To test the hypothesis that Rwanda manufacturing managers rate the importance

of customer service in retaining customers significantly lower than the Ugandan

manufacturing managers, we can use a one-sample t-test.
Let's define the null and alternative hypotheses:
Null hypothesis (H0): The true mean rating of the importance of customer service
in retaining customers by Rwanda manufacturing managers is not significantly
different from the mean rating of 4.30 by Ugandan manufacturing managers.
Alternative hypothesis (Ha): The true mean rating of the importance of customer
service in retaining customers by Rwanda manufacturing managers is significantly
lower than the mean rating of 4.30 by Ugandan manufacturing managers.
We can use a significance level of 0.05, which means we would reject the null
hypothesis if the p-value is less than 0.05.
Let's calculate the sample mean and standard deviation of the ratings:
x̄ =
(3+4+5+5+4+5+5+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+5+4+4+4+3+4+4+3+5+4+4+5+4+4+4+5)/30 =
4.167 s = 0.644
The sample size is n = 30, which is large enough for us to use the t-distribution.
Next, we calculate the test statistic t:
t = (x̄ - μ) / (s / √n)
where μ is the hypothesized mean rating of Rwanda manufacturing managers.
Assuming the null hypothesis is true, we use μ = 4.30.
t = (4.167 - 4.30) / (0.644 / √30) = -1.489
The degrees of freedom for this test are n - 1 = 29.
Using a t-distribution table or a calculator, we find that the p-value for this test is
0.074.
Since the p-value is greater than the significance level of 0.05, we fail to reject the
null hypothesis. We do not have sufficient evidence to conclude that the true
mean rating of the importance of customer service in retaining customers by
Rwanda manufacturing managers is significantly lower than the mean rating of
4.30 by Ugandan manufacturing managers.
Therefore, based on this sample, we cannot conclude that the Rwanda managers
rate this reason significantly lower than the 4.30 mean ascertained in Uganda
The critical t-value for a one-tailed test is negative when the alternative
hypothesis is directional, meaning it specifies that the population parameter of
interest is either greater than or less than the null value.
For example, in this case, the alternative hypothesis is that the true mean
response of Rwanda managers is less than the mean response of 4.30 from
Uganda. Therefore, we are only interested in the left tail of the t-distribution, and
the critical t-value corresponds to the area to the left of the distribution.
Since the t-distribution is symmetric about zero, but we are only interested in one
tail, we need to use a negative critical t-value to represent the left tail of the
distribution.
When the sample size is large (i.e., n > 30), we can use a one-tailed test or a two-
tailed test, depending on the nature of the hypothesis being tested.
In this case, the alternative hypothesis is that the true mean response of Rwanda
managers is less than the mean response of 4.30 from Uganda, which is a one-
tailed hypothesis. Therefore, we use a one-tailed test to increase the power of the
test and make it more sensitive to detecting a significant difference in the
expected direction.
However, if the alternative hypothesis was non-directional (i.e., two-tailed), we
would use a two-tailed test.
A z-table can only be used to find probabilities for a standard normal distribution,
which is a normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.
In this case, we do not have the population standard deviation, but rather the
sample standard deviation. Therefore, we use a t-distribution, which has heavier
tails than the standard normal distribution and is better suited for small sample
sizes.
Furthermore, the t-distribution becomes closer to the standard normal
distribution as the sample size increases. However, since our sample size is 32,
which is not extremely large, it is still appropriate to use the t-distribution.
we are comparing the mean response of two groups (Rwanda and Uganda
managers), and we do not know the population standard deviation, we use a t-
test instead of a z-test. Specifically, we use a one-sample t-test to compare the
mean response of the Rwanda managers to a known value (the mean response of
4.30 from Uganda managers).
If our sample size were much larger (e.g., 100 or more), we might consider using a
z-test instead of a t-test, as the t-distribution approaches the standard normal
distribution as the sample size increases. However, in our case, a t-test is more
appropriate given our sample size.
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herefore, it is more appropriate to use a t-test, which takes into account the
uncertainty introduced by estimating the population standard deviation from the
sample.
Additionally, a t-test provides a more conservative test and is less sensitive to
assumptions about the underlying distribution of the population, which is
particularly important when the sample size is large.
Step 1: State the null and alternative hypotheses
Null hypothesis (H0): The mean rating of customer service as a means of retaining
customers among Rwanda manufacturing managers is equal to or greater than
4.30.
Alternative hypothesis (Ha): The mean rating of customer service as a means of
retaining customers among Rwanda manufacturing managers is significantly
lower than 4.30.
Step 2: Determine the level of significance (alpha)
The significance level is given as 0.05.
Step 3: Compute the test statistic
The sample mean is calculated as: x̄ =
(3+4+5+5+4+5+5+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+5+4+4+4+4+5+4+4+4+3+4+4+4+5+4+4+4+5)
/(32) = 4.156
The sample standard deviation is given as 0.574.
The standard error of the mean (SEM) is calculated as: SEM = s/√n = 0.574/√32 =
0.101
The t-value is calculated as: t = (x̄ - μ) / SEM = (4.156 - 4.30) / 0.101 = -1.425
Step 4: Determine the critical value
The degrees of freedom (df) is n - 1 = 32 - 1 = 31.
The critical value for a one-tailed t-test with 31 degrees of freedom and a
significance level of 0.05 is -1.697.
Step 5: Make a decision and interpret the results
The calculated t-value (-1.425) is greater than the critical value (-1.697).
Therefore, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
We do not have sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean rating of customer
service as a means of retaining customers among Rwanda manufacturing
managers is significantly lower than 4.30 at the 0.05 level of significance.
This suggests that Rwanda manufacturing managers may rate the importance of
customer service similarly to managing directors of manufacturing plants in
Uganda.
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