SVKM’s NMIMS

School of Technology Management

& Engineering, Navi Mumbai

Basic Electrical
&
Electronics Engineering

B.Tech - SEM. 2nd

(Computer Engineering/
Artificial Intelligence & Data Science)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr./Ms. …………….…………………………...

of B. Tech 1st (Semester 2nd), Roll No. ………. SAP ID.

…………….……., Branch ……………………………………………

has been found satisfactory in the continuous internal evaluation of the

laboratory practical and term work in the subject Basic Electrical &

Electronics Engineering for the academic year 2023 – 2024.

Date: …………… Signature of Faculty

Course Objectives:

1. Construction, working principle, and applications of electronics devices

and logic circuits.

2. To enable the student to obtain a basic understanding of the working

principle and applications of electronic devices.

3. To impart hands-on experience in assembling and testing circuits.

Course Outcomes:

1. Interpret DC circuits, theorems, and time domain analysis of first-order RL

circuits.

2. Analyze series and parallel AC circuits and summarize star/delta

configurations.

3. Comprehend the principles of transformers and electrical machines.

4. Review the construction, working principle, and applications of electronic

devices and logic circuits.

 INDEX
SR.
TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT/ ASSIGNMENT/ PROJECT DATE SIGN
NO.
Experiment No. 1 Date: ___________

Introduction to Laboratory Equipments

Aim:

a) Overview of lab exercises, the platform used, etc.

a) To determine the stated value of a resistor and inductor by interpreting the color code
indicated on the resistor and inductor.
b) To get accustomed to the function of DC power supply, digital multimeter (DMM),
and breadboard.

Apparatus:

▪ Resistors
▪ Breadboard
▪ DC power supply
▪ Digital Multimeter (DMM)

Theory:

Resistor:

A device used in electrical circuits to maintain a constant relation between current flow and
voltage. Resistors are used to step up or lower the voltage at different points in a circuit and to
transform a current signal into a voltage signal or vice versa, among other uses. The electrical
behavior of a resistor obeys Ohm's law for constant resistance; however, some resistors are
sensitive to heat, light, or other variables.

Variable resistors, or rheostats, have a resistance that may be varied across a certain range,
usually using a mechanical device that alters the position of one terminal of the resistor along
a strip of resistant material. Resistance is a property of a substance due to which it opposes the
flow of current through it. It is denoted by R and its unit is ohms (Ω). The resistance of many
resistors can be determined by reading a series of colored bands imprinted on the resistor body.
In this scheme called “Resistor Color Code,” each color represents a different decimal digit, as
shown in Table 1. The first three bands of the color code are used to specify a nominal value
of the resistance, and the fourth, or tolerance band, gives the percent deviation from the nominal
value that the actual resistor may have. Due to manufacturing variations, the actual resistance
may be anywhere in a range equal to the nominal value plus or minus a certain percentage of
that value.

Breadboard:

A breadboard is a tool on which we construct circuits. It has several small holes in it, which
are divided into small rows and columns. Certain combinations of rows and columns are
connected internally and others are insulated.
DC power supply:

DC power supply is used to generate either a constant voltage or a constant current i.e. it may
be used as a DC voltage source or a DC source. DC stands for direct current. It has three knobs
and two indicator lights. One knob is labeled as current and used for adjusting the current.
Second for voltage and used for adjusting the required amount of voltage. The third one is
labeled as fine and is used to adjust the required value in points. The lights show the power
on/off and either it is voltage/current source respectively.

Digital Multimeter (DMM):

It is used to measure DC Voltage V=, AC Voltage V~, DC A= & AC A~, and Capacitance F.
It is also used for Diode & Transistor checking.

Procedure:

1. Check the working condition of DMM

2. Select the Ohmic scale on DMM starting with a minimum value
3. Connect the probes across the legs of the resistor
4. Change the knob to get the required reading
5. Measure the value of given resistors:
6. Assemble resistance in series and Parallel to measure the Total Resistance
7. Voltage can be measured on DC power supply terminals
8. AC voltage can be measured on the Mains.

Observation Table:

Resistor Color Coding Chart

Resistor value Measurement:
Color Digit Digit Multiplier Tolerance
Black 0 0 100
Brown 1 1 101 1
Red 2 2 102 2
Orange 3 3 103
Yellow 4 4 104
Green 5 5 105 0.5
Blue 6 6 106 0.25
Violet 7 7 107 0.1
Grey 8 8 108
White 9 9 109
Gold 10-1 5
Silver 10-2 10
None 20
 Laboratory Components & Equipment

1. Resistor:

Note the color bands on these. Some have 4 bands,

others have 5 bands, These bands indicate the resistance
value and tolerance.

2. Capacitor:

Polarized capacitors like Electrolytic capacitors indicate which side is the negative terminal
and should be connected properly as an incorrect connection may ruin the circuit.
3. Inductor:

Coil wire wrap toroid inductor Radial lead inductor Axial lead inductor

4. Potentiometers:
 A potentiometer (“pot”) has a fixed resistance between the left and right pins. The resistance
between the left and center pin can be adjusted from zero to the maximum. The resistance
between the center and right pins is simply the
the remaining portion of the resistance.

5. Breadboard:

6. DMM-Digital Multimeter: used for measurement

Sr. No. Symbol & Sign Indication Description

1 Digital Display for reading 3999counts LCD
2 DC Direct Current measurement 400mV-1000V
3 AC Alternate Current or Voltage 4V-750V
4 AUTO Auto Range Mode
5 Δ Manual Zero in capacitance Measurement
6 H Data Hold
7 Diode Measurement
8 KMΩ Resistance Measurement 400Ω-40MΩ
9 KMHz Frequency Measurement 9.999Hz-9.999KHz
10 nµF Measurement of Capacitance 40nF-100µF
11 mV Voltage measurement
12 µmA DC Current measurement 400µA-20A
13 µmA AC Current measurement 400µA-20A
0
14 C Temperature measurement
15 % Duty cycle Measurement 0.1% -99.9%
16 Continuity Check A buzzer sounds at continuity 70Ω approx
17 OL Open loop or over large
18 hfe Transistor hfe measurement
Conclusion:

Sign of Faculty______________
 Experiment No. 2A Date: ___________

MESH ANALYSIS
Aim: To analyze a given circuit using mesh analysis to verify it practically.
Components:
1. Breadboard
2. Resistors (1 KΩ, 1.2 KΩ, 2.2 KΩ)
3. Digital Multimeter

Circuit diagram:

R1 = 1 KΩ, R2 = 2.2 KΩ, R3 = 1.2 KΩ

Procedure:
1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 1 using the values below:
R1 = 1 KΩ, R2 = 2.2 KΩ, R3 = 1.2 KΩ
2. Set the Variable Power Supply to 10Volts and 5 Volts.
3. Connect a voltmeter across each resistor and measure voltages across each resistor.
4. Connect the ammeter in series with each resistor to measure the current flowing through
each resistor.
4. Record the measured voltage and current values in the observation table given below.
5. Verify the values obtained with the calculated values.

Observation Table:

Calculated Observed
Resistors
V(volts) I(mA) V(volts) I(mA)
1.0 KΩ
2.2 KΩ
1.2 KΩ
Calculation:
Experiment No. 2B Date: ___________

NODE ANALYSIS
Aim: To analyze the given circuit using nodal analysis and verify it practically.
Components:
1. Breadboard
2. Resistors (1 KΩ (2) ,1.2 KΩ (1), 2.2 KΩ)
3. Digital Multimeter

Circuit diagram:

R1 = 1 KΩ, R2 = 2.2 KΩ, R3 = 1.2 KΩ, R4 = 1 KΩ, R5 = 1.8KΩ

Procedure:
1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure using the values below:
R1 = 1 KΩ, R2 = 2.2 KΩ, R3 = 1.2 KΩ, R4 = 1KΩ, R5 = 1.8 KΩ
2. Set the variable power supply to 10V and 5 Volts.
3. Connect a voltmeter across each resistor and measure voltages across each resistor.
4. Connect the ammeter in series with each resistor to measure the current flowing through
each resistor.
4. Record the measured voltage and current values in the observation table given below.
5. Verify the values obtained with the calculated values.
Observation Table:

Calculated Observed
Resistors
V(volts) I(mA) V(volts) I(mA)
1.0 KΩ
2.2 KΩ
1.2 KΩ
1.0 KΩ
1.8 KΩ
Calculation

Conclusion:

Sign of Faculty______________
Experiment No. 3 Date: ___________

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
Aim:
To analyze the given circuit using the Super Position theorem. To calculate the load
current and hence verify the same practically.
Components:
DC Ammeter (0-10 mA), Resistances (1KΩ, 3.3KΩ, 1.8KΩ, 4.7KΩ), DC Power
Supply (10V, 5V), Breadboard, Connecting Wires, etc.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
A. Direct Measurement:
1. Connect the circuit.
2. Adjust V1=10V and V2= 5V.
3. Connect the milli-ammeter in series with RL and note down the value of IL in the
Observation table.
B. Superposition Theorem:
To measure IL’:
1. Connect the circuit.
2. Keep V1= 10V connected in the circuit and replace V2 with a short circuit.
3. Measure the current through RL, this is IL’
To Measure IL’’:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit.
2. Keep V2= 5V connected in the circuit and replace V1 with a short circuit.
3. Measure the current through RL. This is IL’’
Find IL by superposition theorem as IL= IL’ + IL’’
Observation Table:
Current Through RL (mA)
V1 (Volts) V2 (Volts)
Calculated Observed
10 0 IL’ = IL’ =
0 5 IL’’ = IL’’ =
10 5 IL = IL’+ IL’’ = IL = IL’+ IL’’ =

Calculation:
1. Draw the circuit with V2 replaced by a short circuit.
2. Apply mesh analysis and calculate IL’.
3. Draw the circuit with V1 replaced by a short circuit.
4. Apply mesh analysis and calculate IL’’.
5. Calculate IL = IL’ + IL’’
Conclusion:

Sign of Faculty______________
Experiment No. 4A Date: ___________

THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Aim:
To analyze the given circuit for load current using Thevenin’s theorem, and verify the
same practically.
Components:
DC Ammeter (0-10 mA), Voltmeter (0-10V), Resistances (1KΩ, 3.3KΩ, 1.8KΩ,
4.7KΩ), DC Power Supply (10V, 5V), Breadboard, Connecting Wires, etc.
Circuit Diagram:

Fig a. Circuit Diagram.

Procedure:
A. Direct Measurement:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Adjust V1=10V and V2= 5V.
3. Connect ammeter is series with RL and measures IL.
4. Note down the reading in the observation table
B. Thevenin’s Theorem
For measurement of Thevenin’s voltage:
1. Connect the circuit and remove load RL.
2. Adjust V1=10V and V2= 5V.
3. Connect the voltmeter across terminals A and B and measure VTH.
4. Note down the reading in the observation table
For measurement of Thevenin’s resistance:
1. Replace all the voltage sources with a short circuit.
2. Connect ohmmeter across terminals A and B and measure RTH.
VTH
3. Find the load current using the current divider rule: IL =
RTH  RL
 Observation Table:
V1 V2 VTH (Volt) RTH IL
(Volts) (Volts) Calculated Observed Calculated Observed Calculated Observed

IL
Calculated Direct Method

Calculations:
i. Remove RL and calculate Vth

Fig b. Thevenin's Voltage between nodes A and B.

ii. Short circuit V1 and V2 and calculate Rth

Fig c. Thevenin's Equivalent resistance between terminals A and B.

𝑉𝑇𝐻
𝐼𝐿 = (𝑅 )
𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿

Fig d. Thevenin's Equivalent Circuit

Experiment No. 4B Date: ___________

NORTON’S THEOREM
Aim:
To analyze the given circuit for load current using Norton’s Theorem and verify it practically.
Components:
DC Ammeter (0-10 mA), Resistances (1KΩ, 3.3KΩ, 1.8KΩ, 4.7KΩ), DC Power
Supply (10V, 5V), Breadboard, Connecting Wires, etc.
Circuit Diagram:

Fig a. Circuit Diagram

Procedure:
A. Direct Measurement:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Adjust V1=10V and V2= 5V and measure the current through RL.
3. Connect ammeter is series with RL and measures IL.
4. Note down the reading in the observation table
B. Norton’s Theorem
For measurement of short circuit current (In):
1. Connect the circuit diagram.
2. Adjust V1=10V and V2= 5V.
3. Connect ammeter across terminals A and B and measure In.
For measurement of Norton’s Resistance (Rn):
1. Replace all the voltage sources with a short circuit.
2. Connect ohmmeter across terminals A and B and measure Rn.
RN
3. Find load current as IL = IN
R N  RL
 Observation Table:
IN RN IL
V1 (Volts) V2 (Volts)
Calculated Observed Calculated Observed Calculated Observed

IL
Calculated Direct Method

Calculation:
i. Remove RL and replace with short circuit and calculate In

Fig a. Nortons Equivalent current through terminals A and B.

ii. Remove RL and find resistance between A and B (Rn)

Fig a. Nortons equivalent resistance across terminals A and B

iii. Draw the Norton equivalent circuit and find IL by applying the current divider rule

𝑅𝑁
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑁 ( )
𝑅𝑁 + 𝑅𝐿
Conclusion:

Sign of Faculty_____________
Experiment No. 5 Date: ___________

PHASE RELATIONSHIPS FOR SERIES RL AC CIRCUITS

Aim:
1. To measure the current through the series RL circuit and voltages across the elements
for applied AC signal.
2. To observe the phase relationships between the applied voltage and current flowing
through the series RL circuit

Apparatus:
AC power supply, AC multimeter, Resistor 1 KΩ, Inductor, 50 mH.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig 1. Series RL circuit

Procedure:
1. Set up a circuit as shown in Fig. 1.
2. Adjust the frequency of the sinusoidal signal generator to 1KHz and the peak-to-peak
the amplitude of 10 V.
3. Apply the ac signal to the circuit and turn the power on.
4. Connect a voltmeter across resistor and inductor to measure VR and VL
5. Also connect the DMM across both R and L combinations and measure VRL
6. Note down the reading in the observation table.
7. Observe the voltage across R and voltage across RL on the CRO and note down the phase
difference in table 1.
Observation Table:
Parameters Calculated Observed
𝑽𝑹𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝑽𝑳𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝑽𝑹𝑳𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝑽
∅ ∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( 𝑽 𝑳𝒓𝒎𝒔 ) =
𝑹𝒓𝒎𝒔

Calculations:
𝑉𝑃𝑃
Input Frequency f=1 KHz, Peak to Peak Amplitude 𝑉𝑃𝑃 =10V, ∴ 𝑉𝑃 = = 5𝑉
2

Sr. No. Parameter

1 Resistor, R = , Inductance L =
2 XL= 2πfL =
3 Z=R+jXL, ∴ |𝑍| = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿 2 =
4 1
Frequency 𝑓 = 𝑇 =

5 𝑉𝑃
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = =
√2
6 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = =
|𝑍|
7 𝑉𝑅𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 × 𝑅 =
8 𝑉𝐿𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 × 𝑋𝐿 =
9
𝑉𝑅𝐿𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √𝑉𝑅 2 + 𝑉𝐿 2 =

10 𝜔𝐿
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( )=
𝑅

Waveforms:
Draw the waveforms seen on the oscilloscope on the graph paper indicating the phase
difference between the applied voltage and the current through the circuit.
Conclusion:

Sign of Faculty_____________
Experiment No. 6 Date: ___________

PHASE RELATIONSHIPS FOR SERIES RC AC CIRCUITS

Aim:
1. To measure the current through the series RC circuit and voltages across the elements
for applied AC signal.
2. To observe the phase relationships between the applied voltage and current flowing
through the series RC circuit.

Apparatus:
AC power supply, AC multimeter, Resistor 1KΩ, Capacitor 0.3µF.

Circuit diagram:

Fig 1. Series RC circuit.

Procedure:
1. Set up a circuit as shown in Fig. 1.
2. Adjust the frequency of the sinusoidal signal generator to 1 kHz and the peak to peak
the amplitude of 10 V.
3. Apply the ac signal to the circuit and turn the power ON.
4. Measure and record the voltages VR, and VC across the resistor and the capacitor separately
using
the DMM and VRCacross both them together and note down in table 1.
5. Measure the current through the RC circuit and note it down in table 1.
6. Observe the voltage across R and voltage across RC on the CRO and note down the phase
the difference in table 1.
Observation Table:
Parameters Calculated Observed
𝑽𝑹𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝑽𝑪𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝑽𝑹𝑪𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔
∅ 𝑽𝑪𝒓𝒎𝒔
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( )=
𝑽𝑹𝒓𝒎𝒔

Calculations:
𝑉𝑃𝑃
Input Frequency f=1 KHz, Peak to Peak Amplitude 𝑉𝑃𝑃 =10V, ∴ 𝑉𝑃 = = 5𝑉
2

Sr. No. Parameter

1 Resistor, R = , Capacitance C =
2 1
𝑋𝐶 = =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
3
Z=R+jXC, ∴ |𝑍| = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶 2 =

4 1
Frequency 𝑓 = 𝑇 =

5 𝑉𝑃
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = =
√2
6 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = =
|𝑍|
7 𝑉𝑅𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 × 𝑅 =
8 𝑉𝐶𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 × 𝑋𝐶 =
9
𝑉𝑅𝐶𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √𝑉𝑅 2 + 𝑉𝐶 2 =

10 1
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( 𝜔𝐶𝑅) =

Waveforms:
Draw the waveforms seen on the oscilloscope on the graph paper indicating the phase
difference between the applied voltage and the current through the circuit.
Conclusion:

Sign of Faculty_____________
Experiment No. 7 Date: ___________

SERIES RESONANCE IN AC CIRCUITS

Aim:
a. To examine the behavior of the current through the series RLC circuit in the vicinity of
resonance.
b. To experimentally find the resonant frequency, half power points, bandwidth, and
quality factor of a series RLC circuit, and to compare it with the theoretically calculated
value using the inductance and capacitance in the circuit.

Components:
Resistor(1Kohm), Capacitor (0.01μF), Inductor(22mH), AC Ammeter, Breadboard,
Function Generator, CRO, connecting wires, multimeter, etc.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig a. Series Resonant Circuit

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure above.
2. Set the frequency generator to 100Hz.
3. Adjust the voltage of the frequency generator to a maximum value and measure the
current shown in the ammeter.
4. Vary the signal frequency keeping the amplitude constant till you get maximum current
in the circuit. This is the resonant frequency.
5. Now take the readings of the current at different frequencies on either side of the
resonance frequency, till its value becomes 0.707 of the maximum value. These are the
cutoff frequencies f1 and f2.
6. Plot the graph of the current versus frequency.
7. Find bandwidth from the graph and hence find the quality factor.
Observation:
L = 22mH , C = 0.01μF , R = 1KΩ .
Frequency (Hz) Current(mA)
 Graph:

Fig b: Frequency response of Current through a series resonant circuit

Result:
Parameter Calculated Measured
Imax
Resonant Frequency
Upper Cut-off Frequency(f2)
Lower Cut-Off Frequency(f1)
Bandwidth
Quality Factor

Conclusion:

Sign of Faculty_____________
Experiment No. 8A Date: ___________

SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

Aim : To study and plot the V-I characteristics of a given

semiconductor Diode for forward bias and reverse bias
connection.

Apparatus : Semiconductor diode, Series resistance, 0-30 Volt variable D.C.

regulated power supply, 0-1 V Voltmeter (or Digital Multi
Meter), 0-250mA milli-Ammeter (or Digital Multi Meter),
Connecting Wires, Bread Board.

Circuit diagram:
R=120 + -
+
mA
Variable ID +
power +
D VD
supply V
Vin 1N4007 -
-

-
Procedure:
1) Make the connection as shown in the figure, taking the appropriate meters mentioned
in the apparatus need.
2) Switch on the power supply and vary supply voltage in steps of 1, 2, 3 … 10V.
3) Measure & note down corresponding changes in milli-ammeter and voltmeter.

Observation table:
A) Forwards Bias:

Sr. No. Input Voltage Forward Voltage Forward Current

Vin (Volt) VD (Volt) ID (mA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Graph : Draw VD V/S ID curve which gives characteristics of the diode in forward
bias.

Results : From the graph

(i) Cut-in (knee) voltage Vγ =
(ii) Static forward resistance RD=VD/ID at some point P beyond cut-in voltage
=
(iii)Dynamic forward resistance rd=ΔVD/ΔID at point P =
Experiment No. 8B Date: ___________

ZENER DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

Aim : To study and plot the V-I Characteristics of a given Zener

Diode.

Apparatus : Zener diode, series resistance, D.C. regulated power supply, 0-

750 µA micro Ammeter, 0-10V Voltmeter (or DMM), Connecting
wires, Breadboard.

Circuit diagram :
R=120 + -
+
Variable IZ mA
power +
VZ 6V2
supply V
Vin
-

Procedure :
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the figure with the necessary meters.
2) Turn on the power supply and apply voltage in steps 1,2,3,…, slightly above the
breakdown voltage.
3) After breakdown also take 4-5 readings to get the current rise.
4) Measure corresponding change in the micro ammeter and voltmeter and note it down.
Observation Table:
Reverse Bias Characteristics:

Sr. No. Input Voltage Zener Voltage Zener Current

Vin(Volt) Vz(Volt) Iz(µA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Graph : Draw a graph of Vz Vs. Iz which gives V I Characteristics of Zener
Diode in reverse bias.

Results : From the graph

(i) Zener (breakdown) voltage Vz =
(ii) Zener resistance (Rz) = ΔVz in Zener region =
ΔIz
Conclusion:

Sign of Faculty_____________
Experiment No. 9 Date: ___________

RECTIFIER CIRCUITS

Aim :
(i) To observe the waveform and calculate the rectification efficiency of
the Half wave rectifier circuit.
(ii) To observe the waveforms and calculate rectification efficiency of
Full wave Bridge and Center tapped rectifier

Apparatus: Dual Trace C.R.O., 1N4007 Diode, Digital Multi Meters, Patch Cords,
1000µF Capacitors (2 nos.), Decade inductor box.

Circuit diagram:

TRANSFORMER
HALFWAVE RECTIFIER
n1 n2 D1

1N4007
12 VOLTS A.C
230 V RL=1K
I/P
A.C A.C
 Procedure:

1. Half Wave Rectifier Circuit:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram, apply the AC mains supply to the
transformer and switch it on.
2. Observe the A.C. signal of the secondary of the given transformer. It should be a
sine wave. Draw the waveform and note the peak values. (Keep CRO in DC mode)
3. Connect the A.C. output of the transformer secondary to the Half Wave Rectifier
AC input.
4. Connect C.R.O. across the RL and observe and draw the output of the Half Wave
Rectifier. (Keep CRO in DC mode).
5. Using DMM find transformer secondary current (Irms) and secondary voltage
(Vrms). Keep DMM in AC range.
6. Using DMM find the dc voltage across load RL. Keep DMM in the DC range.
7. Find rectification efficiency η.

2. Full Wave Rectifier Circuits:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram, apply the AC mains supply to the
transformer and switch it.
2. Repeat the above procedure.
3. Now Connect the center-tapped output to the center-tapped rectifier circuit.
4. Connect only RL at the output and repeat the above procedure.

Observation Table:

Sr. Rectifier Input (AC) Output(DC) Pac=IrmsVrms Pdc=Vdc2/RL η= Pdc * 100

No. Irms(mA) Vrms(Volt) Vdc(Volt) (mWatt) (mWatt) Pac (%)
1. Half
wave
2. Bridge
full wave
3. Center
tap full
wave

Graph: Draw input and output waveforms for different rectifier configurations.

Conclusion:

Sign of Faculty_____________
Experiment No. 10 Date: ___________

OPAMP AS INVERTING AND NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER

Aim : To study OPAMP as Inverting and Non-inverting amplifier.

Apparatus : (1) DMM

(2) Connecting Wires
(3) DC power supply
(4) Bread Board, Op-Amp IC (LM 741)

Circuit Diagram:

Fig. 1 Inverting Amplifier Fig.2 Non-Inverting Amplifier

PROCEDURE:

1. Inverting Amplifier:
Set up the circuit as shown in Fig 1. Test the circuit by applying the input signal of
suitable amplitude (say 1V peak to peak) from a function generator. Observe the output
waveform on the CRO and determine the actual gain.

2. Non-inverting Amplifier:
The circuit of a non-inverting amplifier is shown in Fig 2. The circuit is tested by
applying the input signal of suitable amplitude (say 1V peak to peak) from a function
generator. Observe the output waveform on the CRO and determine the actual gain.

OBSERVATIONS:

Inverting Amplifier

Input Frequency Input Voltage (P-P) Output Voltage (P- Gain

F (kHz) Vi (V) P) ACL = Vo/Vi
Vo (V)
Non-Inverting Amplifier

Input Frequency Input Voltage (P-P) Output Voltage (P- Gain

F (kHz) Vi (V) P) ACL = Vo/Vi
Vo (V)

Conclusion :

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Experiment No. 11 Date: ___________

BASIC LOGIC GATES

Aim: - Implementation of logic gates with the help of integrated circuits

Apparatus: - Power Supply, Multi-meter

Components:- Wires, Breadboard, LED, resistor, Gates IC’S: - IC 7400-NAND,

IC7402-NOR, IC 7404-NOT, 7408-AND, 7486- XOR, 7432-OR Gate

Procedure: - 1. Place the IC- 74XX series in the socket of the breadboard in the proper
position

2. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure

3. Switch on the Power Supply. (Set power supply to 5v Dc)

4. Verify the Truth Table of this IC by giving all the combinations of the
input and recording the corresponding output.

Circuit AND GATE (IC 7408): -

Diagram &
Symbol: - Pin Configuration: -
Observation: -

Truth Table: -

Input A Input B Output Y

0 0

0 1

1 0

1 1
OR GATE (IC 7432): -

Symbol: - Pin Configuration: -

Truth Table: -

Input A Input B Output Y

0 0

0 1

1 0

1 1

NOT GATE (IC 7404): -

Symbol: - Pin Configuration: -

Truth Table: -

Input A Output Y

1
NAND GATE (IC 7400): -

Symbol: - Pin Configuration: -

Truth Table: -

Input A Input B Output Y

0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

NOR GATE (IC 7402): -

Symbol: - Pin Configuration: -

Truth Table: -

Input A Input B Output Y

0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
 XOR GATE (IC 7486): -

Symbol: - Pin Configuration: -

Truth Table: -

Input A Input B Output Y

0 0

0 1

1 0

1 1

Conclusion: -

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