign to raise environmental awareness among our
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57 community on the need to revitalize the Hishkaroo River in Duhok City - Iraq. Background: Hishkaroo River is a
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59 rainwater stream that runs throughout Duhok city and connects to the Mosul dam. Current situation: The river is
60 neglected, polluted, blocked and became a source of the dump. 2 years ago it flooded and many houses were
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3 destroyed. According to Nasa satellite images, Duhok city's No2 change rate is at its peak.
4
5 (https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4412). Campaign goal: Raise awareness and educate the community to participate in
6 developing the river. (Participatory Design where the architect and community do the decision-making together).
7
8
9
10
11
D. Phase 4: Proposed Design Solution
12
13 This paper proposed a new design strategy that meshes up three landscape design strategies (biophilic design,
14
infrastructure, and nature-based solution. The culmination of our research endeavor lies in the formulation of a
15
16 novel design strategy, seamlessly intertwining three distinct landscape design approaches: biophilic design,
17
18 infrastructure integration, and nature-based solutions. Our proposed design aims to breathe life into the Hishkaru
19
River, forging a harmonious union between urbanity and nature. This approach envisions a transformative
20
21 landscape that not only enhances the ecological integrity of the river but also fosters a sense of place, inviting the
22
23 active participation of the local community in decision-making processes through a participatory design approach.
24
By synergistically blending architectural expertise, urban design principles, and nature-inspired interventions, our
25
26 design seeks to rejuvenate the river's landscape and create a resilient urban environment that resonates with the
27
28 well-being of Duhok's inhabitants.
29
30
31 V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
32
33
34 A. Phase 1: Site analysis Results
35
36 The site analysis phase introduced a strategic approach to manage informal housing near Hishkaru
37
38 River, proposing the removal of a predetermined number of houses with compensation for affected
39
40 residents. It recommended the use of Geographical Information System (GIS) technology for transparent
41 decision-making based on spatial planning standards. This approach, utilizing GIS and satellite imagery,
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43 outlined a practical solution through the creation of a protective buffer zone along the riverbanks to
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45 prevent further construction and facilitate the removal of existing houses, reducing flood risks and
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47 offering temporary relief until comprehensive river revitalization occurs. By systematically evaluating
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49 house removal sites based on flood risk and spatial guidelines, this approach ensures efficient resource
50
51
allocation and hazard mitigation. Overall, the site analysis phase established data-driven strategies to
52 address informal housing near Hishkaru River, prioritizing both environmental protection and
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54 community well-being in the pursuit of a sustainable and resilient river rejuvenation project.
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57
B. Phase 2: Questionnaire Results
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59 The questionnaire, conducted in this phase, involved 19 families living along Hishkaro River,
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61 representing diverse demographics. Survey responses revealed residents' dissatisfaction with various
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3 issues, including flooding risks, noise pollution, odors, dust contamination, and safety concerns (see
4
5 Figure 5a). Residents expressed a desire for a diverse set of activities along the river, including sports
6
7 facilities, art spaces, sitting areas, and even agricultural farms (Figure 5b). This highlights the
8
9
community's aspiration to transform the river's surroundings into a vibrant and multifunctional space for
10 recreation.
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12 The survey also showed an interest in promoting health and wellness, with many families favoring
13
14 walkways and outdoor gyms (Figure 5c). This aligns with the growing awareness of green spaces and
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16 active living environments in enhancing community well-being. Overall, the questionnaire provided
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18 valuable insights from the local community, informing subsequent research phases. By involving
19
20
residents in decision-making, the study aims to align design solutions with their aspirations and promote
21 a harmonious coexistence between nature, recreation, and well-being.
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46 Figure 5. A questionnaire depicting community feedback on the current situation of the river and giving opinions
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48 on design decisions.
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50
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52 C. Phase 3: Environmental Awareness Campaign
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54 This paper presents a comprehensive design strategy that incorporates three landscape approaches (biophilic
55
56 design, infrastructure, and nature-based solutions), as outlined in Table 6. The strategy is divided into three sections
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58 (B, C, and D) that address specific challenges and opportunities. In Section B, challenges like flood-induced house
59 damage and informal settlements are met with solutions like enhanced drainage and revitalizing inactive spaces.
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61 Section C addresses issues such as pedestrian safety, unsuitable trees, and greenery deficiency with measures like
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3 pedestrian bridges, tree removal, and the creation of pocket parks. Section D highlights specific zones with unique
4
5 challenges, proposing solutions like public space integration with river features, measures against illegal dumping,
6 car park separation from the river, and extensive tree planting and landscaping to improve air quality. These
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8 strategies aim to transform the Hishkaro River landscape sustainably.
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35 Figure 6 Community awareness campaign in section E of the river and conducting the questionnaire
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37 D. Phase 4: Proposed Design Solution
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39 In Phase 4, a comprehensive design strategy is introduced, combining three landscape approaches: biophilic
40
41 design, infrastructure, and nature-based solutions, as outlined in Table 6. This strategy addresses specific
42
43 challenges and opportunities across multiple zones. Section B focuses on challenges such as flood-induced house
44 damage and informal settlements, proposing solutions like improved drainage, GIS-based spatial planning, and
45
46 revitalizing dead zones. Section C targets issues like pedestrian safety, unsuitable trees, and greenery deficiency,
47
48 suggesting measures such as pedestrian bridges, tree removal, and the creation of pocket parks. In Section D,
49
distinct zones with unique challenges require solutions like public space integration with river features, measures
50
51 against illegal dumping, car park separation from the river, and extensive tree planting and landscaping to improve
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53 air quality. These strategies aim to transform the Hishkaro River landscape sustainably.
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55
Table 6: The conflict and potentials of the study area
56
57 Zones Conflict Potential
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Section B: Zone 1: Many people’s houses were destroyed in Remove debris from gutters and
4
5 Water floods, They are afraid of their lives drains to allow water to flow freely,
6 free zone because of the floods and mostly they are and use sandbags to close any gaps
7 poor and cannot afford buying another that might cause flooding.
8 house.
9
10 Zone 2: Not enough financial resources to do any The GIS program can be simple way
11 Vibrant projects for the river. Many people are to decide upon that with considering
12 urban living informally near the river and some standards in the spatial
13 making it worse for the river by troughing planning, redesigning dead zones and
14
their garbage in it. making them public spaces and this
15
16 will bring more life to the area
17
18
Zone 3: Some people also built informal houses The government cannot remove all the
19 Secured and the government takes that as their informal houses but must agree
20 area alibi of stopping all the efforts to continue on several them with paying an
21 any project for this river. initial compensation.
22
23
24 Zone 4: N There is a huge number of spaces that are The municipality of Duhok city could
25 ature having a Lack of greenery in the provide some pocket parks, so they
26 sound surrounding area it cause the visual are the solution of this type of
27
pollution for the site. common. Greenery can contribute to
28
29 reducing the amount of noise
30 pollution experienced by residents
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32 Section C Zone 1: Because of lack of budget we have some The private sector is the best
33 Dead dead zones around the river. It is illegal to alternative to change these dead zones
34 zones. be used for agriculture or buildings. to live zones
35
36
Zone 2: On the main street we have some public To reduce number of accidents we
37
38 Pathways buildings so people access from both need to have pedestrian bridges or
39 sides to get those buildings. tunnels.
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42 Zone 3: In between streets they planted some trees Removing that type of trees and
43
44
Wrong that caused many events. The main planting new suitable trees.
45 placement reason was those trees
46 of trees.
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48
49 Zone 4: G There is a huge number of spaces that are The municipality of Duhok city could
50 reen area having a Lack of greenery in the provide some pocket parks, so they
51 surrounding area it cause the visual are the solution of this type of
52 pollution for the site. common. Greenery can contribute to
53 reducing the amount of noise
54 pollution experienced by residents
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Section D 1- Red Un shaded park area Make visible boundaries for the area
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5 Frontier In the middle of the street turn and next to the mosque to make it a car
6 besides the river we have a free space that park also make it separate from the
7 has turned into a car park this causes river side.
8 noise and visual pollution to the
9 surrounding areas
10
11
12 2- Plant Life For a cleaner atmosphere, use
13 Brownish lack of greenery area and dead plant life landscaping Widespread tree planting
14 Terrain can cause us many difficulties except and landscaping may help prevent
15 environment pollution it pollutes the sight erosion, safeguard water supplies, and
16 of that place as well and can give us give wildlife food and a home. By
17
18
negative energy. collecting carbon dioxide and
19 releasing oxygen, it helps lessen air
20 pollution.
21
22
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24 Table 6 highlights the effects of nature on human well-being by presenting the results for several parts and
25
26 their accompanying patterns. The presence of water is the emphasis of Section B, which demonstrates its
27 correlation with lowered blood pressure, heart rate, and stress levels as well as elevated sensations of tranquility.
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29 It also emphasizes how exposure to water enhances people's cognitive function and emotional responses.
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31 Additionally, seeing nature reduces blood pressure and pulse rate and improves mental focus, attention, and
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33 general pleasure. The non-visual connection to nature lowers systolic blood pressure and stress chemicals, which
34
improves mental and cognitive function. Additionally, comfort, wellbeing, productivity, attention, and the feeling
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36 of temporal and spatial pleasure are all favorably impacted by temperature and airflow fluctuation. The results
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38 of Section B are reiterated in Section C, highlighting the benefits of nature for stress reduction, cognitive function,
39
40 and emotional reactions. The advantages of prospect, the presence of water, nonrhythmic sensory inputs, visual
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42 connection with nature, and sanctuary are explained in Section D. These factors support reduced stress,
43 increased comfort, a sense of safety, and greater wellbeing, highlighting the value of adding natural components
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45 into urban architecture to support human health and happiness.
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47
48
a. Biophilic Design:
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50 Biophilic urbanism, emphasizing the interdependence between humans and the ecosystem, has positive
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52 impacts on health, including stress reduction and emotional well-being. The Hishkaroo River plays a
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54
crucial role in this approach, shaping the city's identity as a multifaceted greening utility corridor, river
55 system, and floodplain.
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57 Various activities across sections A, B, and C promote the connection between people and nature.
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59 Celestial contemplation, community gardening, and birdwatching engage individuals in nature.
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61 Awareness campaigns encourage green elements in the surroundings, fostering a deeper appreciation for
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3 the environment.(Africa et al., 2019).
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5 In the meticulous design of the selected site within section B, an artful amalgamation of biophilic
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7 patterns and features adorns diverse zones, fostering a vibrant tapestry of experiences. Comprising an
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assortment of engaging activities, each level of the site becomes a canvas where both children and adults
10 can revel in the abundance of communal spaces immersed in nature's splendour. From playgrounds that
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12 echo with the laughter of the young to skating areas that evoke exhilaration, and biking trails that cater
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14 to the adventurous spirit, every facet of the site beckons individuals to immerse themselves in nature's
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16 embrace. Beyond the veneer of recreation, these interactive engagements serve as an avenue for
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18 acquainting individuals with the intricacies of natural design, thereby augmenting ecological education
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and fostering holistic growth in emotional, physical, cognitive, and social dimensions (Foth and Sanders,
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58 Figure 5. Biophilic design proposal for Hishkaro River
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3 b. Nature-Based Solutions:
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5 Throughout history, urban river landscapes have suffered severe degradation, from being utilized as
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7 drainage channels and sewage disposal sites to becoming grounds for agriculture. These transformations
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9 have led to environmental issues like erosion, groundwater pollution, increased flood risks, loss of
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11 biodiversity, and declining recreational value. In response, our study employs various nature-based
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13 solutions (NBS) to enhance urban well-being and bolster city resilience, addressing climate change and
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biodiversity degradation. Wetlands, rain gardens, and detention basins are used to optimize water quality
16 and control runoff in different river sections, while green walls mitigate noise pollution and promote
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18 ecological harmony. For sections affected by industrial activity, NBS and landscape recycling techniques
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20 are incorporated to restore ecological balance and support urban renewal. The proposed design features
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22 permeable pathways, diverse riverbank activities, and site-specific considerations, ultimately creating a
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24 landscape that embodies ecological harmony and sustainable resilience, transforming ecologically
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degraded areas into environments fostering human well-being and ecological integrity.
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59 Figure 8. Nature Based solutions outline the design of the Hishkaro River restoration project
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20 Figure 9. Infrastructure Solutions for the hishkaroo river
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22 The Hishkaro River Rehabilitation project offers a comprehensive approach to address urban watercourse
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24 challenges in Duhok, Iraq, emphasizing community engagement, biophilic design, and nature-based solutions.
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26 Survey results from Phase 2 reveal residents' concerns and preferences, highlighting the potential for the river's
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transformation into a vibrant urban amenity. Phase 3's Environmental Awareness Campaign fosters
29 environmental consciousness and promotes collective decision-making. Phase 4 introduces innovative design
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31 strategies, including buffer zones and pocket parks, aimed at enhancing the river environment and community
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33 well-being. While the study provides valuable insights into urban river recovery with community involvement,
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35 the limitations of sample size and geographical scope should be considered for generalizability. In summary, the
36 project represents a multidisciplinary, community-driven approach that can inform similar sustainable urban
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38 watercourse revitalization efforts.
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43 VI. CONCLUSION
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46 The Duhok River restoration project serves as a compelling case study of biophilic urbanism, effectively
47 addressing climate change risks and enhancing the well-being of urban residents and visitors. This approach,
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49 emphasizing nature-based solutions and green infrastructure, echoes humanity's connection with nature and
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51 ensures the welfare of future generations. Water quality significantly improved, and the new design offered
52 manifold benefits. Beyond tangible advantages, the project's restoration of the area's historical identity is a notable
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54 achievement, fostering a deeper connection with its ecology.
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56 In contrast to an initial civil engineering approach, the biophilic design proved superior, offering diverse socio-
57 cultural advantages and invaluable ecosystem services, alongside potential long-term cost-effectiveness and
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59 resilience to climate change. Creative financing methods for such projects warrant exploration. Governments
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61 should incentivize biophilic urbanism through legislation and reduced taxation, stimulating resident and business
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3 participation. Further research is vital to identify optimal biophilic urban planning strategies. Embracing the
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5 holistic potential of biophilic urbanism can pave the way for a transformative paradigm shift in urban design,
6 steering our cities toward a sustainable future.
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10 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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12 The Authors would like to acknowledge the support of the American University of Kurdistan and the University
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14 of Duhok for their support.
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