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    Chap 6 Reaction Turbine

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    Sourabh Salunkhe
    The document discusses reaction turbines. It explains that a reaction turbine has rows of fixed blades alternating with rows of moving blades, where the steam expands in both the fixed and moving blades, dropping in pressure and producing both an impulse and reaction force on the moving blades. It then discusses degree of reaction, losses in steam turbines like residual velocity and leakage, and methods of governing steam turbines like throttle, nozzle, and bypass governing.

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    Chap 6 Reaction Turbine

    Uploaded by

    Sourabh Salunkhe
    42 views10 pages
    The document discusses reaction turbines. It explains that a reaction turbine has rows of fixed blades alternating with rows of moving blades, where the steam expands in both the fixed and moving blades, dropping in pressure and producing both an impulse and reaction force on the moving blades. It then discusses degree of reaction, losses in steam turbines like residual velocity and leakage, and methods of governing steam turbines like throttle, nozzle, and bypass governing.

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    Chap_6_Reaction_Turbine

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    The document discusses reaction turbines. It explains that a reaction turbine has rows of fixed blades alternating with rows of moving blades, where the steam expands in both the fixed and moving blades, dropping in pressure and producing both an impulse and reaction force on the moving blades. It then discusses degree of reaction, losses in steam turbines like residual velocity and leakage, and methods of governing steam turbines like throttle, nozzle, and bypass governing.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    42 views10 pages

    Chap 6 Reaction Turbine

    Uploaded by

    Sourabh Salunkhe
    The document discusses reaction turbines. It explains that a reaction turbine has rows of fixed blades alternating with rows of moving blades, where the steam expands in both the fixed and moving blades, dropping in pressure and producing both an impulse and reaction force on the moving blades. It then discusses degree of reaction, losses in steam turbines like residual velocity and leakage, and methods of governing steam turbines like throttle, nozzle, and bypass governing.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    Tatyasaheb Kore Institute of Engineering & Technology

    Warananagar
    (An Autonomous Institute)

    Chapter No 6 Reaction Turbine


    Syllabus: Comparison between impulse and reaction, Flow through impulse
    reaction blades, turbine Velocity diagram, and degree of reaction, Parson's reaction
    turbine, Governing of steam turbines. Losses in steam turbines, Performance of
    steam turbines. Function of diaphragm, Glands, Turbine troubles like Erosion,
    Corrosion, Vibration, Fouling etc. (Numerical Treatment on Single stage impulse
    reaction turbine)

    Principle of operation
    A reaction turbine has rows of fixed blades alternating with rows of moving blades.
    The steam expands first in the stationary or fixed blades where it gains some
    velocity as it drops in pressure. Then enters the moving blades where its direction of
    flow is changed thus producing an impulse force on the moving blades. Also, the
    steam upon passing through the moving blades again expands and further drops in
    pressure giving a reaction force to the blades.
    A reaction turbine is constructed of rows of fixed blades and rows of moving blades.
    The fixed blades act as nozzles. The moving blades move as a result of the impulse of
    steam received (caused by a change in momentum) and also as a result of expansion
    and acceleration of the steam relative to them. In other words, they also act as
    nozzles.
    Note that the steam pressure drops across both the fixed and the moving blades
    while the absolute velocity rises in the fixed blades and drops in the moving blades.
    Degree of Reaction: (R)
    Degree of reaction or reaction ratio (R) is defined as the ratio of the static pressure
    drop in the rotor to the static pressure drop in the stage or as the ratio of static
    enthalpy drop in the rotor to the static enthalpy drop in the stage.
    Degree of Reaction = Enthalpy Drop in Rotor/Enthalpy Drop in Stage
    Here, the enthalpy drop in a stage is the summation of the enthalpy drop in the
    stator and rotor, both.
    A very widely used design has a half degree of reaction or 50% reaction, and this is
    known as Parson's Reaction Turbine.
    The enthalpy drop per stage of one row fixed and one row moving blades is divided
    among them, often equally. Thus a blade with a 50 percent degree of reaction, or a
    50 percent reaction stage, is one in which half the enthalpy drop of the stage occurs
    in the fixed blades and half in the moving blades.

    In Parsons Reaction turbine, both fixed and moving blades are made identical so
    therefore So, α1= β2 and α2= β1. So velocity diagram for Parsons reaction turbine
    will be symmetrical about centre line and Vf1= Vf2 ; V1= Vr2; V2= Vr1.
    Losses in Steam Turbines
    The steam turbine losses tend to decrease the efficiency and work output of a
    turbine. The various losses in steam turbines are given below.
    1. Residual Velocity Loss: The steam leaves the turbine with certain absolute
    velocity (V). The energy loss due to absolute exit velocity of steam is
    equivalent to (V1*2/2). In a single-stage impulse turbine, the residual velocity
    loss may be about 10% to 12% which can be reduced by using multistage
    turbine.
    2. Loss Due to Friction and Turbulence: Friction loss occurs in nozzles, turbine
    blades, and between steam and rotating disc. The friction loss in the nozzle is
    taken into account by nozzle efficiency. The loss due to friction and
    turbulence is about 10%.
    3. Losses Due to Leakage: Some amount of steam leaks from the chamber
    without doing useful work. The total leakage loss is about 1% to 2%. The
    steam leakage occurs:
    (i) Between the turbine shaft and the bearings.
    (ii) At the clearance between the diaphragm and the stationary disc in the
    case of impulse turbines.
    (iii) At the blade tips in the case of reaction turbines.
    (iv) Leakage of steam through the labyrinth glands.
    4. Loss Due to Mechanical Friction and Bearing: This loss occurs due to friction
    between shaft and bearing which can be reduced by a proper lubricating
    system.
    5. Losses in Regulating Valves: The steam enters the turbine through the stop
    and regulating (governor) valves. In these valves, the steam gets throttled and
    the pressure of steam at the entry to the turbine is less than the boiler
    pressure. Although throttling is a constant enthalpy process, the enthalpy
    drop available for work in the turbine is reduced. The magnitude of this loss
    may be of the order of 5% to 10%.
    6. Losses Due to Wetness of Steam The condition of steam after last stage of the
    turbine is wet. The velocity of water particles is less than that of steam.
    Therefore, the water particles have to be dragged along with the steam which
    results in loss of the kinetic energy of steam.
    7. Radiation Loss: Turbines are heavily insulated to avoid any heat loss to the
    surroundings, so this loss is negligible.

    Governing of Steam Turbines


    The main function of the governing is to maintain the speed constant irrespective of
    load on the turbine. The different methods which are commonly used for governing
    the steam turbines are listed below:-
    I. Throttle governing
    II. Nozzle control governing
    III. By-pass governing
    Throttle governing
    Throttle Governing of steam Turbine is most popular and easiest way to control
    the turbine speed. When steam turbine controls its output speed by varying the
    quantity of steam entering the turbine is called Throttle Governing. It is also
    known as Servomotor methods.
    In this system, a centrifugal governor is driven from the main shaft of turbine by
    belt or gear arrangement. A control valve is used to control the direction of oil
    flow which supplied by the pipe AA or BB. The servomotor or relay valve has a
    piston which moves towards left or right depending upon the pressure of oil flow
    through the pipes AA or BB. This cylinder has connected a needle which moves
    inside the nozzle. When the turbine is running at normal speed, everything in the
    turbine such as such control valve, servomotor, piston position, fly balls of
    centrifugal governor will be in their normal position as shown in the figure. The
    mouth of both pipes AA or BB is closed into the control valves.

    Assume that the turbine's load increases. It will decrease its speed which will
    decrease the centrifugal force of the turbine. Now fly balls of the governor will come
    down thus decreasing their amplitude. These fly balls also bring down the sleeve.
    The sleeve is connected to a control valve rod through a lever pivoted on the
    fulcrum. This down word sleeve will raise the control valve rod. Now oil is coming
    from the oil sump, pumped by gear pump is just stay at the mounts of both pipes
    AA or BB which are closed by the two wings of control valves. So, raise of control
    valve rod will open the mouth of the pipe AA but BB is still closed. Now the oil
    pressure is coming from the pipe AA. This will rush from the control valve which
    will move the right side of the piston. As a result, the steams flow rate into the
    turbine increases which will bring the speed of the turbine to the normal range.
    When speed of the turbine will come to its normal range, fly balls will come into its
    normal position. Now, sleeve and control valve rod will back to its normal position.
    Nozzle Control Governing of Steam Turbine
    It is another interesting method by which turbine's speed can be controlled. Nozzle
    control governing of steam turbine is basically used for part load condition. Some
    set of nozzles are grouped together (may be two, three or more groups) and each
    group of the nozzle is supplied steam controlled by valves. Every valve is closed by
    the corresponding set of nozzle. Steam's flow rate is also controlled by these nozzles.
    Actually, nozzle control governing is restricted to the first stage of turbine whereas
    the subsequent nozzle area in other stage remains constant. According to the load
    demand, some nozzles are in active and other inactive position. Suppose turbine
    holds ten numbers of nozzles. If the load demand is reduced by 50% then five
    numbers of nozzles are in open condition and rest is closed. This method is suitable
    for simple impulse turbine. It is a process where rate of steam flow is regulated
    depending on the opening and closing of set of nozzles rather than regulating its
    pressure.

    Bypass Governing of Steam Turbine


    Bypass governing of steam turbines a method where a bypass line is provided for
    the steam. Especially this is used when turbine is running in overloaded condition.
    The bypass line is provided for passing the steam from first stage nozzle box into a
    later stage where work output increase. This bypass steam is automatically
    regulated by the lift of valve which is under the control of the speed of the governor
    for all loads within its range. Bypass valve is open to release the fresh stem into the
    later stage of the turbine. In the later stage output, work is increased and the
    efficiency is low due to the throttle effect.
    Difference Between Impulse & Reaction Turbine
    Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine
    1) Blades rotate due to the Impulse Force Blades rotate with both Impulse and
    Reaction force.
    2) All the pressure is converted in the Pressure is partially converted into
    Nozzle kinetic energy in fixed blades acting.
    3) During the flow over the moving During the flow over the moving blades
    blades the pressure remains constant pressure reduces.
    4) The Blades are symmetrical The blades are not symmetrical (it is
    aero-foil type).
    5) The relative velocity over the blades is The relative velocity over the blades
    either same or decreases increases.
    6) Degree of Reaction is ZERO Degree of reaction is 0 to 1
    7) Less staging is required for same More number of staging is required for
    power same power.
    8) Impulse turbine occupies less space Reaction turbine occupies more space
    per unit power. per unit power.
    9) Steam velocity at the inlet of turbine Steam velocity at the inlet of turbine is
    is Very high Moderate or low
    10) Blade efficiency or Stage efficiency is Blade efficiency or Stage efficiency is
    Comparatively low. Comparatively High.
    11) Compounding is done for reducing Compounding is not done.
    the turbine rotor’s speed
    12)Example Da Laval, Curtis and Example Parsons turbine
    Rateau turbines.
    Velocity Diagrams

     Vb = linear velocity of moving blade


     V1= absolute velocity of steam at inlet to moving blade; i.e. exit velocity of
    nozzle
     Vw1= Tangential component of entering steam, also known as velocity of
    whirl at entrance (Horizontal component of V1).
     Vr1= relative velocity of steam with respect to tip of blade at inlet it’s along
    the blade.
     Vf1= velocity of flow = axial thrust at entrance to moving blades. It is the
    vertical component of V1
     α1= Fixed blade inlet angle = angle made by the absolute velocity at the inlet.
     β1= Angle made by the relative velocity at the inlet, also known as blade angle
    at inlet.
     V2, Vw2, Vf2, Vr2, α2, β2 are corresponding values at exit of blade. They
    stand outlet velocity triangle.
     The absolute velocity V1 can be considered as two components. The
    tangential component called whirl component Vw1= V1 cos α1 is parallel to
    direction of rotation of blades and axial or flow component Vf1= V1 sin α1 is
    perpendicular to the direction of rotation of blades.
     Tangential component does work on the blade because it is in the same
    direction as the motion of the blade. The axial component doesn’t work on the
    blades because it is perpendicular to the direction of motion of blades. It is
    responsible for flow of steam through the turbine. Change of velocity in this
    component causes axial thrust on the rotor.

    Combined velocity triangle

    Procedure to draw combined velocity triangle


    Draw the velocity diagram by using the given angles as for Parsons reaction turbine
    it’s a 50 % degree of reaction turbine

    α1 = β2

    α2 = β1

    Calculations
    Various Parameters
     Speed ration Φ = Vb (blade velocity)/V1

     Force in Tangential direction (Fx) = m’ (Vw1-(-Vw2)).


     Fx = m’ (Vw1+Vw2).

     Force in Axial direction Fy = m’ (Vf1-Vf2).

     Work done = m’ (Vw1+Vw2) Vb.

     Blade efficiency ƞ = 2 Vb(Vw1+Vw2)/V12

     Stage efficiency ƞs = Vb (Vw1+Vw2)/ (h1-h2)

     Where (h1-h2) is enthalpy drop in the stage

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