Proba Lectures
Proba Lectures
Proba Lectures
Independence
Uniform distribution.
Probability density functions.
Random variables. Independence
1/24
Uniform distribution. Probability density functions. Random variables. Independence
Z
P (A) = f (x)dx. (2)
A
Here f is a given PDF f ≥ 0 with
Z
f (x)dx = 1. (3)
Ω
3/24
Uniform distribution. Probability density functions. Random variables. Independence
Uniform Distribution
4/24
Uniform distribution. Probability density functions. Random variables. Independence
5/24
Uniform distribution. Probability density functions. Random variables. Independence
7/24
Uniform distribution. Probability density functions. Random variables. Independence
8/24
Uniform distribution. Probability density functions. Random variables. Independence
1 1 2
FZ (z) = p exp − z , z ∈ R; (10)
(2π) 2
The √ 1 is there to make sure that the area under the PDF
(2π)
is equal to one. 9/24
Uniform distribution. Probability density functions. Random variables. Independence
9/24
Uniform distribution. Probability density functions. Random variables. Independence
10/24
Uniform distribution. Probability density functions. Random variables. Independence
Exponential Distribution
11/24
Uniform distribution. Probability density functions. Random variables. Independence
12/24
Uniform distribution. Probability density functions. Random variables. Independence
13/24
Uniform distribution. Probability density functions. Random variables. Independence
Gamma Distribution
14/24
Uniform distribution. Probability density functions. Random variables. Independence
Z ∞
Γ(α) = xα−1 e−λx dx, for α > 0. (16) 15/24
Uniform distribution. Probability density functions. Random variables. Independence
and a CDF y
λα
Z
FX (x) = xα−1 e−λx ; (18)
Γ(α) 0
15/24
Uniform distribution. Probability density functions. Random variables. Independence
17/24
Uniform distribution. Probability density functions. Random variables. Independence
Cauchy Distribution
and a CDF
1 −1 y − α π
FX (y) = tan ( )+ , y ∈ R. (22)
π τ 2
18/24
Uniform distribution. Probability density functions. Random variables. Independence
19/24
Uniform distribution. Probability density functions. Random variables. Independence
Expectation
The expected value or expectation of a continuous r.v. X with
p.d.f. f(x) is denoted by E(X) and is defined as
Z ∞
E(X) = xf (x)dx. (26)
−∞
Variance
21/24
Uniform distribution. Probability density functions. Random variables. Independence
25/24
Uniform distribution. Probability density functions. Random variables. Independence
Example-Exercise
Let X ∼ Ca(2, 4). Find the probability that
a. X is less than 3,
b. X is greater than 4,
c. X is between 1 and 3.5
Solution
A CDF for Cauchy is given by
1 −1 y − α π
FX (y) = tan ( )+ , y ∈ R. (31)
π τ 2
26/24
Uniform distribution. Probability density functions. Random variables. Independence
here α = 2, τ = 4, y = 3
we have
P (X < 3) = F (3),
1 −1 3 − 2 π
= tan ( )+ ,
π 4 2
1 h −1 πi
= tan (0.25) + = 0.578
π 2
Verify for part b) and c)
ANS
b)0.3524 c) 0.156
27/24